«ro*«oMw^««amwBKW«ftm^ 



WMM II MI H HI l H i 1 1 II li l lll l II UW l ll li liji II , WKIWaM^XIMaWTOW^^ 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 

* r -■ o '■ ~ 
Ciptp.' §ojnjn$tla 

Shelf ... .O ID 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



IF YOU WANT TO FIND ANYTHING IN "THE HANDBOOK," TURN TO THE INDEX. 





All the illustrations in "The Handbook," 
except the few potraits used, were made 
in The Oregonian's Engraving Room. 

3c * * * % 

The Oregonian is prepared to do all kinds 
of Line Engraving. 

# * * 



Send for Prices. 



Is 

5'^nillii""lll 



mpR 






Samples of Engravings made by THE OREGONIAN'S engraving department 





SAMPLES OF ENGRAV INGS MADE BY 

THE OREGOIMIAN'S engraving 

DEPARTMENT 




///// 




Send for Prices 











Engraved Br The Obegon 



-^&s' 





is lii 






yfMjIR 



feti 



RHP" 



THE OREGONIAN" BUILDING, PORTLAND. 



PRESS OP 

The lewis 4; Uryden Printing Company. 

portland. oregon. january. 1894. 



Copyright 1894 by 
The Oregonlan PuU ^ ng Co 



"THE HANDBOOK." 

In the following pages will be found a mass of interesting matter on the states 
of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Western Montana as well as extended mention 
of British Columbia and Alaska. The data for these articles has all been carefully 
gathered by The Oregonian through personal visits of its representatives to the 
different parts of this vast territory,- and the book as a whole contains more informa- 
tion offered in an interesting shape than was ever before afforded in any single publi- 
cation. 

The claim of infallibility is not made for " The Handbook." In compiling an 
immense amount of matter, such as is contained in a publication of this nature, 
mistakes must occur, a lapse, for which the intelligent reader will make allowance. 
The aim of the publishers of "The Handbook " has been to offer to the public a 
work, the reliability of which in the main could not be questioned, and the few mis- 
takes which will be found in the work will not affect in the least its general repute 
as a reliable publication on the Pacific Northwest which is worthy of the most care- 
ful attention. 

The publication of "The Handbook " has involved a year's hard work in gath- 
ering data and in the compilation of the matter it contains. Certain minor changes 
have taken place in some of the industries described in " The Handbook " since the 
information for these articles was obtained. The changes referred to, however, have 
simply involved a slight difference in a few cases between the estimates of output, 
etc., published and these estimates as they exist today. The general conditions of 
all the industries covered by "The Handbook" are the same today as they were 
when the information was gathered for this publication. For 20 years past there 
has been a steady increase in the volume of exports made from the Pacific North- 
west, and that the industries of this section will show a steady increasing importance 
with each successive year in the future is patent to everyone who has the least 
knowledge of this vast territory and of the opportunities presented for the rapid 
development of its varied resources. It is this steady growth of its business that makes 
a reliable publication on the Pacific Northwest of such signal importance at the 
present time, and it is the opportunity for the profitable investment of capital in the 
development of the very industries here that have already built up many large for- 
tunes in this part of the West that insures a future prosperity to the territory covered 
by " The Handbook" which but few parts of the continent have enjoyed. 

The compilation of matter for " The Handbook " has not followed in the lines 
which matter of a kindred nature has heretofore been handled for similar works. 
Time tables of transportation lines, reliable maps of the country and information of 
a purely statistical nature are found in the numerous railroad pamphlets which are 
distributed gratuitously on all the transcontinental lines of road. The general style 
adopted for the articles contained in the present publication is of an easy descrip- 
tive nature which will appeal directly to the interest of the reader where statistical 
matter in tabulated form is valuable only for reference. A large amount of statisti- 



4 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

cal matter is furnished in "The Handbook," but this is made an incidental feature 
to the principal descriptive articles of the book. Enough statistics are furnished to 
insure the reliability of any general statement made in the book, but it will not be 
necessary for the reader to wade through a mass of figures to enable him to reach a 
conclusion regarding the status of any industry of this section. 

The large number of illustrations which "The Handbook " contains will be 
found valuable in aiding the reader to form something of a just estimate of the 
grandeur of Northwestern scenery, the present standing of its industries and the 
general types of buildings which its leading centers of population contain. No city 
of the East is better built than are the leading trade centers of the Pacific Northwest, 
and the many fine buildings of Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane, Helena, Butte, 
and other cities of the Northwest will vie favorably with the structures which line 
the main business streets of New York and Chicago. 

All travelers over the transcontinental roads terminating on the shores of the 
Pacific ocean have noted the interest taken by their fellow passengers in the princi- 
pal centers of population passed by the moving train. Such questions as " What 
town is this ? " " What is its population ? " " What supports it ? " are always asked 
by the majority of travelers over any of the transcontinental lines of railroad. These 
questions are all answered satisfactorily in "The Handbook." " The Handbook " 
also contains a vast amount of valuable information in its articles on the different 
industries of the Pacific Northwest and on its most characteristic features. The 
articles on coal, lumber, mining, fishing and the other industries of the Northwest 
will furnish all the information desired by the reader on these resources. In addi- 
tion to these special articles, however, much valuable information is contained on 
the resources of different parts of this territory in the carefully written articles on its 
principal centers of population. The article on Portland, for instance, includes 
extended mention of the leading features of the country which supports the city. In 
the Tacoma article much space is given to a description of the leading industries 
which have contributed to the prosperity of the city, including mention of the great 
coal mines of the Puget Sound country, its vast lumbering interests and its export 
trade. In the Seattle article will be found much interesting matter connected with 
the early settlement of the country bordering on Puget Sound and on the wonderfully 
rich district which trades with the latter leading center of population. In connec- 
tion with the article on Fairhaven is published reliable matter on the coal mines 
back of the city, which produce the best coking coal on the coast, and the import- 
ance of Bellingharn Bay as a harbor of great coming importance. The mines of the 
Cceur d' Alene, Kootenay and Colville districts, as well as the rich wheat fields of 
the Palouse and Big Bend sections of Washington, receive extended mention in the 
interesting article on Spokane, the leading inland city of the state. No part of the 
Pacific Northwest has been slighted in "The Handbook," and this work contains a 
greater amount of matter on this section than was ever before offered to the public. 

The complete index furnished with "The Handbook " will enable the reader to 
turn to any subject connected with the Pacific Northwest on which he desires infor- 
mation without a moment's delay. The book as a whole is worthy of more than 
passing notice, and it is presented by The Oregonian with the belief that it will 
redeem every promise that has been made for it. 



The Pacific Northwest. 5 

The Pacific Northwest. — That part of the United States, including 
Alaska, lying west of the Main Divide of the Rocky Mountains and north of Cali- 
fornia and Nevada forms, with British Columbia, what is known as the Pacific 
Northwest. The states embraced in this magnificent sweep of country are Oregon, 
Washington, Idaho and Western Montana. The Pacific Northwest has an area of 
1,356,33s square miles. This is over one-third as large as the area of all the rest 
of the United States, and is larger than the combined areas of France, Germany, 
Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Greece. The total population of this 
vast region today does not exceed 1,200,000, less than one person for each square 
mile of its territory. The country contains a little more than a million people 
today where ten times this number could be comfortably supported from the fuller 
development of its resources, and it is this magnificent promise of future advance- 
ment that is the country's chief claim for the attention of the world at the present 
time. 

The Pacific Northwest extends from the semi-tropical valleys of Southern Ore- 
gon to the ice fields of the Arctic ocean. The climate of all this region, with but few 
exceptions, is a balmy one. All that portion of this section bordering on the coast 
for 1,000 miles or more north of Portland enjoys the climate of Virginia, with almost 
an entire absence of snow in winter and without extremes of heat during the sum- 
mer months. Eastern Oregon, Eastern Washington, Idaho and Western Montana 
experience colder winters than does the section of the Northwest west of the Cas- 
cade Mountains, but in no part of the Pacific Northwest, with the exception of the 
interior of Alaska and the mountainous regions of British Columbia, are the cold 
spells of winter as protracted, or is the cold as intense, as is noted in the winters of 
the Eastern states. 

From its most northern end to its southern boundary and east from the Pacific 



storehouse of natural 
wealth. It is doubt- 
ful if in any other sec- 
tion of equal size in 
the world has nature 
been so lavish with her 
gifts as she has been 
in the country border- 
ing on the Pacific side 
of the United States. 
Contained in the Paci- 
fic Northwest are the 
most extensive coal 
measures in the Union; 
it is here that are 
found the greatest and i ! 
most valuable forests 
in North America; the 
largest silver and cop- 
per mines in the world 
have been opened 
within its borders.and 




hood, Oregon-from Cloud Cap I 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




lying side by side with these great deposits of silver 
and copper, are vast ledges of gold, nickel, lead and 
iron ores. It is a country of great rivers, teeming 
with the finest of food fishes; a few miles inland are 
hundreds of fine lakes stocked with trout, and now 
utilized largely by water transportation lines, and on 
the western border of Washington, within its limits, 
is the most beautiful inland sea in the world. This 
is known as Puget Sound. Its importance can be 
mt. hooo-lado glacier. appreciated from the statement that it floats vessels 

of any depth ; its main channel, with its numerous arms, is the gateway to 
thousands of square miles of rich coal, timber and agricultural lands, and its surface 
is never swept by storms. It is possible for a steamer to leave Tacoma at its north- 
ern end and steam for 1,000 miles or more north over a water course as smooth as 
any river. 

In the Northwest, nature has done everything on the most lavish scale. The 
mountains are high, the prairies are broad, the rivers are wide and the resources are 
inexhaustible. The country has made wonderful advancement during the past 10 
years and it is not improbable that the next 10 years' growth will cause the Pacific 
Northwest to rank among the well settled parts of the United States. 

The many carefully written articles which will be found in other parts of " The 
Handbook " on the various resources of the Northwest give much valuable informa- 
tion on the extent of these resources and the opportunities afforded for their develop- 
ment. The reliability of the statements made in these articles is borne out by much 
statistical matter, carefully gathered. The development of the many resources of 
the Northwest has but reached the stage where their value has been accurately de- 
termined. It is but a few years since, that all of this country was a trackless wilder- 
ness. In the early 40's and 50's a few intrepid adventurers braved death by starvation 
in crossing the plains to Oregon. These early pioneers scattered out among the 
valleys and hills of this region and they thus formed a superficial knowledge of the 
great diversity of its resources. Some of these men returned to their homes in the 
East, and the stories they told there of the possibilities for future growth in the 
Northwest were directly responsible for the large immigration which poured into 
the then territories of Oregon and Washington a few years later. 

That the immigrants who early sought homes in the Pacific Northwest found a 
country here which fully met their expectations is evidenced by the solid prosperity 
of the country today. The output of its products has increased out of all ratio with 
its increase in population, and, as a result, people have 
lived better in the Northwest than they have in most other 
parts of the United States. New avenues of wealth are 
constantly being opened here, and the development of these 
resources is all of a most substantial nature. From the time 
the Argonauts of California first crossed over the summits 
of the Siskiyou mountains into Oregon and discovered gold 
in the sands of the beautiful streams of the fertile valleys of 
Southern Oregon, the mines of the Pacific Northwest have 
produced $670,000,000 in gold, silver, copper and lead. 
Since the time when the gold-seekers washed $70,000,000 
in the short space of a few years from the gravel of Alder 



# 




**fg£. 






Hood-Heao of Sandy River. 



The Pacific Northwest. 




mt. hood- Crater Rock, 
showing backbone." 



gulch, Montana, discoveries of precious metals have 
been made in nearly every part of this vast region. In 
1892 the gold, silver and copper mines of the Pacific 
Northwest added to the wealth of the world the enormous 
sum of $57,815,346. The greatest mines on the continent 
are today located within the borders of this section and 
the development of the mining industry here is but yet in 
its infancy. Another great industry of the Pacific North- 
west today is lumbering. The value of the lumbering out- 
put of this region for 1893 was estimated at $26,000,000. 
In the many beautiful and highly fertile valleys of the Pacific Northwest are many 
fine farms. There are today, however, millions of acres of the finest land in the 
world lying idle within the limits of this country, land which produces annually 
yields of wheat equalled in no other part of the Union. In 1893 the aggregate wheat 
crop of the Pacific Northwest was, approximately, 27,000,000 bushels. 

In the waters of Puget Sound and on the fishing banks of the ocean just off the 
coast as well as in the numerous bays along the other parts of the coast are vast 
quantities of the best varieties of food fishes. The Columbia, Fraser and Yukon 
rivers and the countless smaller streams teem with salmon and other fish. The out- 
put of the fisheries of the Pacific Northwest is valued at $10,000,000 annually. In 
the following pages will be found a complete description of these fisheries and their 
importance among the present great industries of the Northwest. 

The Pacific Northwest is a natural wonderland. Here the works of nature have 
taken many beautiful and fantastic forms. Every phase of landscape scenery is 
found in this region and descriptions of the most interesting of this scenery will be 
found in the many articles of " The Handbook." The Columbia river, the beautiful 
lake region of Eastern Washington, Northern Idaho and Southern Oregon and the 
Puget Sound country are all famous for the picturesque grandeur of their scenery, 
and it is doubtful if any part of the world of equal extent with the Pacific Northwest 
is as attractive in scenic beauty as is the territory covered by " The Handbook." 

Until 1846, when the international boundary line between the United States and 
the British possessions to the north was established at the 49th degree of north lati- 
tude, the territory lying between Oregon and California, the Pacific ocean and the 
Rocky Mountains was occupied jointly by Great Britain and the United States. The 
settlement in 1S46 of the long standing dispute over the ownership of this vast region 
was followed by the organization of the territory of Oregon. This was accomplished 
August 14, 1S48. Oregon was admitted as a state into the Union February 14, 1859. 
The area of the state today is 95,274 square miles, of which 19,874,331 acres remain 
unsurveyed. The population of Oregon, according to the official census of 1890, was 
313.767. 

Washington Territory, organized in March, 1853, comprised the present states of 
Washington, Idaho, Montana west of the Rocky Mountains and a portion of Wyo- 
ming. By the creation of the territory of Idaho 10 years 
later, Washington was reduced to its present area of 
69,994 square miles. Of this area 23,432,060 acres are un- 
surveyed. Washington was admitted as a state February 
22, 1889. It now contains a population of 349,390, and is 
making the most substantial advancement in wealth and 
population. 



Mt. Hood from Stage Road 



The Oregoniaii 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Mt. hood-from government Camp 



When organized in 1863, Idaho Territory included within its limits the present 
state of Montana and all of Wyoming except the southwestern portion. By the cre- 
ation of the territory of Montana in 1S64 and the territory of Wyoming in 1868, 
Idaho was reduced to its present area of 86,294 square miles. It contains today 
43,745, 194 acres of land that are unsurveyed. Idaho was admitted as a state June 3, 
1890. The population of the state is 84,385. In May, 1864, the territory of Montana 
was formed from Idaho, and in 1873 by the annexation of about 2,000 square miles 
taken from Dakota, it was given its present great dimensions. It is now the third 
largest state in the Union, it containing an area of 146,080 square miles. Montana 
was admitted as a state February 22, 1889. The lands unsurveyed in Montana cover 
an area of 70,192,882 acres. The population of the state is 132,159. 

Prior to 1858 the territory of British Columbia was held by 

the Hudson's Bay Company under lease from the Crown. In 

that year the discovery of gold on the Fraser river in the 

province caused a stampede to that section and the region was 

organized as a colony of Great Britain. The following year 

Vancouver Island, just off the mainland, was included in this 

colony. British Columbia has an area of 383,000 square miles 

and a population according to the census of 1891 of 97,612. It 

is on Vancouver Island that the old and very wealthy city of 

Victoria is located. Since 1858 the mines of British Columbia 

have produced $53,200,000 in gold. The gold output of the 

province in 1893 was approximately $600,000. The product of the British Columbia 

fisheries from 1876 to 1893 was valued at $26,000,000. The exports from the province 

now average $7,000,000 a year. 

Alaska, the latest territorial acquisition of the United States, has an extreme 
length north and south of 1,100 miles and an extreme breadth of 800 miles. Itscoast 
line, including its islands, is 26,364 miles. It has an area of 577,390 square miles, 
which is nearly one-sixth the total area of the United States. Of the 31, 759 inhab- 
itants of Alaska, less than 5,000 are whites. In May, 1867, a treaty was signed by 
which Alaska was sold to the United States by Russia for $7,200,000, a sum which 
was considered by many at the time as vastly in excess of what the acquisition was 
worth to the government. In 1870 the treasury department leased to the Alaska 
Commercial Company for a period of 20 years the sole privilege of taking seals on 
Prebilof Islands in the territory. The number of seals which could be killed by the 
company each year under this lease was limited to 
100,000. Up to 1890 the annual value of fur seal skins 
exported from these islands was about $1,500,000. The 
lease expired in that year when a new lease was made 
between the United States and the company, in which the 
annual catch of seals by the company was limited to 
60,000 . The total value of the seal skins taken in Alaska 
from 1867 to 1890 was $33,000,000, and the combined 
value of all the products of the territory during the same 
psrio:l was $35,000,000. The proceeds of the govern 
ment tax on seal skins taken in the territory during the same time was $5,871,000, 
or over five-sevenths of the total price paid by the government for the purchase 
of Alaska. 




Mt. Hooo-The Summit 



Topography and Climate. 



9 




Rainier -Washington 



Topography and Climate of the Pacific Northwest. (By B. S. 

Pague, formerly in charge U. S. Weather Bureau, Headquarters, Portland, Oregon.) 

Topography. — Omitting from consideration the Cascade Mountains, the country 

under discussion has an elevation 

of from sea level to 8,000 feet. 

This latter height is found over a 

small area in extreme Northeastern 

Idaho, in Central Idaho extending 

northeastward into Montana, and 

in the northwestern portion of 

Montana. These elevations form 

the main watersheds for the country 

second to those formed by the 

Cascade Mountains. These latter 

have peaks extending upwards of 

10,000 feet. 

The country throughout is of 
volcanic origin, hence consists of 
an undulating surface with im- 
mense plateaus, the latter having 
an elevation of from 1 ,000 to 4,600 

feet. The distinguishing topographical feature is the Cascade range, rising quite 
abruptly and traversing Washington and Oregon almost due north and south; be- 
ginning at the northern boundary line of Washington, at about the 121st degree of 
longitude, west from Greenwich, thence southerly, inclining slightly to the southwest 
and entering California slightly to the west of the I22d degree of west longitude. 
The continuity of this mountain range is broken at almost the 46th degree of north 
latitude by the Columbia river, which flows through the mountains near to this place. 
The general mountain range is higher in the southern portion of Washington than 
elsewhere. The extreme apex is reached at Mount Rainier, Washington. * 

The Coast range of mountains extends from the peninsula of Washington south- 
ward along the coast into Lower California, being broken by the Columbia river. 
Their elevation in Washington ranges from 1,000 to 8,000 feet, the latter being the 
height of Mount Olympus, the apex of the Coast range. In the central portion of 
that part of Oregon which the)' traverse, their elevation reaches 3,000 feet over a 

small area. Between the Coast and Cascade 
ranges are to be found many fertile valleys 
whose elevations range from a few feet to 3,000 
feet above mean tide level. To the east of the 
Cascade Mountains are principally table-lands 
whose elevation is from 1,000 to 4,000 feet, ex- 
cept in the valley formed by the Columbia 
mt hood at timber line river, which extends over a large portion of the 

State of Washington to the east of the Cascades. 
This valley is 2,000 feet and less in elevation. 

From the valley of the Columbia there is an almost regular increase in elevation 

* There has never been any absolute measurement of the mountain peaks of Oregon and Wash- 
ington, but the following are believed to be as near accurate as can be obtained, save by triangulation; 
taken from Gannett's U. S. Geological Survey Report. 18S4 (Measurement in feet): Mt. Rainier, 14,444; 
Mt. Hood, 11,225; Mt. Baker, 10,827; Mt. St. Helens, 9,750; Mt. Pitt, 9,818; Mt. Olympus, 8,138. 



- 




10 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



to the summit of the Rock} - Mountains; the western portion of Montana has an 
elevation of from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, while almost the entire state of Idaho has an 
elevation of from 2,000 to 6,000 feet. Thus it is seen that from the shore of the ocean 
eastward to the eastern boundary line of Idaho and to the central portion of Montana 
there is a continuous rise in the elevation. A map giving the contour lines of this 
portion of the United States, would show a marked irregularity in their direction, 
and marked gradients between them. The various elevations account for the 
marked climatic difference, the distribution of rain and 
snowfall, the character and constituent parts of the soil, 
the surface and sub-soil drainage of the water; so that, in 
-^ considering a country, the soil, topography and climate 
must each be considered, singly and collectively, for each 
and all depend upon each other and upon the whole as 

Mt. Hood-Ice Hummock, Eliot Glacier, a Unit. 

A birdseye view of the area under discussion would show mountains, hills, dales, 
valleys and streams. From the Missouri river westward there is a gradual increase 
in the elevation of the land, a gradual breaking up of the prairies and a more marked 
appearance of mountainous conditions, the latter of a more barren nature than 
will be found on the western approach to the apex or crest of the Rocky Mountains. 
From the ocean, as distance increases the forests decrease. The country bordering 
upon the ocean is, or has been, densely covered with timber. The Coast range of 
mountains from the Straits of Fuca southward is a continuous growth of the finest 
timber. Crossing the valleys lying between the Coast and Cascade ranges of moun- 
tains, the topography and soil are peculiarly adapted to the growth of trees, and 
this land when cleared, leaves conditions ideal in their character for agricultural pur- 
poses. We find the Cascade range, especially the western side, possessing timber 
unlimited, almost, in quantity, which decreases from the crest of the mountains east- 
ward, and especially so from the eastern foothills of the Cascades on to the crest of 
the Rockies. The vegetable growth and the various topographical features depend 
entirely upon the climatic conditions, to be discussed in the accompanying pages. 

Climatology depends mainly upon the mountain ranges. Their extent and area 
and the topographical features of a section should be thoroughly understood before 
entering upon a study of the climate. The mountain ranges and the basins should 
be carried in mind, thus facilitating the understanding of the changes in tempera- 
ture and distribution of moisture. Hence the ranges of mountains — the Coast, Cas- 
cade, and the Bitter Root mountains of Idaho, the basins of Rogue River, Umpqua, 
Willamette, Puget Sound which embrace Puyallup as well, 
the Columbia, Snake and smaller basins through Idaho and 
Western Montana— all enter, in a greater or less degree, 
into the discussion of topography and climate, and each 
possesses its various climatic changes. The following state- , 
ment based on deductions from "Gannett' Dictionary of 
Elevations," will in this connection, prove of great value: 



Approximate Mean Height 

Area in Square a b ove Sea £ evel 

Miles. Feet _ 

Washington 70,000 2,600 

Oregon 95,000 3,8oo 

Idaho 86,300 4,700 

Western Montana __ 47,500 5,900 



Areas in Square Miles Between 



Sea Level 1,000 and 2,000 and 3,000 and 4,000 and 1 Above 
& 1,000 ft. 2,000 feet. 3,000 feet. 4,000 feet. 5,000 feet.; 5. Odd feet 



16,000 
II.OOO 
None 
None 



1 8, 00c 

11,300 

1,100 

750 



15,400 

10,800 

13,200 

9,750 



6,900 4,400 9,400 
11,000 30,000 21,000 
16,000122,20.0 34,500 
1 i,ooo| 16,000 10,000 



Topography and Climate. 



11 




mt. Hood, Broken mountain 



The large area of Washington having such a large percentage of low elevation 
is due to the great Puget Sound basin, the coast district and the great valley of the 
Columbia. Oregon's high elevation is due to the high plateau east of the Cascades, 
which gradually increases to the higher elevation of Idaho and Montana. The forego- 
ing general description of the topography of this 
country, covering an area of about 300,000 square 
£vr-„. miles which, if properly handled, would fill more 

than the present volume, should be borne in mind by 
the reader, while following the climatic discussion in 
the following chapter. If the rainfall were projected 
on the same map as the lines of contour, a remark- 
able coincidence would be noted ; in fact, the climate 
of this section is so directly dependent upon features 
of topography that at least this outline of topography 
must precede a discussion of climatic conditions. 
Thk Climate. — In 15 degrees of longitude (no to 125 ) and in 10 degrees of 
latitude (40 to 50°) are seldom found such climatic changes and conditions as are 
found in the section now under discussion. The portion of the Northwest west of 
the Coast range has a climate almost marine in its character, while to the east of the 
Cascades is found almost a continental climate. The entire subject might be con- 
fined to a few words if but literal facts w r ere wanted, but these should be explained 
in order that the reader may thoroughly understand the causes of the marked 
changes, the distribution of temperature and of moisture. The temperature along . 
the coast usually ranges from 30 to 55 degrees during the winter months and from 
50 to 80 degrees in the summer months. The precipitation varies from 60 to 80 
inches annually. In the section lying between the Coast and Cascade ranges the 
temperature during the winter months ranges from 15 to 60 degrees, in the summer 
months from 50 to 90 degrees and the annual precipitation varies from 55 inches 
along Puget Sound to 20 inches in the southern portion of Oregon. To the east of the 
Cascades and extending eastward to the eastern line of Idaho, thence northerly to 
the British possessions, the range in temperature is much greater and the precipita- 
tion much less. The temperature in winter months ranges from 40 degrees above to 
41 degrees below zero, the latter at Helena. In summer months it ranges from 44 to 
107 degrees, the latter at Boise City, Idaho. The precipitation varies from 10 to 20 
inches. This brief statement shows a decrease in the precipitation from the ocean 
eastward, while the temperature increases in range and in severity of extremes as 
the elevation increases and successive degrees of longitude are passed to the eastward. 
There are several marked causes which produce these marked and almost un- 
usual climatic changes. The ocean is the great modifier of range in temperature and 
prevention for extreme cold and extreme heat. The ocean's influence fails to reach 
in its great effects to Montana and Idaho, due to the mountain 
ranges. Over the major portion of Washington, Oregon and 
the western portion of Idaho the seasons are well defined and 
are divided into the wet and dry seasons. These seasons are 
more marked west of the Cascades than to the east of them. 
The influence exerted by the ocean and by the topography ex- 
plains the peculiar weather types to be found in this section. 
Hence it would be well to treat of the oceanic and mountain 
influences. 




V2 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




hooo-Barrett'S Spur 



The largest of all the oceans, the Pacific, is least subject to perturbing influ- 
ences of a local character. The conditions are constant over large areas ; its cur- 
rents, both of wind and water, are drawn in broad sweeping curves, in which extent 
of space and time of passage serve to over-ride all mere local 
or temporary modification. Thus, it is enabled to present 
almost the ideal problem of oceanic circulation, and to 
array upon the climate of this section a few masses of 
: , ;. simple influence which becomes involved and difficult 
^fe- of study only through the continental disturbances. 
~ Without interruption, that part of the North Pacific 
; ^. ocean which may be considered as modifying the climate 
of this section , stretches away over very nearly ioo degrees 
of longitude. To the w r est it is bounded by the extreme 
Orient, the islands of Japan with their northern projection over the Kuriles to the 
coast of Kamtchatka and their southerly connections with the Philippines. The 
northern limit is drawn by the Aleutian islands and the eastern border is the shore of 
North America. To the south no consistent mass of land appears to hem this ocean 
in, yet the barrier is none the less strong, because it may be measured only with the 
instruments of the meteorologist. It exists at the 30th parallel of north latitude. 
Below this boundary line is the region of the northeast trade wind and the westward 
drift of the equatorial current, and these two serve sufficiently to bound in wind 
and water the great basin above. It is a basin within these limits, a rough ellipse 
having a major axis of 100 degrees of longitude and a minor axis of 25 degrees of 
latitude. It has its characteristic system of circulation both of atmosphere and sea. 

The strongly individualized ocean current of the region is the Kuro Siwo or 
Japan gulf current. Developed from the cumulative progress of the equatorial drift 
and directed by the rapid alteration in the plane of the sea bottom and the trend of 
the Asiatic coast, this warm stream moves across the whole Northern Pacific ocean. 
Occurring in a broader sea it shows several important differences from the gulf 
stream. It has a slower motion, its warmth is not so strongly contrasted with the 
water through which it flows, and the wind blowing counter to its course frequently 
avails to deflect it or even check it entirely. Its eastern development and dispersion 

has been for years a battle-ground for theorists, 
and even now it is impossible to say definitely 
that it reaches any part of this coast, yet it is 
generally accepted that it does. Beyond a 
question of doubt the Japan gulf current is the 
main cause of the modified climatic conditions 
which prevail over the greater portion of this 
section. The mountain chains act as the second 
great modifier, for by them the winds from 
the arctic regions are deflected to the east, 
thus allowing the ocean winds, carrying with 
them the temperature there prevailing, to spread over and temper the other- 
wise cold winds and air. These winds have a clear sweep across many thousands of 
miles of sea, and in all their course they incur no resistance save such as is caused 
by convective friction due to varying amounts of pressure within their mass. But 
the moment they cease to flow over the sea and begin their course over the conti- 
nental mass, they are subject to violent perturbations, and present all the features of 




Topography and Climate. 



13 




Scenic Effects-Mt 



turbulent motion, its irregular and rapid changes of pressure, its rapid expansion, 
its sudden alteration of the saturative constants, and variation of temperature. 

The wind drawn in from the sea by the general circulation of the atmosphere 
may be taken to hold in suspension the maximum amount of moisture, and, other 
things being equal, to approximate the satura- 
tion amount theoretically to be expected in air 
of a given pressure and at a given temperature. 
Advancing upon the land the air current im- 
mediately encounters perturbing influences of 
many sorts. Without taking the reader through 
a labyrinth of meteorological or scientific 
phrases, it will be sufficient for the purposes of 
this description of the climate to relate that the 
moisture-laden atmosphere, carried by the general circulation of the air and moving 
towards depressions in the great atmospheric envelope, the moisture is condensed 
by being forced against the mountain side, thence upward, and the major portion 
being precipitated on the windward side, that which is still held in suspension is 
carried eastward, where new conditions are met with and a possiblv new mixing of 
the atmosphere takes place. New temperature conditions are met with, the disturb- 
ing cause, the depression in a part of the atmosphere near at hand, continues the 
turbulent motion and moisture is precipitated over the country to the leeward of 
the mountains ; on its movement eastward the second range of mountains is encoun- 
tered, higher than the first, and possessing a lower temperature, which acts as a 
great resistance to the outward march of the disturbing element and the passage 
winds from the ocean to its rear, the moisture is again precipitated on the windward 
side of this second range, and, if the disturbing cause is sufficient, it crosses the 
second range, meets another temperature condition, and here again moisture is con- 
densed and precipitated, thence onward to the Rocky Mountains and eastward. 
This brief description of the condensation of moisture over this section and its pre- 
cipitation in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail, will give the reader a general idea 
of the causes of excessive rainfalls west of the Coast range, a less amount between 
Coast and Cascade Mountains, and still less to the east of the Cascades. 

The climatic conditions of Montana are more 
under the influence of the general movement of 
atmospheric disturbances to the east of the Rocky 
Mountains than to the west of this range, hence for 
this reason the seasons in Montana are not so marked 
by wet and dry as they are over Idaho, Washington 
and Oregon. These wet and dry seasons are not to 
be taken as such in a literal sense of meaning, but 
rather in a distinguishing sense, i. e., during the 
so-called wet season the liability for rain is much 
greater than it is for fair weather, and contra for 
the dry season. The causes of these two marked 
seasons lie in the general movement of the winds, 

the inclination of the earth and the difference in the amount of heat received from 
the sun, the amount of heat absorbed or reflected and the amount of heat prevalent 
in the air. 




nisquallv Glacier. 




14 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

Due to the change of seasons, the inclination of the 
earth, during the autumn months the amount of heat 
<, received from the sun gradually lessens, hence a cooling 
of the air. It should be borne in mind that air at a tem- 
perature of 50 will hold but one-fourth as much moisture 
in suspension as it will at a temperature of ioo°. With 
I '* ■^■'y*,' this fact in view, it can be seen that the continuous move- 

ment of the moisture-laden air from the ocean meets, in 
a new approach to mt. rain.er. ^ e autumn, a gradual cooling of the air over the land, 
hence the precipitation begins. As the disturbing causes become more frequent, due 
to the greater cooling of the air over the land, the precipitation becomes more fre- 
quent and heavier, until the maximum cold of winter has passed and the warming 
of the air of spring begins, With this increased heat, the disturbing causes become 
less frequent, until in the summer they almost entirely disappear. The winds from 
the ocean continue during summer, and they have as much moisture in suspension as 
they had before, but the greater heat of the air over the land allows this moisture to 
be taken up and absorbed, and not cooled and precipitated as it is in winter. The 
general movement or circulation of the air is a great factor in the change from the 
wet to the dry season, but the change is more due to the change in heat than in the 
change in the winds, though the latter carry great weight in the argument as to the 
causes of the wet and dry seasons. 

There now have been presented the main factors of the climate and its causes. 
The mechanical resultant of these causes is the climate of this region, a climate 
which, practically constant as a whole, displays equally constant differences between 
the several natural districts into which the region is divided. Yet, before proceeding 
to a more minute description of these various districts, it will be advisable to present 
a general review of the climatic characteristics which dominate the whole region. 
The distinguishing characteristic of the climate of the region is, that varieties of 
weather endure practically unaltered for days at a time, and, even when supplanted 
by others, return again and again, and on each such recurrence are symmetrical with 
their former appearance, even when they are not practically identical. In this 
regard there is a wide variation from the conditions which obtain elsewhere in the 
United States. Nor is this the only difference. Another notable one is that the 
storms of the Pacific are with comparative infrequency traced across the Rocky 
Mountains and the Atlantic slopes Another is that the storm frequently increases 
rapidly toward the north. 

When the area of low barometer of considerable depth overlies Washington and 
probably is central far to seaward, its movement eastward is checked if not pro- 
hibited by the Cascade and Rock}- Mountains. Held back by this mountain wall 
and the equally potent barrier of high barometric pressure eastward, the low pres- 
sure is kept beating against these obstacles. While this condition endures, gales 
occur along the coast and rains occur over 
most of the region. When, on the other PH ° T °- ** LA R ° CHE - 
hand, a high area is central over Washing- 
ton, the low pressure is central over Cali- 
fornia, fair weather, light winds and an 
increasing temperature prevail. We have 
now given in general terms and briefly the 
causes of the changes in the weather of MT . RJIN1ER AND UKE wash.ngton, Seattle. 




Topography and Climate. 



15 




TLANO NEAR MT. RAIN 



this region on a general scale. The object of this paper is to 
give a more minute description of the climate of the region 
in order that the inquirer or the present citizen can become 
more familiar with a section whose area is immense, its climate 
embracing all changes from the sunny clime of Italy to the 
rigors of an arctic clime; a section that produces every known 
product of the temperate zone, rich in minerals, fish, wood 
and natural resources, and possessing qualifications which 
should and which will entitle it to a population more dense 
and more prosperous than that which any section of our broad 
land now possesses. 

No single feature with which we come in contact during our 
existence has such an influence upon our lives, our occupation, 
our progress and advancement as has the weather. Upon the climate depends 
everything, hence such an important part of our existence should be thoroughly 
understood and be familiar to ever}' one. That more attention is being paid to a 
study of climate, to changes, causes and effects, is evinced by the greater interest 
displayed in the work of the national weather bureau. It is only through the medium 
of this organization that we can learn of the climate from a practical or scientific 
standpoint, and it is by having access to its records and data that this article was 
made possible. This article is based entirely upon official data, hence is authentic. 
Covering 15 degrees of longitude and 10 of latitude, it does not seem so improb- 
able that the region should have such a wide difference in climatic conditions. The 
marked features of this difference are the precipitation over the extreme northwest 
section of Washington, at and near Neah Bay amounting to over 100 inches, eight 
and one-half feet of water, annually, while in portions of Southern Central Washing- 
ton about Pasco, in Southeastern Oregon and in the central portions of Idaho, less 
than 10 inches, or less than one foot, of water falls annually. Such is the difference 
in precipitation in inches. In snowfall along the coast, snow is as much a rarity as it 
is in the southern sections of those states bordering upon the Gulf of Mexico, while 
in the Cascade Mountains, on the higher mountains of Idaho and Montana, snow 
falls to a depth of several feet, and over a large portion 
of the country to the east of the Cascades, snow covers 
the ground during the latter part of December, in Janu- 
ary and for part of February. This is not true of the 
immediate Columbia river valley and on the lower 
plateaus. In temperature as great a difference exists. 
Along the coast a temperatui^e below 10° above zero has 
never been recorded, while to the east of the Cascade 
Mountains temperatures of io° above and below zero 
occur every winter. Such an extremely low temper- 
ature as 41 below zero was recorded at Helena, Mon- 
tana, in January, 1880. These extremes are quoted to 
show the wide range of climatic conditions which exist 
over this region. 

The following statement will give the reader a gen- 
eral idea of the climatic condition prevailing over this 
section In selecting the stations for which data is given 
it has been endeavored to select those which give the 




FALLS NEAR MT. RAif 



16 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



most complete type of the climate for their section. The figures given are taken 
from reports of the United States and Canadian weather bureaus. A few stations 
distributed over the whole country are included in the table for comparison. 



Stations 


Mean Annual 
Temperature 


Highest 

Temperature 

on Record 


Lowest 

Temperature 

on Record 


Average 

Summer 

Temperature 


Average 

Winter 

Temperature 


Av'ge Annual 
Precipitation 

in Inches 


Victoria, B. C 

Esquimault, B, C- 

New Westminster, B. C. 

Soda Creek, B. C 

Spence's Bridge, B. C-- 
Olvmpia, Wash. - . 
Spokane, Wash 

Walla Walla, Wash 

Astoria, Oregon - — 
Portland, Oregon - - 
Roseburg, Oregon - 
Bandon, Oregon 

Baker City, Oregon 

Helena. Mont. . — 
Boise City, Idaho - 


48.5 
48.8 

47-5 

41.6 

47.0 

49.7 

47-2_ 

5-7 

49.8 

53-4 

53-2 

51.8 

45-0 

43-3 

50.5 


86 

79 

90 

no 

102 

97 
102 
108 

88 
102 
102 

92 

IOI 

103 
106 


S 

17 
2 

-38 

-'4 
-2 

-30 

-17 

10 

-2 

-6 

14 
-14 
-41 

-28 


58.2 
58.2 

59-7 
66.4 

695 
60.9 
66.9 
71.8 
58.7 
65-7 
64-5 
57-9 
63.1 
64 4 
70.3 


38.O 
40.O 

35-3 

14.9 

22.4 

42.6 

274 

35-3 

40.3 

40.4. 

41.6 

45-9 

24-5 

20.1 

31.8 


34-72 
24.S2 
62.88 
7.48 
10.17 
55.98 
20.08 

17.94 
75-49 
49-34 
36.52 
61.58 
14.20 

12.53 
14-30 


Washington, D. C-- 

New York City.. 

Boston, Mass. 

Chicago, Ills- 

St. Louis, Mo.. 

New Orleans, La 

Denver, Colo . 
Los Angeles, Cal- 


54-7 
51-4 
48.1 

48.5 
55-6 
69.0 

49-3 
61.4 


104 
100 

JOI 

IOO 
106 
97 
105 
109 


-14 
-6 
-13 
-23 
-22 

15 

-29 

28 


75-2 

71-3 
68.7 
699 

76.7 
81.4 
69.6 
70.1 


34-6 
33-o 
28.6 
27.1 
33-4 
56.3 
31-2 
54-7 


44.66 

45-47 

46.42 
36.00 

38.37 

62.94 

14.31 

1S.3S 



* Figures preceded by the minus sign, indicate temperature below zero. 

The mean annual temperature has considerable variation over the section. Soda 
Creek, in British Columbia, having the lowest mean and next to Helena has the low- 
est temperature on record for this section. Walla Walla has the highest mean tem- 
perature. Portland and Roseburg have nearly as high a temperature. These tem- 
peratures are nearly as high as that of Washington City. The extreme temperatures 
at Walla Walla, having a range of 125 , are much greater than those of Portland or 
Roseburg. Portland has the highest mean temperature and least range with the 
highest mean of any station in the district. Bandon, Coos county, Oregon, on the 
ocean, has the least absolute range of temperature of any station in the district. The 
mean temperature of all the stations except Helena and Soda Creek is higher 
than the mean over a great portion of the United States. The mean temperature does 
not convey the proper information for an agriculturist, hence the highest and lowest 
temperatures on record, covering a period of ten years or more are given. Along 
the immediate coast line the maximum temperature is rarely above 85 and has 
never been as low as zero, temperatures below io° above zero being very unusual on 
the coast. In the interior, but to the west of the Cascade range, the extreme sum- 
mer heat rises to 90 almost every year, and extremes of 102 are on record. Cross- 
ing to the east of the Cascade Mountains extremes of 105 and no° are recorded. 
Through the major portion of the United States maximum temperatures of ioo° are 



Topography and Climate. 



17 




NlSQUALLY GLACIER'MT 



recorded, and in a great portion of this high summer temperature injurious effects 
result from the heat, such as prostration, sunstrokes and the like. This depressing 
effect during the high temperature is due to the increased moisture of the air during 
the increased heat. Over the entire area of the section under discussion the ill effects 
of heat are unknown A sunstroke has not been recorded. This difference is due to 

the fact that with increased heat there is a decrease 
in the moisture, so that when perspiration is formed 
on the body the great evaporating power of the air is 
such as to immediately evaporate the body moisture, 
thus producing a cooling effect. Then too, the dura- 
tion of heat is comparatively short in this section, 
while in the Eastern states the duration of heat fre- 
quently extends over a week. This long extension 
of debilitating heat adds new fuel to the already super- 
heated body and having no relief during the night, 
there is no cooling or rest for the blood, the result 
of continued exposure to the heat finally produces prostration with frequently fatal 
results. In this section the period of warm or hot weather is of short duration, 
seldom extending over two or three days, and during the continuance of this heat, 
as at other times, the nights are cool, thus allowing the bodv to almost entirely 
recuperate during the period from sunset, when the cooler ocean breezes are 
experienced, to 10 o'clock A. M. the next day when the heat again begins to be 
experienced. Over the greater portion of British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, Wash- 
ington and Oregon a blanket is a comfortable and necessary covering during the night, 
even during the period of the maximum summer heat. Considering these various 
conditions it does not seem peculiar that during extreme heat, which in Chicago, St. 
Louis, New York and other Eastern cities would result in sunstroke, here leads to no 
great or serious inconvenience or results. 

Due to the proximity of the ocean and the chain of mountains to the east (the 
Coast range), that section lying to the west of the Coast range is free from zero tem- 
perature, in fact generally free from even freezing temperature. Between the coast 
and Cascade Mountains, once in the history of meteorological record, has the tem- 
perature gone below zero, and that period was in Janu- 
ary, 1888, when orange trees were frozen in Southern 
California and zero temperature occurred in Oregon, 
Washington and British Columbia. From self-register- 
ing instruments at the weather bureau office in Portland, 
the following data is deduced which will to a great 
extent be true of the entire couniry lying between the 
coast and Cascade Mountains. 

During the year 1890, at Portland, the temperature 
was below the freezing point for 529 hours or during 
6 per cent, of the hours of the year. In the same year 

the temperature was above 90 during 11 hours or less than one percent, of the hours 
of the year. The non-frost period was from April 15 to October 9. In 1891 the tem- 
perature was below the freezing point during 153 hours or during 1.7 per cent, of the 
hours of the year ; it was above 90 during 33 hours or three-tenths of one 
per cent, of the hours of the year. The non-frost period was from April 11 to 
November 16. To the east of the Cascades the extreme summer temperature is 



>T-'.M 




Great Cowlitz Giacier-Mt. Rait 



18 



The Oregonian , s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Cowlitz Glacier and Tatoosh Range. 



higher and winter temperature decidedly colder than to the west of them. The 
winter temperature is below zero every winter and sinks as low as 41 ° below at 
Helena, Montana. Through the immediate Columbia river vallej' it is seldom 
lower than 15 or 20 degrees below zero, and this extreme is seldom of long 
duration. The winter period, during which stock must be fed, seldom exceeds seven 
or ten weeks, usually six weeks is the utmost limit. To the west of the Cascades 
wheat has not been known to " winter freeze " while to the east of them it frequently 
freezes. 

For the purpose of furnishing a general idea of the 
usual winter and summer temperature the table given above 
notes these temperatures for the various stations. In sum- 
mer Walla Walla, with Boise City a close second, has the 
highest mean temperature, while Bandon has the lowest. 
The usual summer mean temperature is about 65 for the 
whole region. In winter at Soda Creek and Spence's Bridge, 
British Columbia, at Spokane, Baker City, Helena and Boise 
City, the mean winter temperature is below the freezing 
point, with the lowest at Soda Creek. The temperature 
over the greater portion of this section is favorable to the 
growth of fruit, agricultural and stock products. A care- 
ful analysis of the data given in the foregoing table would 
take many pages, but the gist of it all, so far as temperature is concerned, is here 
given. 

The column on the right in the foregoing table contains the average annual 
amount of rainfall. The term rainfall includes all forms of precipitation. The heav- 
iest rainfall in the United States occurs at Neah Bay, extreme Northwestern Wash- 
ington, where it amounts to over 100 inches annually ; thence north and southward 
there is a decrease. At Astoria there are 75 inches ; at New Westminster, B. C. , 
there are 63 inches. Along the immediate coast it amounts to over 60 inches, or five 
feet, annually. In the interior there are many local variations, but generally speak- 
ing, from Puget Sound, north and south, there is a decrease. Olyinpia has 56 inches 
annually, Victoria 35 inches, Portland 49 inches, while in the southern portion of 
Oregon it is but 22 inches. To the east of the Cascades it varies from 7 to 20 inches. 
In this section about one-third the annual 
amount occurs in the form of snow, while to 
the west snowfall does not form over 5 percent 
of the annual total, and in years not 1 per cent. 
The generally received opinion is that the 
heavy rainfall along the coast sections extends 
over the major portion of this section, while it 
is a fact that excessive rain does not extend 
over 3 per cent of the country. Again, on the 
other hand, it has been represented that to the 
east of the Cascades the country is almost 
rainless. The statement is absurd on the face 
of it. The annual rainfall occurs principally 
from December 1 to March 1, where, save to the 
east of the Cascades, 65 per cent of the rain 
occurs. The area over which there is less than GREAT N0RTH GLAC1ER MT BAKER 



B. B. DOBBS 




Topography and Climate. 



19 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 




Baker, Wash. 



io inches of rainfall does not cover 10 per cent of the entire 
region. Over this area the precipitation during the dry sea- 
son is about one-fifth of what it is during the wet season, 
showing a quite general distribution of moisture throughout 
the year. It follows from such a distribution of rainfall 
that it is more beneficial to agricultural operations and! 
more fruitful than in those sections where summer rains ! 
and storms do so much damage to the harvested crops. 
This entire section is favored with a climate of unusual 
mildness. While the immediate coast regions have very 
heavy rainfalls, yet such rain occurs during the winter 
months of December to March, and in all cases the wet sea- 
son gives way gradually to the dry season during July and 
August. While the prepondering amount of rain falls dur- \ 
ing the winter, yet the spring, early summer and late fall 
are marked by moderate rains at not infrequent intervals. 

From a perusal of the foregoing the general climatic 
condition of this region can be understood, and the rela- 
tion of the climatic condition to health will now be briefly 
discussed. As has been shown, the atmospheric changes 
of this region are more uniform and of minor range, 
when compared with the great portion of the United 

States. This absence of disturbing meteorological forces, as indicated by the 
narrow range of barometric and thermometric oscillation, is sufficient to account 
for the freedom here from epidemics caused by atmospheric influences, and especi- 
ally the absence of those atmospheric conditions favorable to the development of 
bacteria and all cryptoganic and sporadic germs, and on account of the divers currents 
of air mingling with the breezes from the mild Pacific, contagious and epidemic dis- 
eases are easily controlled, while such diseases as typhus and cholera are entirely 
unknown, and even typhoid forms of malaria are quite easily controlled, when 
compared with the same class of diseases in the climate of the Atlantic seaboard. 
The climate west of the Cascades is generally too damp for consumptives, but on the 
plateaus east of this range it is the best climate for them in the world. Atmospheric 
causes of disease reside chiefly in the varieties of atmospheric changes of moisture 
and temperature, sudden changes in tempsrature, excessi%'e moisture or dryness, 
different electric conditions, or a deficiency of sunshine. The atmosphere may be a 
source of disease in consequence of its being loaded with impurities, malaria, con- 
tagions of various kinds, and noxious gases in general, and an endless variety of 
septic germs. The range of atmospheric temperature compatible with human life 
is very considerable. Its limits are probably just those extremes of heat and cold 

that belong to the lower strata of air in the 
different parts of the planet on which man is 
destined to exist. Under the burning sun of 
the tropics and amid the profound frost of the 
polar regions are alike found human dwellers. 
These different degrees of external temperature 
impose peculiar physical characters upon those 
who are subjected to them, but they do not 
of necessity extinguish or even cause disease. 




MT. JEFFERSON 



20 



The Oreiionian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



It requires more care, however, to preserve life under intense cold than under intense 
heat. In India and other portions of the tropics the temperature ranges for a long 
time from So to 120 degrees. The mingling of the arctic and tropical atmospheres 
here combines to produce an anomalous climate singularly free from the severer 
forms of disease found in either of these zones. The gradual effects of great heat 
upon the human body operate distinctly as an exciting cause of disease, and give 
rise to sudden attacks of illness. In the arctic countries, on the other hand, where 
the sun appears for a short time above the horizon, and where the thermometer sinks 
to 50 or more degrees below zero, are still found inhabitants, but they are few and 
thinly scattered, dependent mainly on the scanty supply of food in those parts of the 
world. Under a degree of temperature a little greater than that of the tropics, or a 
little less thau the lowest of the arctic regions, it seems probable that man would 
soon perish, and in this fact we have a striking instance of the adaptation of the 
health-giving properties of a climate free from those extremes of heat and cold. 

Closely connected with the effects of temperature upon the health is the influ- 
ence of the different seasons of the year. It is open to the commonest observation 
that the general health of the community fluctuates with the changing seasons. 
Catarrhs, coughs and pectoral complaints of all kinds are apt to commence or grow 
worse in the winter and spring months, while bowel complaints are more numerous 
and distressing in the summer months. The mucous membranes of the air passages 
sympathize with the skin under the agency of extreme cold ; those of the stomach 
and intestines under that of continued heat. The thoracic disorders are more seri- 
ous and fatal than those of the abdominal. Cholera prevails where the temperature 
stands at a high degree for a considerable length of time, and proves fatal where 
cholera germs luxuriate in a hot and unchanging atmosphere. The climate of this 
region is entirely free from this disease, for the simple reason that the germs of this 
particular form of disease cannot flourish in this mild antiseptic climate, with its 
ever changing currents of air drawn from the mild Pacific and mixed daily with the 
gentle breezes from the tablelands of the adjacent coast. Sunstroke, yellow fever 
and the like are unknown in all this region, for the reason that the mild, warm days 
are followed by refreshingly cool nights, which make the climate destructive to the 
germs which live in continuously hot localities and develop these remarkably fatal 
maladies. And so it seems quite conclusive that the therapeutics of the climate of 
this region is remarkable in its effects both as to its prophylactic agencies and its 
curative effects on all diseases peculiar to our race. 

Soils of the Pacific* Northwest. — In a pre-historic age, a great volcanic 
outburst covered the principal part of Oregon, Wash- 
ington and Idaho with a sea of molten lava, effectu- 
ally destroying every vestige of vegetable and animal 
life. This volcanic stone covered an area of 200,000 
square miles to a depth of over 2,000 feet. It is this 
lava, crumbled by mechanical action and by the ele- 
ments to an impalpable powder, mixed with the ac- 
cumulations of years of decaying vegetation, that 
now forms much of the soil of these states. 

Generally, it may be stated that in no part of the 
world is the soil more productive or lasting than are 
the soils of the best lands of the Pacific Northwest. 




Tall Wheat Raised 



WETTE VALLEV, OR. 



Soils 01 the Pacific Northwest. 



21 



■j%mm 



^@m&xm 




18th Successive Crop 



various soils of the Northwest. 



This is fully borne out by the expressed 
opinions of the most eminent geolo- 
gists and chemists. There is as great 
a diversity of soils in the states com- 
prising the region covered by " The 
Handbook" as there is a diversity of 
climate in this part of the United 
States. The soil of each division of 
i .' this region possesses peculiarities 
' , iW;/'! distinctively its own. There is but 
little difference, however, in the 
wonderful productive power of the 
Every semi-tropical fruit and all vegetation indig- 
enous to the temperate zone can be successfully grown on this soil. In the great 
number of different' articles in "The Handbook" on the different localities of this 
region, will be found a full description of the diversity and extent of crops that are 
grown successfully in their respective localities. The general characteristics of the 
soils of the different parts of the Northwest are worthy of some mention in the pres- 
ent article, and it is these general features which will command attention here, the 
special characteristics of the lands of the Pacific Northwest being reserved for men- 
tion in the subsequent articles of "The Handbook " on the different localities of this 
section. 

In Western and Southern Oregon the soil of the bottom lands of the valleys is 
a rich black loam of great fertility. The Willamette, the largest of these valleys, 
was at one time covered by a detached part of the ocean, something like Puget 
Sound is today. The soil of the flat lands of the Willamette valley is the sediment 
of a very fine silt cast into the waters of this pre-historic sound. Generally, the soil 
in this part of Oregon is made up of disintegrated basaltic rock, washed down from 
the adjacent hills, alluvial deposits and decomposed vegetable matter. The hill 
soils are less fertile than are the soils of the low lands, and are of a dark brown color, 
friable and fine. The Willamette valley is, in some respects, the most remarkable part 
of the state, and it comprises one of the most productive agricultural sections of the 
Union. South of the Willamette valley are the valleys of the Umpqua and Rogue 
river, both of which possess soils similar to the soils of the Willamette valley. 

East of the Cascade Mountains the fertility of the soil and its prolific production 
of all vegetation are due to the prevalence of lava ash and decomposed basaltic rock, 
which it contains. The great cliffs and heaps of basaltic rock that are so often noted 
in this region contain nearly all the ingredients which constitute the most important 
elements of vegetable life. The soils of volcanic origin are the most productive and 
lasting of all soils. Contrary to popular belief, basaltic rocks are fragile and short 

lived. All over Eastern Oregon, Eastern 
Washington and Idaho the basalt, by a 
mechanical breaking down, accompanied 
by erosion from water and a process of 
chemical decomposition, is even today 
building up fertile acres and adding to the 
productive resources of land that has al- 
ready astonished the world with its enor- 




Farm Scene, Eastern Washington. 



22 



The Oregoniari 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




. Oats, medical Lake, 



mous yields of cereals. It is highly probable that on no 
other lands than the volcanic ash fields of the Pacific North- 
west can successive crops be grown without each subsequent 
year noting some slight diminution of the yield. The lava 
fields of this region are vast and inexhaustible manure 
heaps, which insure ample yields of crops for countless 
years in the future. This land yields, on an average, 30 
bushels of wheat to the acre. The lands of the Red River 
valley, now considered the greatest wheat producing belt 
in the world, yield less than 14 bushels to the acre. The 
practical farmer, who has made a study of cereal culture, 
will appreciate the fact that on the lands east of the 
Rocky Mountains the continuous raising of wheat on the 
same land soon wears it out. There are today, in the 
Willamette valley, farms on which large crops of wheat have been raised during 
successive seasons for more than 35 years past. The yield of wheat on these lands 
is as large today as it was during the first few years it was cultivated. The soil of 
the lands in the Pacific Northwest east of the Cascade Mountains is even more last- 
ing than are soils of the Willamette valley, yet it is doubtful if either of these 
soils will be found less productive after many future generations have passed away. 

The amount of rainfall in Eastern Oregon and P^astern Washington, per year, 
is generally less than 20 inches. This rainfall, in the eastern part of these states, 
would not furnish sufficient moisture for the maturing of crops did not the subsoil 
furnish, during the time when crops are growing, a constant source of moisture for 
surface vegetation. It is by this sub-surface form of irrigation on the rich lands of 
the Big Bend and Palouse sections of Washington that it is possible to raise here, 
each season, the millions of bushels of wheat which Washington now annually pro- 
duces. The air currents which pass over Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington 
during the summer months are charged and surcharged with vapor taken up from 
the ocean, and this falling on the growing crops at night in the form of dew, insures 
a form of irrigation in this section not afforded by rain. 

The soil of the lands in the valleys tributary to Puget Sound is a rich alluvium 
which will meet the draft of centuries of constant tillage. This soil is of great, even 
of unknown depths. At the bottom of a well 144 feet deep in one of these valleys, 
an alluvial deposit was found fully as rich as the soil on the surface. At a depth of 
80 feet in this well, a tree four feet in 
diameter was encountered, and for the 
whole depth signs of vegetation were 
found, thus evidencing the gradual build- 
ing up of this soil by ages of decaying 
matter. The enormous crops raised oil 
the lands of the valleys of the Puget 
Sound section are almost beyond the 
belief of the Eastern farmer. It might 
be mentioned here that wheat cannot 
be successfully grown on these lands 
owing to the excessive moisture the air 
contains during the time the grain is 




Farm Scene near walla walla, wash. 



Soils of the Pacific Northwest. 



23 



%&■ 







>"'- 






'ing, Two Medicine Creek, Montana. 



ripening. As in the other parts of the Northwest, the country surrounding 
Puget Sound contains a wide 

diversity of soils. The up- , - _ 

lands are not as fertile as the 

valleys, but the soils of these - .^r 

higher lands here if found in 
the East would be considered 
rich agricultural land. Up- 
wards of 45,000 acres of tide 
lands in this section have 
been reclaimed by diking. 
The soil of this reclaimed 
land is rich, black and of 
great fertility. It is unex- 
celled as a producer of cer- 
tain cereals and of all kinds 
of vegetables. 

The soil of the 25,000,000 acres of Eastern Washington drained by the Columbia 
river and its branches is made up of decomposed lava. It does not differ from the 
soil of Eastern Oregon. This soil is abundantly supplied with potash and other ele- 
ments essential to the highest des r elopment of cereal production. The soil is of a 
fine texture and in color it is a light gray which darkens slightly on exposure to 
moisture. The basin of the Columbia river was at one time a vast inland sea. In 
the smaller valleys near the mountains that surround this basin are rich alluvial 
deposits of great depth. Where the Columbia river makes its great cut through 
this basin the lava beds show a depth of nearly 2,600 feet. From the summit of 
these beds of lava a broad plateau stretches away to the east for a distance of nearly 
150 miles. This comprises the great grain producing region known as the Big Bend 
and Palouse sections of Eastern Washington and the Potlatch district of Idaho. 
Some parts of this great plateau are covered here and there with great unsightly 
piles of basaltic rock which when seen from the passing cars, convey the impression 
of an unproductive section of country. The soils of 
the Big Bend and Palouse sections, however, are per- 
haps the richest on the coast, and this is today the 
greatest wheat-producing region of the West. 

The soil of the lands of Northern Idaho is in 
many respects similar to that of the lands of the ' 
adjacent country in Washington. In the valleys and 
on the plateau of the eastern and southern parts of 
Idaho the soil is composed of vegetable matter 
mixed with mineral, and in some localities of this 
region with sand and clay. In the southern half of 
the state irrigation is generally necessary to insure 
the perfect growth of crops. 

The soils of Montana, unlike those of the states 
lying to the west, are not of volcanic origin. The soils 
of the valleys and bunch grass lands of Montana were 
formed by the disintegration of mountain rocks 
and by the slow accumulations of decomposed GR0W1NG H0PS , Y ak,*a valley, wash 



JS& - 



vtek 




24 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




P« 



Trout Stream near montesano, wash. 



organic matter. The valleys 
of the state are exceedingly 
fertile and produce cereals, 
hay, vegetables and fruit. 
In the Flathead and Bitter 
Root valleys, lying in Mon- 
tana on the Pacific side of 
the Rocky Mountains, fruit 
is successfully grown. Of 
the lands in the state east of 
the Main Divide of the 
Rocky Mountains only small 
areas can be cultivated with- 
out the aid of irrigation. 
This land produces abundant 
crops of wheat and other 
cereals. 

In the Yakima valley 
and in Franklin and Adams 
counties in Eastern Wash- 
ington crops cannot be grown without the aid of irrigation. The Yakima valley, 
in its natural state, is a sage brush desert. Large areas of this valley are now cov- 
ered with fruit trees, hop yards and fields of alfalfa. All the arable land in Oregon 
or Washington suitable for agriculture can be irrigated at a comparatively small 
expense. Irrigation in Oregon is confined to a small area included in a few coun- 
ties east of the Cascade range of mountains. In this part of the state there still 
remain large tracts of government land which, when irrigated, are as productive as 
any of the best land now under cultivation in this section. The average cost of pre- 
paring arable land for cultivation in the districts where irrigation is necessary is 
about $15 per acre. The average cost per acre in bringing water to this land is esti- 
mated at $5. This with the purchase price of $1.25 an acre from the government, 
and the cost of $15 per acre for preparing the land for cultivation, makes the total 
cost of this land when fully planted $21.25 per acre. The average annual expense 
of water for irrigating this land after it has once been planted is 94 cents per acre. 

The average value of irrigated land in this section when 
once cultivated is $57 per acre. These figures are given 
merely as averages, and they do not represent the 
cost of reclaiming land in any particular locality of the 
irrigated belt. In some counties of Oregon the first 
cost of conducting water to arid lands is as high as $20 
per acre, while in other parts of the arid belt the cost of 
conveying water for irrigation is as low as fi.25 an acre. 
vStatistics bear out the statement that when a tract of 
arid land has once been brought under cultivation its 
value increases fully ioo per cent, over the cost of re- 
claiming it. This great increase of value in irrigated 
lands and the possibilities of irrigation here have at- 
tracted the attention of thoughtful men and capitalists to 

The Pillars," U. P. Railroad. _ . .... - ., „ ,, 

Columbia river. the future of irrigation in the arid parts of the Northwest, 




Rivers and Harbors. 



r. 




and active steps have already been taken to reclaim thousands of acres of land in 
Eastern Washington and Idaho by digging ditches and conducting water in sufficient 
quantities to insure ample crops on this land in all seasons. 

Rivers and Harbors of the Pacific Northwest.— The Pacific North- 
west contains several great navigable rivers, innumerable rivulets, and a score or 
more of beautiful Alpine lakes and a series of magnificent 
harbors. It also boasts of an incomparable inland sea 
which offers the finest harbor for shipping in the world. 
Through this vast region, and draining an area of no 
less than 298,000 miles, flows the Columbia river, one of the 
greatest watercourses of the continent. The Columbia 
river rises among the Rocky Mountains, in a wild and 
romantic part of British Columbia. Its course for 1,020 
miles lies through British Columbia, the states of Wash- 
ington and Oregon, to the Pacific ocean at Astoria. From 
its source it first flows in a northerly direction. After re- 
ceiving the waters of Canoe river it describes a sharp turn 
and then flows in its southerly course towards the ocean. 
Below the line of the Canadian Pacific railway it expands, 
forming the Arrow Lakes, two beautiful mountain-walled 
sheets of water. At Robson, 40 miles north of the inter- 
national boundary line, it receives the waters of the Koote- 
nay river. This latter stream, from its mouth to the 
Kootenay Lake, a distance of 28 miles, is a surging and 
foaming torrent, which makes three distinct falls over huge ledges of rocks. This 
river rises among the mountains of East Kootenay, and in reaching Kootenay Lake it 
describes a semi-circle, flowing successively through Montana territory, thence into 
Idaho, and then back again into British Columbia. A peculiarity of this stream is 
that near its source it flows due south, while over a low divide, only five miles away, 
the Columbia river winds its way northward. From Kootenay Lake, a beautiful 
sheet of water, hemmed in by mountains 6,000 feet 
high, the Kootenay river is navigable to Bonner's 
Ferry, Idaho, a station on the line of the Great 
Northern railway. From Bonner's Ferry to 
Jennings, Montana, a distance of 62 miles, ob- 
structions prevent navigation. At Kootenay sta- 
tion the river begins a rapid descent, and in this 
fall two great cataracts are formed. From Jenn- 
ings, on the river, a line of boats plies to East 
Kootenay, which is separated from Kootenay 
Lake, in the west division of the province, by the 
Purcell range of mountains. 

At Fort Sheperd, an old abandoned post of 
the Hudson's Bay Company, just north of the 
American boundary, the great Clark's Fork pours 
its waters into the Columbia river. Clark's Fork 
rises among the mountains, near Butte, Montana. 



Cape horn Col 




26 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Glimpse of kooten 



It is first known as Silver Bow creek, then successively as the Deer Lodge, Hell Gate, 
Missoula, Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and finally as the Pend d'Oreille river. It 
is navigable, for broken distances, through Idaho. 

Crossing the international boundary line the Columbia river pursues its south- 
erly course, receiving numerous small streams along its course before it is finally 
joined by the Spokane river. This latter stream is the outlet of Lake Cceur d' Alene, 
Idaho, and is not navigable. After receiving the 
waters of the Spokane, the Columbia turns nearly 
due west, forming what is known as the Big Bend 
of the Columbia. The river winds here around 
the foot of basalt cliffs 2,000 feet high. From the 
summit of these cliffs a broad plateau stretches 
away southward for about 150 miles. This plateau 
is the famous wheat-producing section known as 
the Big Bend country of Washington. After flow- 
ing south for a distance of 214 miles from the 
international boundary, the Columbia is joined by 
the Okanogan river, which flows from the lake of 
the same name in British Columbia. This stream 
is navigable for about 40 miles from its mouth. 
Between the boundary and the mouth of the 
Okanogan river the Columbia falls 524.4 feet, 
being an average fall of 2.5 feet to the mile. 
The average velocity of the surface flow over this 
course is 3.48 miles per hour. After passing the 

Okanogan the next streams which add their waters to those of the Columbia are 
the Methow, Chelan, Entritow, Wenatchee and the Yakima. 

A boat now runs from Rock Rapids, on the Columbia river, to the mouth of the 
Okanogan river, a distance of about 80 miles. Rock Rapids is a station on the line 
of the Great Northern railway. The part of the Columbia from the head of Rock 
Island rapids to the foot of Priest rapids covers a distance of about 60 miles. These 
two rapids and Cabinet rapids are the principal obstructions to navigation along this 
part of the Columbia. At Rock Island rapids the river has a fall of 12^ feet over a 
distance of 8,000 feet, and it falls 10 feet in 8,000 feet of its course at Cabinet rapids. 

At Priest rapids there are seven 
principal rapids, extending over a 
distance of 10 miles. Between the 
little dalles and Priest rapids are 
many obstructions which interfere 
with continuous navigation. These 
consist principally of rapids which, 
however, can be overcome if 
Congress will appropriate suffi- 
cient money to insure navigation 
through them. The total fall of the 
river over Priest rapids, at low 
water, is 72 feet, and at high water 
63 y 2 feet. Boats can now, at cer- 
tain stages of the water, pass over 




iio Falls, kooten 



Line Col. R. &. Kooten 



Rivers unci Harbors. 



27 



all of these rapids, though "lining up" is usually necessary to allow a boat 
to pass up the river here. Priest and Rock Island rapids will always be diffi- 
cult places in the river for boats to pass until either systems of locks or boat rail- 
ways around these dangerous rapids are built. When the improvements around the 
cascades of the Columbia are finished and the dalles shall be successfully passed 
and the upper rapids of the Columbia are improved, Portland will enjoy uninter- 
rupted water communication with the wheat fields of the Big Bend and Palouse 
wheat-producing sections of Washington, as well as with the mines of the Chelan 
and Okanogan mining districts. Just south of Pasco, a station on the line of the North- 
ern Pacific, the Columbia is joined by its great southern fork, the Snake, in many 

respects a greater stream than even the 
Columbia itself. The Snake is one of the 
wonderful rivers of the West. It derives 
its name from its extremely tortuous 
course. It carries a sufficient volume of 
water to float steamers i ,000 miles or 
more from its mouth, but owing to num- 
erous obstructions to navigation it is not 
practicable to continue navigation above 
Lewiston, Idaho. Steamers have plied 
on this stream, however, to within 150 
miles of Great Salt Lake, and even to- 
day parts of the river are navigated regu- 
larly for a considerable distance east of 
Huntington, a station near the boundary 
line between Oregon and Idaho. 

The aggregate appropriations by the government for the improvement of the 
Snake and Upper Columbia rivers have been $271,000, of which amount $162,965 was 
expended prior to June, 1893. By the terms of the river and harbor bill of July, 1892, 
the upper limits of work under this head were extended from Lewiston, Idaho, to 
Asotin, Wash., a distance of seven miles. The Snake is now regularly navigated 
between Riparia, on the Washington division of the Union Pacific railroad, and 
Lewiston, Idaho, a distance of 77 miles. For the fiscal year ending June 1, 1893, the 
three steamers plying on this route carried 19,364 tons of freight, the estimated 
value of which was $605,910. 

The Snake is one of the longest of Western rivers. 
It rises among the wonderful scenic country of the Yel- 
lowstone National Park. It winds among the hills and 
plains of Idaho for nearly 800 miles. Twenty-five miles ^^jUt^ 

from Shoshone, a station on the line of the Union 
Pacific railroad, the river forms Shoshone falls, next to 
Niagara the most imposing waterfall in America. Before 
entering Washington and emptying into the Columbia, 
the Snake separates a part of Idaho from Oregon, being 
the boundary line between these two states for this distance. The Columbia and 
Snake rivers form a continuous line of navigable water from Celilo, at the head of 
the dalles, to Lewiston, Idaho. The only part of this stretch of river now navi- 
gated, however, is the Snake from Riparia to Lewiston, a distance of 77 miles. The 




View on Arrow Lake. Columbia r.ver 






ARKS FORK. Col 






28 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



.-.^ 




Snake, at certain stages of water, is navigable for 300 miles above its junction with 
the Columbia and for 200 miles in the heart of Idaho. 

The Salmon, Boise, Payette, Weiser and Wood rivers drain Central and Southern 
Idaho. All these streams flow into the Snake from the north. The Clearwater, a 
blue mountain stream rising in the Bitter Root Mountains and navigable for a few 
miles from its mouth, joins the Snake at Lewiston. The Powder and Grand Ronde 
rivers, swift flowing streams, watering large areas of fertile valley lands lying in 
Oregon, contribute their waters to the Snake as it winds its way along the Oregon 
boundary. Just as the Snake strikes the boundary line it receives the waters of the 
Malheur river which, rising in Nevada, flows northward for a distance of 500 miles, 
watering along its course an important section of country. 

When boats shall be able to run from Portland to Celilo, the Columbia and 

Snake rivers will furnish a most important 

system of water communication with the 
interior. This water course will furnish an 
outlet for the great grain districts of East- 
ern Oregon, Washington and Idaho. 

The Columbia, after it is joined by the 
Snake, receives the waters of the Walla 
Walla, Umatilla, John Day and Des Chutes 
rivers, as well as the waters of several 
water power spokANE, wash. smaller streams. Of the numerous small 

rivers which empty into the Columbia be- 
tween the mouth of the Willamette river and the sea, and the most important, is the 
Cowlitz. In the early history of Washington, the course of the Cowlitz was the route 
generally followed by people traveling overland between Portland and Puget Sound. 
The Cowlitz river is navigable for small steamboats for a distance of 50 miles from 
its mouth. The government has appropriated for its improvement sums aggregating 
$22,000. Nearly all of this money has been expended in removing sand bars, snags, 
rocks and other obstructions from the channel of the river. 

The distance by river from Priest rapids to the ocean is 409 miles. All of this 
stretch of the river is navigable except a short distance of about 20 miles. At Celilo, 
275 miles below Priest rapids and 124 miles east of Portland, commences a series of 
rapids which are about 14 miles long. A short distance above The Dalles is a gorge 
of the Columbia called the dalles. The chasm occupies two and one-half miles out 
of the 14 miles of the course of the river between Celilo and The Dalles. The river 
above the gorge is from 2,000 to 2,500 feet 
wide, and at its highest state it even covers 
a stretch of a mile wide. For two and one- 
half miles through the gorge, however, the 
great body of the stream is compressed 
into a narrow cleft about 130 feet across. 
During a June freshet the water has been 
known to rise in this gorge 126 feet. It is 
expected that Congress will make an appro- 
priation for the building of a ship railroad 
around the dalles as this is the easiest way 
to carry boats over these dangerous rapids. 




Rapids, Columbia 



above The Dalles. 



Rivers and Harbors. 



29 




Gorge above The Dalles Columbia River 



This improvement is demanded by the interests of a vast country adjacent to the 
Columbia river above The Dalles, and the magnitude of the interests of this section 
well justifies the expenditure of the small sum necessary for the construction of the 
ship railroad referred to. 

About 20 miles below The Dalles the gorge proper of the Cascade mountains 
through which the Columbia flows, is reached. Thirty miles farther down the stream 
are the cascades of the Columbia. Here the river bed is filled with gigantic boulders 
and huge mis-shapen stones, and for a distance of six miles here the mighty stream 
lashes itself into a fury over these obstructions. Con- 
gress has already appropriated $.3,553,403 for the im- 
provement of the cascades here. The first appropria- 
tion for this work was made in 1S77, about which 
time work was commenced on the system of canal 
and locks around these rapids. The work was de- 
layed from time to time, however, by the lack of 
money. In July, 1892, and in March, 1893, Congress 
made appropriations aggregating $1,665,903 for the 
completion of the improvements at this point. The 
general scope of these improvements includes a com- 
plete system of canal and locks and improvements to 
the stream extending over a distance of four and one- 
half miles. The fall of the river in this distance is about 45 feet at high water and 
36 feet at low water. The principal obstruction to navigation here occurs at the 
upper end of the reach known as the upper cascades. The project for the improve- 
ments contemplates that the river shall be improved below the upper cascades by 
removing boulders and projecting points in the bed and banks so as to give good, 
navigable water from its lowest up to a 20 foot stage. The fall at the upper cascades 
is to be overcome by digging a canal 3,coo feet in length across the neck of a low, 
projecting spur around which the river 'is forced at the entrance to the gorge, and 
placing in this a lock and other suitable structures which would permit the pass- 
age of boats up to a 20 foot stage ; this lock and canal to be so arranged that 
should the future necessities of commerce so demand, additional structures may be 
added which will make navigation practicable here at a much higher stage of the 
river. 

The first part of this vast project, that of im- 
proving the river below the foot of the upper cas- 
cades is finished. The difference of level between 
the head and foot of the canal as now established 
is 15 feet at high water and 24 feet at low water, 
and the difference in height between high and low 
water at the foot is 54 feet, and at the head 45 feet. 
The plan on which work on the canal with its 
locks and accessions is now being prosecuted has 
for its object the improvement of the river to a 
point where it will be navigable here as before 
stated up to a stage of 20 feet. These improve- 
ments it is now contemplated will be completed by 
the end of 1894. This will give an unobstructed 



•^V 



2fc 



aer Harvest Queen running the Rapios 
the cascades of the columbia rlver. 



30 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




ruction work-Cascade locks, Oregon 



waterway for light draft ocean vessels and river craft from the mouth of the Colum- 
bia to The Dalles, a distance of about 200 miles. 

Fifty-three miles below the Cascade locks and 12 miles distant from Portland, the 
Columbia is joined by the Willamette river, its most important tributary. On the 
Willamette between Portland and the Columbia river the largest ocean steamers and 
sailing vessels ply at all seasons with safety. The Willamette and Lower Colum- 
bia rivers float an export commerce valued at Si 7,000,000 annually. A myriad of 
steamboats navigate the river here, and hundreds of vessels hailing from all parts 

of the world sail over its waters. From Portland to 
the ocean is a channel of a meau depth of 22^4 feet 
at the very lowest stage of water. The improvement 
of this stretch of river is largely due to the efforts 
of the citizens of Portland who have accomplished 
work, and expended large sums of money which 
should have been done by the general government. 
In the Columbia below the mouth of the Willamette 
the formation of saud bars at five or six places form- 
erly seriously interfered with the successful navigation 
at these places. To remove these bars small appro- 
priations were made by the general government, 
but these appropriations were totally inadequate 
to accomplish more than temporary relief. The work done by Portland in over- 
coming these bars has been of a permanent nature, and it has been clearly 
demonstrated as the result of this work that a channel of even 30 feet depth at the 
lowest stages of the river can successfully be maintained from Portland to the sea. 
At its mouth the Columbia river is eight miles wide. Here it is really an estuary 
of the ocean. Accumulations of sand, washed in b}' the ocean and carried down by 
the river, formed what was formerly known as the Columbia river bar. This 
bar interfered seriously with navigation. "Before it was removed, large vessels could 
only cross over it at high tide. A plan was elaborated for providing a channel across 
this bar having a depth of 30 feet at mean low tide. The first appropriation for this 
work was made by Congress in 1884. The total amount appropriated for this work 
to the end of the fiscal year of June 30, 1893, was $1,687,500. The amount of this 
appropriation expended has been 11,540,413, leaving a balance of $147,087 still 
available for the prosecution of the work. The work of improving the mouth of the 
Columbia river, however, is now substantially finished. The main part of the chan- 
nel at the entrance is now 30 feet deep at low tide. For one mile of the width of 

the channel the lowest depth is 27 feet, and for a dis- 
tance of two miles the lowest depth is 25 feet. The 
largest vessels now pass into the river from the ocean 
with safety and without delay on account of tides. 

As early as 1877 the government began the work 
of improving the Columbia and Willamette rivers 
from Portland to the sea. The object of these im- 
provements was to make and maintain a navigable 
channel having a low water depth of 25 feet from 
Portland to the sea. The amount expended by the 
government on this work to the fiscal year ending 




Columbia River Rapios at Cascades, 
Showing State Portage Road. 



Rivers and Harbors. 



••;] 




Mouth of Col 



June 30, 1893, was $775, 138.58. This sum was appropriated at different times and 
the work of the government in the improvement has been carried on very slowly. 

At the close of 1890 it became apparent that con- 
siderable additional improvements must be made to 
the rivers between Portland and the ocean, and that 
this work must be accomplished in less time than it 
was possible to secure an appropriation from the 
government for finishing it. Arriving at this conclu- 
sion, the citizens of Portland applied to the state 
legislature of the session of 1890-91 for authority to 
issue bonds to complete this work of improving the rivers from Portland to the 
mouth of the Columbia. As a result of this petition, the legislature passed an act, 
February 16, 1891, creating a corporation under the title of the Port of Portland. 
This comprised 15 representative citizens of Portland, and it was formed in the 
nature of a municipal corporation. About 90 per cent, of Multnomah county is 
embraced within its limits, and it is vested with authority to issue bonds to the extent 
of $500,000, and to levy taxes to meet the interest on the bonds and to retire them at 
their maturity. Work was commenced under the direction of this corporation in 
December, 1891. Since that time it has constructed 43,000 lineal feet of diking at 
several points on the Willamette and Columbia rivers where it was necessary to nar- 
row the channel to increase the depth of water. This, together with a con- 
siderable expenditure for dredging, has already secured between Portland and the 
sea a channel, at the lowest water, of 22^4 feet. This channel, with the natural ero- 
sions, is expected to attain a depth of 26 or even 30 feet with little further expen- 
diture. This result has been reached by using the proceeds of 1300,000 in bonds and 
$125,000 raised by direct taxation. The action of the citizens of Portland in thus 
spending nearly half a million dollars in improving a government water course is 
unprecedented. The exigency of the situation, however, induced them to under- 
take that which they had a right to expect was a work 
the government ought to do. With these improve- 
ments the Columbia and Willamette rivers will here- 
after have a channel of sufficient depth for the pas- 
sage between Portland and the ocean of all vessels 
likely to visit these waters. 

From the mouth of the Willamette to the Cas- 
cade Locks, the Columbia affords free navigation for 
vessels drawing from 10 to 12 feet of water. The 
Columbia is the only river in the United States navi- 
gable for deep water vessels for 120 miles inland 
from its mouth. Tide ascends the Columbia river to the Cascades, and on the 
Willamette the river is affected by tides to the Willamette falls, 12 miles south of 
Portland. 

The Willamette river is formed in Lane county, Oregon, by the uniting of several 
small streams which have their source in the Cascade Mountains. The Willamette 
flows in a northerly direction, midway between the Coast and Cascade ranges of 
mountains, and it waters one of the most fertile and beautiful valleys in America. 
Forty-two large and small streams empty into the Willamette. It is unobstructed 
by falls, rapids or rocks, except at Oregon City, 12 miles south of Portland. At this 




WORKING ON JETTY-MOUTH COLUMBIA RIVER 



82 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Jettv- mouth Col 



point the great river flows over a solid rock dam 3,000 feet wide and 42 feet high 
forming the Willamette falls. Boats pass these falls by a system of locks, owned by 

the Portland General Electric Company. These 
locks are now being widened from 40 to 120 feet, at a 
cost of nearly $1,000,000. By the use of the locks, 
the river is navigable for the largest river boats to 
Corvallis, 96 miles south of Portland, and, during 
favorable stages of water, boats ascend the river as 
far as Eugene, 130 miles south of Portland. It is 
estimated that, at a light cost, the Willamette river 
can be made navigable between Portland and Eugene 
throughout the year. 
Of the numerous streams which empty into the Pacific ocean along the Oregon 
coast, a few are navigable for distances varying from 40 to 70 miles. The entrances 
to all of these rivers are obstructed by sand bars. Where the Siuslaw empties into 
the ocean there is a vast, shifting sandy beach, without any headland to determine 
the location of the entrance channel. The improvements projected by the govern- 
ment at the mouth of the Siuslaw are the building of two jetties, one 4,500 feet and 
the other 3,000 feet in length. Congress has already appropriated $100,000 for this 
work. The work accomplished here so far has been properly of a preliminary nature 
only. The depth of water on the Siuslaw bar, at the entrance, now varies from 5 to 
12 feet at low tide, and the bar channel changes much in position and direction at 
different times, owing to shifting sands. 

The Umpqua river rises among the Cascade 
Mountains of Douglas County and flows through 
a picturesque and exceedingly fertile valley. This 
stream is frequented by light draft coasting vessels. 
It is navigable from its mouth to Scottsburg, a 
distance of about 20 miles. The bar, at the en- 
trance of the river, is covered to a depth of 10 feet 
at low tide. Appropriations for the improvement 
of the channel of this river now aggregate $33,500. 
The Coquille river flows from the Coast range 
of mountains, through Coos county, to the ocean. 
It is navigable for 40 miles above its mouth. 
About $105,000 has been expended in improving 
the channel of this river and on its entrance from 

the ocean. At low water, the bar at the mouth of the Coquille is covered to a depth 
varying from 4 to 12 feet. The projected improvements here consist of extending 
and strengthening the jetties already built, which will result, it is believed, in main 
taining a depth of at least eight feet of water over the bar at low tide. 

The Rogue river rises in the heart of the Cascade Mountains, near Crater Lake. 
This lake is one of the most remarkable sheets of fresh water in the world. It is at 
an altitude of 6,500 feet above sea level, and rests in the crater of an extinct volcano. 
It is eight miles long by six miles in width, and is estimated to be 1,996 feet deep. 
It is surrounded by walls rising vertically to a height of from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. 
The Rogue river leaves the mountains and, in flowing to the ocean, winds through a 
beautiful and well settled valley contained in the counties of Jackson, Josephine and 
Curry. It is navigable only a few miles above its mouth. 




Rivers and Harbors. 



33 



'ly known 








'4i»8 




■j&ti^m 




rfS^ 


M 


> ", : - 




- M ■ 1 




IP 



E Cascades-Col 



Of all the beautiful bodies of salt water and safe harbors in the 
world, none can compare with the great inland sea popularly known 
as Puget Sound. The irregular contour of its densely 
timbered shore line and the deep blue of its island-dotted 
waters, the great snow peaks that lift their battlements 
thousands of feet above its surface, and the remarkable 
cities along its shores, combine to make it one of the 
most picturesque spots in America. No storm ever 
lashes its waters into fury dangerous to shipping, and 
its surface is at all times as placid as is the surface of 
any great river cf the continent. 

On Puget Sound, the shipping of the world can 
come and ride at anchor in safety. From the time the 
first bark sailed through the Straits of Fuca into the 
broad and deep channel of Admiralty Inlet, there is no 
record of a storm having sent a vessel to the bottom of Puget Sound. As a conse- 
quence, maritime insurance on shipping frequenting Puget Sound is at the lowest 
rate made for vessels plying any waters. 

Puget Sound is an aggregation of land-locked bays and inlets, each enjoying a 
distinctive name. Its shore-line is over 1,800 miles in length, and in many places 
the shore rises so abruptly from the water's edge that a boat would run its prow 
into the bank without grounding. The waters of the sound cover an area of 2,000 
square miles. From Cape Flattery the Straits of Fuca extend inland for about 50 
miles. Down these straits sail vessels hailing from all parts of the world. The 
center of these straits is the boundary line between Vancouver Island, British Colum- 
bia and the state of Washington to the south. Extending south through Washington 
from the Straits of Fuca is Admiralty Inlet, 1he most important subdivision of Puget 
Sound. Hood's Canal extends from near the mouth of Admiralty Inlet, from which 
it is separated by a peninsula comprising Kitsap county, for many miles southward. 

Seattle and Tacorna, the two great seaports of Washington, arc located in indenta- 
tions of Admiralty Inlet. South of Tacoma, and at the extreme inland end of Puget 
Sound, is Olympia, the state capital. Olympia is located on the shores of Budd's Inlet, 
another indentation of the sound. Along the entire course of Admiralty Inlet are 
numerous fine bays affording safe anchorage for the deepest vessels. These bays are 
frequented by numerous steamers and sailing vessels, and thousands of craft ply reg- 
ularly on the broad bosom of the great channels and inlets forming what is known as 
Puget Sound. 

North from the Straits of Fuca, and directly opposite Vancouver Island, is Bell- 
ingham Bay, one of the finest harbors of Puget Sound. It is on Belli ngham Bay 
that the prosperous cities of Fairhaven and New Whatcom are located. From above 

this bay the Gulf of Georgia separates the 
... , > , mainland of British Columbia from Van- 

couver Island. The northwest navigable 
outlet of the Gulf of Georgia is Discovery 
Passage. This is the route taken by the 
steamers plying between Seattle, Tacoma 
and Alaska. The distance between Sitka and 
■ing, puget sound. Tacorna is i,37S miles. With the excep- 




34 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Columbia River near Bon 



tion of a few miles of the distance between these two ports the route lies wholly 
between islands and the mainland, where the water is as smooth as any river course. 

Of the numerous rivers and small streams which empty into Puget Sound, the 
largest are the Nisqually, Puyallup, Duwamish, White, Summanish, Snohomish, Sno- 
qualmie, Stilaguamish, Skagit, Samish and Nooksack. Steamers ply the waters of 
all these streams. The largest of these rivers is the Skagit, which is navigable for So 
miles above its mouth. In entering the sound it forms an extended delta. This is 

principally composed of tidal marshes, which have 
been reclaimed by dikiug, and which now possess an 
almost fabulous fertility. Near the mouth of the 
Skagit is that part of Puget Sound known as Sara- 
toga Passage, which is connected with Padillo Bay by 
Swinomish Slough. This slough will be made navi- 
gable for vessels drawing 8 and jo feet of water, and 
will thus lessen the distance between the Lower 
Sound ports and Fidalgo Island and Belliugham Bay. 
The estimated cost of this improvement is $122,000. 
Of the projected improvements on Puget Sound, 
the most important is the construction of a ship 
canal to connect Lakes Union and Washington with 
Elliott Bay, on wbich the city of Seattle is located. Lake Union lies within the city lim- 
its of Seattle, and covers an area of 905 aci'es. Lake Washington is a fine body of water 
immediately east of Seattle. It is 19 miles long and maintains an average width of 
about two miles. Its total area is 39 square miles. In places this lake is 600 feet deep. 
The average depth is about 50 feet. The estimated cost of the canal is $5,000,000. 
The level of Lake Washington is 31 feet above extreme low tide mark of Puget Sound, 
and the distance between the part of Lake Washington, which the canal will reach, 
and Elliott Bay, where it will terminate, is six miles. The peculiar advantage of a 
fresh water harbor to ocean-going vessels and the ravages of the teredo worm to piling 
of the wharves situated iu the water front of Seattle, are the principal reasons advanced 
in support of the project of building the canal. 

Along the Washington and Oregon coast are several bays, harbors and estuaries 
which are of considerable importance to the shipping interests of the Pacific North- 
west. Grays Harbor and Willapa Harbor (Shoalwater Bay), are the two inlets from the 
ocean along the coast of Washington between the Straits of Fuca and the mouth of 
the Columbia river. Grays Harbor was discovered by Captain Robert Gray in the 
ship Columbia on May 7, 1792. It is of triangular shape, covering an area of 150 
square miles. Its greatest width is 15 miles, 
and at high tide its bar is covered with 24 feet 
of water. At its apex it receives the waters of 
the Chehalis river. The part of the Chehalis 
river which it is possible for boats to navigate 
is about 90 miles in length. Coasting vessels 
now run up the river to Montesauo, a distance 
of 15 miles. The appropriations for the 
improvement of this stream aggregate $13,000. 
South of Grays Harbor, from which it is sepa- 
rated by a narrow strip of land, is Willapa 
Harbor, formerly called Shoalwater Bay. Two NO rthern pacify construction work, south bend, wash. 



hOI" B'i QYLI I .. 




Rivers and Harbors. 



35 




Entrance, yaquina Bay Oregon. 



channels with middle sauds between afford entrance to this bay. The bay is full of 
shoals and flats and one-half its area is bare at low tide. The flats, however, are 
valuable as deposits of oysters. Fifty thousand sacks of these bivalves were shipped 
in 1893. Willapa Harbor, despite the numerous flats, affords ample room for the 
safe passage and anchorage of a large amount of shipping. The Willapa river, which 
flows into the bay, is at its mouth one mile wide. This stream is navigable for a dis- 
tance of 17 miles inland. Rapids prevent ingress of steamers beyond that point. 
The appropriations for the improvement of Willapa Harbor aggregate $18,000. 

A few miles south of Willapa Harbor 
is the entrance to the Columbia river. 
South from the Columbia, the coast of Ore- 
gon is unbroken by indentations until Til- 
lamook Bay is reached. This bay has an 
average depth of 16 feet at high tide. It is 
about eight miles wide and is twelve miles 
long. Five rivers empty into Tillamook 
Bay. These are the Miami, Kilches, Wilson, 
Trask and Tillamook. The Tillamook bar 
is considered one of the safest to cross on the Oregon coast. The bay at low tide 
consists of three channels separated from each other by sand and mud flats. The 
sum of 120,700 has already been expended in improving the bar and the bay of Tilla- 
mook. South of Tillamook Bay the next harbor is Yaquina Bay, into which flows 
the river of the same nartie. This harbor, like the others on the Washington and 
Oregon coast, was impaired by rocks, shifting sands and other obstructions to easy 
navigation. The improvements already made here by the government have resulted 
in increasing the depth of water over the bar at the entrance from a depth of 7 feet to 
15 feet at low tide. Congress has appropriated $550,000 for improving this harbor. 
The best harbor on the Oregon coast south of the Columbia river is Coos Bay. 
This is a large body of water with a very irregular shore line. Extensive improve- 
ments have been made here, the appropriations already made for this work having 
aggregated $338,750. It is estimated by the United States engineering department 
that the cost of improving Coos Bay as approved by the war department will be 

$2,466,412. The improvement to 
this harbor consists principally of 
jetties which have the effect of 
keeping trie channel over the bar 
from changing its position and to 
divert the great volume of water 
flowing out of the harbor into the 
ocean to narrow limits. There is now an average depth of iS feet of water at low 
tide over the Coos Bay bar. 

The Pacific Northwest contains many lakes, some of which are unexcelled in 
the beauty and grandeur of their surroundings. In this article only the large, navi- 
gable lakes of this section will be mentioned. In separate articles of "The Hand- 
book," however, which treat of different sections of the Northwest, the lakes of 
these respective localities are fully described. The most beautiful of the many lakes 
of the Northwest is Chelan, lying just beyond the Columbia river in Okanogan 
county, in Eastern Washington. This lake extends for a distance of 70 miles 



Coos Bay, Oregon 



36 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



into the very heart of the Cascade Mountains. It is navigable for its entire length. 
It is fully described m a separate article of "The Handbook." Kootenav Lake, 
already mentioned in this article under the head of West Kootenay, is a romantic 
Alpine sheet of water, and along its mountainous shores are numerous mining 
camps. A line of boats plies between the different settlements on this lake, and up 
the Kootenay river to Bonner's Ferry, Idaho. Lying in the center of a beautiful and 
fertile valley of the same name in Montana is the Great Flathead Lake. Steamers 
ply on this lake between its southern and northern shores. Nestling among the 
mountains of Northern Idaho is Lake 



■■■;.. 



v 



§ 




Cceur d'Alene. Across this lake ply 
steamboats which, with their rail connec- 
tions, form a continuous route between 
Missoula, Montana, through the great 
Coeur d' Alene mining district to Spokane. 
This line is known as the Coeur d'Alene 
branch of the Northern Pacific railroad. 
The Coeur d'Alene and St. Joe rivers flow 
into this lake. Both of these streams are 
navigable. The outlet of the lake is the 
Spokane river, which joins the Columbia ^ '\'; '- 1 ' ■•* ■: ?,„/ >-^ ~" ' ' *' 

many miles to the westward. 

On the line of the Northern Pacific crater lake, klamath co., Oregon. 

railroad, in the Bitter Root Mountains, is 

Lake Pend d'Oreille, sparkling in its setting of castellated hills. Lake Peud d'Oreille 
is one of the great lakes of Idaho, and it is one of the most attractive bodies of fresh 
water of the Northwest. In Southeastern Oregon are a series of lakes which have led 
to this region being called the lake district of the state. Upper and Lower Klamath 
Lakes here are jointly about 60 miles long. The Lower Klamath Lake extends across 
the boundary line into California. Lying partly in Lake county, Oregon, and in 
Northern California is the Great Goose Lake. It is 50 miles long and from 8 to 15 
miles wide. Its depth is from 12 to 40 feet. Abert, Warner, Summer and Silver 
Lakes in the county are all fine bodies of water, teeming with fish, and lying in 
the midst of charming scenery. In Harney county, Oregon, is Malheur Lake, a large 
and deep body of water. In different parts of the Northwest are innumerable other 
lakes, all of which, as before mentioned, are 
fully described in subsequent articles of "The 
Handbook." 

Hail roads of tlie Northwest. — Per- 
haps the greatest agent in the enlightenment 
and civilization of any people is the railroad. 
No country without the aid of the railroad is 
in close touch with the thought and action of 
the higher civilized centers. The telegraph 
does much as a national educator, but the rail- 
road, affording rapid and frequent means of trans- 
portation between points widely separated from 
each other, offers such excellent opportunities 
for conveying intelligence over long distances, 




The Beaver, 



the Oldest Steamer 
Pacific Coast. 



Railroads of the Northwest. 



37 




Rooster Rock 



information contained in both the standard publications 
of the country and in personal letters, that its importance 
to any new section of country cannot be over-estimated. 
Practically all the solid advancement made in the Pacific 
Northwest has been accomplished since the tracks of the 
transcontinental lines first reached tide water on the 
Pacific coast, and it is to the perfection of the railroad 
systems of the Northwest that this part of the United 
States has the most to look to for its future advancement. 
The railroad has been an essential factor in the 
growth of the states of Oregon and Washington. Before 
the iron horse reached the coast the maritime ports of 
these states recieved their freight from San Francisco 
and the East by sail and steamers. The railroad was 
needed to furnish more rapid and direct means of com- 
municating with the East than had been afforded by the 
water transportation lines. No railroad could reach the 
West, however, without being brought into direct com- 
petition for its freight traffic with the numerous lines 
of steamers and fast sailing vessels plying between 

Oregon and Washington and all ports of the coast, as well as between the 
Northwestern States and all parts of the Orient. The water lines have given the peo- 
ple of the Northwest the benefit of competition, which has placed the freight charges 
of the transcontinental railroads on a most reasonable basis, and it has been largely 
due to these low freight rates that the Northwest has made such marvelous advance- 
ment during the past ten years. 

The rail and water lines of transportation in the Northwest are so closely allied 
that it is necessary to state for the information of the reader that nearly every railroad 
line reaching this section has direct connections with lines of boats plying the waters 
of Puget Sound, the Columbia river and its tributaries and the 
Pacific ocean. The railroads, with their water connections, 
form a net work of transportation lines that cover all the best 
parts of the Northwest, and the railroads, through their connec- 
tions here with ocean steamers for nearly all the ports of 
the world, afford a means of rapid communication with 
New York and the Orient that is of the utmost import- 
ance to the commercial interests of the United States. 

Prior to 1880 Oregon and Washington practically 
were without railroads. A few short lines of road had 
been built in the Northwest before that time, but, like 
the Oregon & California extending south from Portland 
through the Willamette valley for a distance of 200 
miles, these roads were merely local in their nature and 
they were but uncompleted parts of what have since 
been developed into great railroad systems. Traffic 
between this coast and the East was then handled by 
steamer to San Francisco where connection was made 
with the Central and Union Pacific. The Mullan road, a 
famous military highway running from Walla Walla on 




On Columbia River. 



38 



The Ore°onians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Castle Rock-Columbia River. 



the west to Fort Benton at the head of navigation on the Missouri river, on the east, was 
the onlv overland route followed by traffic from the Northwest to the East. Thousands 
of travelers passed over this road in the 6o'sand 7o's in canvas-covered wagons. Most 
of the early settlers in Oregon reached this state by way of Salt Lake City, having 
crossed the plains to that point, where they left the California trail, reaching Oregon 
by following the course of the Snake river to its junction with the Columbia near 
-\ Wallulu, from whence they came by water down this noble 
stream and up the Willamette to Portland. From the Wil- 
lamette valley, the earliest settled part of the state, settlers 
drifted north to the country bordering on Puget Sound. 
For years before the comiugof the railroad, long teams of 
wagons drawn by oxen and laden with supplies regularly 
left the large distributing centers along the coast for the 
smaller settlements of the interior. Nearly all articles of 
commerce not produced in the Northwest, and consumed 
here, were brought by sailing vessel around Cape Horn. 
A dependence on this means of securing supplies from the East often caused priva- 
tions among the early settlers of the country. The failure of a ship laden with pro- 
visions often sent staple articles of consumption up to fabulous prices. While the 
Northwest is a country of many varied resources, almost everything required for the 
support of man now being raised here in abundance, the early settlers of this region 
placed a dependence upon the arrival of a provision-laden ship that often caused 
them trouble. Once in the early history of Seattle the failure of a ship to reach the 
Sound in its accustomed time, reduced the inhabitants to sore extremities. But one 
barrel of pork remained in the city to feed the people. This was anchored on the 
beach in front of the hamlet. One morning it was missing, having evidently floated 
out on a very high tide. This was a public calamity at the time and the entire popu- 
lation gathered around the gaping hole the barrel had occupied, bewailing their loss. 
On the following Sunday the single preacher who looked after the spiritual welfare of 
the settlement, delivered an eloquent sermon on the bad influence of a high tide on 
salt pork and the uncertainty of placing implicit confidence in man's ability alone to 
care for man's everyday wants. No man who was willing to " hustle," as the}' say in 
the West, ever went hungry in either Oregon or Washington, but the dependence on 
sailing vessels for provisions that could be produced to better advantage here soon 
taught the people a lesson, and when the railroad did finally reach the states of Ore- 
gon and Washington it found a country well settled and in many places highly culti- 
vated. It was the fuller development of the Northwest, 
made before the advent of the iron horse, that has 
resulted in the rapid advancement of this section during 
the past few years which has made it one of the 
most promising parts of the United States. 

The first railroad built in Oregon was, at the time of 
its conception, an indefinite and apparently impracticable 
scheme fostered by a few men of the adventurous type. 
These men, with Simon G. Elliot at their head, formed 
themselves into a combination which they named the 
California & Columbia River Railroad Company. They 
surveyed a route from Portland south through the Wil- 
lamette valley to the Siskiyou Mountains. The expenses 




Castle Rock, Columbu 



Railroads of the Northwest. 



39 








Oneonta Falls. 
Columbia River. 



of this preliminary survey were principally borne by people along the line of the pro- 
posed road. The surveyors in charge of Colonel Charles Barry reached Portland in 
September, 1 864. They had practically surveyed the entire route from the Sacramento 
river north to Portland. 

Using this survey as a basis of operations, the promoters of the railroad agitated 
the matter of building a road over its course. The project was brought before the 
Oregon State Legislature and Congress was memorialized by that 
body to authorize the construction of the road. In 1866 a bill 
passed Congress authorizing the formation of two companies, one 
in California and one in Oregon, to construct a continuous line 
of railroad from Portland on the north, south to Marysville, Cal. 
This enabling act also contained a clause granting the company 
building the road a subsidy of 7,000,000 acres of government land. 
Owing to the ambiguous provisions of the bill there was consider- 
able misunderstanding and ill-feeling engendered among the 
different members of the company when the work of constructing 
the road had been commenced. This misunderstanding was 
caused by the fact that the Willamette valley is settled on both 
sides of the Willamette river which flows through it. Each 
side of the river was well settled, and when the time for 
building the road had arrived, the people on both sides of the 
river demanded that the proposed road should afford them the direct 
rail communication with Portland to which they felt they were entitled. This dissen- 
sion finally resulted in the formation of two companies for building a road south 
through the valley. One of these companies was for the East Side and the other was 
clamoring for the rights of the West Side, and both demanded the government sub- 
sidy. The two roads were built, however, the one on the East Side finally reaching 
Ashland, in the Rogue River valley, and the other, after long delays, reaching Cor- 
vallis, about 100 miles south of Portland. The East Side road is now the direct all- 
rail route between Portland and San Francisco, while the West Side line has never 
been extended beyond Corvallis. The East Side company first 
completed its line, and having kept within the time-limit allowed by 
the Act of Congress, earned the valuable land grant for which both 
companies had been competing. Both of these lines and their 
numerous branches subsequently became merged into the great 
Southern Pacific system, under a long-time lease, and they are 
now all operated under the direct control of the Southern Pacific 
Company. 

The roads controlled by the Southern Pacific in Oregon are the fol- 
lowing : the East Side main line, extending from Portland south to Ash- 
land, a distance of 340 miles. A few miles the other side of Ashland 
connection is made by this line with the California end. A branch of 
13 miles in length leaves the East Side road at Albany, 80 miles south of 
Portland. This road runs east to Lebanon, crossing the Woodburn- 
Springfield branch at Lebanon Junction, nine miles east of Albany. 
Another branch of the East Side road is known as the Woodburn-Springfield line. 
This leaves the main line at Woodburn, 35 miles south of Portland, and runs south 
through the valley east of and parallel to the main line as far as Natron, 93 miles. 




Horsetail Falls. 
Columbia River. 



40 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Multnomah falls. 
Columbia River. 



The West Side division of the Southern Pacific runs from Port- 
land to Corvallis, a distance of 97 miles. The Portland and 
Yamhill and Oregonian division of the West Side road is 80 
miles long by its through line. This road runs south through 
the west part of the Willamette valley from Portland, parallel- 
ing and crossing the main West Side road, to Airlie. A branch 
leaves this road at Sheridan Junction for Sheridan. This 
branch is about seven miles long. The Portland and Yamhill 
and Oregonian division was formerly a narrow-gauge. It has 
since been made a standard-gauge from Portland to Dundee, a 
distance of 29 miles. From Dundee south the road is still ope- 
rated as a narrow-gauge. The old rail has been left on the 
road from Dundee to Portland, and this part of the road can 
be operated either as a narrow or standard-gauge. 

The first through train to San Francisco from Portland 
was run over the East Side division December 16, 1887. All 
the Hues of the Southern Pacific in Oregon pass through 
the Willamette valley, famous for the fertility of its soil, the 
diversity of its resources and for its charming river and 
mountain scenery. The through line to San Francisco crosses 
the Siskiyou Mountains, and in its course south winds along 
the foothills of Mt. Shasta, one of the loftiest peaks of the West. It is along this 
part of the line that some of the grandest views of the coast can be seen. The con- 
struction of this line through the Siskiyou Mountains was considered one of the most 
remarkable railroad engineering achievements in the history of the United States. 
The road for the entire distance between Portland and San Francisco is well and sub- 
stantially built, and this forms one of the most important railroad systems of the west. 
In 1892 the local shipments of wheat over the Southern Paci- 
fic lines in Oregon aggregated 62,613 tons During the same year 
these lines hauled 16,523 tons of other grains. The flour shipments 
over the lines in 1892 amounted to 30,442, tons and they hauled 
during the same time 8,500 tons of feed and millstuffs. During 
the same year the roads carried 44,000 tons of lumber, 2,800 tons 
of green fruit, 4,500 tons of vegetables and 10,600 tons of livestock. 
The Union Pacific system in Oregon and Washington is an 
amalgamation of the Oregon Short Line and the lines of theOregon 
Railway and Navigation Company. The Union Pacific system 
which reaches Oregon extends from Granger in Wyoming, to 
Portland, a distance of 945 miles. The part of this road from 
Granger to Huntington, a distance of 541 miles, is known as the 
Oregon Short Line. From Huntington to Portland the Union 
Pacific runs over the old track of the Oregon Railway and Navi- 
gation company. The distance from Huntington to Portland is 
404 miles. The Union Pacific system in Oregon now comprises 
what is known as the Pacific division of this road. It has a total 
trackage of 523 miles. In connection with the Pacific system 
the company operates a fleet of fine ocean steamers between Portland and San 
Francisco and also a perfectly equipped line of river steamers on the Columbia 
and Willamette rivers, with headquarters at Portland. For 187 miles of the distance 




LATOURELLE FALLS. 
COLUMBIA RIVER. 



Railroads of the Northwest. 



41 




between Portland and Huntington the line of the Union Pacific 
follows along the course of the Columbia with the exception 
of 20 miles at the Portland end of the road. Between The 
Dalles and Portland, a distance of 88 miles, this route affords 
some of the grandest and most picturesque bits of scenery on 
the continent. Twenty miles below The Dalles the Columbia 
river enters the great gorge of the Cascade Mountains. It 
is here that the works of nature have taken many fantastic 
forms. From this point to Portland there is spread before the 
traveler a panorama of indescribable grandeur. The Columbia 
river is noted for its scenic effects, and the line of the Union 
Pacific follows the river for its entire course through the great 
chain of the Cascade Mountains. 

Branches of the Union Pacific in Oregon leave the main 
line at Arlington 142 miles east of Portland and run to Hepp- 
ner, a distance of 45 miles, and another branch leaves the main line at La Grande, 
305 miles east of Portland, and runs to Elgin, 20 miles distant. Still another branch 
runs from Umatilla, 1S7 miles east of Portland, to Walla Walla, in Washington,, a 
distance of 58 miles. Under the head of railroads in Washington will be found a 
complete list of the mileage of the Union Pacific in that state. 

The Union Pacific taps the most fertile and productive part of Eastern Wash- 
ington. It annually carries to Portland millions of bushels of wheat for foreign 
shipment. The average grain receipts of this road during the harvest season run 
from 125 to 200 cars a day. It is estimated that the Union Pacific carried 8,000,000 
bushels of wheat from the interior to tide water at Portland in 1892. The lumber 
shipments from Oregon over this line during times when business is in its normal 
condition average about 25 cars a day. The company's extensive shops, located in 
the suburban part of Portland known as Albiua, have a payroll of $40,000 a month. 
The company also maintains large shops at La Grande in which 60 
men are employed, and shops at all the terminal divisions of the 
road in Oregon. 

The Northern Pacific was the first transcontinental road to run 
its cars into Portland. Through the instrumentality of Henry Vil- 
lard, the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company was formed for 
the purpose of building a line of railroad along the Columbia 
river to connect with the main line of the Northern Pacific at 
Wallula Junction, 216 miles east of Portland. In 1883 connec- 
tion was made between these two roads. At that time Henry Vil- 
lard was at the head of the Northern Pacific, Oregon Railway & 
Navigation Company and the Oregon & California lines, extend- 
ing south through the Willamette valley from Portland, and close 
connection was made between all of these lines. Mr. Villard 
was unable to carry his great scheme of uniting all the great 
railroads of the Northwest to a successful termination, and shortly 
after the completion of the Northern Pacific, and after the expend- 
iture of vast sums of money to perfect the great system, Henry 
Villard experienced his first great downfall. This crash was precip- 
itated by a period of general depression in business. This ^oLm^^' 




42 



The Oregoniaii 's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 




[--m^ 1 ^ 



'. '■' 



Oregon Pacific Railroad, Oregon. 



resulted in the disintegration of all the lines of road which Henry Villard had 
labored so hard to hold together. The Northern Pacific, through a traffic arrange- 
ment with the Union Pacific, continued to run its through trains into Portland by the 
Columbia river route until 188S, when it completed the construction of its direct line 
to Puget Sound over the Cascade Mountains. The Northern now runs its trains- 
between St. Paul and Portland by way of Tacoma, 
the through passenger trains over this line running 
direct between these two points with a change of 
engines only at the different terminal divisions 
along the road. The road enters Oregon at Goble, 
a point on the south bank of the Columbia river 
opposite Kalama. Connection between Goble and 
Kalama is made by means of an immense iron 
ferry, which carries the fully loaded trains over 
the river here. The distance between Portland 
and Goble is 39 miles. Reference to the Washing- 
ton part of the present article should be had for 
complete data of the mileage of the Northern 
Pacific in that state. 

The Oregon Pacific railroad extends from Yaquina Bay, an indentation of the 
coast, about 100 miles south of the entrance to the Columbia river, through Corvallis 
and Albany into the heart of the Cascade Mountains. It runs across the entire 
length of the rich Willamette valley from west to east. The end of the track in the 
Cascade Mountains is 3,500 feet above sea level. All along this line are charming 
bits of scenery, and it traverses the best portion of the state. The total length of the 
completed road is 142 miles. At Corvallis, 72 miles east of the ocean terminus at 
Yaquina, the road connects with the West Side division of the Southern Pacific. At 
Albany, 11 miles east of Corvallis, the road crosses the tracks of the main line of the 
Southern Pacific. Connecting with the Oregon Pacific at Yaquina Bay is a line of 
fast steamers which carry passengers and freight from this road to San Francisco. 
The completion of the Oregon Pacific between Yaquina Bay and the Willamette Val- 
ley has been of great benefit to the residents of the latter 
section in the low rates it has afforded on freight from San 
Francisco for the valley points reached by this line, and also 
on the wheat shipments from these valley points to San 
Francisco. The road has been badly managed, however, and 
it has been in financial difficulties for years, and what its ulti- 
mate outcome will be has puzzled many of the men who 
were supposed to know the most about its affairs. The resi- 
dents along its course have hopes that it will some day be 
extended across the Cascade Mountains to an Eastern con- 
nection, but at the present writing these hopes give no 
promise of an early fulfillment. 

The Coos Bay, Roseburg & Eastern railroad, now un- 
der construction between Marshfield and Roseburg, fol- 
lows closely along the line of the present stage road 
through the pass of the Coast range of mountains. The part of this road between 
Marshfield and Coquille City, a distance of 25 miles, is now completed, and trains are 




Scene along Oregon Pacific Railroad. 



Railroads of the Northwest. 



43 




iioal Veil Bluffs Col 



running over the road. The road-bed is graded 
between Coquille City and Myrtle Point. It was 
the financial panic of 1893, alone, that prevented 
the completion of this road through to Roseburg 
during the past year. 

A short line of railroad, six miles in length, 
runs from Jacksonville, in Southern Oregon, to 
Medford, a station on the main line of the Southern 
Pacific. This line is owned by Portland capital 
principally. It is operated under the name of the Rogue River Valley Railway 
Company. 

A short line of railroad runs from Astoria south, along the coast, to Clatsop Beach 
points. This road is fully described in connection with the Astoria article. 

Over 40 years ago, in the Senate of the United States, Thomas H. Benton, of Mis- 
souri, pointed his prophetic finger to the west and said, "There is the east; there is 
India. The road I propose is necessary to us, and now. The title to Oregon (then 
including what is now Washington) is settled, and a government established. Cali- 
fornia is acquired, people are there and a government must follow. We own the 
country from sea to sea, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, upon a breadth equal to the 
length of the Mississippi, and embracing the whole temperate zone. We can run a 
road through and through the whole distance, under our flag and under our laws. 
An American road to India through the heart of our country will revive, upon its line, 
all the wonders of which we have read, and eclipse them. The western wilderness, 
from the Pacific to the Mississippi, will start into new life at its touch. Let us act up 
to the greatness of the occasion, and show ourselves worthy the extraordinary circum- 
stances in which we are placed by securing, while we can, an American road to India, 
central and national, for ourselves and our posterity, now 
and hereafter, for thousands of years to come." 

The road glowingly portrayed by Benton, nearly half a 
century ago, has been built. It is the Northern Pacific, 
and it ran its first through passenger train across the present 
great and prosperous state of Washington in 18S3. Henry 
Villard, then the ruling genius in the management of the 
road, elaborated and consummated a scheme which involved 
the construction of the Northern Pacific, the lines of the 
Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, and the extension 
of the lines of road in the Willamette valley. The downfall 
of Villard and the collapse of his great undertaking has been 
previously mentioned in this article. In 188S, the Northern 
completed its main line to Puget Sound at Tacoma. In the 
history of railroad building and in the growth of permanent 
settlements, never before was there witnessed the activity 
that followed the completion of the Cascade division in the 
country it crossed. Villages sprang up on Puget Sound and 
in Eastern Washington in a week ; they rapidly grew 
into towns and, within two years, developed into large and prosperous centers of 
population. In the short period of two years, Spokane, Seattle and Tacoma grew 
from struggling and unstable settlements to cities of over 25,000 inhabitants each. 







Oneonta Bluffs-Columoia River 



44 



27ie Oregoniaii s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Summit, Cascades, N. P. 



The same remarkable development took place in the farming districts of the state. 
The great Inland Empire, as Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington are called, was 
metamorphosed from an uninhabited district into a section of waving fields of grain, 
by the advent of the iron horse. As in every other line of industry, the state of 
Washington has made remarkable progress in rail- 
road building during the past few years. In 1892, 
Washington led all other states of the Union in 
miles of railroad constructed. In that year 421 miles 
of road were laid in the state. Pennsylvania, in 1892, 
was the second state in the Union in mileage of new 
railroads constructed, her record for that year having 
been 256. On the first day of January, 1893, Wash- 
ington had 2,614 miles of railroad lines, and the 
assessed value of railroad property in the state at 
that time was $12,204,725. Four great transcontinen- 
tal roads now own trackage in Washington . These are 
the Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, Great Northern 

and Canadian Pacific. The last named road runs trains from its main line, in British 
Columbia, over the Bellingham Bay & British Columbia railway to Fairhaveu and 
New Whatcom, on Bellingham Bay, where connection is made with the Great 
Northern. It also has connection in Eastern Washington with the Spokane Falls & 
Northern railway, running north from Spokane. Connection between the two roads 
is made by boats running from Ravelstoke, a station on the main line of the Canadian 
Pacific, through the Arrow Lakes, down the Columbia river to the American town of 
Northport, the northern terminus of the Spokane Falls & Northern. 

The Northern Pacific owns and controls 1,244 miles of track in Washington. The 
main line enters the state 30 miles east of Spokane, follows a zig-zag course to Tacoma 
and, from the latter point, turns and runs due south to the Oregon state line, where 
connection is made with the Oregon part of the road for Portland. The total length 
of this main line, in the state of Washington, is 541 miles. The Northern has 16 
branch and auxiliary lines in the state with a total trackage of 703 miles. The names 
of these roads, w T ith the mileage of each, are as follows: Spokane & Palouse, 105 
miles; Farmington branch, 7 miles; Central Washington, no miles; N. P. Cascade 
railway, 7 miles; Burnett branch, 4 miles; Crocker branch, 5 miles; Tacoma, Orting 

& Southeastern, 8 miles; N. P. & Puget Sound 
Shore, 31 miles; Roslyn branch, 5 miles; Green 
River & Northern, 4 miles; Tacoma, Olympia 
& Grays Harbor, Centralia to Ocosta, 66 miles; 
Lakeview branch, via Olympia, to Ocosta, 43 
miles; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, Spokane 
branch, 50 miles; Seattle, Lake Shore & East- 
ern, Western branch, 164 miles; Yakima & 
Pacific Coast, 94 miles. 

The more important branches of the 
Northern Pacific in Washington cover all 
the best parts of the state. The rich Palouse 
wheat growing section of Eastern Washington is thoroughly covered by the Palouse 
branch and its connections. This branch leaves the main line at Marshall 
Junction, 10 miles west of Spokane, and runs to Juliaetta, in Idaho, a distance of 115 



. 







R. CO.'S YARDS, TACOMA. 



Kailronds of the Northwest. 



u 




Spokane River, Spokane 



miles. Branches of the Spokane & Palouse 
leave the main line at Belmont and run to 
Farmington, a distance of seven miles, and 
also at Pullman Junction and run to Genesee, 
a distance of 27 miles. Part of the Spokane & 
Palouse system is in Idaho, and the mileage of 
the road not mentioned in the Washington 
article will be found under the head of Idaho. 

The Central Washington extends from 
Cheney, 17 miles west of Spokane, to Coulee 
City, in the heart of the Big Bend country, a distance of 108 miles. This road 
covers the best part of the famous Big Bend wheat belt, comprising thousands of acres 
of the finest land on the coast. The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern runs from Spokane 
to Davenport, the principal town of the Big Bend country, a distance of 50 miles. 
This road parallels the track of the Central Washington from Medical Lake to Daven- 
port, a distance of 28 miles. The Roslyn branch and other short branches of the 
Northern Pacific in Western Washington reach the great coal fields lying in the foot- 
hills of the Cascade Mountains. An important branch of the Northern Pacific in 
Western Washington is the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern. This road runs from 
Seattle east to North Bend, a distance of 59.5 miles. This line affords an outlet for the 
rich coal mines at Gilman, 42 miles east of Seattle. A branch of the Seattle, Lake 
Shore & Eastern also runs north from Woodiuville Junction, 23.7 miles east of Seat- 
tle, to Snohomish and Sedro, the latter point being 85 miles north of Seattle. At 
Sedro, connection is made for Anacortes. The Northern Pacific & Puget Sound line 
runs between Tacoma and Seattle, a distance of 49 miles, connection being made with 
the main line of the Northern Pacific by this road at Meeker's Junction, about 10 miles 
east of Tacoma. Another important branch of the Northern Pacific in Western 
Washington is the line run under the name of the United Railroads of Washington. 
This line leaves the main Hue of the Northern Pacific at Lakeview, between Tenino 
and Tacoma, runs to Olympia, a distance of 24.6 miles, and extends to Gate City, a 
distance of 43.9 miles from Lakeview. From Gate City a branch extends to Ceutralia, 
on the main line of the Northern Pacific, 49 miles south of Tacoma. The length of 
this branch to Ceutralia is 13 miles. The road also extends from Gate City to Ocosta, 
on Grays Harbor. Ocosta is 56 miles from Gate City. A branch of the Northern 
Pacific also runs from Chehalis to South Bend, on Willapa Harbor, a distance of 
58 miles. 

The Great Northern railway completed its transcontinental line and commenced 
running through trains between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Seattle, Washington in July, 

1893. This splendid railroad system is in many respects 
one of the best in the United States. It is a monument 
to the builder, James J. Hill. Early in the 70's, Mr. Hill 
secured control of an insolvent railroad line in Minnesota, 
with a total trackage of about 100 miles. Using this run- 
down and unprofitable line as a foundation on which to 
build, he has managed to construct without the aid of 
government support a magnificent systems of railroads, 
with a total mileage of 4,253. The Great Northern has 
p.cturesque rocks, spokane river. opened up for settlement in Washington a vast area of 







ay& L 



4i i 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Railway Town. 



fertile agricultural lands lying in the Big Bend 
country in the eastern part of the state. It also 
has furnished an outlet for the Okanogan, Chelan 
and Kootenai mining districts, rich in future 
promise. The Great Northern system embraces 
487 miles of road in Washington. The main line 
in the state is 345 miles long. In addition to 
the main line, the Seattle & Montana branch has 
1 19 miles of track in the state, and the Bellingham 
Bay & British Columbia branch is 23 miles in 
length. 

The Great Northern enters Washington from the Panhandle of Idaho and runs 
dircctlv west through Spokane, Rock Island and Weuatchee and the Big Bend coun- 
try to the Cascade Mountains which it crosses in Stevens Pass. From this latter 
point it runs south to Seattle. A branch of the Great Northern runs from Seattle 
through an exceptionally rich country to Bellingham Bay, from which point another 
branch extends north to the Canadian line. 

The Union Pacific operates 58S miles in Eastern Washington. The system here 
is an amalgamation of the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company's lines and local 
lines. The Union Pacific covers the famous Palouse wheat district of Eastern Wash- 
ington and the highly fertile valley of the Snake river. No other section of the 
Northwest has superior transportation facilities to those enjoyed by the part of Wash- 
ington covered by the Union Pacific. The main line of the Union Pacific in Wash- 
ington runs from Pendleton, Oregon, to Spokane, Washington, a distance of 251 
miles. From this line a ramification of branch roads, all operated under the same 
system, extend through the adjacent country. One of these lines leaves the Spokane 
line at Tekoa Junction and extends through the rich Cceur d'Aleue mining district to 
Mullan, a distance of S7 miles. Most of this line runs through the state of Idaho. 
Another branch extends from Walla Walla to Umatilla, Oregon, a distance of 58 
miles. Still another branch of the Spokane division runs from Bolles Junction, 25 
miles east of Walla Walla, to Dayton, a distance of 12 miles. Another branch runs 
from Dudley Junction, six miles east of Walla Walla, to Dixie, a distance of six 
miles. A branch also leaves the main line at Dudley Junction and extends to Dud- 
ley, a distance of two miles. At Starbuck, 46 miles east of Walla Walla, a branch 
runs to Pomeroy, a distance of 30 miles. An important branch of this road leaves 
the main line at La Crosse, 81 miles east of Walla Walla, and runs to Connell, 53 
miles distant, where connection 
is made with the main line of 
the Northern Pacific. A branch 
of the Spokane division also 
runs from Colfax to Moscow, a 
distance of 28 miles. The Wash- 
ington division of the Union 
Pacific is one of the most import- 
ant railroad systems of the West. 
This system reaches such im- 
portant Washington places as 
Walla Walla, Dayton, Colfax, 
Palouse, Farmington and Ri- 




CauR o'Alene River, Idaho. 



Railroads of the Xorthwest. 



47 




FALLS PEND D'ORElLLE RlVER 



paria. All of the lines of the Union Pacific in Wash- 
ington connect with the main line in Oregon thus 
affording direct through rail connection to Washing- 
ton via the Union Pacific, to Pacific Coast points 
and to all parts of the United States. 

The Oregon Improvement Company operates four 
lines of road in Washington. These are the Colum- 
bia & Puget Sound, Port Townsend & Southern, 
the Olympia branch and the Seattle & Northern. 
The total trackage operated by the company in 

the state is 164 miles. The most important road operated by this company is the 
Columbia & Puget Sound, extending from Seattle to Franklin, a distance of 34 miles, 
with a branch from Black River Junction to Coal Creek, 11 miles in length. This 
road affords an outlet to the rich coal mines of Renton, Black Diamond and Franklin, 
and is a fine paying piece of property. The other lines operated by the Oregon 
Improvement Company in Washington are but disconnected pieces of what was 
intended should be a great trunk system, and they are practically without an identity 
of their own that would entitle them to much importance in railroad circles. 

In Eastern Washington the Hunt lines (Washington & Columbia River Railway 
Co. 1 cover in miles of road. 

This road has close traffic arrangements with the Northern Pacific. It runs from 
Hunt's Junction, near Wallula Junction, where the Northern Pacific and Union 
Pacific roads meet, to Dayton, Washington, a distance of 86.8 miles. Another line 
of this same system also runs south from Hunt's Junction to Pendleton, Oregon, a 
distance of 40.3 miles. A branch of this same road runs from Eureka Junction, 22 
miles east of Hunt's Juuctiou, to Pleasant View, a distance of 19.40 miles. Another 
branch of the Hunt system runs from Killion Junction, 19.2 miles south of Hunt's 
Junction, on the Pendleton end of the road, to Athena, a distance of 14. 1 miles. 
The Hunt roads, as originally projected, would have been developed into a very- 
important system. Portland at one time raised a subsidy of $500,000 for the exten- 
sion of this line down the Columbia river to Portland, and arrangements were also 
completed at the same time for completing the line across the Blue Mountains from 
Pendleton to La Grande and Union, in Eastern Oregon. The financial depression, 
however, prevented the completion of this system. The Hunt lines tap a very rich 
section of country, the local traffic of which is heavy, and through the valuable 
traffic arrangements which this road has with the Northern Pacific it is regarded 
among practical men as a splendid piece of railroad property. 

An important railroad line of Eastern Washington is the Spokane Falls & 
Northern. This line runs from Spokane through the Colville valley north to 
the international boundary line. From the boundary line the road continues to 
i Nelson, on Kootenay Lake, under the name of Nelson & 
Fort Shepherd railway. The America dnivision of this road 
is 127 miles in length. At Northport, a station in Wash- 
ington on this line, connection is made with boats running 
up the Columbia river to Ravelstoke, on the Canadian 
Pacific. Thus Eastern Washington is practically given the 
benefit of four transcontinental lines of railroad. 

There are 207 miles of railroad in Washington not 
included in the systems already mentioned. These lines 




48 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

vary in length from 5 to 52 miles each. They are principally used as feeders for 
the larger roads. They tap principally lumbering and mining districts. The Everett 
& Monte Cristo railroad is one of these roads. This road is 45 miles in length. It 

taps the rich mining districts of Monte Cristo and Silver 
■^ ^fff yCT^Tnrlffl^ Creek, in Western Washington. The road starts from 

'" . >/, ■ \ p,k :^, the town of Everett on the Snohomish river, near the 

, ; Wji^- ,■:-, •;->*'■' '.*''ii.' salt water of Puyet Sound. 

* Idaho, the least developed of the four states of the 

Pacific Northwest, has three transcontinental railroads, 

marent trestle near m.ssoula and \ ,025 miles ofrailroad track are credited to the state. 

The assessed valuation of railroad property in the state is $5,812,065. The peculiar 
shape of the state is such that its extreme northern end is only about 84 miles wide. 
Across this " Panhandle," as it is called, run the main lines of the Northern Pacific 
and the Great Northern railroads. The Union Pacific enters the state at its south- 
eastern corner and runs across the state in a northwesterly direction, passing through 
the counties of Bear Lake, Bingham, Logan, Elmore, Ada and Washington, to the 
town of Huntington, on the border of the state of Oregon, a distance of 465 miles. 
From Ogden, Utah, the Utah & Northern branch of the Union Pacific enters Idaho 
near the town of Franklin, where it forms a junction with the Oregon line at McCam- 
man, passes north through the town of Pocatello, and crosses the Snake river at Black- 
foot, 24 miles north of Pocatello. Around Blackfoot are thousands of acres of reclaimed 
land now producing large crops of hay and cereals. From Blackfoot the road con- 
tinues north to Beaver Canyon, at the foot of the Main Divide of the Rocky Moun- 
tains. At this station connection is made by stage for the Yellowstone Park. Leav- 
ing Beaver Canyon the road passes over the Main Divide into Montana, passing 
through the town of Dillon, in Beaverton valley. From Silver Bow Junction the 
Montana Union railroad, an auxiliary line, branches off, one spur running to Butte 
Citv, while the other runs through Stuart to Garrison, where connection is made 
with the Northern Pacific for Helena. 

The Wood River branch of the Union Pacific leaves the main line at Shoshone, 
623 miles east of Portland, and runs through the towns of Bellevue and Hailey, in the 
Wood River mining district, to Ketchum, 70 miles north. Twenty-five miles from 
the town of Shoshone by stage arc the great Shoshone Falls of Snake river. The river 
at this point dashes down between rocks nearly 1,000 feet high, and the surroundings 
of these falls are awe-inspiring and wierd. Seven distinct channels in this river here 
form as man}- different falls before their final plunge into the great depths of the 
lower river. Of the numerous great falls of the 
West no one possesses the grandeur of Shoshone. PHOTO By ' 
At Nampa, a station on the main line of the Union 
Pacific, 137 miles west of Shoshone, a branch 19 
miles in length runs to Boise City, the capital and 
commercial metropolis of Idaho. 

In Northern Idaho the Union Pacific has some 
valuable connections. A branch leaves this road 
at Tekoa, near the Idaho line, and runs east 
through the famous Cceur d'Aleue mining district trestle, rocky mountains, near Helena, l ,ne n.p.r.r. 
in Idaho. This road passes through all the rich silver 

camps of this district, including Warduer, Osborn, Wallace, Burke, and terminates at 
Mullan, a distance of 87 miles from Tekoa. Burke on this line is reached by a short 




Railroads of the Northwest. 



4!) 




I CffiUR D'ALENE MOUN 



branch seven miles iu length running out from Wallace. Paralleling the line of the 
Union Pacific through the heart of the Cceur d'Alene's, is the Cceur d'Alene branch 
of the Northern Pacific. This branch leaves the main line at Missoula, 125 miles 
west of Helena, and runs through the heart of the 

Cceur d'Alenes to Mission Landing on Cceur d'Alene «.•*;■ ■ 

river, where connection is made by boat down the 
river and across Lake Cceur d'Alene for Spokane. 
The distance between Missoula and Mission Landing is 
150 miles. The Northern Pacific, like the Union Paci- 
fic, also operates a branch from Wallace to Burke. The 
river part of this route from Mission Lauding to the 
town of Cceur d'Alene is 50 miles. At the latter point 
the boat makes connection with the Cceur d'Alene 
branch of the Northern Pacific for Spokane. This 
road connects with the main line of the Northern Pacific at Hauser Junction, 16 miles 
west of Cceur d'Alene and 21 miles from Spokane. 

Part of the Spokane & Palouse system of the Northern Pacific also penetrates 
from Washington into Idaho. The Idaho branch of this road reaches the towns of 
Moscow, Kendrick, Juliaetta and Genesee. All of these towns are on the main line 
of the Spokane & Palouse except Genesee, which is reached from Pullman Junction, 
on the main line 27 miles distant. 

For some years after the working out of the bonanza placer mines discovered in 
the early 6o's, Montana was at a standstill, owing to lack of facilities for transporting 
the product of its mines to smelting and reduction centers where this product could 
be handled with a profit to the mine owners, and which prevented the heavy machinery 
for establishing large smelting and reduction plants in Montana from being established 
here. Two or three times a year boats ascended the Missouri river as far as Fort 
Benton, from which point ox teams distributed their cargoes of freight to different 
parts of the territory. A line of freighting teams was also engaged in hauling sup- 
plies from Utah to Montana, and supplies and outfits were also hauled into Montana 
over the military highway, known as the Mullan road, from Walla Walla, Washing- 
ton. Montana is today well supplied with railroads. There are now 29 different 
railroads in the state, with an aggregate mileage of 2,662 miles. The total 

assessed valuation of railroad property in the 
state as fixed by the state board of equaliza- 
tion in 1892 was 19,287,532. The first road built 
into Montana was the Utah Northern, which 
reached Butte in 1881. This road extended 
north from Ogden, Utah, to Butte, a distance 
of 403 miles. It was originally a narrow-gauge, 
but has since been made a standard-gauge and 
is now operated in connection with the Union 
Pacific System. Two years later the Northern 
Pacific ran its trains into Helena. In 1SS8 the 
Great Northern and its allied line, the Montana 
Central, built its road into both Helena and 
Butte. Another line, the Montana Union, was built from Butte to Garrison. Sub- 
sequently the Northern Pacific constructed a cut-off from its line at Logan through 
the Gallatin valley to Butte. From Butte the cars of the Northern Pacific run over 



? l§^ 




!*$&W.$f.- 



Summit, Cciur D'Alenes. 



50 



The Oregoniari's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



the tracks of the Montana Union to Garrison, a distance of 51 miles, where connec- 
tion is again made with the main line. 

Following the completion of its main line the Northern Pacific built and acquired 
control of 14 branch lines in Montana. The company now operates 1,274 miles of 

railroad in the state, of which 7S2 miles are 
co%ered by the main line and 492 miles by 
the branches. The combined assessed val- 
uation of all these lines is $4,187,331. The 
more important of these branch lines are 
as follows : the Northern Pacific & Montana 
branch runs from the town of Logan, 24 
miles west of Bozeman, to Butte, 71 miles 
from Logan. This road connects at Butte for 
Anaconda, the great mining center, 26 miles 
distant, and also by the Montana Union for 
Garrison on the main line of the Northern 
Pacific. A branch also leaves the Northern 
Pacific & Montana at Sappington, 19 miles 
from Logan, and runs to Harrison, 10 miles, 
where connection is made by two sub branch 
roads to Norris, 11 miles distant, and to 
Pony, seven miles from Harrison. The 
Helena & Jefferson County and Helena, Boul- 
der Valley & Butte branch runs from Helena 
to the towns of Wickes, Jefferson, Boulder, 
and other points. This branch follows the 
main line of the Northern Pacific east to 
Prickly Pear Junction, 4.9 miles distant from Helena, from which point the road runs 
south to Jefferson, 20.4 miles from Helena, where a shortspur branches off for Corbin 
and Wickes, great smelting centers, and respectively 22.2 and 24.9 miles from Helena. 
The main line of the road continues south to the town of Boulder, 37.4 miles from 
Helena. Boulder is in the center of a rich mining and agricultural section of coun- 
try, and is one of the important interior points of Montana. From Boulder a road 
branches off to the rich Elk Horn mining district. Elk Horn is 58 miles from Helena. 
The main line of this road continues beyond Boulder to the town of Calvin. 

The Helena & Red Mountain branch of the Northern Pacific runs from Helena 
to Rimini, a distance of 16.9 miles. Rimini is south of Helena and is a rich mining 
center The Helena & Northern branch runs north from Helena to the great mining 
center of Marysville, a distance of 21.5 miles. At Marysville is located the great Drum 
Lummon mine and plant. This is one of the great mining properties of the state. 
Near Marysville are several rich mining districts, of which the town is the supply 
c ntcr. In the vicinity of the town are worked-out placer deposits of some of the 
richest gold-bearing gulches of the state, and all along the line of the railroad, between 
Helena and Marysville, can be seen the piles of gravel handled in years past by the 
placer miners in their search for the yellow metal here. 

A branch of the Northern Pacific leaves the main line at Drummond, 53 miles 
east of Missoula, and runs south to the rich mining camps of Phillipsburg, a distance 
of 25.4 miles. This branch extends beyond Phillipsburg to Rumsey, which is 31.4 
miles from Drummond. The last and most important branch of the Northern Pacific 




Rocky Mountains, Butte Short line r. 



Railroads of the Northwest. 



51 



in Montana is the De Smet & Cceur d'Alene. This road leaves the main line at 
Missoula, 125 miles west of Helena, and runs through a rich agricultural and mining 
section into the Coeur d'Alene mining district, terminating at Mission Lauding, in 
Idaho. By exteudiug this road from Mission Landing through Fourth of July can- 
yon to Coeur d'Alene City, a distance of about 30 miles, the Northern Pacific could run 
its through trains directly through the heart of the Cceur d' Alenes, thus effectiug a great 
saving in distance over the long detour around Lake Pend d'Oreille, which the main 
line now makes. A short part of the Northern Pacific road through the Cceur d' Alenes 
on the western end, is still a narrow-gauge track, but this could be changed to stand- 
ard-gauge at a small expense, and this line be made the through route to the coast for 
this great transcontinental system. 

The line of the Great Northern extends across the northern part of Montaua, run- 
ning through the states of Idaho and Washington to Puget Sound. The Montana Central, 
really a branch of the Great Northern, extends from Pacific Junction south through 
the towns of Fort Benton aud Great Falls to Helena and Butte. This road is 267 
miles iu leugth, and affords the Great Northern direct entry into the great centers of 
Helena and Butte. The Great Northern has one or two small branch roads in Mon- 
tana of no great importance. 

The Belt Mountain and Sand Coulee lines of the Great Northern system extend 
from Great Falls to Neihart, a mining camp in the Little Belt Mountains. The line 
to Neihart is 67 miles long. A sub-branch extends from Monarch to Barker, a distance 
of 11 miles. From Allen, 10 miles distant from Great Falls, another spur track runs 
to Sand Coulee, distant five miles. At Sand Coulee are located extensive mines which 
produce 2,000 tons of coal a day. 

The Great Falls & Canadian railway extends from Great Falls to Lethbridge, 
British Columbia, and at Shelby Junction this line crosses the main line of the Great 
Northern. At Leth- *| 

bridge, as before 1 gj& — 1- 

stated, connection is 
made with the line of 
the Canadian Pacific. 
Aside from the Caua-' 
diau Pacific, the roads 
in British Columbia 
are short lines. 

A branch track, 
eight miles long, ex- 
tends from the main 
line of the Canadian 
Pacific at Westminster 
Junction, south to New 
Westminster, one of 
the oldest and most 
important centers of 
population in British 
Columbia. At Mission, 
on the main line of the same road, aline branches off to the south, crossing the Fraser 
river at this point and connecting at Huntingdon, at the international boundary line, 
with the Great Northern and Northern Pacific systems, over which tracks the Cana- 




ter Root valley and River, Line, n. P. R. R., montan 



52 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 







Kg 

Scene Along the Esquimalt & nanaimo Railw* 

where connection is made 



dian gains an entrance to Fairhaven, New Whatcom, Seattle and the other Sound 
points. The distance between Mission and Huntingdon is 1 1 miles. From Sicamous 
Junction, on the Canadian Pacific, a branch extends south to Okanogan Lake, a dis- 
tance of 51 miles. From Okanogan landing on this 
lake, steamers run down this mountain-hemmed 
inland body of water for a distance of 35 miles 
w. toPenticton. Stages leave this latter point for Oro, 
Golden and Loomiston, Washington, centers of 
w? the Okanogan country, on the American side of 
the international boundary line. 

At Ravelstoke, 379 miles east of Vancouver, 
the western terminus of the Canadian Pacific, con- 
nection is made with boats running down the Col- 
umbia river to Robson. From the latter point a 
line of railroad, 22 miles in length, extends to Nel- 
son, on Kootenay Lake, from whence boats run 
B c ' to Kaslo and also to Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, 
with the main line of the Great Northern. From 
Robson the boats continue down the Columbia river to Northport, Washington, 
where connection is made with the Spokane Falls & Northern Railway. At a point 
S22 miles east of Vancouver is the town of Dunsmorc. The Alberta Coal & Railway 
Company runs a line south from this point to Lethbridge, a distance of 109 miles. 
At Lethbridge connection is made with the Great Falls & Canadian Railway running 
to Great Falls, Montana. 

On Vancouver Island the Esquimalt & Nanaimo railway runs north from Victoria 
to the great coal mining centers of Nanaimo and Wellington. Wellington, the 
northern terminus of the road, is 78 miles from Victoria. This line passes through a 
good section of country, and the local traffic, together with the great coal trade of 
the mines, makes this a fine paying piece of property. 

Timber Resources of the Pacific ^NTortlrwest. — The forests of the 
Pacific Northwest contain about 1,890,425,000,000 feet of timber.* This is five times the 
total amount of timber contained in all that part of the United States lying east of the 
Rocky Mountains. It is a difficult matter for the average mind to grasp the full sig- 
nificance of this vast array of figures. It is harder still to appreciate the value of 
this enormous quantity of timber to the future 
prosperity of the Northwest. Nowhere else in 
the world are forests which compare, in extent 
and in the quantity of valuable timber contained, 
with the vast timber reserves of the Pacific 
Northwest. 

In the territory covered by "The Hand- 
book " is the vast sum of 1700,000,000 in natural 
wealth represented in its thousands of square 
miles of forests. Many generations will yet 
come and pass away before the mighty forests f,r log sent to worlds fair from state of Washington. 

- ,, , , it, • i 112 Feet Long; 51 Inches in Diameter ; Weight 97,000 LBS. 

here are felled to the ground. It is not unrea- 
sonable to hope that the forests of the Pacific Northwest will in the near 
future be the chief source of supply of the world for lumber. These forests, now 



photo by la 




Umber Resources of the Pacific Northwest. 



53 



dense and impenetrable, stretch from the Arctic ocean south to the bound- 
ary line between Oregon and California. This great available supply of timber is 
fully described in the subsequent articles on the timber wealth in the different states 
covered by "The Handbook." When it is considered 
that the timber is but one of the many resources of 
the vast territory now under discussion, the future 
promise of this region can be fully appreciated and 
the claims of "The Handbook" that 




A Log Rollway Near Cathlamet wash. 



1 



this section will in time become one of the 
most prosperous parts of the continent 
will pass unchallenged. 

Timber Resources of Oregon. — 
With the exception of Washington, Ore- 
gon contains more timber than any other 
state in the Union. Twenty-five thousand 
square miles of its territory is covered with great forests, the monarchs of which tapering 
upwards from a circumference of 30 feet at their base finally lift their evergreen tops 
at a height of 375 feet above the ground. 

Oregon's timber exhibit at the world's fair at Chicago was entered as a whole in 
competition for the first medal as an instructive, comprehensive, collective and com- 
mercial exhibit of native woods in their natural and manufactured state. This exhibit 
secured the first medal, which was the most coveted award in the forestry department 
of the fair. The only other award made on the Oregon exhibit, and it was the only 
other asked for, was for manufacturing paper from spruce pulp. 

The forests of Oregon, it is estimated, contain 266,893,255,000 feet of timber. Ten 
per cent of this enormous forest growth is hardwood. The remainder constitutes a 
body of woods unsurpassed for general building purposes and for manufacturing use. 
The stumpage value of Oregon's timber is over $1 17,000,000, about 44 cents per 1,000 
feet. Stumpage values are relatively higher than this in every state in the Union. 
In Wisconsin, where the timber is much inferior to that of Oregon, pine sells 
for $3.69 per 1,000 feet before it is cut to the ground. It is but a matter of a few years, 
however, when stumpage values in Oregon will have increased fully 500 per cent. 

To the Pacific coast, not only the greater portion 
of the United States, but most of Europe as well 
must, at sometime, look for its supply of lumber. 
Today, if the Nicaragua canal were built, Oregon 
lumber could be sold at a profit at the ports on 
either side of the Atlantic. 

In Oregon, as in Washington, the Cascade 
range of mountains is the dividing line between 
the heavy and light growth of timber in the state. 
Alongside of the timber, however, called light in 
Oregon, the trees of the Eastern and Southern 
states would appear as pigmies in size. The light 
growth of timber is scattered over Eastern Oregon, 
where it covers 11,117,350 acres of land. This 
part of Oregon contains 84,209,915,000 feet of tim- 
ber. The average stumpage value of this timber is 62 cents per 1,000 feet, and 
its aggregate value is $52,210,147. In Western Oregon the forest growth is much 




ER Camp near T 



54 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




heavier, the average quantity of timber to the acre in this part of the state being 
18,894 feet. In this division of the state there is timber to the extent of 152,6X3,340,000 

_ feet, covering an area of 3,081,000 acres. This 
great body of timber has a present value of over 
$50,000,000, or an average of 33 cents per 1,000 feet. 
Curry county, bordering on the ocean, in the ex- 
treme southwestern corner of Oregon, has the 
heaviest growth of timber in the state. The tim- 
ber in this county scales 21,429 feet to the acre. 
The largest and most extensive forest growth is found 
in Tillamook count}', this county containing 22,092,000,000 feet of timber. Lane, 
Crook, Benton and Curry counties rank next in the extent of their forest wealth in 
the order named. Each of these counties contains over 15,000,000,000 feet of timber. 
The kinds of timber found in Oregon are red fir, yellow fir, white fir, sugar pine, 
yellow pine, white pine, bull pine, black pine, pitch pine, Alaska pine, spruce, cedar, 
larch, tamarack, juniper, birch, oak, yew, Cottonwood, ash, maple, alder, willow, 
elm, mountain mahogany, myrtle, dogwood, white cedar, chincapin, balm and cherry. 
On the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains pine predominates, while on the west- 
tern side fir is the leading wood. 

The forests of Minnesota and Wisconsin, which now furnish two-thirds of the 
lumber consumed in the East, are rapidly being depleted, and it is a question of but 
a few years in the future, at most, when the United States must depend for the greater 
part of its lumber supply from the virgin forests of the Pacific Northwest. When 
Oregon and Washington lumber becomes a staple article of commerce in the Eastern 
market, as it must become in time, the lumber interests of this part of the West will 
become one of the greatest in magnitude of any on the coast. 

In the forests of Oregon are found gigantic fir and cedar trees from 6 to 19 feet 
in diameter. In comparison to these giants of the forest the largest trees of the East 
are but pigmies. In this connection, it will be interesting to compare the size of 
Eastern timber with that found in the far West. In Wisconsin, for instance, the 
average log scales about 127 feet, while in Oregon the average scale per log is 1,300 
feet. In the latter state, however, many long logs have been cut which scaled from 
8, 000 to 11,000 feet. There is a great difference too in the diameter of the Eastern 
and Western timber. Logs, five and seven feet in diameter, are found in every mill 
pond of Oregon and Washington. Many of these logs are so large, even, that 

before they can 
be sawed it be- 
conies necessary 
to split them 
with dynamite. 
and this, too, 
when the saws 
in the Western 
mills arc the 
largest made in 
the world. 

The most abundant and valuable timber found in this great forest is the family 
of fir, or Douglas pine. The fir tree grows to immense proportions. Trees of 251) to 




Coos River, Oregon. 



Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest. 









m 










. 



300 feet in height are not at all uncommon. This permits the cutting of long-length 
timber for bridge and other use, which cannot be obtained from the forests of any 
other part of the world. The timber of the Douglas fir 
is heavy, strong and firm. It is unsurpassed for the frame- 
work of ships, bridges or cars. For general building pur- 
poses it is conceded to be the best timber in the world. 
Fir lumber is now extensively used in place of oak, it 
being stronger, easier to handle, taking nails easily and 
holding them firmly, and it is only a little over one- 
half as heavy as oak. A recent test of the breaking pres- 
sure of fir, Eastern oak and Eastern pine, the pieces of 
wood used having been fonr feet long and 2x4 inches in 
dimensions, made the following showing : to break the 
fir required a test of 4,320 pounds ; Eastern oak, 2,428 
pounds, and Eastern pine, 1,610 pounds. The value of 
the fir for car construction is now recognized throughout 
the country, and during the past two years the mills of 
the Northwest have shipped large quantities of this tim- 
ber to the Eastern manufacturing centers. 

The merchantable fir of Oregon and Washington is 
of three varieties, the red, yellow and white fir. The 
red fir is found growing in the greatest abundance in alti- 
tudes of not over 600 feet. It is a very thrifty and rapid grower. The fiber is very 
hard with an equal growth all around the tree. It is a much more uniform wood 
to stand heavy strains than is the timber which shows a tendency to develop an 
undue growth to one side of the tree, as is the case of much of the Eastern timber. 
The lasting qualities of red fir are fullv 50 per cent, more than those of white or yel- 
low pine, while from actual tests, it has been found 
that a fir joist 2x14 inches will withstand a greater 
pressure than one 2}^ x 16 of white or yellow pine. 
These and other tests have demonstrated that red fir 
is vastly superior to all other timber for bridge build- 
ing purposes. 

The yellow fir grows in higher altitudes than 
does the red fir. It attains its greatest perfection in 
growth along the base of the foothills of the Cascade 
range of mountains. The yellow fir is a much softer 
wood than the red fir, and while it will not stand 
quite the strain that red fir will submit to, its lasting 
qualities when exposed to the weather are much better. 
It is also far superior to the red fir for flooring and 
finishing lumber, and it is much softer to work than 
the Southern pine. It is admirably adapted to build- 
ing purposes and interior finishing work, and is re- 
ceived with much favor wherever it has been 
b,g t,v BE r, orego,. introduced. 

The white fir is less valuable than is either the red or the yellow variety. It is 
not found in large quantities in the state. It attains a great height, is perfectly 




56 



The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Logging Scene, Oregon. 



straight, and has been used principally for piling, for which it is excellently adapted. 
The manufacture of this magnificent body of timber into lumber and furniture is now 

one of Oregon's most important industries. 
vSince January, 1844, when Hiler H. Hunt 
built his rickety and primitive sawmill on 
the banks of the little stream opposite the 
present town of Cathlamet on the Columbia 
river, Oregon has steadily been a large ex- 
porter of lumber. The bark Toulon and tbe 
brig Cheuarnus sailed up the Columbia river 
in the early 40's and carried away from this 
pioneer mill the first cargoes of lumber ever shipped out of Oregon. Afterwards other 
ships visited Oregon. Some of these vessels replaced their weak masts with new ones 
made of Oregon fir. The beauty and strength of these tapering spars were greatly ad- 
mired in foreign waters to which these vessels sailed. It soon became known abroad 
that masts made of Pacific coast fir excelled masts made of any other wood. Today the 
dock yards at Toulon, France, and the great ship yards of England and Scotland, use 
Oregon fir for masts in preference to all other woods. The yacht Vigilant, winner of the 
international race in 1893, has a mast made of this same fir. The fame of this wood 
as a ship timber is world wide. The value of Oregon's timber, however, is not con- 
fined to' its special adaptability for ship masts, but more especially to its superiority 
for lumber. It has the strength of oak, with almost the lightness of cedar, it outwears 
most other woods, and for general building pur- 
poses it is accepted as the best wood in the world. 
It is estimated that there is invested in the 
269 sawmills, 40 shingle mills and 52 woodworking 
establishments of Oregon about $15,000,000. These 
industries furnish employment to over 7,000 men, 
and their annual wage roll is about 
$3,675,000. The total output of these 
plants in 1892 was estimated to have been 
worth $10,049,217. The manufactured 
product consisted of 608,600,200 feet of 
lumber, 210,000,000 laths and 162,340,000 
shingles. The output of the wood-work- 
ing establishments consisted principally 
of sash and doors and was valued at 
$ 2 ,700,000. 

Timber Resources of Washing- 
ton. — The forests of the state of Wash- 
ington, according to estimates computed 
from the latest and most reliable sources 
of information, cover 23,588,512 acres. 
In this timber belt there is now standing 
at least 410,333,335,000 feet of the finest 

merchantable timber in the world. At the present stumpage 
value of 65 cents per thousand feet, the standing timber of Washington is worth today 
$266,716,667. The value of stumpage in Washington is exceedingly low when com- 
pared with rates for stumpage in the older lumber stales of the Union. In Minne- 







m 






I. 



A Giant Stump near Aberdeen, wash. 












Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest. 



57 







Big log, mount 



sota stumpage is $2.87 per thousand feet; in Wisconsin stumpage is $3.69 per 
thousand feet, and in all the Middle States rates for stumpage are largely in excess of 
those charged in Washiugtou today. It is not 
unreasonable to suppose that as the timber re- 
sources of the West are eucroached on, the 
stumpage values in Washington will greatly in- 
crease, and the present valuation put on the 
timber still standing in the state must be re- 
garded as an exceedingly conservative one. 

The importance of the great timber belt of 
Washington can be better appreciated when it 
is stated that this state alone contains 56,873,- 
000,000 more feet of standing timber than is 
found in the forests of all the Eastern and 
Southern states combined. The heaviest growth 
of timber in the state is in the counties situated 
in the northern portion of Western Washington 
and in those bordering on the Pacific ocean along 
the western coast. The best timber does not grow directly on the coast, but beginning 
at a point about one mile distant from shore line, a gradual improvement is noted in 
the timber, which continues to grow better in quality for several miles toward the 
interior. At the base of the Cascade range of mountains the timber again suddenly 
becomes larger and the growth is heavier than it is immediately to the west. It 
decreases in size as the ascent of the range is made, increasing again as the descent 
is made on the eastern slope. It is on the eastern side of the mountains and covering 

the foothills that the best timber of Eastern 
Washington is found. The great plains of 
the eastern part of the state are practically 
treeless. In but few parts of the state, how- 
ever, is there a lack of sufficient timber for 
domestic use within easy hauling distance. 

On account of the easy facilities enjoyed 
for shipment by both rail and water, nearly 
all the extensive lumbering operations in 
Washington are now carried on in that part of 
the state bordering on Puget Sound and the 
Pacific ocean. On the east side of the Cas- 
cade range in the state are 11,616,720 acres 
of forests which contain in rouud numbers 
106,978,041,000 feet oftimber. In the entire 
state there are only two counties out of 
the 34 that are without standing timber 
of some kind. These are the counties of 
Adams and Erauklin both located in the 
eastern part of the state. These two coun- 
ties adjoin each other and are exactly similar 
in their topography and character of soil. 
The present value of timber still standing in Eastern Washington is $80,427,000, 
and up to the present time this timber has been utilized almost solely for home con- 



PHOTO BY PRATSCH 4 CO. 




near Aberdeen, wash. 



58 



The Ore^onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




\ 



Log Chute, 1100 feet Long. 

Puget Sound, 
weight of log coming down 

3 TONS. 



sumption. The lumber sawed in the western part of the state, however, has for many 

years past beeu shipped in large quantities to all parts of the United States and 

exported by the shipload to Europe, South America, the islands of the Pacific Ocean 

ami Australia. Western Washington now contains the largest continuous belt of for- 
est growth in the United States. This great unbroken and almost 
impenetrable forest, with its heavy undergrowth and windfall sev- 
eral feet in thickness, contains hundreds of trees to the acre, manv 
of which are from 200 to 400 feet high. This forest stretches away 
from the waters of Puget Sound for miles eastward, practically to 
the snow-line of the Cascade Mountains, and between Puget Sound 
and the ocean to the west is a belt of timber thousands of miles in 
extent. Much of this vast forest contains trees so high, and so 
thick is the growth, that the sun never penetrates to its fastnesses. 
It is a forest of absolute and continual shade. Every acre of this 
timber belt contains thousands of feet of the finest timber, a source 
of wealth that will some day make this one of the richest states in 
the Union. 

In some parts of Western Washington the timber is much 
thicker than it is in others. In Chehalis county, for instance, the 
forests will average nearly 32,000 feet to the acre, and in the 
same county are who'e townships which will cruise from 6,000,- 

000 to 12,000,000 feet to the quarter section. Another in- PH0T0 . By R . SHEANE . 

stance of extraordinary forest growth in the state is in Skagit 

county, where 16,000,000 feet of merchantable timber to the 

square mile is considered, by practical lumber men, as a 

conservative estimate of the forest growth. In either of the 

counties named above, or for that matter, in any of the 

counties of Western Washington, it is not difficult to find ) 

cedar trees from 12 to 21 feet in diameter, and from 150 to 1 

375 feet high. The lowest limbs on these great trees are ' 

often 100 feet from the ground, One of these giants of the 

forest will furnish sufficient clear lumber or shingles to fill 

several standard railroad cars. , 

It is impossible to form any accurate estimate of the 

different kinds of timber still standing in the state of Wash- 
ington. There has never been an effort made on the part 

of those who have cruised over this timber belt to segre- 
gate the different varieties in their reports. It can be safely 

stated, however, that fir constitutes about 60 per cent, of the 

forest growth of the state, while cedar, Washington pine 

(spruce), Alaska pine (hemlock), pine, ash, maple, alder, 

cottonwood, larch and oak follow in importance in the 

order named. 

Growing side by side with the fir is the Washington 

cedar, which is the next abundant to fir here, and whose 

timber is second in importance to fir. While this tree be- 
longs to the same family as the cedar of the Eastern states, 

it grows in the forests of Washington very differently from 

what it docs farther east. Here it is straight from the 




FELLING NEAR CHEHALIS, WASH 



Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest. 



59 




Logging Train -Puget Sound. 



ground up, and is of immense size. In height it does not equal the fir, but its 

average diameter is much greater. The value of Washington cedar lumber has 

not until recently been fully appreciated, but as its durability, the ease with which 

it is worked and its beauty when properly finished have become better known, the 

demand for this lumber has greatly increased, and today 

Washington cedar lumber, as well as cedar shingles from 

this state, is an important article of commerce in the 

Eastern states. Shingles made from Washington cedar 

have attained a world-wide reputation. One of these 

shingles will last for 50 years, and as the average life of 

a pine shingle, under the best conditions, is not more 

than 10 years, it will be seen that the cedar shingle has a 

great advantage in the market. On the roofs of the 

cabins occupied by the early pioneers of Washington, 

from 1846 to 1852, may still be seen shingles as they were 

first nailed in position, and as sound as the day they were 

split from the timber. 

In Western Washington is also found the Alaska cedar. This is a very valuable 
wood, but the supply here is limited. The only place in the state where it exists in 
any considerable quantity is in the recesses of the forests along the Olympic range 
of mountains between Puget Sound and the ocean. This cedar is of a very fine 
grain, it takes a very beautiful finish, and it is even valuable for the process of wood- 
engraving. 

A species of cedar known to the trade as pencil cedar, is also found in the forests 
of Washington. While not as common as the red cedar of commerce, several tracts 
of this wood are scattered through the western part of the state, and the forests of 
this wood will, in time, prove very valuable. Florida is the only other state in the 
Union which conains this wood, and the available supply there now is all owned 
by a single great pencil manufacturer. The existence of this cedar in Washington is 
not generally known at the present time, but it is believed by the lumbermen of the 
state that this wood will be a staple article of export a few years hence. 

The nomenclature of Washington's trees is liable to prove confusing to the reader 
who is not familiar with the different varieties of woods growing in the forests of the 
state. Owing to the great difference existing between woods of the same variety 
found in Washington and in the East, shippers of Wash- 
ington lumber have found it necessary to preserve the 
identity of this lumber by attaching local names to the 
several varieties handled. Thus the fir -of the Pacific 
Northwest is known to the Eastern trade as Oregon 
pine and Douglas fir, spruce is called Washington pine, 
and hemlock from the states bordering on the North 
Pacific Ocean as Alaska pine. 

Washington spruce bears a close resemblance to the 
Eastern white pine. It is a perfectly odorless wood, is 
almost milk white, and is equally as soft as white pine. 
Up to the present time its use has been confined to the manufacture of boxes, store 
shelving and dairy furniture. Its entire freedom from even the least perceptible 
odor especially recommends this wood in connection with handling butter or milk. 
Washington spruce is now receiving attention from Eastern wagon makers with a 




logging- Puget sound, 
starting log down chute. 



60 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




log from Chute Striking Water 
Puget Sound. 



view to utilizing this wood largely for the manufacture of wagon boxes. Spruce is 
found in large quantities on lands tributary to Grays Harbor, Willapa Harbor (Shoal- 
water Bay), and the Columbia river. 

Hemlock, or Alaska pine, is generally found in close proximity to tide water in 
Washington. The value of the hemlock forests of the state has heretofore been 
greatly underestimated by reason of the general, but 
erroneous, impression that the hemlock found here is iden- 
tical with that found along the Atlantic coast, and is, there- 
fore, much inferior to either the fir, the cedar or the spruce 
which Washington contains in such abundance. The hem- 
lock of Washington is the Tusqa Aferiensiana and is entirely 
distinct from the Tusqa Canadensis, or the common hem- 
lock of the East. The Washington hemlock differs from 
the Eastern variety in both its botanical and its economic 
properties. It is not generally known that the hemlock 
forests of Washington contain fully one-fourth of the avail- 
able tan bark of the United States. Pennsylvania at 
the present time is the leading state of the Union for the 
production of hemlock leather. Present statistics show, however, that within 
the next six years, at the present rate of consumption, the supply of hemlock tan 
bark in that state will be exhausted. It is perhaps a safe assertion to say that before 
the expiration of the next ten years tannin, manufactured largely from the hemlock 
bark of Washington, will be in great demand in both the United States and in 
Europe. Apart from the local requirements, a great and constantly increasing 
demand exists for hemlock extract all over the United States as well as for export to 
foreign countries. Germany alone imported 35,000,000 pounds of tanning extracts 
in 1892, and Great Britain is one of the largest consumers of tanning extract in the 
world. A number of tests made by leading and reliable chemists have demonstrated 
that Washington hemlock is the strongest bark of its kind on the continent, and 
that it contains a larger percentage of tannin even than the Pennsylvania hemlock 
bark, which has always, up to the present time, stood the highest in the market. 
These tests resulted in the establishment of a tannin extract company at South Bend, 
Washington. These works have a capacity of 150 barrels, or 75,000 pounds a week, 
and are being very successfully operated. Other tannin extract works will soon he 
put in operation in the state, and hemlock from Washington will soon become as 
staple an article of trade here as is the spruce or the cedar at the present time. The 
hemlock lumber is very valuable and is especially 
adapted for fine interior work and ornamentation. 
It is not to be compared with the fir in tensile 
strength or in durability when exposed to the 
weather, but it can be used for many purposes, 
and its value is becoming better appreciated with 
each succeeding year. 

Of the other woods found in Washington's 
forests, pine is the most abundant. Yellow pine is a 
mountain wood as found in this state. It is plenti- 
ful in Kastern Washington and has all the characteristics of the Southern yellow pine. 
In tlie state are also scattered growths of ash, alder, cottonwood, oak, maple, poplar, 
tamarack, yew and willow. All these woods differ little, if any, from the same varieties 




boom logs, lower end of Cmute-Puget Sound. 



Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest. 



61 




MOUNTAIN SCENER 



VlENTO-COLUMB 



found in the Eastern forests. Another Washington wood is inadrone, which is found 
along the coast in paying quantities. It is an exceedingly handsome wood and can be 
used with profit by wood-workers for various purposes. White birch, a very rare wood, 
is found in small quantities in Eastern Washington. It has attained but little value, 
commercially, up to the present time. 

The last wood found in Washington's 
forests in sufficient quantities to call for men- 
tion in the present article is larch. This is a 
beautiful wood which grows in great abundance 
in the mountainous districts of the state. The 
tree attains a height of 150 feet and is from three 
to six feet in diameter. The wood is used for 
interior finishing and makes an excellent 
quality of sash and doors. 

With all this great wealth of timber only awaiting the axe and the saw to be con- 
verted into marketable lumber, it is but natural that, dating from the time that the 
first pioneers settled on the shores of Puget Sound, the people of the state have largely 
depended on the forests of the state as a means of livelihood, and that lumber is 
today, as it will always be the leading industry of the state. With the exception of an 
occasional hunting or trading trip made by the hardy voyageurs of the Hudson's Bay 
Company, the forests of Washington remained undisturbed by the foot of the white 
man until the coming of the pioneer settlers to this part of the state in 1846. In that 
year the first sawmill in the state was built at Tumwater Falls, on the Des Chutes 
river, in Thurston county, by Captain Simmons. This was a primitive affair, and its 
market was limited altogether to the local demand. This, however, was the initial 
stage of the development of an industry that now represents millions of invested 
capital, and whose trade reaches to nearly all accessible parts of the world. 

In 1S53, Henry L. Yesler built at Seattle the first steam sawmill 011 the shores of 
Puget Sound. It would be a difficult matter for those acquainted only with the great 
and flourishing city of Seattle today, to realize the important part the small sawmill 
of Henry Yesler's played in the pioneer stage of the city's history. For years follow- 
ing its establishment it was almost the sole industry of the place, and it is possible 
that, through the establishment of this mill here, may be traced the primary cause 
which determined the subsequent supremacy of Seattle. In the '50's, Yesler's mill 

was the most important structure of the village 
of Seattle. There all the wage-earners of the place 
were employed; there the few ships that then vis- 
ited Puget Sound came for cargoes and lauded 
their freights of produce and merchandise. The 
mill occupied a long, low, rambling building, and 
had a capacity of 15,000 feet a day. Later other 
mills were established at this point and on other 
ports of the Sound. In 1867-68, Charles Hanson 
built the big Tacoma mill, which is still one of the 
leading mills of the latter city. 
At the time of the establishment of the big mill at the present site of Tacoma, 
ships called occasionally at the ports of Puget Sound and carried away lumber to San 
Francisco and Australia. Mills began to multiply rapidly on the shores of the Sound 
and, by 1880, the output of lumber in Washington amounted to 160,176,000 feet a 




Scene Near mosier-Columbia River. 






The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




ING LOGS NEAR SEATTLE. 



year. More than half of this lumber found a market in San Francisco aud foreign 
ports. No record of the output of the sawmills of Washington was kept in the years 
following 1880 until 1887. In the latter year the output was 600,000,000 feet, one- 
third of which was sent out of the state by 
vessel, and a small demand had been created 
in the East which was supplied by rail ship- 
ments. By 1890, the number of mills in the 
state had increased to over 200, and the output 
of these mills for that year was 1,000,000,000 
feet. It was in 1S90 that the first large ship- 
ments of lumber were made from the Washing- 
ton mills to the Eastern states. Since that time freight rates have discriminated 
against Washington lumber shipments, but it can be but a few years in the future, 
at the most, when nearly all the lumber consumed in what are known as the Middle 
states and those of the Central West will be shipped from the mills of the Pacific 
Northwest. 

Nearly one-third of the population of Washington at the present time is depend- 
ent on the industries of sawing lumber, shingles and wood-working plants, and a 
large part of the wealth of the state is derived from this source. The following sta- 
tistics will be found interesting as showing the mammoth proportions which the lum- 
ber industry has assumed in the state during the last 10 years, and it will furnish a 
basis on which to make hopes for the future of this industry in the Northwest. 

In 1892 the mills of Washington turned out 1,164,425,880 feet of lumber, 436,716,- 
000 laths, and 1,883,868,750 shingles. The output of shingles for the year showed an 
increase of 957,000,000 over the output of 1891, while the output of 1S93, exact figures 
for which are not obtainable this early in the year, it is expected will show a corres- 
ponding increase over the output of the year previous. This remarkable increase in 
a single year was due altogether to the growing popularity of cedar shingles in the 
East. It is now freely admitted that the Washington red cedar shingle is superior to 
any shingle in the market. At the present time only about one-tweuty-fifth of the 
trade of the Union is supplied with Washington shingles. The 6,000 carloads of 
Washington shingles shipped East in 1893 represent less than 2,000 actual customers. 
There are now 50,000 lumber firms in the United States and Canada, and conservative 
shingle men do not believe that the limit of th? Eastern demand for Washington 
shingles will be reached until at least one- 
half of the lumber dealers of the country 
are handling these shingles. 

The output of the Washington lumber 
and shingle mills finds its way to market 
through the medium of coasting and foreign 
vessels, and by rail to the East. The ship- 
ment of lumber and shingles from the state 
in 1892 was divided as follows: lumber to 
foreign ports, 105,002,710 feet; lumber to 
coast ports, 263,666,523 feet ; shipments of 
lumber oy rail, 100,650,000; shingles by rail, 
913,300,000; shingles by water, 8,608,000. 
The foreign shipments were made to the ports of Europe, Asia, South America 
and Oceauica, while the coastwise shipments were made principally to Cali- 




- -Qs 



The Great Flathead Lake, Montana. 



LAke CCEUR D'ALEN 



Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest. 63 

fornia and Mexico. A large fleet of sailing vessels is regularly engaged in the export 
Washington lumber trade, and the harbors at Seattle, Tacoma, Port Blakely and other 
milling centers of the sound contain ships at all seasons of the year and from all 
parts of the world loading with lumber. 

The value of the output of the lumber and wood-working mills of Washington for 
1892 was $19, 000,000. This was subdivided as follows: Euinber, $12,481,543; shin- 
gles, $2,187,898, and manufactures of wood, $3,512,429. 
The capital invested in the lumber and wood-working 
plants of the state is over $30,000,000. These indus- 
tries give employment to about 12,000 men, and they 
annually disburse in wages over $7,000,000. There are 
now in operation in the state 227 sawmills 246 shingle 
mills, and 73 sash and door factories. The sawmills 
have an aggregate yearly capacity of 2,970,000,000 feet of lumber, while the shingle 
mills of the state turn out annual^- 3,723,000,000 shingles. 

Owing to the depressed condition of the lumber trade and the unsettled condition 
of the foreign market for lumber, the mills of the state did not run to their full capac- 
ity during the season of 1892-93. The mill men of Washington base great hopes on 
the completion of the Nicaragua canal to revolutionize the lumber business of the 
Pacific Northwest and cause Washington to take front rank among the great lumber- 
producing states of the Union. At the present time, owing to the great length of 
time it requires to ship a cargo of lumber from Washington around Cape Horn, the 
shipments of lumber from the state to the Atlantic seaboard are neither large in 
volume nor are they profitable. The lumber of Washington has no superior in the 
world, and when distances to Europe are lessened over 8,000 miles by the completion 
of the canal, it will easily drive all other lumber out of the markets of Europe and 
the Atlantic states. 

Great Britain alone uow annually imports $75,000,000 worth of lumber, of which 
less than $150,000 worth comes from the Pacific coast. Other foreign nations import 
lumber in proportionate amounts. This foreign demand, together with the constants- 
increasing market in the Eastern states for lumber, will, in the near future, create a 
great demand for lumber sawed in the mills of the Pacific Northwest. 

It may be interesting to call the attention of the readers of this article to the mis- 
leading statements scattered broadcast by certain misinformed persons to the effect 
that the forests of Washington contain sufficient timber to supply the world for 100 years 
in ths future. The facts are that there is today just about sufficient timber in these 
forests to supply the trade now handled by the mills of the northern pine states for 
about 40 years, and on the entire Pacific coast there is now only sufficient standing 
timber to last 70 years at the same rate of consumption. 

Timber Resources of Idaho. — The forests of the state of Idaho it is estimated 
contain 30,000,000,000 feet of timber. This is double the amount of timber con- 
tained today in Minnesota, which now ranks as one of the greatest lumbering states 
of the Union. 

But little lumber is now manufactured in Idaho, and its forests may be called 
vast timber preserves for the use of future generations. The most extensive forest 
growth of the state is in Shoshone and Kootenai counties. Around beautiful Lake 
Pend d' Oreille, in Idaho, and stretching back from this body of water for miles, is 



64 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




HE CCEUR D'ALENE DISTRICT. 



natural resources. 



a superb forest, in which gigantic trees lift their heads aloft to a height of over 200 
feet. Nowhere else in the United States, except iu the Pacific Northwest, can be 
found such prodigious amounts of timber to the acre. 
Covering the granite-ribbed slopes of the Creur d' Alcne 
mountains, and extending to the shores of Lake Cceur 
d' Alcne, is another vast forest which makes an important 
addition to Idaho's timber wealth. An enormous amount 
of timber is also found fringing the numerous 
streams which wind among the hills of Northern 
and Central Idaho. The varieties of timber 
found in Idaho include pine, spruce, tamarack, 
oak, mountain mahogany, Juniper, birch, cot- 
tonwocd, alder and willow. 

Timber Resources of Montana. — Mon- 
tana's pre-eminence as a mineral-producing 
state has detracted attention from its other 
About 10,000,000 acres of Montana's mountain lands are covered 
by fine forests of pine, spruce, cedar and tamarack. It is estimated that these 
forests contain 75,000,000,000 feet of merchantable timber. This timber grows 
upon the rugged slopes of the Rocky Mountains and on detached clusters of moun- 
tains scattered here and there throughout the state. 

While Montana exports but little lumber, it takes about 100,000,000 feet a year to 
supply the local demand. The greater portion of this lumber is used by the mines 
of the state. The Anaconda mine, at Butte, alone uses nearly 15,000,000 feet of 
lumber a year in timbering. A large quantity of wood is also used as fuel in the 
great smelters and quartz mills of the state. There are 102 sawmills and shirgle 
mills in Montana, nearly all of which have a capacity under 10,000 feet a day. The 
large-t sawmill in Montana is that of the Blackfoot Milling and Manufacturing 
Company, at Bonner. This mill has a daily capacity of 240,000 feet. Its yearly out- 
put is about 32,000,000 feet. 

Timber Resources of Alaska. — Alaska, bordering on the Arctic ocean, with 
one end experiencing the cold of almost perpetual winter and the other end of the 
territory seldom noting a temperature below the freezing point, contains a vast 
amount of standing timber. It is estimated that one-thirtieth of the entire territory 
is covered with timber. The timber belt of Alaska contains about 11,160,000 acres. 
At the low estimate of 6,000 feet of standing timber to the acre, Alaska contains 
today 66,960,000,000 feet. 

The Yukon river, a wide and deep stream, flowing from the ice fields of the 
north through Alaska, is fringed for almost its entire length with a dense forest. 
Along the coast from the southeastern boundary of the territory to Kodiak Island, 
there is a continuous forest, except where mountain ranges over 2,000 feet high 
approach the water. On the islands of the Alexander Archipelago is a heavy growth 
of yellow cedar, from which a superior class of lumber is manufactured. These for- 
ests contain great trees six feet in diameter and branchless for sixty feet or more 
above the ground. The timber of the southeastern parts of Alaska consists of 
spruce, hemlock, yellow and red cedar, the woods being found in quantity in these 
forests in the order named above. The forests of the interior of Alaska extend as far 



Mining in the Pacific Northwest. <>•'> 

north as the range of mountains, from 50 to 100 miles distant from the coast. These 
forests contain spruce, hemlock, birch, poplar and other deciduous trees. 

The principal woods of export of Alaska are Alaska cedar and hemlock, which is 
known commercially as Alaska piue. The cedar of Alaska is so fine grained that it 
can be used for wood engraving. It is susceptible of taking a high polish, and is 
well adapted for the manufacture of furniture and for interior finishing work. 
There are now 13 sawmills in Alaska. The output of these mills is used for local 
consumption, the government instructions preventing the shipment of lumber sawed 
in the territory beyond its limits. It is to these restrictions alone that the present 
stagnation in the lumber industry of Alaska is due. In 1S90 Congress passed an act 
allowing one person to purchase 160 acres of land in Alaska at the price of $2.50 an 
acre. This act only applied to actual settlers on the laud purchased. As none of the 
timber land of the territory has been surveyed, all parties now cutting timber on the 
government land of Alaska are trespassers. The great inland sea, extending from 
Alaska to the cities of Puget Sound, affords an easy means of shipping the lumber 
product of Alaska to an available market, and as soon as the government restrictions 
governing the export of lumber from the territory are removed, the lumber industry of 
Alaska will prove to be as great as is this industry today in the states of Oregon and 
Washington to the south. 

Lumber Resources of British Columbia. — It is not generally known that 
British Columbia contains more timber than the two states of Oregon and Washing- 
ton combined. Of the total area of the province, 85,000,- 
000 acres are classified as timber land. Estimating 
that the average amount of ^tf-T Mr^- ' standing timber to the acre is 
10,000 feet, a very small esti- ... / ?$|o^-» \ mate, British Columbia con- 
tains today the enormous ^' fty/'fWB --vii, total of 850,000,000,000 feet. 
Where extensive logging % . . > ' Wjj , IJk/^, operations have been con- 
ducted in the province, the '<£ ■+fr-— standing timber has scaled 
more than 15,000 feet to the ^i*-\--- acre. If the average of 
standing timber in the a prospector. province is as high as 15,000 
feet to the acre, British Col- umbia contains today more 
timber than is found in the entire territory of the United States. 

The trees growing in British Columbia are of the same varieties as those found 
in the forests of Washington. Fir predominates, with cedar second in abundance. 
The lumber interest of the province at the present time is one of its principal indus- 
tries. In 1892 the mills of British Columbia turned out 164,877,000 feet of lumber 
and 126,273,000 cedar shingles. Of the lumber product, 38,897,029 feet were shipped 
to foreign ports. Like Oregon and Washington, British Columbia finds a market for 
her lumber in Australia, South America and the Sandwich Islands. In November, 
1893, a shipment of fir lumber was made from Victoria to the coast of Africa. Other 
shipments have been made from the ports of the province to England and parts of 
the Orient. A considerable part of the lumber manufactured in the province is 
shipped via the Canadian Pacific railway to the treeless plains of Alberta and Mani- 
toba and even as far east as Quebec. Like the timber of Washington, that of Brit- 
ish Columbia is unexcelled for general building purposes and is greatly superior to 
the timber which is cut east of the Rocky Mountains. 

Mining; in tlie Pacific Northwest — From the gold-impregnated sands of 
mountain streans and from the bowels of the earth are obtained the precious metals 



66 



The Ore&onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




A prospector's Pack Tr 



which, after passing through the mints, become the money of the world. The use of 
gold and silver as money, the demand for the yellow and white metals in the arts 
and the waste of these minerals by the wearing effects of time, call for a never-ceas- 
iug source of supply of gold and silver. It is to meet this demand that the present 

great mining centers have been established, and 
.►,,;> the millions of dollars now invested in the mines 

of the United States shows a confidence of capital 
in the permanency of our mining industries that 
promises much for the future increase of mining 
operations in the Pacific Northwest. 

Countless fortunes have already been made on 
the Pacific coast out of mining. Throughout the 
Pacific Northwest today are many rich men who 
a few years ago were searching among the hills 
and gulches of this region for the yellow metal 
which is responsible for so much happiness and so 
much misery. These men formed a part of the 
army of argonauts who, reckless of physical suffering and danger alike, jour- 
neyed to the mountains of Oregon, Idaho and Montana from all parts of the United 
States. It was in the early '6o's that the thousands of these adventurous spirits 
swarmed into the gulches of Idaho and Montana, and from these gulches was washed 
within the short space of a few years over $ 100,000,000 in gold. From the first dis- 
covery of gold in Montana to the present time, the humble miner has patiently pros- 
pected the mountainous regions of the states comprising the Pacific Northwest. He 
has fallen to sleep at night with the sky for a canopy and on the morrow has 
discovered the wealth to which he had devoted his life. Not all of these worthy men 
have been successful All over the Northwest are nameless graves filled as the result 
of physical exhaustion and long deferred hopes in the mad rush for gold. The miner, 
like men in other callings in life, is forced to accept the issue of sucgess or failure 
with a calm spirit. Like every calling, where success means a fortune, it claims the 
attention of thousands of men doomed to failure. The search for the yellow metal, 
however, possesses a fascination which binds for a lifetime lease the man who first 
looks for gold, and the success which a few men attain in the calling is an ever-pres- 
ent incentive for constant prospecting on the part of the miner, which alone leads to 
rich discoveries. It is the possibility of finding thousands of dollars, even millions, 
that urges the prospector to roam alone in the unbroken solitudes of mighty moun- 
tains never prospected before. It is this same spirit which induces capitalists to 
spend thousands of dollars in sinking shafts, running tunnels and doing other devel- 
opment work on promising prospects, the surface indications of these prospect holes 
indicating that immense stores of wealth may lie hidden below. 

In recent years science has done much to remove the element of uncertainty from 
the development of a mine which was formerly connected with all mining operations. 
Practical mining men now assert that it is seldom that any considerable sum of money 
is lost in developing mining property. The profits of no other business are as great 
as are those of mining when intelligently conducted by men of large means. There 
are even today scattered throughout the Northwest hundreds of prospects which, if 
developed at the expense of a few thousand dollars, would prove fine paying proper- 
ties. The one great need of any promising mining district is capital to develop its 
mines. A new mining district, however rich, is slow to enlist the attention of capital. 



Mining in the Pacific Northwest. 



67 



Yet, when once capital becomes interested in a ruining section, its development 
is rapid and its prosperity is usually permanent. Quartz ledges now claim the prin- 
cipal attention of mining men and the development and subsequent working of a rich, 
quartz mine require years of constant work, which alone insures permanence to any 
camp in which quartz mining predominates. 

The men who discover mines are usually improvident, and they are usually with- 
out money. They sell their claims in most cases for a small fraction of their value, 
and it is this which renders it easy for capitalists to invest in claims which give 
almost a positive assurance of turning out well. The Pacific Northwest is today, per- 
haps, one of the greatest mineral-producing regions in the world, and yet all mining 
men concede that the production of gold and silver in this vast territory is but a 
small part of what it will be in the near future. In 1892 the mines of the Pacific 
Northwest, independent of British Columbia, produced the enormous sum of $54,- 
593,912 in gold and silver. It is not improbable that this output of precious metals 
in the Northwest will be at least doubled within the next few years. This, at least, is 
the opinion of careful and experienced mining men who are familiar with the mineral 
resources of the country. In the following series of articles on mining in the North- 
west, full and reliable information is given on the mines of Oregon, Washington, 
Idaho and Montana, and reference is also made to the great mining districts of British 
Columbia and Alaska. This information has been gathered from personal visits to 
the mining centers of the Northwest; the figures have been taken from the United 
States official reports, and statistics given in these articles will be accepted by the 
world as positive evidence of the great and constantly increasing importance of the 
mines of the Pacific Northwest. 

Mining in Oregon. — Since the discovery of gold on the Rogue river in 1852, 
Oregon has been a steady producer of the precious metals. The mines of Jackson 
and Josephine counties alone have yielded since that time, some reports state, as 
high as $30,000,000 in gold. It was in these counties that the first mining in the 
state was done, and this section is now the scene of a mining excitement that equaled 
the rush of the early 5o's when the " Argonauts " of California came over the Siski- 
you mountains and made the first discov eries 
of the coarse gold of the Rogue River placers. 

Gold predominates in the mineral districts 
of Oregon, and with the exception of the silver 
output of the mines of Umatilla county, but 
very little of the white metal is pro- 
duced in the state. The most im- , ,; 
portant gold-producing sections of 
Oregon today are the Rogue River val- 
ley and the adjacent coun- 
try, and the Blue Mountain 
region in the counties of 
Baker, Grant and Union, in 
Eastern Oregon. A large 
part of the gold mined in 
Southern Oregon is taken 
from the placers. Gold is 
found in nearly all the numerous creeks and large rivers of Southern Oregon. Along the 
Coast Range of mountains in this part of the state, evidences of gold appear wher- 




Hydraulic Mining-Souther 




68 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

ever the streams have cut their way through the sandstone to the more ancient form- 
ation of the rocks lying underneath. Trickling down this range are innumerable 
creeks which uniting form large rivers. The gravel in any of these streams shows 

traces of gold, and a color can be obtained from the 
gravel at any place along their course. This gold has 
been carried by the streams to the beaches of the 
ocean, and in a few places on the Oregon coast — 
notably in Coos and Curry counties — the black sand 
deposits are worked for the minute particles of gold 
which all this sand contains. This gold is found in 
considerable quantities, but it is so fine that it has 
never been possible with the machinery now in use 
to save but an exceedingly small part of the flour gold. 

Quartz mining began in Southern Oregon in i860. Quartz mining in the state, 
however, has never assumed great proportions. This has been due to a number of 
causes. In the first place it has been easier to work the placers of Southern Oregon 
than it has been to develop the quartz ledges of this section. There has been a feel- 
ing among practical mining men that the quartz ledges of Southern Oregon were not 
continuous veins. During the past two years, however, some very rich ledges of 
gold quartz have been uncovered in the southern part of the state, and the working 
of these ledges has been attended with very profitable results. The recent decline 
in the price of silver has caused mining men to turn their attention more to the 
mining of gold, and as a result several gold properties in the state which have been 
allowed to lie idle for years were again opened up during the past year, and the 
development work already done on these properties has been of an encouraging 
nature to the mine owners. 

Generally speaking the veins of gold quartz in the mines of Southern Oregon 
are of a "pockety" nature. Recent explorations of the mineralized area here, 
however, have disclosed several true fissure veins. In past years quartz mining has 
not been conducted by practical mining men in Southern Oregon, and but little effort 
has been made by these men to save the vast amount of gold contained in the sul- 
phurets of these mines. The machinery by which the ores have been handled has 
been of a primitive character. The method adopted here for treating the ores has 
not been the one that is in use where operations are directed by scientific and prac- 
tical mining men. Under these conditions mining in the southern part of the state 
has only been profitable where the percentage of free gold in the quartz was large. It is 
noticeable that where thoroughly experienced mining men of means have taken hold of 
any of the gold quartz ledges of Southern Oregon the results have been satisfactory, 
and it is this evidence of the richness of these ledges, when the ores have been prop- 
erly treated, which must be taken as an index of the importance of the future min- 
ing interests of this part of the state. The present great drawback to profitable 
quartz mining in many of the different sections of Southern Oregon is the absence 
of complete and thorough apparatus for cheap milling. There are extensive deposits 
of low-grade gold-bearing ores scattered all over this district, and it is the opinion 
of experienced mining men that these ores could be profitably worked with the aid of 
good machinery. 

There are now at least 25 quartz mines which are being worked in Southern 
Oregon. It is confidently believed that this number will be at least doubled during 



Mining in the Pacific Northwest. 69 

the present year. The gold-bearing quartz veins in this section are found principally 
in formations of auriferous slate. Some remarkable " pockets" of placer gold have 
been found in the gulches here. In 1S93, as high as $3,000 was taken off a strip of 
bed-rock 12 feet long and 8 feet wide. On Althouse creek, in Josephine county, some 
of the largest nuggets ever found on the coast were picked up. The largest of these 
nuggets was valued at $3,100, while others were picked up along the same creek 
ranging in value from $1,000 to $1,500 each. In 1892, according to the report of the 
director of the mint, the mines of Oregon produced $1,555,861.57. Of this amount, 
$1,491,781.39 was gold, and $64,080. 18 silver. This represents an output of 72,165 
fine ounces of gold, and 49,563 fine ounces of silver. Southern Oregon produced dur- 
ing 1892, $194,374.17 in gold, distributed by counties as follows: Coos $16,884.70; 
Curry, $2,991.40; Douglas, $15,251.26; Jackson, $41,773.25; Josephine, $72,293.47; 
Lane, $31,500; Linn, $i3,6So. Of this gold, $18,000 was taken from placer diggings 
by Chinese. These almond-eyed aliens are the most persistent of Western miners. 
They will plod along for years working placer ground that white miners have long 
since abandoned as worked-out diggings. 

The two greatest producing mines of Southern Oregon in 1892 were the Annie 
Consolidated, with a yield for the year of $16,500, and the Occidental, which pro- 
duced $15,000 of gold. Both of these mines are in Lane county. The Simmons and 
Cameron mine, in Josephine county, produced, during the 

same year, $14,707. The largest mine in Jackson county is the 

Ashland, with a yield for the v ^vi^-'.'"- - vear °^ $ IO > oco - All OI " these 

are considered good paying prop- p fS 11 , ■'•" cities. 

The Blue Mountain region, .rjj** ^J^g :.'ffl *$W^j" m Eastern Oregon, is the most 
promising and most productive ; **ljf**_- "''-W§ ''/.•: "ifijf. mineral belt in the state. This 
is a country of metamorphic -~: ..<' \'...pr '■'- '*".■ ,' •- - ' ' rocks, granite and gneisses, and 
basaltic lava. The basaltic . ^V' " rocks here contain no regular 

vein deposits, but occasionally ' ' they are found overlaid with 

detritus from older rocks carry- placer mining. ing gold and constituting plac- 

ers. Streams have, in many places, cut the lava sheet in 

this region and have exposed the underlying metamorphic rocks which con- 
tain the quartz veins from which the gold of this country is taken. At the 
higher elevations of the Blue Mountain range the lava sheet ceases, and in its stead 
metamorphic rocks and granite are exposed. The gold veins in this region occur in 
horn-blende, schist, mica schist, granite and slate. These are the most favorable 
formations for gold. A large quantity of gold is taken from placers here, and there 
is still considerable virgin ground unworked. It is believed by mining men, however, 
that this branch of mining here is not capable of further expansion, or even of 
maintaining its present relative importance to quartz mining. Unlike Southern 
Oregon, nearly all the gold produced in this region is taken from quartz mines. 
There are now a large number of producing and dividend-paying mines in this dis- 
trict, and hundreds of promising claims. The veins here are large; they are well 
defined; they go down to great depths and do not pinch out. The ore runs from free 
milling to base, and in value from what is considered low grade to rich ore, averag- 
ing $1,000 to the ton in gold. The Conner Creek mine in this district was the first 
productive quartz mine in Oregon. It has been in operation for 25 years past and 
is still producing. In 188S, a pocket of rich ore was uncovered in this mine which it 
took a year to extract, and which yielded a total of $104,000. Some of the rock in 
this pocket was worth $20 a pound. 



70 The Oregonian 1 s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

As a rule the quartz found in the mines of Eastern Oregon is what may be termed 
low grade. In several of the so-called low-grade mines of this region, however, like 
the Connor Creek, exceedingly rich ore shoots are found. In 1892, the mines of 
Eastern Oregon produced $1,360,245.72. Of this, $1,297,409 was gold and $62,836 
was silver. Of the silver, Umatilla county produced $53,640 of the year's output. 
Of this silver, $28,000 was taken out of Leap-for-Life mine, in Umatilla county. 
This is, today, the only large silver-producing mine in Oregon. Another silver mine 
in Umatilla county is the New Silver Bell, which yielded $6,150 in 1892. The Car- 
bonate mine of the same county is a famous gold producer. Its ores also carry 
considerable silver. In 1892, this mine produced $53,400 in gold and $16,600 in 
silver. 

Union is now the greatest mining county of the state, and its output is increas- 
ing at the rate of nearly $200,000 a year. In 1892, the precious metal yield of the 
Eastern Oregon counties was as follows: Union, $755,615; Baker, $370,843.72; Uma- 
tilla, $119,765; Grant, $53,820; Malheur, $55,900, and Wallowa, $4,300. With the 
exception of Umatilla, none of these counties produce a noticeable amount of silver. 

The largest producing mines of this section 
and their output in 1S92, were as follows : the 
Sanger group, at Sparta, Union county, 
$275,000 ; Carbonate, Pendleton, Umatilla coun- 
ty, $70,000 ; White Swan, Baker City, Baker 
county, $72,642 ; Bonanza, Baker City, $54,994 ; 
Little Pittsburg, Sparta, Union county, $45,000, 
and Dolly Varden, Sparta, $45,000. Eight 
other mines here produced in the same year 

$25,000 each. The Chinese were especially -g2^%^|&rfe&^;Jl 
fortunate in Eastern Oregon during 1892, they ' '■'"\i^ , r -^?^|" : 

having secured during that year about ' ' SH* 

$150,000 in placer gold. The increased ac- " > .,~~' "^ Av - 

tivitv shown in the mines of Eastern Oregon 

X. . . . . ° Prospecting, Montana. 

in 1893 will, it is believed, result in a much 

larger output of these mines than was shown by the report of 1892. There are 
now few, if any, gold-producing regions of the West where capital can be more profit- 
ably employed than it can today in the promising mines of Eastern Oregon. 

Extending from Goble, on the Columbia river, to Oregon City, on the Willa- 
mette, are the low Scappose or Portland Hills. It was in these hills that iron ore 
was first discovered, in 1843. This discovery was made near the present town of 
Oswego, on the Willamette river, seven miles south of Portland. In 1866 a small blast 
furnace was erected at Oswego, by the Oswego Iron Company, of which the late 
W. S. Ladd was president. This furnace had a capacity of 10 tons per day, and it 
was worked successfully for 20 years. Its product of pig-iron was sold principally 
in Portland and San Francisco. In 1S88 this plant was enlarged at a cost of $500,000, 
and a railroad was built from the blast furnace to the mines. The iron ore found in 
the Scappose Hills is hydrated oxide of iron, commonly called "bog iron" or 
"brown hematite." It is known to mineralogists, however, as limonite. The lava 
rocks of Oregon are rich in iron, and it has been calculated that there is enough iron 
in the lava flows which nearly cover the state to form a solid iron plate 50 feet 
thick over all of Oregon. With the possible exception of rocks containing a large 




Mining- in the Pacific Northwest. 



71 



proportion of magnetite, the volcanic rocks are practically worthless. In Southern 
Oregon are extensive deposits of magnetic iron ore. This ore is found in large quan- 
tities at Gold Hill, in Jackson county. 

Copper is found in Southern Oregon, and an attempt was made to mine it near 
Waldo, in Josephine county. The value of this metal is now purely prospective, as 
Oregon cannot, at the present time, compete in the production of copper with the 
other great copper-producing districts of the United States. It is found in large 
quantities here, however, and these deposits may, at some time in the future, prove 
of great value. 

In Douglas county, near the town of Riddle, are vast deposits of nickel. As yet 
no attempt has been made to extract and treat this ore, owing to the excess of silica 
it contains and the presumed high cost of smelting it. That these nickel mines are 
very valuable is not questioned by practical men. Ores of exactly the same char- 
acter as are found here are now being extensively handled with profit in New Cale- 
donia, and it is probably only a question of time until the nickel mines will be worked 
here with a profit. 

Extensive coal measures are found 

PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO- . 

m Oregon along the Coast range of 
mountains and along the western 
slope of the Cascades. In Eastern 
Oregon, throughout that portion of 
the John Day valley where tertiary 
rocks are found, coal indications are 
numerous. The principal deposits of 
coal in the state lie in the stratified 
rocks of the Coast range, where coal- 
bed indications are found extending 
south from the Columbia river to the 
California line. At Coos Bay coal has 
been mined since the early 50' s, and 
the output of the mines here has 
found a market principally in San 
Francisco. This coal is a low-grade lignite, as is nearly all the coal found in Oregon. 
At Wilhoit Springs, in Clackamas county, is a large deposit of lignite lying in a hori- 
zontal bed of a uniform thickness of four feet. The quality of this coal is poor on the 
surface, but it improves with the depth of the ledge vein. In the Nehalem valley, 
and in other parts of Clatsop county, extensive deposits of lignite have been discovered, 
some of which are of a fair grade of coal. This field, owing to its proximity to Port- 
land, is perhaps the most valuable in promise in Oregon. It is confidently believed 
that the future supply of coal for Portland will be obtained from this source, and 
the attention of capital has already been called to the splendid opportunity afforded 
for working these deposits. With the exception of the Coos Bay coal, there is prac- 
tically no coal mined in Oregon today. Most of the coal that has been discovered 
in the state is not adapted to coking, but it makes a very satisfactory fuel for house- 
hold use, and as depth is attained in the mines the quality of the coal found in Ore- 
gon will probably increase over the quality of the surface croppings. There is no 
reason to suppose that the coal fields of Oregon will not prove as valuable as the 
present great coal fields of Washington. 




iNG, Missoula Gulch, Butte, mom 



72 



The Oregoniari s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Mining in Washington. — A combination of causes has conspired to prevent 
Washington from taking rank as one of the great precious metal-producing states of 
the Union The isolated location of several of its richest mineral districts and the 
lack of transportation facilities in other districts have retarded the development of 

numerous valuable properties in the 
state which promise to prove very rich 
on a fuller development. In connec- 
tion with the mining industry of the 
state, however, one important fact 
must not be overlooked. This is that 
the rich mines of Northern Idaho and 
of the Kootenay district, in British 
Columbia, are really tributary to 
Washington. Sookane, for instance, 
enjoys most of the trade of the rich 
Cceur d' Alenes. The money made in 
these mines is invested largely in 
1,000 foot level, Lexington mine near butte, Montana. Spokane, and this city is also the out- 

fitting point for the rich mines of 
British Columbia, to the north. Washington has profited largely by the development 
of mines in the adjacent territory. 

The construction of new lines of railroad in the state during 1893 furnished an 
outlet for two of the most promising mining districts of the West. The construction 
of these roads will result in more activity in these mining centers during the present 
year than has yet been noted in the mining history of the state. Mineral discoveries 
during recent years in the state, have demonstrated that Washington contains great 
fields of low-grade ores, both silver and gold, which can be worked at a profit with 
the aid of the latest improved machinery. In the Okanogan country are ledges of 
gold-bearing ore which, from surface indications, surpass in extent anything of the 
kind in the West. In other parts of the state are extensive deposits of high-grade 
gold and silver ores. Some of the most promising of these claims are located remote 
from railroad lines. It is but a question of time when many of these promising 
prospects, now lying idle, will be developed into good, paying mines. Capitalists, 
even today, are investigating the merits of nearly every mining camp in the state, 
and when their value is once fully determined, the development of the mines of 
Washington will be but a repetition of the history of the growth of the great mining 
properties of Montana and Idaho. Projects to build lines of railroad to the most 
promising camps of Washington are being considered. The completion of these 
lines would allow the shipment of ores from these camps to outside reduction centers 
where such ores, owing to the heavy expense of long hauls by horses, cannot be 
handled. There are today in Washington a score or more of mines from which the 
owners have not yet earned a dollar. Yet on the dumps of these same mines are 
thousands of dollars worth of ore which can be handled at a profit as soon as it can 
be hauled to reduction centers by railroads. 

Washington is divided into two great natural divisions by the Cascade range of 
mountains. It is on the eastern side of this range that most of the best mining prop- 
erties of the state are located. The mineral districts of the state have never been 
thoroughly prospected. The dense forest growth and almost impenetrable under- 
brush which cover the slopes of the Cascade Mountains, rich in minerals, have thus 



Mininer in the Pacific Northwest. 



7:; 



far prevented extensive prospecting in these districts. Geologists, however, believe 
after a careful examination of the formation of the rocks on the slopes of the Cas- 
cades, that the mountains contain vast deposits of ore, which have never yet 
been uncovered. As the country is developed, these mineral ledges will be 
uncovered. The future of mining in the state can, at best, be only a matter of con- 
jecture, but it is the freely expressed opinion of every practical mining man who has 
carefully looked over the ground here, that vast deposits of gold and silver bearing 
ore are hidden in the Cascade range of mountains withiu the state, and that it is but 
a question of time until these great storehouses of wealth will be opened for the 
profit of man. 

In several of the non-producing mineral districts of Washington leads are 
exposed so that they can be followed with the eye for thousands of feet. In the rich 
Monte Cristo region, recently connected with the tide water of Puget Sound by rail- 
road, are great parallel ledges which can be plainly seen as they ascend the mount- 
ain side. Gold is found on all the bars of the Columbia, Yakima and other rivers of 
the state. This gold, however, is in many cases too fine to allow the deposits to be 
worked with a profit. On the upper waters of the Columbia river placer mining has 



been carried on for years, 
a large number of Chinamen 
with profit. During 1893 these 
542,000 in gold from the Stevens 
tials work patiently at this work 
a white miner, and it is the 
can live that allows the China- 
where a white man would suffer 
work. 

in the state of Washington over 
mines. The report of the direc- 
1892 Washington produced 
of silver. Of the silver output, 




Marble Ledges Near Spok 



Along the Columbia even today 
work the deposits of the river 
Chinese miners took out about 
county placers. These Celes- 
for wages that would discourage 
small pittance on which they 
man to work in these diggings 
privation at the same kind of 
Of the gold now produced 
two-thirds comes from the placer 
tor of the mint shows that in 
$373,533 of gold and $195,949 
the Ivanhoe mine, in the Okan- 



ogan country, produced $ 79, 369, and the Old Dominion, of Colville, yielded $100,000. 
The total mineral production of the state came from six counties as follows : Gar- 
field, gold £73 500, silver $10,500; Kittitas, gold $169,203, silver $3,486; Lincoln, 
gold $17,000; Okanogan, gold $10,250, silver $79,519.28 ; Skagit, gold $40,600; 
Stevens, gold $63,000, silver §102,444.58. This represented 18,071 fine ounces of gold 
and 151,557 fine ounces of silver. 

In Western Washington the most promising mining camps are located near the 
summit of the Cascade Mountains in the counties of King and Snohomish. Of these 
the Monte Cristo camp is situated in a huge basin on the headwaters of the Sauk 
river. The principal ledges in this camp are found running in continuous and 
almost parallel lines, through mighty clefts that have been carved out of the mount- 
ains by glaciers. The bottom of the gorges of the Monte Cristo district lies at an 
elevation of 2,100 feet above the level of the sea, while the mountains on either side 
rise to an additional height of 3,000 feet. The mineral ledges in this district lie 
exposed on the mountain side. Nature has already done a large part of the neces- 
sary development work on these ledges, and but little remains for man to do here 
but to shovel out the ore and reduce it. The original discovery of the Monte Cristo 
camp was made from a point 15 miles distant with the aid of a good field glass. The 



74 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




below the Cascades. 



ores in this camp are generally base, bearing sulphurets of iron and galena, with a 
showing of zinc. Parallel with nearlj- all the veins of galena in this district are 

bodies of iron pyrities frequently mixed with 
porphyry. These ores carry from $S to $55 a ton 
in gold, and from 10 to 75 ounces in silver, and 
from 14 to 70 per cent. lead. 

In Washington the most promising camps are 
located near the summit of the Cascade Moun- 
tains, in King and Snohomish counties. In 1893 
a syndicate of English capitalists expended 
$5,ooo,coo in opening the Monte Cristo district 
and in building the Everett & Monte Cristo rail- 
road from tidewater to the mines. 
On a high divide from the Monte Cristo mines is the Silver Creek mining dis- 
trict. This is about eight miles in length and about three miles wide. The forma- 
tion in this district is granite, porphyry and metamorphosed slate. The ores are 
galena, with iron and sulphurets of copper carrying gold, silver and copper. The 
principal mines in this district are the Oro Fino, Rattler, National, Morning Star, 
Vandalia, Jumbo, Winner and Webster. These mines have all been developed to 
some extent and the ores they produce average about $40 a ton in value. In what is 
known as the Anaconda group, in this district, a nine-foot vein of ore has been 
exposed which assays 11 per cent, in copper. 

The Cascade mining district is located in the western part of Skagit county on 
the headwaters of the Cascade river. The ledges in this district are extensive and 
well denned. The principal mine is the Boston, which produces a galena ore assay- 
ing 60 per cent, lead and 50 ounces in silver. Another mining district of Western 
Washington, not yet sufficiently developed to show its permanent character, is the 
Snoqualmie, situated on the western slope of the Cascade Mountains, in King 
county. There are two large bodies of copper sulphuret ore in this district 
which assay from 5 to 20 per cent, copper in the outcrop. The character of the 
ores found in this district is free milling, together with sulphurets, concentrates and 
smelting ores. Samples of galena ore have been assayed here which run from 20 to 
60 per cent, in lead and from 20 to 200 ounces in silver to the ton. The Green River 
country, a recently discovered mineral district, is located near the foothills of Mt. 
St. Helens, and is reached from Winlock on the main line of the Northern Pacific 
railroad between Portland and Tacoma. 

The principal placer mines in Washington are on Swauk creek, a tributary 
stream to the Yakima river in Kittitas county, 25 miles north of Ellensburgh. 
The gravel in the Swauk district is spotted and the pay dirt is found in streaks. This 
dirt is in places very rich in coarse gold. Nearly all the mines here are owned and 
operated by individuals. Nuggets worth, respectively, $500, $400, $325, $110 and 
$49, have been found in this district. Separated from Swauk creek by a low divide 
is Peshastin creek. This camp consists of free-milling gold-quartz ledges. It is 
admirably located, with an abundance of water and timber. One 40 and one 20- 
stamp mill are in operation here. This district has recently attracted the attention 
of capitalists and it is being rapidly developed. The average working value of the 
Peshastin ore is estimated at about $35 a ton. The ledges are well defined and in 
many instances free gold is seen in the rock with the naked eye. To the northwest 
of the Peshastin is what is known as the Cle Elum district. A large number of loca- 



Mining in the Pacific Northwest. 



tions have been made in this district, and it contains several developed mines which 
yield from $5,000 to $30,000 a year each. Assays show that the ores from these 
mines run from $20 to $45 a ton in gold. In the mountains at and near the Cle Elum 
district are extensive deposits of copper, iron and low-grade galena ores. In one place 
there is a three and one-half foot vein of galena carrying 50 per cent, lead and 12 
ounces in silver. There is a peculiar formation, covering about 2,500 acres in this 
district, where the country rock will assay from $1.50 to $6 per ton silver. There are 
mountains of iron ore in this locality, and the country within a radius of many miles 
seems to be a mineralized area. 

About So miles north of Spokane, in Washington, and on the line of the Spokane 
Falls & Northern railroad, is the Colville mining district. The Old Dominion mine 
here is six miles east of the town of Colville. This is the greatest producing mine 
in the state of Washington. It was discovered in the spring of 1885, and since July 
of that year it is estimated that about $900,000 has been produced by the property. 
A six-foot vein of ore is now being worked in this mine. This ore averages 70 ounces 
in silver to the ton, and about 65 per cent lead. On the mountains adjacent to the 
Old Dominion mine are many promising prospects in various stages of development. 
Another large mine here, which is near Colville, is the Dead Medicine. The ore 
from this mine runs from 40 to 50 ounces in silver to the ton, and about 50 per cent 
lead. 

About 20 miles north of Colville, in Washington, is the Metalline district, where 
extensive deposits of low-grade ores have been discovered. Twenty miles east of 
this district is Northport, a station on the line of the Spokane Falls & Northern 
railroad. At this latter point a large smelter is now being built. This smelter will 
greatly facilitate mining operations in the Colville and neighboring districts, and 
it will also be largely patronized by the numerous mines in British Columbia to the 
north. 

North of where the mighty Columbia river winds 2, coo feet below the summit 
of the plateau of the Big Bend country, is the Okanogan country with its beautiful 
lakes, picturesque valleys, and vast deposits of precious metals. Long before Wash- 
ington became a separate political division of the Union this 
region was known under the name it now bears. In 1889 
it was made Okanogan county, and it is now the largest 
political division of Washington. In area it equals three 
states of the Union, and it is one of the coming rich sections 
of Washington. Okanogan county is made up of a series 
of undulating plains, fertile valleys and hills. These hills 
terminate on the northern, northwestern, and western 
' borders of the county in a broken chain of mountains. In 
the early 6o's prospectors working their way east from the 
Fraser river discovered placer mines in the Similkimeen 
river. A great deal of gold was subsequently taken from 
the bars along this stream. The placers here becoming 
exhausted, the country was again left in solitude. In 
the 70's men again visited the Okanogan country, and 
these men discovered in the district a ledge of galena ore. 
Five hundred pounds of this ore were shipped to San Francisco for treatment. This 
was the first silver produced from ores taken out of the state of Washington. In 
1S83 considerable prospecting was done in the Mount Chapaca and Similkimeen dis- 








Pacific Track, 
Columbia Ri 



■JEAR VlENTO, 



76 



The Oregoniaris Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Columbia River Above 
The Dalles. 



tricts, but it was not until 18S6 that the big rush to this section began. This stam- 
pede was made to what is known as the Salmon River country. As a result of this 
rush the towns of Ruby, Loorniston, Golden and Conconnully were established. 
The latter is the present county seat. It was not long before the numerous pros- 
pectors who had nocked to this country be- 
gan to make discoveries of exceptionall}' 
rich ledges of gold and silver quartz. These 
finds extended through a large area of ter- 
ritory. That Okanogan is the richest and 
most promising mineral district in Wash- 
ington is now thoroughly established. The 
recent rich gold strikes made upon Palmer 
Mountain and other localities of the district, 
indicate that it will soon become the greatest 
gold-producing district of the West. All kinds of ores, from 
base to free- milling, are found in this district. Prior to 1893 the country had no rail 
outlet. The completion of the Great Northern, however, which forms connection with 
the boats plying on the Salmon and Columbia rivers, now furnishes the district with 
transportation facilities which, although inadequate to the needs of the country, 
have done much to hasten its development. 

The Chelan mining district lies in Okanogan county, immediately adjacent to 
Lake Chelan. The first important discoveries made in this district were in 1889. 
Two of the claims then located here were subsequently sold for $30,000. Numerous 
mineral locations have since been made in the Chelan district, and with proper trans- 
portation facilities, which it does not now possess, the district will become a large 
silver and gold producer. The formation of this district is principally granite, cut 
by veins of porphyry dikes. These vary in width from 3 to 30 feet. 

The principal mining districts have all been touched on in the article above. 
These districts contain millions of tons of gold and silver-producing ore, which can 
be handled at a profit by capital and with the aid of improved machinery. The 
rapid development of the mines of Washington during the past few years but pres- 
ages the future growth of the mining districts of the state, and while the state will 
doubtless never rank with Montana as a mineral producer, mining will always be 
one of the most profitable industries of Washington. 

Dr. W. Bredemeyer — There is a fascination surrounding the life of a mining 
engineer that seldom allows anyone engaged in that profession to forsake it 
for some other calling. Many interesting narratives could be written from the 
experiences of the men who are devoting their knowledge and energy in an effort tc 
develop the great precious metal-producing regions of Washington. Dr. W. Brede- 
meyer, of Tacoma, is the oldest mining engineer in the West, he having had over 
30 years' experience in the mines of Europe, Asia and America. During the past 
22 years, Dr. Bredemeyer has been identified with nearly all of the great mining 
enterprises of the West. For a number of years he held the important position of 
United States mining commissioner for Utah. Before coming to Amei-ica he was 
for a time in charge of the famous Banketon mines, in the Dutch Indies. Later he 
developed the first mine in Burmah, and was also the first white man to make a 
scientific exploration of the interior of China and Japan. He received an appoint- 
ment from the government of Japan as the chief engineer of the southern district of 
that empire, a position he held for two years. Dr. Bredemeyer is a member of all 



Mining in the Pncific Northwest. 



the leading scientific societies, and is also an expert on all questions relating to 
mining. His laboratory at Tacoma is the most complete on the coast. 

Mining in Idaho. — Since the discovery of gold in Idaho by Capt. James 
Pearce and party, on Oro Fino creek, in i860, the mines of this state have produced 
about $180, 000,000. In 1861, a report became circulated through the Western states 
with astonishing rapidity that fabulously rich placers of gold had been discovered on 
Salmon river, in Idaho. These greatly exaggerated stories caused one of the wildest 
stampedes known in the history of mining on the coast. Thousands of miners and 
adventurers flocked to the Salmon River country. The later arrivals in the diggings 
finding the best claims already occupied, spread out over the adjacent country and 
discovered the famous placers of Grasshopper creek and Alder gulch, Montana. 

The most famous of the early placer mines of Idaho were those of Florence, Elk 
City, Warrens, Salmon river and Oro Fino. These camps produced millions of wealth 
in the early 6o's, and they are still adding annually several hundred thousand dol- 
lars to the wealth of the world. Idaho county, in which these mines are located, 
leads the other counties of Idaho in the production of gold dust. Mining is now the 
principal industry of Idaho, and the state ranks fifth in the list of precious metal- 
producing states of the Union. 

The labor troubles in the Cceur d'Alene mining district, in Northern Idaho, 
together with the decline in the price of silver, combined to cause a considerable 
falling off in the output of silver for the state in 1892 over the output of the previous 
year. The leading question among the miners of the state during the past two years 
has been how to work their properties, which are principally silver and lead-produc- 
ing, at a profit, in view of the prevailing low prices of silver and lead. Idaho has 
already turned out millions of dollars in gold, and there are some very rich mines of 
the yellow metal in the state, but the heavy mining operations in this part of the 
West, as before stated, are now confined to the silver-producing properties, and it is 
the silver mines that the people of Idaho lean on for future activity in the mining 
properties of the state. 

The most extensive mines in the state are those which carry an average grade of 
ore. Such mines as the Poorman, Tiger, Black Bear and other well known proper- 
ties produce on an average from 27 to 29 ounces of silver per ton, and the lead 
averages about 57 per cent. The heavy mine owners of the state are firm in the 
belief that the only relief they can reasonably look for during the present low pre- 
vailing prices of silver lies in a general 
reduction of freight rates by the railroads 
which haul their ore to market. The mine 
owners of Southern Idaho have a great 
advantage over the owners of mining prop- 
erties in the Cceur d'Alenes and other 
districts of the northern part of the state. 
The Southern Idaho mines carry a higher 
percentage of gold than the mines to the 
north, and the cost of working the mines 
in Southern Idaho is less than it is in the 
heavy silver properties of the Cceur d'Alene 
district. This applies, especially, to the De Lamar, Black Jack, Trade Dollar and 
Ralph mines, in Owyhee county. 




Hope Station, Lake Peno D'Oreille. 



78 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

According to the report of the director of the mint the mines of Idaho produced, 
during 1S92, gold to the amount of 83,271 ounces, valued at $1,721,364; silver, 
3,164,269 ounces, coining value, $4,091,083; lead, 51,322,263 pounds, commercial 
value, $2,001,568. The product of gold and silver in Idaho, by counties, during the 
calendar year 1892, was as follows: Gold — Ada county, 272 ounces, value, $5,623; 
Alturas, 1,102 ounces, value, $22,780; Bingham, 436 ounces, value, $9,013; Boise, 
18,209 ounces, value, $376,413; Cassia, 714 ounces, value, $14,760; Custer, 1,166 
ounces, value. $24,103; Elmore, 5,870 ounces, value, $121,344; Idaho, 7,140 ounces, 
value, $147,597; Lemhi, 12,467 ounces, value, $257,716; Logan, 776 ounces, value, 
$16,041; Owyhee, 23,244 ounces, value, $480,496; Shoshone, 11,000 ounces, value, 
$227,390; Washington, 875 ounces, value, $18,088. Silver — Ada, 11S ounces, coining 
value, $153 ; Alturas, 700,362 ounces, coining value, $905,498 ; Bingham, 48 ounces, 
coining value, $62; Boise, 163,368, coining value, $211,218; Cassia, 50 ounces, 
coining value, $65; Custer, 397,360 ounces, coining value, $513,747; Elmore, 1,804 
ounces, coining value, $2,332; Idaho, 5,061 ounces, coining value, $6,543 ; Lemhi, 
2,457 ounces, coining value, $3,177; Logan, 1,168 ounces, coining value, $1,510; 
Owyhee, 645,569 ounces, coining value, r $834,656; Shoshone, 1,1 95, 904 ounces, coining 
value, $1,546,184; Washington, 51,000 ounces, coining value, $65,938. The total 

value of the gold and silver output of the state, by 
counties, in the same year, was as follows : Ada, 
$5,776; Alturas, $928,278 ; Bingham, $9,075 ; Boise, 
$587,631; Cassia, $14,829 ; Custer, $537,850 ; Elmore, 
$123,676; Idaho, $154,140; Lemhi, $260,893 ; Logan, 
$17,551; Owyhee, $1,315,152; Shoshone, $1,773,574; 
Washington, $84,026. The gold and silver bullion 
produced in Idaho, and deposited in government 
institutions during 1892, amounted to $725,124.97 in 
gold, and $16,865.50 in silver. 

Idaho is one of the richest states in the Union 
in silver and lead ore deposits, and man}' of these valuable properties are now lying 
idle awaiting the rise in silver to insure their being worked at a profit. 

In Shoshone county are located the famous Cceur d' Alene mines which are 
fully described in a separate article in "The Handbook. The rich mines adjacent to 
Boise City also receive mention in another part of this work. Lying in the south- 
west corner of Idaho is Owyhee county, which for many years was the greatest min- 
ing camp in Idaho. Nine miles from Silver City, the principal town in the county, 
is Jordan creeK, where are located the famous Owyhee mines. The lodes here cover 
an area of 20 square miles. They were first discovered in 1863. These veins vary in 
width from 2 to 60 feet, while the ore they carry assays from a trace of gold or silver 
up to thousands of dollars a ton. Up to 1S76 this was one of the liveliest camps in 
the West. The mines here, in the 13 years following their discovery, produced over 
$26,000,000 in wealth. Upon the collapse of the Bank of California, of San Francisco, 
in 1876, capital was withdrawn from these mines and the camp has been supported 
since that time by the individual miners who have resided here. These mines are 
still large producers. In 1892 they yielded $1,315,152. This was an increase of 
nearly ?i, 000,000 over the output of these mines in 1S89. At this rate of increase the 
camp will soon surpass its record of its palmiest days. The Wilson mine in this 
camp is probably the largest and richest mine in Idaho. There are three veins in 
this location, though from the formation the mine looks as though it were a moun- 




Mining' in the Pacific Northwest. 



r9 





: ^m^mm 



. hood-Crossing asm beds, near Snow-line. 



tain of quartz mineralized. The veins of the mine are respectively 15, 30 and 77 feet 
in width. There is a 20-stamp mill on this property, which produces over $500,1100 
in gold every year. It is estimated that in the group of mines of which the Wilson 
is the chief, there is now over $1,000,000 worth of gold quartz iu sight. 

The Oro Fino group of mines have long been noted as great gold 
producers. The lode is situated on War Eagle Mountain, three miles 
distant from Silver City. The vein of this group is a true fissure, 
varying from two to six feet in width. It carries free-milling gold 
and silver ore. The Oro Fino mine has produced in the past over 

$1 ,Soo,ooo and it is still yielding 
thousands of dollars annually. 
At Silver City the Oro Fino Min- 
ing Company have in operation 
a 20-stamp steam quartz mill. 
The Poorman group of mines in 
this district is composed of eight 
or ten lodes. The Poorman, the 
principal mine of the group, has 
yielded over $1, 000, 000. An- 
other fine property here is the Empire mine, which is developed by a shaft about 700 
feet deep. The Black Jack mine here has yielded over $300,000. The vein of this 
mine averages four feet in width and is encased in porphyry. Other valuable pro- 
ducing properties in this district are the Stormy Hill, Mahogany, Morning Star, 
Seventy Nine, Phillips and Sullivan, and the Summer Camp group of mines. 

In 1866 a party of prospectors discovered rich placer diggings in Lemhi county 
in the basin of the North Fork of Salmon river. Since that time the county has 
been a steady producer of gold. Lemhi county contains several very rich and prom- 
ising gold districts whose output would doubtless be greatly increased if the county 
had rail transportation to outside points. On Naplus creek and its tributaries, which 
are near the town of Leisburgh, over $10,000,000 has been taken from placer mines. 
The most notable placer mine now producing in the county is on Moose creek. It is 
estimated tlrat this property has produced over $500,000. The owner of this mine 
estimates that he has over $1,000,000 remaining in the gravel to be taken out of these 
placers. There are hundreds of quartz claims iu Lemhi county, some of which have 
already been developed into valuable producing mines. Of these mines the largest 
are the Kaintuck, Grunter. Yellow Jacket and Viola groups. Connected with these 
mines are three 10-stamp mills. The leads in this district are all well defined and are 
of permanent character. The ore runs from $5 to $70 per ton in gold, and in some of 
the richest mines of the district as high as $150 a ton. The principal silver mines in 
the district carry ores assaying from 15 to 40 ounces in silver and 70 per cent. lead. 
Another camp in Idaho, remote from railroad lines, is that of Custer county. 
This is one of the largest and richest mineral districts in the West. The mineral 
belt crossing the western portion of Custer county is at least 100 miles in length and 
50 miles wide. It is interspersed with veins carrying gold and silver ores all along 
its entire length. There are nearly 150 developed mines in this district and fully 
2,000 promising prospects. The most prominent among the mining districts of 
Custer county are the Lost River, Yankee Fork, Bay Horse, Kiuuikinneck, Squaw 
Creek and East Fork districts. A 40-ton smelter is situated iu the Bay Creek dis- 




80 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

trict and iu the other districts are three quartz mills, three concentrators and two 
smelters. 

Mining in Montana. — In the Summer of 1852 Francois Finlay, a half-breed, 
from the Red River of the North, while on his way homeward from a trading trip 
to California, wandered into what is now Deer Lodge county, Montana. It was in 
this part of the present great state that Finlay first noticed coarse flakes of gold 

glittering in the gravel of what is now 

known as Gold Creek. He washed out here 

about two ounces of gold dust. This was 

the first discovery of gold in Montana, It 

attracted but little attention from the few 

mountaineers then in the territory and 

mining in earnest in the territory did not 

commence until 1861, nearly 10 years after 

great slope towards summit, the first discovery of the yellow metal was 

made here. 

In the latter year James and Granville Stuart prospected Gold Creek, the scene 

of Finlay's first discovery. They found gold here in paying quantities. They 

wrote to their brother at Pikes Peak of the find. The information which this letter 

conveyed was the immediate cause of the first great stampede to the Montana gold 

fields. Since the Stuarts uncovered bedrock of the placers of Gold Creek the mines 

of Montana have added nearly $400,000,000 to the wealth of the world. Now nearly 

one-third of all the gold, silver, copper and lead mined in the United States comes 

from Montana. This is pre-eminently the greatest mineral-producing state in the 

Union. Mining is its leading industry. In some of its many phases the industry 

of mining enters into nearly every department of trade here. It represents a large 

proportion of the aggregate wealth of the state. 

Only a few of the many great fields of precious metals in Montana have yet 
been explored. On almost every mountain of the state and in nearly all the 
gulches are rich prospects that only await the advent of capital to develop them 
into great bonanza mines. Practical mining men, familiar with this field, believe 
that the quartz ledges of Montana have yielded up but a small part of the hidden 
wealth they contain. Mining, when conducted on scientific principles and as a cold 
matter of business, is not the uncertain and speculative calling it is popularly sup- 
posed to be. Where ore is found cropping out of the mountain sides the experienced 
miner can tell by an examination of the formation of the surrounding land and by 
its deposits of rock whether the lead is of sufficient extent to justify the employ- 
ment of capital to develop it. In many instances immense sums are expended on 
the development of promising prospects before the mine pays a dividend. In Mon- 
tana there are few recorded instances of any considerable sums of money having 
been lost in the development of mines. It is true that occasionally a prospector 
will make what he believes is a bonanza strike, and with the blind confidence of his 
class will labor hard for months to develop his claim until he is finally brought to 
realize that his find is worthless. Capital, however, is seldom extensively invested 
in a mine unless its value has first been determined and its promised output accu- 
rately estimated. 

There is no better field for the profitable investment of large sums of money 
than is afforded in the gold, copper and lead districts of Montana. The state is a 
great silver-producing district. Owing to what the people of Montana feel has been 



Mining in the Pacific Northwest. 



81 




mount Hood-Dew 



adverse legislation to the silver interests, mining men of that state are now turning 
their attention to the development of its many rich gold and copper properties. 

The discovery of gold on Salmon river, Idaho, in July, i86r, attracted thither 
from Colorado and other territories a large immigration. The late arrivals finding 
the diggings here occupied began to spread out over the adjacent territory. In 
1862 the great bonanzas of Grasshopper creek were discovered, and as a result the 

town of Bannock sprung into existence. By the 
1st of January, 1863, a population of 500 men had 
gathered at Bannock, and among them were many 
wild and reckless adventurers, whose names and 
misdeeds figure prominently in the early history 
of the territory. With the discovery of Grass- 
hopper Creek placers, commenced the first im- 
portant mining operations in Montana. The fame 
of these diggings soon spread throughout the West, 
and it occasioned a great stampede to Montana. 
In the seven years following this discovery the 
placer mines of Grasshopper creek yielded 
$2, 245,000 in gold. 
On the 1st day of February, 1863, William Fairweather and others left Bannock 
to prospect the Big Horn Mountains. They were driven back by the Crow Indians. 
Returning homeward the party camped at noon on Alder creek, 75 miles east of 
Bannock. While the midday meal was being prepared Fairweather, to the amuse- 
ment of his companions, began to wash a few pans of gravel in the creek. To his 
great surprise he obtained 30 cents worth of gold from the first pan, and over $2 
worth in subsequent pans, before he was through experimenting. Thus was the famous 
gulch discovered. It is estimated that Alder gulch has yielded fully $70,000,000 in 
gold. Of all placer fields this was the greatest ever discovered in the West. 

Twelve years after Alder gulch was discovered Bill Fairweather, after having 
made and spent a fortune, died penniless. This was the end of a man who had 
turned the key which unlocked millions in wealth for others. It was on Alder gulch 
that Virginia City was built. This town was for years the political and commercial 
capital of Montana. During its palmiest days of 1864-5, it contained over 10,000 pop- 
ulation. This large population was ruled and robbed with impunity by one of the 
most depraved and blood-thirst} 7 gangs of villains that ever infested a civilized com- 
munity. In less than eight months this gang murdered 102 inoffensive citizens ; 
they shot and wounded scores of others, and it is supposed that man}- of the murders 
they committed were never traced to their daring. Henry Plummer, one of the 
most polished and dangerous villains known in the annals of crime, was the leader 
of this gang, and he was, up to the time of his execution by the vigilantes, the 
sheriff of Montana. Early life in Virginia City is fully described in an article in 
this publication on the vigilantes of Montana. 

The next important discoveries of gold in the territory were made by John 
Cowan and three companions, in the fall of 1863, on a small tributarv of Prickly 
Pear. Here they found pay-dirt yielding from 40 cents to $1 a pan on bedrock. 
They named the locality Last Chance gulch. A stampede followed these discover- 
ies, and it was here that the foundation of the present great city of Helena was 
laid. In five years Last Chance gulch yielded over $15,000,000 in gold. The yield of 
Lewis and Clarke county, of which it is a part, was $19,360,000 between the years 



82 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




of 1864 and 1869. Many of the largest and most imposing business blocks of Hel- 
ena are built on the worked-out placer ground of the gulch. 

The last extraordinary find of gold in Montana was made in Confederate gulch, 
Meagher county, in the winter of 1864-5. Some of the claims in this gulch were 
phenomenally rich. On Montana bar several claims yielded as high as $180 to the 

single 10-quart pan of dirt, and in one in- 
stance a pan of gravel yielded $1,000 in 
gold. In the fall of 1866 a four-mule team 
hauled from Fort Benton, for transporta- 
tion down the Missouri river, 2)4 tons of 
gold, worth $1,500,000. Nearly all of this 
gold was taken out of Montana bar and 
Confederate gulch. 

In all there are about 500 gold-bearing 
gulches in Montana. These vary from one- 
half mile to 20 miles in length. In addi- 
u. s. lightship, mouth of Columbia River. tion to these gulches are numerous bars 

rich in gold. The gold found here varies in size from microscopic powder to 
nuggets weighing 30 to 40 ounces each. It varies from 600 to 990 in fineness. One 
nugget was found in Snow-shoe gulch, in the territory, in 1865, which weighed 178 
ounces, and which was worth $3,200. Other large nuggets of gold, worth respect- 
ively $2,073, $ I >Soo, $475, $375 and $556 were found here between 1865 and 1880. The 
most famous of Montana placers have yielded the following amounts in gold : Pio- 
neer, Independent and Gold creek, $r3, 000,000 ; Alder gulch, $70,000,000; Confed- 
erate, $4,000,000 ; Last Chance, $15,000,000 ; Grasshopper creek, $5,000,000. 

An interesting relic of early placer mining in the territory is a bill of goods 
purchased at Florence City, in 1861, of which the following is a copy ; 100 lbs. beans, 
at $1.25 per pound, $125 ; 300 lbs. flour, at $1 per pound, $300 ; 11 lbs. coffee, at 
$1.25 per pound, $13.75 ; 300 lbs. beef, at 25 cents per pound, $75 ; 9 lbs. beans, 
$9-5°; 3 sacks salt, $12; 1 bar soap, $3; 10 lbs. sugar, at $1.50 per pound, $15; 
25 lbs. bacon, at $1.25 per pound, $31.25; 1 paper saleratus, $6. The total price 
of this purchase was $595.50. 

Placer mining is still extensively carried on in Montana, but it does not now 
possess its former magnitude and importance. When the bonanza placers of the 
territory began to decline, miners here began to look for the source of the placer 
gold which had been found here in such large quantities. It was not long before 
a number of mother lodes were discovered as a result of this search. The industry 
of quartz mining in Montana was started in a small way, owing to the lack of proper 
transportation facilities, and also the lack of large works for the reduction of the 
ores of the mines. The early quartz mines worked in Montana were free-milling 
properties, and all the precious metal which the ore contained was extracted at the 
mine. In subsequent years this industry developed here into one of great magni- 
tude, and now Montana derives the greatest portion of its wealth from its quartz 
properties. A marked difference between the mining of gold in quartz and from 
placers is that placer mining is largely carried on by individuals, while nearly all 
the large quartz mines are owned by corporations capitalized for from a few thou- 
sands of dollars each to millions of dollars. The development of a placer mine rep- 
resents usually the amount of hard labor alone that is put upon it by the owner 



Mining' in the Pacific Northwest. 83 

and his few assistants. A bonanza quartz mine, on the other hand, is developed at 
a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars, and is often operated, when fully devel- 
oped, by hundreds of men. Thus it will readily be seen that extensive quartz min- 
ing incurs vast outlays of money for labor, machinery, etc., and it is this industry 
which insures stability to a mining section in the development of its many resources, 
aside from that of mining alone, 
and it is to the working of the 
many rich quartz ledges of Mon- , "*^'^£^^33^v 4 




tana that Montana owes its present ^S^^'M^^-^^^^^^^^ 
great degree of prosperity. '-^^^^^^^^^^-^^f^^^X^-i- ~ r ^' 

The history of the discovery 
of the gold and silver mines of anaconda, Montana. 

Montana is almost coeval with the 

working of the placer deposits of the territory. The Dakota Lode, bearing 
gold quartz, was discovered at Bannock, and located on November 12, 1862. 
A mill to crush the quartz from the lode was erected in the following Spring. This 
was the first quartz mill set up in the territory. It was a rattle-trap affair, contain- 
ing wooden stamps on which pieces of wagon tire were used for shoes. The first 
silver mill in the territory was the old Pioneer, now owned by the Hope Company, 
at Phillipsburg. It was built in 1865 by Ex-Governor Samuel T. Hauser and 
Dr. George C. Swallow. The pans for this mill were shipped by wagon all the way 
from San Francisco. 

The building of the Utah Northern and Northern Pacific railroads gave a great 
impetus to quartz mining in Montana. Prior to that time there were no facilities 
in the territory for reducing ores. The advent of the iron horse wrought a great 
change in the old methods in use by the different mining companies who were oper- 
ating here. Soon after the cars reached Montana great smelters were built on its 
prominent mining properties, and Montana commenced to forge to the front as the 
greatest mining district of the United States. In 1883 the total output of the gold 
and silver mines of Montana amounted to only $7, 800,000. Five years later this 
output was increased to $23,759,000. Of this, $14,735,000 was in copper and lead. 
Before 1883 but small quantities of these latter metals were produced in the terri- 
tory. Montana is today the greatest mineral-producing state of the United States. 

The copper industries of Butte were first developed in 1875. Since that time 
the mines here have become the greatest copper producers in America. The great 
Anaconda mines, at Butte, are now noted as the mammoth copper mines of the 
world. They consist of six well developed mines. The original mine was bought 
in 18S0 by the California millionaire, J. B. Haggin, for $30,000. The Anaconda was 
run as a private concern until 1891, when it was made a stock company, with a 
capital of $25,000,000. The ore from the mines here is shipped by rail to the neigh- 
boring city of Anaconda, where the company owning the mines operates the largest 
reduction works in the world. Montana's copper product is larger than that of any 
state in the Union. A few years ago the mines on Lake Superior, in Michigan, were 
regarded as the greatest copper producers in the world. Now a single Montana 
mine, the Anaconda, produces nearly two-thirds as much copper as is yielded by all 
the mines of Michigan. The production of copper in Montana, from 1882 to 1892, 
was as follows : 1882,9,058,284 pounds; 1883,24,664,346 pounds; 1884, 43,093,554 
pounds; 1885, 67,797,864 pounds ; i8S5, 57,611,621 pounds ; 1887, 78,699,677 pounds ; 
1888,97,897,958 pounds; 1889, 105,130,000 pounds; 1890, 112,925,000 pounds; 1891, 



84 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



112,763,420 pounds ; 1892, 159,212,203 pounds. This makes a total production for 
the 11 years of 868,853,427 pounds. Of the Montana copper product for 1892, the 
mines at Butte produced 158,413,284 pounds, which, with the remaining 789,919 
pounds produced in the state that year, had a market value of $19,105,464. 

In 1S92 Montana produced 143,50s ounces of gold, worth $2,966,572, and 17,405,- 
093 ounces of silver, of a coining value of 122,503,554. The total value of the product 
of all mines in Montana in 1892, was $45,565,626. There was an increase during that 
year over the output of the previous year of 3,637 ounces of gold and 1,056,026 
ounces of silver. The yield of the precious metals in Montana, from 1862 to 1892, 
according to the best obtainable data, was as follows : 1862 to 1867, gold $74,000,000, 
1868, gold $15,000,000; 1869, gold $9,000,000; 1870, gold $9,100,000; 1871, gold 
$8,050,000; 1872, gold $6,068,000; 1873, gold $5,187,047 ; 1874, gold $3,844,722; 1875, 
go!d $3,573- 6o ° ; l8 7 6 , gold$3, 078,013, silver $1,132,976; 1877, gold $3,203,600, silver 
$750,000; 1878, gold $2,260,511; silver $1,669,635; 1879, gold $2,500,000, silver 
"2,225,030; 1880, gold $2,400,000, silver $2,500,000; 1881, gold $3,000,000, silver 

1882, gold $2,550,000, silver $4,370,000; 

1S84, gold $2,170,000, silver $7,000,000; 

1886, gold $4,425,000, silver $12,400,000; 

1888, gold $4,200,253, silver $20,405,300 ; 

1890, gold $3,022,577, silver $20,337,317; 



$3,500,000 ; 
$6,000,000 ; 
$9,171,983; 
$17,817,300; 
$20,038,871 ; 



$21,138,186; 1892, gold $2,966,571, silver $22,503,554. 

1.1 




Montana Building, World's faif 



18S3, gold $1,800,000, silver 

1885, gold $3,409,400, silver 

1887, gold $5,978,536, silver 

1889, gold $3,794,009, silver 

1891, gold $2,891,386, silver 

This makes a total output 

from the mines of Montana, between the years 1862 

and 1892 inclusive, of gold $187,469,964, silver 

$172,971,376, a grand total of $360,441,340. 

Nearly all the ores of Montana carry a small 
percentage of lead. The lead output of the state, in 
1892, amounted to 25,715,197 pounds, of a market 
value of $990,035. While Montana stands pre-emi- 
nent as a producer of minerals, her record as a 
dividend-payer is becoming equally as noteworthy. In 1892 the mines of the state 
paid one-fourth of the dividends paid by all the mining companies of the United 
States. The following is a statement of the dividends paid by Montana mines up 
to the 1st of December, 1892, except such mines as the Anaconda and others that are 
controlled by close corporations, and which never make their profits known : the 
Alice, Butte, $975,000; the Amy and Silversmith, Butte, $247,530; Boston and Mon- 
tana, Butte, $2,075,000 ; Boston and Montana, Gloster, $520,000; the Elkhorn, Jeff- 
erson county, $571,000; the Empire, Lewis & Clark, $70,000 ; the Granite Mountain, 
Granite, $11,880,000; Bi-Metallic, $1,800,000; the Cumberland, $15,000 : the Hecla, 
Consolidated, Beaverhead county, $1,500,000; the Hope, Phillipsburg, $233,532 ; the 
Iron Mountain, $110,000; the Glengarry, $10,000; the Lexington, Butte, $609,000; 
the Drum Lumtnon, Marysville, $2,489,675; the Moulton, Butte, $380,000; the Par- 
rot, Butte, $1,800,000; the Pandora, $6,000. Total, $25,291,737. 

Following is the detailed statement of the production of gold and silver in Mon- 
tana, by counties, for the year 1892 : Beaverhead, gold, $78,829.97, silver, $836,473.34 ; 
Cascade, gold, $560.37, silver, $1.54; Choteau, gold, $1,205.81, silver, $307.67 ; Deer 
Lodge, gold, $367,819.62, silver, $6,795,409.12 ; Fergus, gold, $1,339.76, silver, $601.77 5 
Gallatin, gold, $2,453.79, silver, $39.10; Jefferson, gold, $186,391.61, silver, $2, 177,- 
762.97; Lewis and Clarke, gold, $667,254.93, silver, $109,439.88; Meagher, gold, $41,- 



Milliner " J the Pacific Northwest. 



85 



215.57, silver, 1386,287. 18; Madison, gold, $128,374.43, silver, $2,407.58; Missoula, 
gold, $37,827.22, silver, $610,029.75; Park, gold, $51,008.14, silver, $526.61; Silver 
Bow, gold, 748,786.77, silver, $10,745,704.49. Montana products reported by smelters, 
refiners and mints and assay offices not otherwise included, gold, $653,503.11 ; silver, 
$838,563.75 ; or a total product of the state of $2, 966,571. 90 in gold, and $22,503,554.75 
in silver. 

One of the surprises in Montana mining circles was the formation, in 1891, of 
the Sapphire and Ruby Company, limited. This company was backed by English 
capital for the exploration of the sapphire mines, on El Dorado bar, only a few 
miles distant from Helena. The sapphire was sometimes found in the early placer 
diggings of Montana. Little attention was paid to it, however, by the miners who 
were searching for gold. It was not until recent years that the value of these gems 
found here became known. Montana sapphires are of the largest size and the pur- 
est water, and of the most brilliant colors. The varieties most common here are 
the oriental emerald, the oriental topaz, the oriental amethyst and the oriental 
ruby. No gem, except the diamond, excels them in hardness and brilliancy. Other 
gems and metals found in Montana, in greater or less abundance, are garnets, emer- 
alds, tourmalines, mica, asbestos, amianthus, telluride of gold, 
tin, bismuth, antimony, nickel, zinc, and vast quantities of the 
best varieties of iron ore. Another great mineral resource of 
the state lies in the extensive coal fields in the eastern part of 
the state. These coal measures underlie 70,000 square miles 
along the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers. The coal runs in 
grade from an inferior quality of lignite to a fair grade of bitum- 
inous. Some of this coal produces a superior quality of coke. 
The largest coal mine in the state is located eight miles from 
Livingstone, and is owned by the Helena Smelting and Refining 
Company. The output of the coal mines now being worked in 
the state is largely used by the railroads and by the Butte 
smelters and reduction works. 

Mining in Alaska. — Alaska, the latest territorial acquisi- 
tion of the United States, is seemingly out of the world. Yet in 
this far distant region to the north are mighty rivers alive with 
fish, vast forests of the same fine quality of timber found in 
Washington and Oregon to the south, and the great seal rookeries off the coast 
that have already yielded millions of dollars in wealth. In this land of great gla- 
ciers and sublime scenery, a few thousand men produce millions of wealth annually, 
which is added to the riches of the United States. The fisheries and sealing indus- 
try of Alaska are very important and the output of these industries is annualy 
increasing. 

Next to its seals and its fisheries, the greatest source of revenue to the territory 
of Alaska is from the working of its mines. On the Yukon river for more than 
1,000 miles from its mouth, are placers that in richness and extent recall to the 
memory of the miner the early scenes of Alder gulch, Montana in its palmy days. 
Owing to the short season of three months in Alaska, however, the mineral output 
of the territory is not as large as it would be were the same mines found in warmer 
climates to the south. It must be remembered that while the part of Alaska border- 
ing on the coast enjoys a climate as balmy as that of Portland, the interior of the ter- 




Montana Silver Statue 
WORLD'S Fair. 



86 



The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 



- 




Flathead Valley, Montana 



ritory is subject to the cold of the 
arctic circle in which a great part 
of Alaska is situated. It is in this 
cold belt that most of the placer 
.gold is found and it is the intense 
cold of this region alone which 
prevents the rich placers here from 
- : yielding largely. In order to reach 
these diggings it is necessary to 
make long, expensive and sometimes dangerous journeys 
to the interior. Alaska is a country of magnificent dis- 
tances and as yet but an exceedingly small part of its 
area has been explored. That the country is exceed- 
ingly rich in precious metals, is the opinion of every 
mining man and mineralogist who has ever visited it. 

In 1892 Alaska yielded $1,090,476.55 in precious metals. With the exception of 
the small amount of $10,030, all of this was gold. Of the total mineral production 
of the territory in 1892 the great Treadwell mine produced $676,226.53. This mine 
contains enormous deposits of low-grade free-milling ore, most of which hardly aver- 
ages $7 a ton. This, however, is one of the greatest mines of the United States 
today. It is located on Douglas island and is worked throughout the year. It is 
estimated that in the year 1892 the placer mines of the Yukon river, in Alaska, pro- 
duced $111,000 in gold. This was an increase of about $10,000 over the product of 
the same placers for the preceding year. Mining in Alaska has a bright future and 
the gold output of the territory will doubtless show a large increase with each suc- 
ceeding year. 

The Coal Fields OF Washington. — The state of Washington is one great 
storehouse, in which is locked up a source of wealth in latent industries that is but 
illy appreciated by the average visitor to the West. Washington has thousands of 
acres of the finest agricultural lands not yet touched by the plow. The state has 
vast deposits of gold, silver, copper, iron and other metals. The forests of Wash- 
ington contain the largest and best class of timber in the world. The rivers of the 
state and the fishing banks of Puget Sound and the Pacific ocean to the West teem 
with countless varieties of the finest of food fishes, and the climate of this part 
of the coast is of an equable nature that will especially commend it to those who 
have braved the rigor of a Winter in Dakota or Minnesota. In the extent and 
diversity of its resources, the state of Washington is one of the most favored states 
of the Union, and the development of these resources will, within the next ten 
years, make Washington a populous and rich commonwealth. 

At the present time the leading industry of Washington is the sawing of lumber. 
Next in importance to the lumber industry, is the mining of coal. Washington 
possesses the largest coal fields in the United States. While the estimate of the 
extent of these deposits cannot be definitely stated at the present time, owing to the 
fact that there has never been a geological survey made of the state, the estimate 
that there are no less than 1,000,000 acres of coal land in Washington is perhaps 
conservative. Coal is known to exist in 18 of the 34 counties of the state. Twenty 
coalmines are now being extensively worked in this field, and in addition consider- 
able prospecting for coal is constantly being done, and isolated mines are being 



Mining i n the Pacific Northwest. 



87 







worked in a small way. The 20 mines 
referred to above, yielded 482,000 tons of 
coal in 1892, and 
this output, al- 
though brought 
into direct com- 
petition with! 
English and Aus- 1 
tralian coals, 
brought to this 

coast principal 1 y A C0AL MlNE AND DUMP , NEAR TAC0MA 

as ballast in sail- 
ing vessels, found a ready sale in all parts of the coast. 

The coal of Washington ranges in character from lignite to anthracite. The 
most accessible veins are of the bituminous and lignite quality, and for this reason 
the large deposits of anthracite known to exist in the state have not yet been 
worked to any extent. The quality of the anthracite which has been uncovered so 
far in the state, however, is known to be good, and these deposits in time will prove 
no less valuable than those of Pennsylvania. Washington now supplies a large pro- 
portion of the coal burned on the coast. The Wellington coal of Vancouver Island, 
B. C, comes into direct competition with Washington coal in the San Francisco and 
other coast markets, but, as the Washington coal can be sold considerably below 
what the coal from the province can be landed this side of the border for, the 
foreign product is at a disadvantage in this field. The increased demand for coal 
on the coast is leading to the opening of more remote coal properties in the state, 
and it is only a question of a few years when all the valuable mines of coal in 
Washington will be worked. 

With the exception of the Roslyn mines, located in Kittitas county, on the line 
of the Northern Pacific, the present productive coal mines of Washington lie west 
of the Cascade Mountains. The known lignite measures of the state extend from the 
British boundary, on the north, to the Columbia, on the south, and from the shores 
of Puget Sound, on the east for an average distance inland of about 15 miles. The 
bituminous measures adjoin the lignite belt on the east and extend eastward to the 
base of the Cascade range, while the anthracite deposits occur in separated areas, 
principally in the vicinity of the Natchez, Cowlitz and Snoqualmie Passes, in the 
Cascade Mountains. The coal fields of Western Washington are properly divided 
into four districts. These are the districts of the Skagit- Whatcom, King county, 
Pierce county and Lewis County. 

The Skagit-Whatcom field is located in the northern part of the state and 
extends from the British boundary south to Bellingham Bay, and from this point 
south to the Skagit river. Its area is about 360 square miles. This field contains 
four workable veins of high grade bituminous coal, and three veins of lignite. The 
coal measures in this field are underlaid with clay schists and metamorphic slates, and, 
as these are an upheaval, the coal shows a very disturbed condition. The coal in 
these veins does not run regularly, but is "pockety," i. e., the veins irregularly 
pinch to almost nothing or thicken out to abnormal widths. The veins of coal near- 
est the schists are richest in carbon and lowest in moisture, the higher levels gradu- 
ally losing carbon as they recede from the schists, until, in a few instances, a fine 



88 The Oregoniari s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

grade of locomotive coal is found, while on the Skagit the coal yields a coke equal to 
any made from the best Pennsylvania coal. 

The dips of the veins in this district are very changeable, ranging from 30 degrees 
to vertical, and depend upon which slope of the great antichinal and synchinal folds 
the veins are exposed. Near Hamilton, on the Skagit, the coal found is very rich in 
carbon. At this place there are three or four distinct veins, dipping at an angle of 45 
degrees. In this same vicinity large veins of iron ore are exposed to view by the 
Skagit river having cut through these deposits. At Jennings, a short distance from 
Hamilton, are three coal veins which are being developed, and coke ovens have 
already been constructed at this point. This coal makes an excellent quality of coke 
and will be found very convenient for smelting purposes. Experts who have exam- 
ined the coal measures at Jennings, are strongly of the opinion that oil exists in the 
vicinity, and a test will soon be made to prove the correctness of this theory. 

To the northwest of Jennings is the coal mine at Blue Canyon, on the eastern 
shore of Lake Whatcom. This coal is decidedly "pockety " and varies in thickness 
from one foot to twenty feet. It is a high gradec-oal and especially adapted to gas- 
making purposes. About 135,000 tons have already been mined here, most of which 
wflisss*^ has been shipped to San Francisco from New What- 

fjpgp com. The latter city is located on Bellingham Bay 
spj near the point where the first coal was discovered in 
iff; -the state. This coal was mined nearly 40 years ago 
^— for the Hudson's Bay Company's steamers. Nearly 
jjgjTI,' ever}- gulch on either side of Lake Whatcom has its 
^JJOSiSJl- JHrijp coal prospect, while along the coast line of Chuckanut 
? ^^3l<i^il Will Ba - V tne coa * nieasures crop out for miles, showing 
^- ^V: ~^-7f*=fc^:~™^ an enormous thickness, but considerable develop- 
^"^^^^^-s^T ~ ; ~ :; -~r~ ment work has only proved their worthlessuess. The 
t 5Zg~-~ country north from Lake Whatcom is flat and conse- 
quently no exposures are seen, but the conclusion has 

COKE OVEN, NEAR TACOMA. , . , * . . . . , . _ r 

been reached that no coal exists 111 this fiat area, for 
the Canadian Pacific Railroad Company has bored to great depths across the line 
without finding any coal of value. The productive part of this field is nearly all on 
the eastern ridge, or nearest the mountains. The western portion is almost barren, 
with the exception of a few lignite veins found with a drill. During 1892 the yield 
from the coal field was as follows : Jennings, 4,740 tons; Blue Canyon, 25,675 tons ; 
making a total production of 30,415 tons for the year. 

The analysis of the coals found in this field show the following results : Jen- 
nings: Coal — fixed carbon, 60.95; volatile comp. , 2S.75; moisture [water], .35; ash, 
9.95; sulphur, .45; color of ash, whitish gray; coke, 70.90. The coal found in the 
Jennings mine shows the following analysis: Fixed carbon, 86.76; moisture [water], 
.44; ash, 11. 12; sulphur, .841. The Blue Canyon Coal — fixed carbon, 59.90; vola- 
tile comp. , 37.70; moisture (water), 1.30; ash, 2.10. The Hamilton coal — Sample 
No. 1 — fixed carbon, 77.41; volatile comp., 7.46; moisture (water), .25; ash, 14.88; 
sulphur, .22; evaporating down to one pound coal, 9.50. Sample No. 2 — fixed carbon, 
80.20; volatile comp., 8.44; moisture (water), .30; ash, 11.06; sulphur, .21; evaporat- 
ing down to one pound coal, 9.75. Sample No. 3 — fixed carbon, 81.37; volatile comp., 
11. 10; moisture (water), .42; ash, 7. 11; sulphur, .86; evaporating down to one pound 
coal, 10.00. Sample No. 4 — fixed carbon, 71.66; volatile comp., 18.80; moisture 




Mining in the Pacific Northwest. 89 

(water), 1.19; ash, 8.35. Hamilton Coke — Sample No. 1 — anhydrous coke, 92.30; 
ash, 16.20; specific gravity, 1.426. Sample No. 2 — anhydrous coke, 91.26; ash, 
12.12; specific gravity, 1.389. Sample No. 3 — anhydrous coke, 88.48; ash, 8.04; 
specific gravity, 1.346. 

The King county field is the largest and best developed coal field in Washing- 
ton. It is divided into two classes of coal, one a very high-grade of lignite, which is 
found in an area covering about 120 square miles. The other is a semi-bituminous 
coal found in an area covering about 300 square miles. This coal belongs to the 
cretaceous period. Nearly all of King county is covered with glacial drift carried 
down by glaciers from the Cascade Mountains during the glacial epoch of the 
quartenary period. In some instances the ground is covered by this drift to a depth 
of 300 feet. Thus, were it not for the river beds of ancient water-courses, bed- 
rock would seldom be exposed here. The lignite of this field possesses great heat- 
ing qualities, and is used for both domestic and steam purposes. This coal kindles 
easily and makes a hot fire, and is almost as clean to handle as wood. The general 
dip of the lignite veins seems to be to the north, while in the bituminous district 
there is no regularity whatever and, as the veins of the latter deposits approach the 
mountains, the strata become very distorted, but the coal becomes much richer. 

An interesting illustration of the peculiarities of 
contracted strata is found in the Green River 
canyon. At one point here the veinemeiges from 
the river, rises into the exposed side of the river 
bank, turns over and then disappears again under 
the river in an opposite direction, all in a distance 
of a little over 100 feet. The crushing the coal 
was subjected to here can be distinctly seen in 
the open fissures at the top of the vein and the 
squeezed, contracted conditions at the bottom. 
At Gilman there are four veins of coal, varying in thickness from four to nine 
feet, between walls dipping at an angle of 35 . This is the well-known prop- 
erty of the Seattle Coal & Iron Company, one of the largest mining corporations in 
Washington. The coal at Gilman is a very high-grade lignite, and is adapted to 
both domestic use and steam purposes. It is used by all the railroads entering 
Seattle, and has a large retail sale in all the cities of the Pacific coast. The output 
of this mine reached the large total of 103,000 tons in 1892, and the extensive devel- 
opment now being done here will increase the output during the current year 
to nearly 1,500 tons a day. The general offices of the company are located at Seat- 
tle. A wholesale yard and office are maintained in San Francisco, and a yard is also 
operated by the company at Guajamas, Mexico. The bunkers at Gilman have a 
capacity of 2,200 tons, and the retail bunkers at Seattle hold 1,000 tons. Coasting 
vessels are loaded with this coal at Smith's Cove, just above Seattle. The coal 
mined at Gilman is unexcelled for burning in locomotives. It burns freely, is com- 
paratively free from sulphur, does not injure the tubes of the boiler, and makes steam 
rapidly. Engines using this coal have never suffered from leak}' flues. 

The Newcastle mine is situated four miles west of Gilman. It has been worked 
for over 25 years past, and is today one of the greatest producing coal mines in the 
state. In the Newcastle are five distinct veins, three of which are workable. These 
veins vary in thickness from 5 to 20 feet. The floor and roof are of sandrock, and 




MTCHELL & SMITH, PUYALLU 



90 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

in places acres of coal have been mined without the use of supports of any kind. 
The slope, which is now down 2,000 feet, is the longest in Western Washington. 

The Cedar Mountain, another lignite mine, is eight miles southeast of Newcas- 
tle. This vein maintains an average width of about 12 feet. At Renton are four 

veins of coal varying in thickness from 3 to 15 
feet. A fair vein of lignite is also found at Black 
River Junction. The Black Diamond mine is 
situated southeast of Cedar Mountain. This prop- 
|Wj^miarffO% erty contains five veins of semi-bituminous coal, 
llSSFj^KOSiJi^ three of which can be worked. These vary in 
$5!?i.fji'*. -.~viN~: thickness from three to eight feet, and furnish an 
excellent steam coal, which is in great demand 
in San Francisco. The Franklin mines are 
three miles further east, and really belong to 
coal mining, oilman, wash the same field as the Black Diamond. They con- 

tain four veins, with a dip varying from 17 to 55 
degrees. Beyond the Franklin, and further to the east, are the coal mines of Coke- 
dale, Kaugley, Alta and Durham. In the vicinity of the last named mines a num- 
ber of veins have been discovered, and some of these veins will doubtless prove pay- 
ing properties. At the present time, however, it is impossible to form any reliable 
estimate of their producing qualities. 

Scattered all over the field, from Palmer to Grand Ridge, are dozens of holes and 
tunnels, on some of which considerable work has already been done. The prop- 
erties at Sherwood's, Raging creek and Niblock's are especially developed. At 
the latter place there are some seven er eight veins of coal which make an excel- 
lent coke. 

The output of the King county coal mines, during 1892, was as follows : Gilman, 
103,000 tons ; Newcastle, 160,000 tons ; Cedar Mountain, 13,000 tons ; Black Diamond, 
90,000 tons ; Franklin, 75,000 tons ; Alta, 14,000 tons ; Kangley, 25,000 tons ; Denny, 
4,000 tons, making a total of 484,000 tons for the year. 

The following is the analysis of coals found in King county : Gilman, fixed car- 
bon, 53.49; volatile comp., 32.64; moisture, 2.05 ; ash, it. 40: sulphur, .42. Newcas- 
tle, fixed caibon, 43.90; volatile, 46.57; moisture, 2.12; ash, 7.28; sulphur, .13. 
Franklin, fixed carbon, 50.78 ; volatile, 34.63 ; moisture, 3.66 ; ash, 10.93 ; coke, 61.71. 
Black Diamond, fixed carbon, 45.11 ; volatile, 47.19; moisture, 3. 1 1 ; ash, 4.56; sul- 
phur, .01. Cedar Mountain, fixed carbon, 37.20; volatile, 41.40; moisture, 13.00; 
ash, 8.40. Kangley, fixed carbon, 52.00; volatile, 45.50; moisture, 1.00; ash, 1.50. 
Niblock (washed), fixed carbon, 79.66; volatile, 14.99; moisture, 3.92; ash, 1.10; 
sulphur, .33. 

The Pierce county field is small in area, but rich in the number and thickness of 
its veins of coal. The coal found in this field is all of an excellent quality, and is in 
great demand in San Fancisco and the cities of Puget Sound. A large quantity of 
this coal is also made into coke. At Wilkeson there are 50 coke ovens in full blast, 
and this coke is shipped from this point in large quantities. The Pierce count}- coal 
field commences at South Prairie and extends in a line due south to the Nisqually 
river, a distance of 26 miles. The measures are of great width, being from 20,000 to 
25,000 feet thick, and standing, usually, from 70 degrees to perpendicular. The area 
of this field is about 100 square miles. It is very difficult of access, and this is a 



Mining- in the Pacific Northwest. 91 

serious drawback to operating the mines found here. The rugged canyons of the 
Mashel, Puyallup and Carbon rivers, with their deep, turbulent waters, present obsta- 
cles to successful working of many of these mines that will require the highest skill 
and ingenuity to overcome. 

Commencing at the southern end of the county, the coal is exposed at a point 
overlooking the valley of the Nisqually river. At this phice is a favorable location 
for a coal mine, but from this point north to Wilkeson the country is yet an unbro- 
ken wilderness. The coal veins crop out from the flanks of the steep mountain 
side dipping, usually, to the east at heavy angles. At other times they can be traced 
up the beds of the mountain streams, cropping out, one after another, in bewildering 
numbers. In places where igneous masses of rock are adjacent, the coal approaches 
an anthracite in appearance and quality, and is always a first class bituminous coal, 
which makes excellent coke. This vast deposit of coal will, in time, be of great 
commercial value to the Pacific coast, especially when the manufacture of pig-iron 
and the smelting of silver shall have attained the importance here which these indus- 
tries promise to assume. 

At the northern end of this field several branches of the Northern Pacific rail- 
road have been built to the mines of Carbonado, Wilkeson, South Prairie, Pittsburg 
and Acme. Carbonado mine is opened in the canyon of the Carbon river, a swift 
mountain torrent, which furnishes sufficient power to operate all the machinery of 
the mine. This is the largest producing mine in the county, and its entire output is 
used by the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. 

At Wilkeson there are two mines opened on the opposite side of the antichinal 
fold. In driving the gangway of one of these mines the bed of an ancient glacier 
was passed through. This was 700 feet in width and showed a depth of over 300 feet 
of glacial drift. The banks of the glacial stream can be traced to the surface. The 
Wilkeson coal is used as a standard by the United States government in making 
comparisons of the qualities of different coal on the coast. South Prairie, four miles 
beyond Wilkeson, contains but one vein of coal that can be worked. This vein is 
not over three feet in thickness, but the coal taken from it is of great value for its 
gas-making properties, it yielding five cubic feet of gas to the pound. At Pittsburg, 
east of South Prairie, and on the same creek, the veins are very dirty and, from 
present appearances, of little commercial value. Still further up the creek is Acme, 
where the veins are similar to those at Pittsburg. 
From the latter point north no croppings are ex- 
posed until the measures reappear at Franklin, 
in King county. The output of the Pierce county 
coal mines in 1892 was as follows: 

Carbonado, 132,000 tons; Wilkeson, 91,000 
tons; South Prairie, 40,000 tons; Acme, 3,000 tons, 
making a total product of the year of 316,000 tons. 

Recent analysis of the coals of this county 
show the following results: 80 ° FEET "^"-ground, g.lman m,ne,wash. 

Carbonado — fixed carbon, 5S.30; volatile, 30.70; moisture, 1.74; ash, 9.26. 
Wilkeson — fixed carbon, 62.87; volatile, 25.56; moisture, 1.87; ash, 9.70. South 
Prairie — fixed carbon, 59.89; volatile, 34.49; moisture, 2.59; ash, 3.03. Nisqually — 
(anthracite) fixed carbon, 71.25; volatile, 1S.55; moisture, 1.72; ash, 8.48; sulphur, 



1ITCHELL A SMI" 




3P &^*StzJ£Z * 



92 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

.71. Nisqually — (bituminous, unwashed) fixed carbon, 59.52; volatile, 26.41, mois- 
ture, 1.35; ash, 18.72; sulphur, .61. 

The Lewis count}- field contains three grades of coal. The area of the respective 
fields of these different grades of coal are as follows: Anthracite, 72 square miles; 
bituminous, 216 square miles; lignite, 180 square miles. In the western part of the 
county the lignite veins appear, dipping at various angles, and are of various thick- 
nesses. Although this is considered the lowest grade of lignite in the state, yet it 
makes a good fire and burns freely. The rich bituminous field of this county is as 
yet undeveloped, owing to the lack of transportation. Experts are of the opinion, 
however, that this is a continuation of the Wilkeson and Carbonado fields and the 
coal of the two fields is believed to be equal in quality. The veins in the bituminous 
field vary in thickness from 3 to 15 feet between walls, and are more or less mixed 
with foreign matter. This part of the state will undoubtedly become a great coal 
center as soon as the product of the mines here can be economically hauled to 
market. 

The anthracite field is located in the eastern part of the county, but it has not 
been opened up to the present time for the same causes which have prevented 
development work in the bituminous field. The anthracite veins are very much 

mixed and, at this time, it is extremely diffi- 
cult to form a satisfactory estimate of their 
utility. Every indication, however, is en- 
couraging, and the anthracite field will 
doubtless in time prove very valuable. 

In Cowlitz county, south of Lewis 
county, two mines are now being worked. 
One of these is at Kelso and the other at 
Castle Rock. Both of these coal properties 
are yielding a good quality of lignite. 

MANUFACTURING DISTRICT, SPOKANE J ° ~ \ 1 t. J J 

Mines are also being worked at Bucoda and 
Centralia, on the line of the Northern Pacific, where a good quality of lignite is 
being mined. 

The following is the output of this field for 1892: 

Bucoda, Lewis county, 10,000 tons; Centralia, 7,800 tons; Castle Rock, Cowlitz 
county, 75ptons; Kelso, Cowlitz county, 2,000 tons, making a total of 20,300 tons for 
the year. 

The only available analysis of coal in this field is as follows: Bucoda— (lignite) 
fixed carbon, 49.75; volatile, 35.40; moisture, 2.55; ash, 12.30. Centralia— (lignite) 
fixed carbon, 43.40; volatile, 39.50; moisture, 4.50; ash, 12.60. Bituminous field — 
fixed carbon, 60.30; volatile, 33.30; moisture, 1.70; ash, 4.70. 

The mines of Roslyn, on the east side of the Cascade range of mountains, will 
receive suitable mention in another article. 

Lime Industry of Washington.— An industry of great magnitude in Wash- 
ington today, and one on which the public has but little accurate information, 
is the manufacture of lime. The production in this state of this most essential of 
building materials, on a large scale, is an important factor in the question of economy 
and facility with which the cities and towns of the Pacific Northwest are being 
improved. 





Mining in the Pacific Northwest. 93 

The only extensive ledges of limestone known to exist in the Pacific Northwest, 
and by far the most valuable on the Pacific coast, are located on the San Juan Islands, 
lying between the Straits of Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, off the northwest coast 
of Washington. Deposits of lime rock are found in Southern Oregon and in a few 
other parts of the latter state, but these deposits have never been heavily worked and 
their extent and importance have not been proved of sufficient value to allow them 
to compete with the vast deposits on San Juan Islands. The lime rock found on this 
group of islands is the best in the United States. It contains 50 per cent, of lime, or 
9SJ-2 per cent, of limestone. The largest and purest of these ledges is the one at 
Roche Harbor, on the extreme northwestern portion of San Juan Island. This ledge 
is a solid mass of marble, extending across the neck of a peninsula formed by Roche 
Harbor and Westcott Bay, a distance of half a mile. This ledge has an average 
width of S50 feet, and reaches to a height above the water of 350 feet, the average 
elevation of the ledge being fully 250 feet. How far it extends under the water is 
not known. 

There is sufficient limestone above the water here to make a monumental shaft 
for every man, woman and child in the United States. Here is a deposit of half a 
billion cubic feet of the purest gray marble 
[70,000,000,000 pounds], an amount sufficient to 
make 350,000,000 barrels of lime. At the rate of 
consumption of a thousand barrels a day this is 
enough to last for 1,000 years. 

About 30 years ago the United States govern- 
ment inquired into the resources of San Juan 
Islands. They found here extensive ledges of lime- 
stone. Soon after the settlement of the international 
boundary dispute, which ended with the United 

States gaining possession of the islands, a man WATER power, spokane. 

named Ruff homesteaded the ledge of limestone 

at Roche Harbor, but no work was done in the development of this ledge until 
18S2, when the manufacture of lime from this rock was commenced in a stone draw 
kiln by parties operating under the name of the Roche Harbor Lime Company. 
About the same time other parties began to manufacture lime on a small scale on the 
island, and San Juan lime soon acquired a great reputation in the markets of the 
Northwest. In quality the stone found on these islands is superior to any other 
limestone yet found in the United States. Numerous assays of it have been made by 
various persons and for different purposes, the samples having been taken from many 
different portions of the ledge. The results of these tests have all shown as high as 
98 per cent, limestone, and most of the tests even more than this. When it 
is stated that the rock from which the famous " Marble Head " lime, of Ohio, is made 
contains only 82 per cent, of carbonate of lime, the value of the great lime deposits 
of San Juan Islands is at once apparent. The tests of the lime rock found here give 
the following analysis : silica, .44; iron and alumina, 1.13 ; phosphorus, .11 ; car- 
bonate of lime, 98.21. 

This stone contains no sulphur, and for flux is unsurpassed, as it acts as a pure 
limestone and requires the addition of nothing to counteract deleterious ingredients , 
as is often the case in fluxes used in smelting. The Roche Harbor ledge is very 
important to the smelting interests of the Pacific Northwest, and these ledges will no 




PHOTO BY BAILEY 




94 , The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

doubt supply the greater portion of stone used in the future great smelters of iron, 

gold, silver and copper ore which will be located here in the near future. This stone 

for fluxing purposes, is now being shipped from the San Juan 

Islands to the smelters at Irondale, Washington, Oswego, Oregon, 

and to other parts of the Northwest. 

In addition to the great works on the San Juan Islands, lime is 

also manufactured to a small extent in the Big Bend, Palouse and 

Colville sections of Eastern Washington. The output of the kilns 

in these latter localities, however, is used almost wholly to supply 

the local demand, and it is not a staple article of export as is 

the product of the Roche Harbor kilns. In this connection a 

brief description of what lime is and how it is made at the great 

kilns at Roche Harbor will prove interesting reading. 

s&z^ 2. •■■ . •-; .* Lime is the oxide of calcium, which, in combination with 

carbonic acid, forms carbonate of lime, the chief constituent of 

spokane river canyon, limestone, as it is seen in nature in the form of rock, marble 

and shells of marine animals. Lime is made by freeing the 

stone from its carbonic acid. This is accomplished by means of heat, by which 

process the acid is volatilized, leaving behind the white, brittle and flaky substance 

known to commerce as lime. Lime is calcined in a kiln so constructed that heat 

enters near the bottom and passes upwards through the stone, which has previously 

been broken into small pieces. The top of the kiln is left open for the free escape of 

the smoke, gasses of combustion, and for the purpose of forming a strong draft. 

The degree of heat required to properly calcine the rock is not specific, but the 

greater the heat used the quicker the process of driving out the acid from the rock 

is accomplished. 

The primitive form of kiln in use, the one adopted generally by lime manu- 
facturers operating on a small scale, is known as the pot kiln. The stone kiln is 
a decided improvement on this old form, however. In the stone kiln there is a radi- 
cal change of principle from the primitive affair, as it is so constructed that the fire 
is never drawn, except to make necessary repairs. The lime is drawn off from the 
bottom as fast as it is calcined, an equal quantity of rock being fed into it from the 
top at the same time. In these improved kilns are usually four furnaces, two on the 
sides of the kiln opposite to each other and entering it about four feet from the 
bottom. In drawing the lime, all of that material occupying the space between the 
fire and the bottom is taken out through an opening in the bottom of the kiln. The 
kiln itself consists of a wall of masonry about 20 feet high and 18 feet square, sup- 
ported outside by heavy cross timbers and having a cylindrical space of a diameter 
of five feet in the center. Above this is a wooden crib, the full size of the kiln, in 
which the stone is dumped, making the kiln itself self-feeding as the lime below is 
drawn out. 

The Monitor kiln now in use at Roche Harbor differs essentially from the stone 
kiln. It consists of two thicknesses of fire-brick and one of red brick, all inclosed in 
a jacket of boiler iron, a space of two inches between the brick wall and jacket being 
filled with bleached ashes or gravel. This filling serves as a non-conductor of heat 
and it also relieves the kiln from the effects of the great expansion while burning. 
One of these kilns holds about 30 tons of rock. It has two furnaces, one on each side. 
A boiler smokestack projects above the kiln, thus creating a better draft than is 



Fishing Industries of the Pacific Northwest. 95 

afforded by the above kiln and insuring more perfect combustion. In the Monitor 
kilns a system of drafts has been adjusted to the cooler so that a current of fresh air 
is constantly passing around the lime, thus cooling it more rapidly than was formerly 
done in the old kilns, and facilitating the operation of barreling. 

A barrel of lime weighs 200 pounds, and is filled and weighed directly under a 
chute running from the cooler in the kiln. The process of causing the lime to settle 
down after the kilns are drawn is one of the most interesting sights connected with 
lime making. This is seen to the best advantage after nightfall, when the outer 
darkness contrasts vividly with the brilliancy of the interior of the kiln when the 
furnace door is opened. When a drawing is made, and the heavy iron doors of the 
furnace are opened, one can look into the heart of the kiln, which is glowing with 
an intense white heat, and see the void left at the bottom by the lime being drawn 
off, and the superheated rock above, held suspended in its place by the expansion of 
the great bulk caused by the intense heat to which it is subjected. After allowing 
the lime to fall the fireman fills up the vacancy caused by working at the mass above 
with a long iron poker. The intense white of the glowing mass turns gradually to 
the palest green as it comes in contact with the air drawn in through the furnace 
opening. One of these new kilns will burn one and one-half cords of wood a day in 
its two furnaces, and it will produce 30 per cent more lime a day than will one of the 
old stone kilns burning the same amount of fuel, which in turn produced over 60 
per cent more lime than the primitive pot kiln. 

There is today over $1,000,000 invested in the limeworks at Roche Harbor, and 
one company at Tacoma and the Roche Harbor company each has a record of over 
1,500 barrels of lime per day. This is the most extensive enterprise of the kind in 
the West. As there is no other great and available source of supply for lime, San 
Juan lime will always remain one of the great staple articles of trade on the coast. 

The Fishing Industry of the Northwest. — The waters of the Pacific 
Northwest teem with countless varieties of food fishes. In the mountains of this 
part of the West are hundreds of sparkling brooks literally alive with the most 
beautiful of gamy fish, the different varieties of the speckled trout. Through the 
valleys flow great rivers. Each season millions of salmon ascend these rivers to the 
spawning grounds at the headwaters. The 
canning and salting of salmon is, today, one of 
the great industries of the West. In addition 
to salmon, the principal rivers of Oregon and 
Washington contain large numbers of sturgeon, 
shad and other varieties of food fishes, and the 
salt waters of the ocean along the coast are 
alive with halibut, cod, mackerel and the bet- 
ter varieties of salt water fish found along the 
Atlantic coast. In the numerous bays and in- " ,di4nSP " r,ngSalmon 

J Headwaters Columbia 

lets of the Pacific coast are found great beds of river, b. c. 
oysters and clams, and all varieties of shell- 
fish found on the Atlantic coast with the possible exception of the lobster, are found 
in equal numbers along the shores of Oregon and Washington. 

The Columbia river, one of the great streams of the continent, from its head 
waters in the Rockv Mountains to its mouth, contains more varieties of food fishes 




96 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



than does any other stream in the United States. Along the shores of the Pacific 
ocean, clear up to the glacier-lined and ice-covered bays of Behring sea, is the best 
of deep-water fishing. In Puget Sound are inexhaustible quantities of salt water 
fish. At the extreme inland end of this great body of water, almost entirely sur- 
rounded by land, are extensive beds of oysters. Other oyster beds are found on 
Shoalwater Bay ( Willapa Harbor), on the Washington coast, and at Yaquina Bay, in 
Oregon. Lying in the heart of the great mountain ranges, in the midst of romantic 
scenery, are four large lakes, the waters of which abound in gamy fish. These lakes 
are easily accessible from the lines of railroad. The names of these lakes are 
Chelan, Kootenay, Pend d'Oreille and Cceur d'Alene. In the valleys of the interior 
are noted angling resorts. The largest of these resorts is the Flathead Lake, in 
Montana. In Southern Oregon, lying in the shadow of mighty mountains, and sur- 
rounded by deposits of what was possibly the greatest volcanic upheaval the world 
has ever witnessed, are numerous large lakes. The casting of a fly into, the waters 
of any of these numerous lakes will immediately bring to the surface myriads of fish 
eager for the bait which is seldom offered them. Within walking distance of any 

railway station in this entire region are unex- 
celled fishing grounds. The country anglers' 
paradise is the region of the Northwest. If 
the gentle sportsman and philosopher who 
many years ago wrote a book on angling, which 
subsequently became a classic, had visited this 
region, his literary work would doubtless have 
been the writing of marvelous fish stories. The 
enthusiastic disciple of Izaak Walton after fish- 
ing for the first time in the waters of the 
Northwest becomes dangerously enthusiastic 
over the sport of Northwestern fishing. As an 
instance of the marvelous stories told of fishing 
in the West the following will be found worthy 
of relating: 

In West Kootenay, British Columbia, just 
north of the boundary line of Washington, the 
Kootenay river leaves the lake of the same name 
and cuts its way for 28 miles through the Selkirk 
Mountains to the Columbia river. At one point 
in its course the river, surging over a huge mass of rock, 30 feet high, forms St. Agnes 
falls. Immediately below the foam at the foot of the falls is a deep pool in which 
can be seen endless numbers of trout which would weigh all the way from three 
pounds to seven pounds each. A catch hereof 100 pounds of fish in a day is not 
uncommon. The close proximity of snow- fed and crystal mountain streams to the 
centers of population of this section brings the exhilarating pastime of angling within 
reach of the most humble resident of the West. Fishing here is an inexpensive enjoy- 
ment, and the assurance is always given the angler before he casts a fly that he will 
come back loaded with fish. The game fish found in the lakes, rivers and seas of 
this region are the mountain trout, lake trout, salmon trout, perch, pike, grayling, 
rock cod and salmon. 

The salmon found in the waters of the Northwest is divided into several varieties. 
One of these is known as the silverside. This fish weighs from 6 to 45 pounds each. 




A Famous Trout Stre 



Fishing Industry of the Pacific Northwest. 



97 




It is very gamy, and is caught on Puget Sound and tributary streams in October, with 
trolling lines. Unlike the salmon of the Atlantic coast and England, this fish in the 
Northwestern waters will not rise to a fly. Including 
the several species of trout so abundant in every 
stream here, there are no less than 16 different varie- 
ties of salmonidie found in the waters of Oregon and 
Washington. 

To the thoughtful economist the fish of com- 
merce are of far more importance than are those 
sought for by the angler. The fishing interests of 
the Northwest are now of great magnitude. It is 
estimated that the total value of the fishing industry, 
consisting of vessels, apparatus and buildings, in the 
Northwest, is not less than 13,500,000. There are UPPER cascades. 

about 13,000 men employed in catching the fish here 

and in preparing them for market. The aggregate value of the fish output of the 
Northwest now approximates $8,000,000 annually. 

The salmon is the most important fish of commerce caught in Northwestern 
waters. The rivers, ba}'s and sounds of this region contain millions of the many 
varieties of salmon. Immense numbers of these fish are taken in the Columbia river, 
in Puget Sound, in the Fraser river, British Columbia, and in the streams of Alaska, 
as well as from the numerous small rivers along the coast. Before the advent of the 
white man the Indians of the Northwest subsisted largely on salmon, both in its fresh 
state and dried for winter's use. The proverbial laziness of the "siwash," as the 
Indian is called, and his abhorrence for anything that resembles work, prevented him 
from hunting over the great mountain regions of the interior, and fishing was to 
him an exceedingly congenial method of procuring food. After 1829 over i,oco 
trappers and voyageurs of the Hudson's Bay Company roamed through the North- 
west. Until the invasion of the later American settlers in this region, salmon formed 
the principal food of the Hudson's Bay Company's men. 

In 1865 experiments demonstrated that salmon 

canned and hermetically sealed retained its flavor, 

and could be thus kept in a perfect state for years. 

Soon afterwards canneries began to multiply along the 

banks of the Columbia river for preserving this fish. 

It was not long before canned salmon became a staple 

article of commerce in the United States and Europe. 

The Columbia river salmon industry increased from 

4,000 cases in 1866, to the enormous pack of 629,000 cases in 1883. 

From the latter year until the present time the pack has gradually 

fallen off. This decrease has been caused by the reckless use of 

traps, and other fish-destroying appliances, which have prevented 

the fish from reaching their spawning grounds at the head of the 

numerous streams. The only way to keep up the supply is by 

artificial propogation. To this end a hatchery was established 

some years ago on the Clackamas river, near Portland. Those 

who have studied carefully into the subject believe that at least four additional 

hatcheries ought to be established on the tributaries of the Columbia river. The 




Indian fishing for 
Columbia Riv 



m 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



turning out of 75,000,000 fry (young salmon) annually, it is said by experts, 
would insure a maximum pack by the Columbia river canneries of 500,000 cases a 
year. The percentage of young salmon that hatch out from eggs in a natural state 
is but 2 per cent, while under artificial propogatiou 95 per cent of the eggs are 
hatched. 

The salmon of the Northwest is encorrhycus, and is not the salmo of Eastern 
waters. In all there are about 30 species or varieties of fish in the Columbia river 
that go by the name of salmon. Many of these, however, are sea trout. The prin- 
cipal species of salmon are known commercially as the chinook (the royal fish of the 
Columbia) the steelhead, the silverside and the blueback. The chinook is superior 
to all other varieties of salmon caught in the world. It weighs from 1 to 89 pounds, 
its average weight being from 20 to 30 pounds. The flesh of this fish is a rich red 
in color, the fat is equally distributed throughout the fish, and the oil is retained in 
the flesh after either cooking or canning. It has a delicious flavor. No resident of 
the Northwest who is fully acquainted with the merit of the chinook ever eats an- 
other variety of salmon. The chinook commences running in April. The steelhead 
enters fresh water in October, and it is distinguished from the chinook by its slender 
body, pale flesh and tapering tail. For immediate use it is regarded but little inferior 
to the chinook. When cooked, however, the natural oil of the fish separates from 

the flesh, thus giving it an un- 
appetizing appearance when 
canned. Next in size to the 
steelhead is the silverside. Its 
average weight is about 11 
pounds. It is a fall fish and 
does not differ materially in 
appearance from the steelhead, 
except in the bright part of its 
royal chinook salmon, Columbia river. body, from which it has derived 

its name. The blueback is a 
spring fish, much smaller than the other varieties of salmon. Its average weight is 
from three to seven pounds. There are other names given the salmon caught in the 
Northwest, but the varieties that are taken in large numbers here property belong 
to the commercial classifications named above. 

The salmon enters fresh water only when fully grown and for the purpose of 
spawning. The young salmon descend the streams to the ocean in the spring freshets, 
and in about four years they reach their maturity. The fish then return to the river 
in which they were spawned, and in their turn deposit their eggs here. This wonderful 
instinct, that enables a fish to return to the waters of its birth after an absence of from 
three to six years, is the most remarkable of the many peculiar habits of the salmon. 
This fish eats nothing in fresh water. Thus it is useless to attempt to catch it with 
bait in any of the rivers here. The concensus of opinion is that few if any of the 
full-grown salmon that enter the rivers ever return to the ocean. This is borne out 
by the fact that they are never caught heading down stream. The salmon ascend the 
Columbia river for a distance of over 1,000 miles, to the headwaters of this stream in 
the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. Here they are found cut and bruised, with 
broken fins and tails, the marks of their many desperate struggles with the rapids and 
currents of the stream below. The salmon that escape the nets of the fisherman, it 




Fishing Industry of the Pacific Northwest. 



99 




is believed, die soon after depositing their eggs. If they do not die, they must return 
to the ocean, for otherwise they would literally choke the headwaters of the streams 
they frequent, and would thus attract attention. They probably 
die where they spawn and are eaten by birds and beasts of prey 
or by numerous voracious varieties of small fish which 
are found in shallow waters. 

Oregon ships 1,500,000 pounds of fresh salmon, and 
Washington 500,000 pounds to points as far east as Bos- 
ton. About one-half the canned salmon from the North- 
west is carried in vessels to England and Europe, and the 
remainder finds its way into every hamlet and city of the 
Union. Astoria, Oregon, situated near the mouth of the 
Columbia river, is the greatest salmon-canning center 

Fish Wheel and Trap for Salmon, • t u_ „,„_ii « j • , f ., - , . , , 

Columbia river. ln the world. A description of the fishing methods 111 

vogue here will answer as an illustration of the hand- 
ling of this industry on other parts of the coast. 

In the season of 1S93 about 2,178 men were directly engaged in the catching and 
canning of salmon at Astoria. Of these, 175 men worked on fish traps, 1,300 men 
fished with gill nets, and the balance were employed in the canneries preparing the 
fish for market. Six hundred and fifty boats left this port every day during the fish- 
ing season. Each boat carried a gill net and necessary gear. The average earnings 
of the boats were about $523 each for the season. The seven canneries at Astoria 
have an aggregate running capacity of 300,000 cases for the season, and the total 
wages paid by these canneries to the fishermen and help was $926,500 in 1S93. The 
canneries here annually use $165,000 worth of tin. During the past season the Col- 
umbia river pack amounted to 424,000 cases, of which 260,000 cases were put up at 
Astoria. In connection with some of the leading canning centers, which are fully 
described in "The Handbook," will be found extended mention of the numerous details 
connected with the canning of salmon for market. Canneries are now scattered 
all along the coast from Yaquiua Bay, on the south, to Alaska, on the north. Large 
canneries are established at Alsea, below Yaquina, Nestucca, Tillamook, Puget 
photo, by a. gylfe. Sound, Fraser river, and all along the Alaska 

coast. These numerous canneries handle mil- 
lions of fish annually, and their product forms 
one of the staples of Northwestern commerce. 

The salmon pack of the Pacific Northwest, 
for the season of 1893, was about 1,721,660 
cases. This pack was valued at $7,513,507. The 
fall pack, included in the above total, was 
198,660 cases, valued at $743,975. The Alaska 
pack, for the year, was 610,000 cases, valued at 
$2,460,332, and the British Columbia pack was 
548,000 cases, valued at $2,411,200. Of the 
pack of British Columbia, 460,000 cases were 
packed on the Fraser river, and 88,000 cases 
on the Nass and Neuse rivers. The Wash- 
ington pack, outside of that of the Columbia river, was valued at $456,500. This 
pack was made up as follows : Geo. T. Myers' cannery, Seattle, 3^,000 cases ; Fraser 




r-if 



THE WlLLAPA, SOUTH BEND 



100 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Salmon Fishing, 



river, Blaine, 57,000 cases ; Aberdeen, 35,000 cases ; making a total of 122,000 cases. 
The Columbia river spring pack was 365,000 cases, valued at $1,898,000. The fall 
pack was 30,000 cases, valued at $112,500. The Oregon coast 
oto. by heins. pack was 46,660 cases, valued at $174,975. This salmon was 

canned at the following places : Nehalem and Tillamook, 
15,000 cases ; Coquille river, 5,000 cases; Umpqua river, 5,000 
cases ; Siuslaw river, 10,000 cases ; Coos Bay, 3,500 cases ; 
Rogue river, 3,160 cases ; and Alsea, 5,000 cases. 

Second in importance only to the canning of 
salmon on the Columbia river, is the catching and 
curing of sturgeon. Of all valuable varieties of 
food fish the sturgeon is the most repulsive looking. 
It has a long hog-like snout, small glassy eyes, an 
ugly protruding mouth, bony sides and a sharp fin 
extending down the whole length of its back. The 
Columbia river sturgeon is a trausmonatauus or 
white sturgeon, and it is the largest of the sturgeon 
family. It is one of the oldest of the primitive 
varieties of the fish family now in existence. The average weight of the sturgeon 
dressed, caught in the Columbia river, is 125 pounds, and its maximum weight is 
1,000 pounds. One of these fish was caught near the mouth of the Columbia river, 
last October, that weighed 755 pounds. The head alone of the monster fish scaled 
151 pounds. Like the salmon, the sturgeon is a salt water fish. It spawns in all the 
rivers entering Puget Sound, and in those entering the ocean to the south. It has no 
gamy qualities and is hauled up from the bottom of the river like a log. In the 
early part of the season sturgeon are caught in the gill nets along the Columbia 
river. After the gill net season is over the method of catching these fish is a peculiar 
one. Doubtless, sturgeon is the only fish caught with a hook and line without the 
use of bait. They are caught by lowering a line with a number of big hooks fastened 
to it to the bottom of the river by means of sinkers. The big, clumsy sturgeon, 
swimming sluggishly along the bottom of the stream, in search of food, suddenly 
feels one of the sharp barbed hooks fastening itself in his scaly side. In threshing 
about to clear itself the fish gets afoul of more hooks and is thus securely fastened. 

The sturgeon, as an article of commerce, has 
attained a position of great importance in the 
Northwest. Its flesh is wholesome and palat- 
able, and from its roe is made that epicurean 
relish called caviar. Nearly every part of this 
fish is utilized ; the bladder is manufactured 
into isinglass, the spinal cord is removed and 
dried and it is one of the many queer articles of 
food highly prized by the Chinese. When boiled, 
it forms a sort of gelatinous substance which 
the Celestial eats with great relish. Large 
quantities of prepared sturgeon spinal cord are 
shipped to China from the Columbia river an- 
nually. On the Columbia river there are 200 boats and 400 men engaged in the 
sturgeon-fishing industry. 







mette Valley 



Fishing Industry of the Pacific Northwest. 



101 



The manner of preparing the sturgeon for market is as peculiar as is the method 
adopted for catching the fish. The useless parts of the body of the sturgeon are first 
removed and it is then cut into sections or strips about 24 inches long. These strips 
are then placed in galvanized iron pans which hold about 60 pounds each. The pans 
are placed in a freezing mixture of packed ice and salt and allowed to remain until 
their contents are frozen solid. The fish thus frozen is wrapped in paper and packed 
in cases, and thus shipped to Chicago and New York. On reaching its destination it 
is thawed out, for it remains frozen all the way across the continent, it is dipped in 
lime and smoked. When ready for market in its smoked state it retails at from 18 to 
20 cents a pound, and it is really a highly palatable 
article of food. Much of this smoked sturgeon doubt- 
less reaches the markets of the Northwest as "prime 
smoked halibut," and its rich flavor has perhaps been 
extolled for years among the knowing ones of the 
Northwest who prided themselves on their thorough 
knowledge of the merits of the great fiat fish. Stur- 
geon, which for many years was the "Royal" fish 
of England, is entitled, however, to tickle the palates 
of the residents of the Northwest as " smoked halibut," 
and the deception, which applies to name only, need 
not be questioned when the merit of the article itself 
is not impaired in the least. Four firms are now 
engaged in the business of freezing and shipping stur- 
geon caught in the Columbia river. In 1893 these 
firms shipped 2,oSi tons of sturgeon, 714 kegs of 
caviar, averaging 135 pounds each. This caviar is 
principally shipped to Hamburg, Germany, where it 
finds a ready sale. 

Off Cape Flattery and extending north along the shore of British Columbia to 
Alaska, are fishing banks where immense quantities of halibut and black cod are 
caught. The banks off the cape are about 15 miles in length and they are at an aver- 
age depth of from 35 to 75 fathoms below the surface. These are the fishing banks 
resorted to by the deep-water fishermen of Puget Sound and Portland. Halibut are 
abundant on the banks from March until late in the summer. The grounds here 
then become infested with dog fish and sharks which run off the edible varieties of 
fish. The halibut varies in weight from 5 to 250 pounds. Large quantities of this fish 
are annually caught by the Macah Indians, with whom it is a staple winter food. 

The black cod is the most delicate and exquisitely flavored of all the fish of the 
North Pacific waters. It is taken in deep water, at from 30 to 300 fathoms depth. 
The cod caught off Cape Flatter}' weigh from 10 to 24 pounds each, although instances 
are not infrequent where this fish has been caught weighing as high as 50 pounds, 
and of over four feet in length. Of the other varieties of food fish caught on these 
banks, the buffalo cod is the largest. Its flesh is white and well flavored, and when 
fresh, it is an excellent table fish. It averages from 10 to 25 pounds in weight. The 
rock cod is a smaller fish than the black cod. It is found in great abundance at the 
mouth of the Columbia river and in the waters of Puget sound. A dozen fishing 
schooners are engaged at the banks near Cape Flattery. These boats carry their 
catch to Seattle and Tacoma, where it is shipped by rail south and to Eastern points. 




Trout Stream near Tacoma. 




102 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

There are 28 varieties of the rock fish family found in Pacific Coast waters. 
These range from e the S. rubra to the S. niger, commonly called bass. All of the 
family are excellent food fish and they find a ready market. The principal varieties 

of the smaller food fishes caught in these 
waters are the herring, smelt, sardine and 
eulachan. The latter, from its excess of oil, 
5- " is also known as the candle fish. This 

fish, in its dried state, will burn as clearly 
as a candle. It is taken by the natives in 
large quantities at Nass river, British Colum- 
-"■ • bia. From the fish the Indians extract 
an oil which resembles soft lard. It is used 

Catching Csabs, Low Tide, Tacoma. i.i i* i e _r j t *i i 

by them as an article of food. In the early 
spring immense numbers of herring are found in Puget Sound and in the bays 
along the coas*;. This fish is equal in quality to the herring of the Atlantic. Estab- 
lishments for the curing of herring are located on San Juan Islands and at other 
points on the Sound. 

The Pacific Coast sardine resembles in taste, quality and appearance the sardine 
of the Mediterranean. This is not the same fish as is canned on the Atlantic coast, 
and sold as sardines throughout the country. This small fish swarms at the entrance 
of the rivers and bays along the coast and it affords a splendid opening today for the 
establishment of a sardine cannery somewhere in the Northwest. Monster whales 
are frequently seen off Cape Flattery and the Oregon coast. The species which fre- 
quents these waters is known as the California Gray. Oil fish, dog fish and ground 
fish also abound, and, like the whale, are valuable chiefly for their oil. About 
$200,000 worth of this oil is manufactured annually at Friday Harbor, on San Juan 
Island. 

The United States fish commissioners, influenced, no doubt, by the fact that carp 
is considered a great delicacy in some parts of Europe, planted large quantities of 
this ugly, unpalatable and sluggish fish in the numerous ponds of Oregon and Wash- 
ington some years since. These fish, during the freshets, escaped from the ponds 
into the Columbia and its tributaries, and these waters are now alive with this unwel- 
come fish. The carp is nothing less than a nuisance, and it is of no practical value. 
Catfish, of the smaller variety, is another pest in the waters of the Columbia and its 
tributaries. This fish is also a fish transplanted from Eastern waters, Some years 
ago shad were planted in the Sacramento. This desirable table fish has since worked 
its way up the coast to the Columbia where it is now regularly caught in large 
numbers. 

The succulent little oyster found on the Pacific coast is much smaller than is the 
variety of the Atlantic coast. This has often led to Eastern tourists visiting the cities 
of the Northwest calling for a half dozen raw, when it takes 60 or 70 of the Pacific 
coast oysters to cover a plate. What the local oyster lacks in size, however, it makes 
up in quality. The transplanting and propagation of Eastern oysters here has already- 
met with success, and active steps are now being taken to ship and transplant large 
quantities of oysters from Chesapeake Bay to the Pacific coast waters. The oyster- 
beds here are found at the headwaters of Puget Sound, near Olympia, at Willapa 
Harbor, on the Washington coast, and in a few other favored spots. At Vaquina Bay, 
south of the entrance to the Columbia river, is found what is known as the rock oys- 



Fishing Industry of the Pacific Northwest. 



103 



ter. This is a distinct species from the oyster of commerce proper. It is found 
imbedded in the soft rock just outside the bay at low tide. It has a soft shell, it is 
possessed of a delicious flavor, and is highly prized as an article of food by the resi- 
dents near Yaquiua. It is not obtainable in sufficient quantities to prove anything 
of an article of commerce. The oyster-beds of the Sound cover an area of 335 acres, 
and the output of these beds last year amounted to 560 sacks a week during the sea- 
son. The total output of the year was valued at about $ 43, 000. Ten thousand sacks 
of clams are also dug on the Sound, principally by the Indians. The Willapa Harbor 
clam-beds cover about 500 acres, and the output of oysters and clams from these beds, 
in 1893, was valued at $80,000. 

At Yaquiua Bay a fishing industry of considerable importance has recently been 
built up. A large part of the fresh fish supply of Portland is obtained from this 
source. All the bays and inlets along the coast are alive with fish. Under the head 
of Yaquiua Bay will be found a detailed mention of the fishing interests of that part 
of the coast. Like the many other industries of the Northwest, that of fishing is yet 
in its infancy, and the development of this industry will add materially to the pros- 
perity of a section that is one of the richest in natural resources in tne United States. 
The Puget Sound Fishing Company.— The Puget Sound Fishing Company, 
of Tacoma, is the largest concern of its kind on Puget Sound. Fish boxes labeled 
*. _ with the brand of this company can be seen at all the 

important railroad stations between Tacoma and Chicago. 
The company has unexcelled cold-storage, freezing 
and transportation facilities, and it is 
thus enabled to give the consumer, 
2,000 miles or more away, salmon, cod 
and halibut as fresh as when the fish 
were first taken out of the water. 

The Puget Sound Fishiug Company 
does a large local business, and it ships 
thousands of pounds of fish to the 
towns of Oregon and Washington. It 
handles all kinds of fresh and salt fish, 
and also makes extensive shipments of 
oysters and clams. The president of 
the company is Chester Thorne, C. W. 
Griggs is vice-president, H. L. Achilles is treasurer. The office of secretary is filled 
by George Browne, while E. A. Chase is the efficient manager. 

Where Fins and Feathers Meet. — The delicious natives of sea and river 
described in the foregoing article and the four-footed and feathered game of Oregon 
are found in their recurring seasons at Malarkey & Co.'s fish and game stand, on the 
corner of Fourth and Morrison streets, Portland. The royal Chinook, the glittering 
silversides, the speckled trout, the succulent oyster, the timid quail, the web-footed 
mallard and the Mongolian pheasant, daintiest of the feathered tribe are found here 
as fresh and appetiziug to epicurean palates as in their native elements. Malarkey 
& Co. is the only Portland firm dealing exclusively in fish, game, poultry and oysters. 

Chlopeck Brothers. — This well-known Pacific coast firm, with headquarters 
at the foot of Alder street, Portland, are among the leading packers and shippers of 
fresh, salted and smoked fish in Oregon and Washington. Their output includes all 




-•r^=^ 



Puget Sound Fishing Co., tacoma. 



104 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



the varieties offish caught in the Pacific ocean and tributary rivers, such as salmon, 
sturgeon, smelt, herring, soles and flounders. Fresh fish packed in ice are forwarded 
East by this firm during the season, and the number of cases of salmon which they 
ship each year would seem almost incredible if given to the readers of "The Handbook." 

The Baltimore Market. — The Baltimore market, with Portland headquarters 
at 290 First street, is conducted by Messrs. G. Covach and John Bercovich. This mar- 
ket is always stocked with every variety of fish found in the waters of the Columbia 
river, Pnget Sound and the fishing banks of the Pacific ocean. The best of oysters, 
clams, muscles and other shell fish are also found at this stand. Patrons of the Balti- 
more market are supplied at all times with fine poultry, and a special fine selection of 
game is always kept in stock during the open season. Messrs. Covach & Co. also do 
a wholesale shipping business, at the Baltimore market, under the firm name of the 
Pacific Coast Fishing Company. 



Tlie "Willamette Valley, Oregon. — Of all the fertile valleys of the Union 
no one surpasses in richness or extent the famous Willamette valley of Oregon. 

This beautiful stretch of land extends from the Columbia 
river on the north south to the Calipooia Hills, a distance 
of about 130 miles. The valley for its entire length is 
inclosed on either side by mountain ranges. To the west 
lies the low Coast Range, the summits of which are dis- 
tant from 20 to 38 miles from the ocean. East of the val- 
ley rises the great chain of the Cascade Mountains, with 
its many peerless snow-capped peaks, the most prominent 
of which is Mt. Hood, which rises to a height of 11,225 
feet. Between the slopes of these two ranges there is an 
average width of 60 miles of valley land. This is the 
garden spot of Oregon and, with its perennial green ver- 
dure, it is one of the most inviting spots on the coast. 




nes Raised ii 
Valley. 



The total area of the Willamette valley is 7,800 
he Willamette square miles, or 4,992,000 acres, all of which is highly 
fertile. From the Coast Range on the west numerous 
streams flow into the Willamette river, the great water-course of Western Oregon. The 
principal of these streams are the Tualatin, Chehalem, Yamhill, La Creola, Lucki- 
amutte, Mary's river, Long Tom and Calipooia rivers. The springs and melting 
snows of the Cascade Mountains give birth to numberless small oreeks which, uniting, 
form the Clackamas, Molalla, Pudding, Santiam and McKenzie rivers, all of which 
flow westward and empty into the Willamette river. 

The Willamette is one of the principal tributaries of the Columbia. It is navi- 
gable for a distance of more than 125 miles from its mouth. At Oregon City, the 
oldest settlement in the valley, and now a great manufacturing center, the river falls 
42 feet, over a solid rock dam. This is at a point 12 miles south of Portland. The 
Willamette falls at Oregon City, with possibly one exception, furnish the greatest 
available water power at any one place in the United States. Boats pass the falls of 
the Willamette through a complete system of locks, open all the year. On the east 
side of the river the main line of the Southern Pacific runs from Portland to San 
Francisco. This skirts the waters's edge at Oregon City. The we^-t side division of 



The Willamette Valley, Oregon. 



105 







W&kM^-^' 



mm 



A WILLAMEH 



ano's Suburbs. 



this same road runs south through the Willamette valley west of the river, terminat- 
ing at Corvallis, 96 miles south of Portland. 

It was the government offer of 360 acres of land to ever)' person who would settle 
in Oregon that first attracted permanent settlers to the Willamette vallej 7 . These 
early pioneers, many of whom are now living, 
dispensed hospitality with a lavish hand. No im- 
migrant arriving in the valley in the early days of 
its settlement ever suffered for want of provisions, 
whether he had money or whether he was penniless. / 
Although time has silvered the locks and bent the I 
forms of these early settlers, their deeds are still as\ 
fresh as is the green of the perennial verdure of 
the beautiful valley in which they live. The Wil- 
lamette valley is today the best settled portion of 
the Pacific Northwest. From its northern to 
its southern limit it is a succession of orchards, 

the blossoms of which perfume the air as early as March and April, finely 
kept farms and waving wheat fields Many of these orchards were planted prior to 
1S50, and the gnarled trunks and limbs of their trees show plainly the ravages of 
time, but the ripe and juicy fruit they bear each season gives no evidence of impaired 
quality over what this same fruit was a quarter of a century ago. All kinds of fruit 
indigenous to the temperate zone is grown to perfection in the Willamette valley. Of 
late years, fruit culture in the valley has become one of its most important and 
remunerative industries. The prunes grown in Western Oregon are absolutely per- 
fect, surpassing in quality and size the same fruit grown in California, Italy and 
France. In any prune orchard of the Willamette valley a stem a foot long can be 
broken from a prune tree here with 50 large prunes hanging to it. To the prospective 
settlers in the valley prune raising offers many inducements. Land capable of mak- 
ing good prune orchards sells here for from $15 to $So an acre, the price depending on 
the locality and whether or not it is cleared. The expense of setting out a prune 
orchard in the valley is about $18 per acre for a choice selection of young trees. In 
three years from the time of planting the trees begin to bear, and in four or five years 
they are in full-bearing condition. 

Another important farming industry of the Willamette valley is hop culture. 
The yield of hops per acre on the lands of Western Oregon is from 1,500 to 2,000 
pounds. The average price of hops is iS cents per pound. The estimated cost of 
raising and marketing hops is from S to 10 cents a pound. The great crop of the 
Willamette valley today, however, just as it was 10 years ago, 
is wheat. The prolific soil of this section of the state yields 
millions of bushels of wheat annually. During harvest time 
a traveler journeying through the valley sees a vast field of 
golden grain, broken here and there by forest-fringed streams, 
orchards, hop yards and pastures. Thirty successive crops of 
wheat have been raised on the same laud in the Willamette 
yalley, and the yield each season was not less than 25 bushels 
and as high as 50 bushels to the acre. The average yield of 
wheat on the valley lands is perhaps not as high as 25 bushels to the acre, as practical 
farmers will understand, but this laud is perfectly adapted to the growing of all 




Up-river steamboats at docks, 
Portland. 



106 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




U. S. Light House tender, Coll 
on Pacific Coast waters. 



kinds of cereals. In addition to cereals, the lands of the valley grow nearly every- 
thing raised in any part of the United States except tropical fruits and the peculiar 
pioducts of the Gulf States. 

The elevation of the Willamette valley ranges from 70 feet at the base of the falls 
at Oregon City to 400 feet at the southern extremity, Scattered through it are broad 

prairies, separated by streams shaded by strips 
of woodland. The soil of these prairies con- 
sists of decomposed volcanic rock and a large 
proportion of alluvial deposits and vegetable 
mould. This soil is unsurpassed in fertility, and 
it is capable of producing successive crops with- 
out any sign of diminution for generations. 
Above the broad stretches of prairie laud are 
what are called the foothills, which extend en- 
tirely around the prairie and merge into the 
mountain slopes. These rolling lands lie at 
an elevation of from 500 to 2,000 feet, and are covered with brush. At present this 
high land is utilized onlv for the raising of stock. When cleared of brush much of 
this upland, however, is as productive as are any of the best valley lauds. Lying above 
the foothills, on the slopes of both the Coast and the Cascade ranges of mountains, are 
forests of fine merchantable timber. The timber belt on the slopes of the Cascades 
is about 20 miles in width. The proximity of this vast amount of fine timber is of 
the greatest economic importance to the inhabitants of the valley, and in time it will 
find its way to many of the outside markets. 

At the northern end of the Willamette valley, 12 miles south of the confluence of 
the Willamette and Columbia rivers, is Portland, the metropolis of the Pacific North- 
west. Portland, with the other leading centers of population of Western Oregon, is 
fully described in " The Handbook." In connection with the mention of each of these 
places considerable space is devoted to the principal characteristics of the tributary 
country from which they derive their support. The towns of Western Oregon are 
among the oldest settlements of the Northwest, and they are all prosperous, depend- 
ing for their support on the richness of a tributary farming district that has never yet 
noted the failure of a crop. 

Portland, Oregon. — Near where the Willamette river swells the volume of 
the great Columbia is Portland, the metropolis of the Northwest, and a city of 92,000 
inhabitants. Unsurpassed in the beauty of its surroundings, pre-eminent in its wealth 



Ski 






' 



m< 






PORTLAND IN 1858. 



per capita, containing a cultured and prosperous people, this fair city occupies a proud 
position among the leading commercial centers of America. To Portland flows the 



Portland, Oregon. 



m 




Street, Portu 



steady stream of wealth from the valleys, mountains and waters of a region covering 
an area of 1,000 miles square. 

Although inland 120 miles from the ocean, Portland is regularly visited by ships 
flying the flags of all maritime nations. At its doors is the greatest water power at 
tide-water in the world. Immediately adjacent to the city are the greatest forests of 
America. A few miles distant from its business center is an im- 
mense deposit of iron ore, which has been successfully mined fur 
years past. In its tributary country are 
mines which annually produce millions of 
dollars in gold and silver. Near Portland 
are vast areas of land possessing a soil unsur- 
passed in fertility. Between the city and 
the ocean are the finest fresh-water fisheries 
in the world. This remarkable city is the 
commercial, manufacturing, financial and ed- 
ucational center of a country possessing per- 
haps a greater diversity of valuable resources 
than any other part of the United States. 

The development of the frontier village of 1846 into the magnificent Portland of 
today furnishes the text for a most interesting story. Even before the first cabin was 
built at the big bend of the Willamette, where Portland now stands, Oregon had wit- 
nessed many stirring events. A brief sketch of the early settlement of Oregon is a 
fitting introduction to an extended description of its chief city. The growth of Port- 
laud was only possible when the development of the state had reached a point of suf- 
ficient importance to demand the establishment of a leading trade center within its 
limits, and Portland has taken no step forward during the past 25 years which has not 
had its influence on the prosperity of all of Oregon. 

Like a romance reads the early history of Oregon. Charmingly portrayed in the 
narratives of Astoria and Bonneville, by Washington Irving, it is familiar to all read- 
ers of American literature. Eloquently told in the rough but impressive language of 
the frontiersman, it became a part of the household tales of many a Western home. 
From the time that Lewis and Clark and their intrepid followers first looked upon the 
broad waters of the Columbia river, men led by a spirit of romance and adventure, or 

a desire to better their fortunes, have journeyed across 
the plains and over the mountains to the fertile val- 
leys of Oregon. When the United States, just recov- 
ering from the devastation wrought by the War of 
Independence, was plunged into another momentous 
struggle with P)ngland, there was a settlement on the 
Oregon coast called Astoria. Over this fort, estab- 
lished in 1811, by John Jacob Astor, floated the first 
American flag swung to the breeze on the Pacific 
coast. * Not long, however, did this banner wave, for 
one day a British warship cast her anchor in the river 
opposite the fort and forced the little garrison estab- 

PORTLAND IN 1854. rr ° 

lished there to surrender. Then followed the treaty 
of Ghent, which provided for the restoration of all territory taken by either nation 
during the War of 1812. Both Great Britain and the United States claimed Oregon 




10S 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY TOW 



by right of discovery, or by purchase, and until 1846 the Oregon controversy occupied 
the attention of American and English statesmen. 

Finally this dispute over the contested territory was settled by the establishment 
of the international boundary line at the 49th degree of north latitude, thus ceding 
Oregon to the United States. The territory of Oregon then embraced all of the pres- 
ent state of Washington, Idaho and Montana lying west of the Rocky Mountains. 
Before the treaty of 1846 was made, Oregon was occupied jointly by the Hudson's 
Bay Company and a small but determined band of adventurous Americans. This 
great fur monopoly was master of the field it occupied But ill fared the individual 
or company who interfered with its traffic or who questioned its exclusive right to 
trade with the Indians of Oregon. In 1829 Fort Vancouver, now a United States 
military post, seven miles distant from Portland, was selected as the headquar- 
ters of the Hudson's Bay Company. At this post lived Dr. John McLoughlin, the 
uncrowned monarch of the vast domain lying between the waters of the Pacific ocean 

and the Rocky Mountains. 
As chief factor of the 
Hudson's Bay Company, 
McLoughlin had absolute 
control over the lives and 
property of the 600 em- 
ployes of the company. 
Subsequently he became 
an American citizen. 
Among the ferns and 
flowers in the old ceme- 
tery at Oregon City there 
is today a plain marble 
slab which marks the last 
resting place of a man 
who, during his life, was 
the guiding spirit of Ore- 
gon's destiny; a man who 
settled many vexed ques- , 
tions of the most serious 
import to the future wel- 
fare of the great state, and it is this little grave which contains the dust of Dr. 
McLoughlin, that will ever remain a sacred spot in the minds of the people of the 
great commonwealth who commemorate a name that was worthy only of brave and 
noble deeds. 

At the time the treaty of 1846 was made the Hudson's Bay Company had 45 offi- 
cers and 513 articled men, all working together to maintain its supremacy and power. 
Its 23 forts were located at points of vantage extending east as far as the Bitter Root 
valley, in Montana. The few Americans in Oregon prior to 1S40, braved many appall- 
ing forms of death. Absolutely without protection, except that afforded by their 
rifles and knives, many of these men fell an easy pre)' to the hordes of savages who 
roamed over the country. Along the river, from Portland to the sea, are today many 
historic spots, the scenes of deeds of heroism performed by these men, whose names 
will always be held in veneration by the people of Oregon. 




Morrison Streets, Por 



Portland, Oregon. 



109 




First Street, Portland. 



Stories of the beautiful valley of the Willamette, the wonderful fertility of its 
soil and the perennial greenness of its verdure, circulated by trappers returning to the 
States, caused the first great immigration to Oregon of the 40's. The first immigrant 
train to cross the plains reached Oregon 
in 1842. Other trains followed, until for 
the first time, American interests were in 
the ascendency in the territory so long 
held under the sway of the Hudson's Bay 
Company. At that time Oregon was a 
debatable ground, over which the United 
States refused to extend its jurisdiction. 
Here were several thousand people with- 
out the protection of the law, and with- 
out the protecting arm of their own gov- 
ernment, which the} 7 had the right to lean 
on. These people petitioned Congress 
for relief but their prayers were answered only by sarcastic speeches, which dis- 
played the narrow statesmanship and poor wit of the senators uttering them. 
In Congress, at the time, however, were two loyal and staunch supporters of 
Oregon's claims. Both of these men were from the state of Missouri. The 
senate chamber vibrated with the eloquence of Louis F. Linn, who introduced 
the bills which provided for the donation of land to all who would settle in the ter- 
ritory p{ Oregon. Pointing his prophetic finger to the West, Senator Thomas Ben- 
ton, in glowing language portrayed the possibilities of an American road to India 
and the Orient ; a vision that has since been realized and which has earned for Ben- 
ton an immortal name among the galaxy of great American statesmen. The Ameri- 
can residents of Oregon, finding their demands for protection ignored by the Federal 
Government, established a temporary civil government of their own in 1S43. They 
perfected a code of laws which would protect their rights to home and liberty, and it 

was thus that the brave little band of Oregon 
pioneers rendered the greatest support to the 
United States in holding the territory here for 
the republic at the very time when the govern- 
ment was laboring under the misguided senti- 
ment that it had no use for Oregon. 

Thus, though never wavering in their alle- 
giance to the United States, the Americans in 
Oregon became citizens of a republic of their 
own creation. The most serious thing which 
this early pioneer government of Oregon had 
to contend with was an outbreak of the Cayuse 
Indians, on November 29, 1847. The red fiends 
A_ $!-. ^r^AJa- m^-^-^i'K^OT^ murdered the brave missionary, Dr. Marcus 

Whitman, and his associates, at a point near 
the present site of Walla Walla, Washington. 
The death of these brave men was quickly 
and effectively avenged. A regiment of 14 companies was recruited and 
equipped by the provisional government and this force moved to the front. 
Two battles with the red skins were fought, in which the Indians were completely 




iiHlJi 2 " !ht ^ "< * " "> n ' 

K r * ek - .; ^ - , 



* <r : V«i| ' 



S ; ■ 

maf'.C, 






Third and Washington Streets, Portland. 



110 



The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




PORTLAND'S DOCKS. 



routed. The savages were driven out of their 
country and they were not allowed to occupv it 
again until they had delivered up five of their 
guilty ring-leaders, who were tried, convicted and 
executed at Oregon City. 

On August 13, 1848, President Polk signed the 
bill creating the territory of Oregon, and on the 
third day of March, 1849, General Joseph Lane, 
the first territorial governor, issued his proclamation 
assuming the control of the government of Ore- 
gon. Thus the pioneers of Oregon were mak- 
ing history before the greater portion of the 
United States was settled. Oregon can justly lay claim to one of the older estab- 
lished settlements of the Union. It has always been inhabited b}' a brave set of men, 
intrepid to a degree that allowed no enterprise which they ever undertook to record 
a failure ; never wavering in their allegiance to the United States government, and 
the prosperity of the country they occupied must be taken as attesting the zeal of 
the right kind of manhood, which is worthy of a grateful remembrance by the peo- 
ple of a later generation who occupy a fertile country which these early pioneers had 
conquered. 

In the early history of Oregon, before the settlement of Portland, Oregon City, 
at the falls of the' Willamette, 12 miles south of the present great city, was the cap- 
ital and the chief city of the territory. It was well understood by the pioueers of 
Oregon, that somewhere between the city at the falls and the confluence of the Col- 
umbia and Willamette rivers must be located the future metropolis of the Pacific 
Northwest. St. Johns, Milwaukie, Linnton, St. Helens and Milton were formidable 
candidates for this honor before Portland was even thought of. All these towns are 
now interesting and picturesque settlements, most of them being suburbs of Portland, 
but they have never attained distinction as trade centers, and the village conditions 
which governed their existence before the first cabin in Portland was built are the 
conditions which surround them at the present time. 

A series of fortunate incidents, combined with the indominable pluck and the 
untiring energy of its pioneer citizens, made Portland the principal town in Oregon, 
after it had experienced many vicissitudes. Long before the first white man set foot 
on the site of the present great city with the intention of assuming the ownership 
of its land, a member of Lewis & Clark's expedition had landed his canoe at the big 
bend of the Willamette river and camped in the 
lodge of an Indian chief who told him wondrous 
stones of the great tribe of the Calipooias many 
davs distant towards the mid-day sun. In 1843, 
years after this, an adventurer, whose antecedents 
and subsequent career are unknown, stepped 
ashore and claimed the spot on which Portland is 
now located. This was William Overton, a man 
whom it is rumored afterwards met his death in 
Texas at the end of a rope. Overton disposed of 
one-half of his claim to A. L. Lovejoy, and a few • 

months later he sold the remaining portion of his 
holdings here to F. W. Pettygrove. SHIPS THAT VIS1T P0RTL 




Portland, Oregon. 



Ill 




Coasting Steamers 



In 1845 the bark Toulon, from Massachusetts, sailed up the Columbia river and 
cast her anchor in the Willamette in front of Portland. This was the beginning of a 
commerce that has made Portland one of the great American seaports. From [845 
to 1849 the history of Portland does not differ from 
that of struggling frontier settlements. The arri- 
val of a ship here was the greatest event which 
could happen to break the monotony of 
the rude, primitive lives of the settlers 
here. In 1848 Pettygrove sold his inter- 
est in the townsite to D. H. Lownsdale for 
$5,000 worth of leather, specie not then 
being current in Oregon. The discovery 
of gold in California, in 1849, marked a 
new epoch in the history of Portland, and 
it was from that year that the present city 
really dates its birth. 

The thousands of people who rushed to the California gold mines depended 
largely upon Oregon to furnish them with the supplies necessary for their existence. 
Fruit, vegetables, lumber and flour sold in San Francisco for fabulous prices. Car- 
goes of these products shipped from Portland to San Francisco netted the owners 
enormous profits. A consignment of 200 pounds of apples was sold for $500. The 
beautiful red and golden apples from the Willamette valley were eagerly purchased 
at one dollar each by the Argonauts of California. It was from the profits derived 
from this trade that the foundation of many of the large private fortunes of Portland 
were laid. In 1S52 rich mineral discoveries were made in Southern Oregon, and in 
1862 gold was discovered on the Salmon river in Idaho. A stampede was made to 
these camps, and Portland, by virtue of her position, became the supply point for 
these diggings. The output of these mines, consisting of millions of dollars worth 
of bullion and gold dust, was sent to Portland for shipment to the mints. Ships 
leaving Portland in those days frequently carried consignments of half a million 
dollars in gold. This was a period of great business activity in which careful busi- 
ness men could rapidly accumulate a fortune. Thoroughly understanding the laws of 
supply and demand and taking advantage of the exceptional opportuuites for the 
acquirement of wealth, the early merchants here accumulated, or 
were instrumental in bringing to the city, the money that has 
made Portland a great financial center, and, in proportion to its 
population, one of the richest cities in the world. 

Many of these pioneer business men are now multo-million- 
aires, and much of their wealth is invested in the hundreds of im- 
posing buildings that adorn the streets of Portland. 

The establishment of a newspaper at Oregon City and one at 
Milwaukie caused the people of Portland to induce Thbs. J. Dryer, 
a journalist, to bring an outfit to Portland and establish a paper 
here. On December 4, 1850, the first issue of this paper was 
printed. It was called The Oregonian. Thus was born the 
great metropolitan daily of today, which for 44 years has mirrored 
the thoughts and protected the interests of the Pacific Northwest. 
The Oregonian was purchased in 1861 by Henry D. Pittock, and in 1865 Harvey W. 
Scott became its editor, a position he has held continuously with the exception of 




A China Steamer at 

PORTLAND'S DOCKS. 



112 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



a short interval extending from 1872 to 1877. In 1892, Messrs. Pittock and Scott, the 
present proprietors of the paper, built the palatial Oregon 1 an building, mention of 
which is found in another part of the present article. 

In 1851, Portland became an incorporated town. Three years later Multnomah 
county was created and Portland was made the seat of justice From that time the 
town progressed rapidly, attracting to it wealth and the best elements of society. To 
this inland seaport on the Willamette came the best representatives of the best classes of 
the east. The dregs of European society have not yet reached the Pacific coast in any 
considerable numbers. This turbulent element, which divides itself into clans, lives 
in squalid quarters and antagonizes American institutions, has no existence at Port- 
land. The beauty of the city and the purity of its municipal government are not 
marred by the debasing influence of foreign paupers. Portland is distinctly an Ameri- 
can city. It is the home of a progressive, intelligent and cultured people. Society 
is traded here as it is elsewhere, but social differences are not so apparent in Portland 
as they are in the East. The working men of Portland are a sturdy, intelligent and 
thrifty class of men, imbued with that spirit of progress and desire for advancement 
that characterizes every industrious man living in the Pacific Northwest. 

The Portland of today owes none of its greatness to forced growth, caused by real 
estate booms. There has been but little of this kind of speculation in Oregon. To 
natural causes alone is the advancement of the city to be attributed. The causes 
which conspired to make it the metropolis of a region 1,000 miles square will continue 
to contribute to its growth, wealth and prosperity. The steady growth of Portland 
from a struggling village to a magnificent city of 91,000 inhabitants can be accurately 
traced. The local census taken in 1857 credits the town with a population of 1,280. 
Three years later there were 2,917 people here. In 1862, Portland had 4,057 inhabi- 
tants and in 1865 the population of the city had increased to 6,058. The United 
States census of 1870 gave the city a population of 9,565. In 1S75, the population 
was 13,470, and in 1880 it was 17,578. This growth was 
taking place at a time when Portland did not have rail con- 
nection with the rest of the United States, and it was 



PHOTO. BY TOWNE 




United States warships that have Visited Pohtland. 




PORTLAND. 
U COAST FREIGHTER 



Portland, Oregon. 113 

due principally to the city's position as the natural commercial center of the North 
Pacific coast. In 1885, it is estimated that the population of Portland was 26,000, and 
the United States census of 1890 gave Portland a population of 46,385. Since the last 
government census was taken, however, the old municipalities of 
East Portland, Albina, Sellwood and the adjacent suburbs, which 
were always a part of Portland proper, have been consolidated 
with that part of the city formerly known as Portland, and lying 
on the west bank of the Willamette. Consolidated Portland, by 
the carefully compiled directory of 1893, contains 90,785 inhabi- 
tants. Thus has grown the commercial and manufacturing, finan- 
cial and educational center of the Pacific Northwest. The 
country of which it is the metropolis is a most magnificent one, 
in distances, resources and beauty. 

Stretching from the Columbia river to the Calipooia hills, a 
distance of 130 miles, is the valley which was the magnet that 
attracted the first large immigration to Oregon. This is a laud 
of flowers, orchards, gardens, hop yards and wheat fields, a beauti- 
ful valley in which, beneath the snow-capped summits of mighty mountain peaks grass 
remains green the year round. This magnificent sweep of land is known as the Wil- 
lamette valley. It is the primary cause of Portland's greatness. Possessing a soil of 
unsurpassed fertility, this valley has produced enormous crops without diminution for 
over 30 years past. It will undoubtedly take centuries of constant tillage to wear out 
this soil, and owing to the peculiar climatic conditions existing here a failure of crops 
is considered by the residents as an impossibility. At the dawn of civilization the valley 
of the Nile sustained a population of 7,000,000 people. From this it can be adduced 
that the Willamette valley with its 7,800 square miles of highly fertile land, under the 
conditions of modern tillage, can alone support 5,000,000 people. The trade of this 
valley alone is sufficient to support a large city, yet the valley is but one of the many 
tributary sections from which Portland derives its business. Lying east of the Cas- 
cade Mountains is a vast natural amphitheatre of magnificent dimensions. Sur- 
rounded on all sides by high mountain ranges, this "Inland Empire," as it is called, 
covers an area of thousands of square miles of the most fertile cereal-producing land 
in the world. It is today the great granary of the West. Throughout this section 
flow the mighty Columbia river and its tributary, the winding Snake. The water- 
way of the Columbia is the key which unlocks to Portland the trade of the "Inland 
Empire." This river is and will always remain the great highway between the cereal- 
producing region of the Pacific Northwest lying east of the Cascade Mountains and 
the markets of the world. The transcontinental line of the Union Pacific railroad 
strikes the Columbia at Umatilla, in Eastern Oregon, and from this latter point fol- 
lows the river to within a few miles \ 

of Portland, 187 miles further west. : 3g* ^~-'^\V^~r i .^ , % 

Branch lines of this railroad tap the SBBgff jgjaEBfcflte 

famous Palouse, Walla Walla and 

other countries, sections all famous 

for the fertility of their soil and the 

abundant yields of wheat which they 

produce to the acre. The bulk of the 14,000,000 bushels of grain annually exported 

from these sections is hauled by the Union Pacific railroad to Portland. At the latter 

point it is loaded into vessels and carried to England. The mere fact that Portland 



:;• 


'i^^lli?*^»2s^i^^: 




= 


PORTLAND HARB 


or-Looking North from Morrison-Street Bridge. 



114 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 





Portland Harbor, 

Looking South from 

S. P. R. R. Warehouse 



is the port from which this grain is shipped, would give it a decided advantage in 
competing for the trade of the rich agricultural country east of the Cascade Moun- 
tains. The jobbers of Portland have always been able to undersell all competitors in 
the field of the "Inland Empire" and it is doubtful if Portland 
will ever be denied the principal trade of this section which she 
has so long held. 

Near the mouth of the Columbia river, a few miles from 
the ocean, is Astoria, the first American settlement on the 
Pacific coast. This old city, with its quaint 
legends and romantic history, is now the 
base of operations for fishing industries whose 
annual output is valued at over $3,500,000. 
Columbia river salmon is a staple article of 
food in nearly all parts of the world. It is 
related that a traveler, lost for days in the 
pathless sand of an Egyptian desert, found imbedded in the sand a tin labeled, Col- 
umbia River Salmon. Over 450,000 cases of cans containing this delicious fish 
are now exported annually from Astoria and neighboring towns. There are also 
shipped from the Columbia river to Eastern markets 3,000 tons of sturgeon and 1,000 
kegs of that epicurean relish called caviar. Along the Oregon and Washington coast 
are numerous bays and indentations from which enormous quantities of fish are reg- 
ularly exported. The trade of the principal part of these fisheries is monopolized by 
Portland. From this source the city derives several million of dollars revenue a 
year. 

Another industry that contributes its quota of wealth to Portland is the raising of 
sheep. Oregon now ranks fifth in the list of sheep-raising states of the Union. The 
state is admirably adapted to the successful handling of this industry, the peculiar 
climate, soil and vegetation being such that sheep almost invariably improve after 
being imported here, especially in the quality of their wool. The sheep-breeders 
have carefullv selected the best breeds, and on the bunch-grass-covered hills and in 
the luxuriant grass-carpeted valleys of the state there can be found enormous flocks 
of the most fancy breeds of sheep in the world. The wool clip of Eastern Oregon 
amounts to about 17, 000, 000 pounds a year, nearly all of which is marketed at 
Portland. 

Earl}* in the 50's gold was discovered in Oregon and since that time the mines 
of the state have yielded over $60, 000,000. This production is now going on at the 
rate of about $1,600,000 a year, a greater portion of which by the laws of trade finds 
its way to Portland. There is yet lying dormant in the mountains of the state untold 
millions in mineral wealth. All the natural wealth tribu- 
tary to Portland, however, is not hidden under the earth. 
Over 25,000 square miles of the mountain and coast 
lands of Oregon are covered by a growth of valuable tim- 
ber unequaled in extent and in the size and merchant- 
able value of this timber in America. Many of the 
tapering masts seen in the merchant ships that sail the 
ocean come from the forests of Oregon. Douglas 
fir, or Oregon pine, is famous the world over as a ship timber. At the Tou- 
lon dockyards, at the great ship yards of England, and at the ports of all maritim- 



mm pn 






Looking South from Stee 
Portland. 



Portland, Oregon. 



115 




WAITING FOR DRAW" TO OPEN 



nations its superiority over all other wood for spars, masts and ship timbers is con- 
ceded. From an economic standpoint the proximity of this vast forest is of the most 
signal importance to Portland. It reduces the cost of building to a minimum here 
and supplies the city with a cheap fuel. The manufacture 
of lumber is now one of the most important industries. In 
addition to the large timber preserves of Oregon, that part 
of the state of Washington bordering on the Columbia, 
which is heavily timbered, is also a part of Portland's tribu- 
tary territory. A large part of the logs for running Port- 
land's sawmills are taken from the shores of the Columbia 
river within both the limits of Oregon and Washington. It 
is impossible at the present time to foretell what the growth 
of the lumbering industry of the states of Oregon and Wash- 
ington will be in the future. It is generally admitted by lumbermen, however, that 
it is but a question of a few years at most when the East, by the rapid depletion of its 
forests, will be compelled to look to the Pacific Northwest for its supply of lumber, 
the demand for which is now enormous and which is yearly increasing. 

The development of the resources of the country of which Portland is today the 
leading center of population, did not really begin until late in the 6o's. About that 
time the Pacific Northwest commenced to export its products. As early as 1873 the 
foreign exports of Portland aggregated $2,000,000 a year, and the coastwise ship- 
ments from this port at that time were about $3,000,000 a year. Prior to 1873, the 
shipments annually from Portland to San Francisco frequently amounted to over 
$7,000,000 in value, but the bulk of these shipments was bullion taken from the 
mines east of the Cascade Mountains. The commerce of Portland steadily increased 
in subsequent years, keeping pace with the rapid settlement of the Pacific Northwest, 
until today Portland is the greatest shipping port of the coast outside of San 
Francisco. 

From the mountains of Southern Oregon the Willamette river flows north 
through the beautiful valley of the same name until it finally empties into the 
Columbia, twelve miles south of Portland. It is at the bend of the Willamette and 
at the mouth of the Willamette valley that Portland is located. The city is built 
on both sides of the river, the main business district being on the west side. The 
former municipalities of East Portland, Albina and Sellwood, now a part of Port- 
land, are located on the east bank of the river extending for a distance of several 
miles up and down the stream. These two natural divisions are connected by four 
bridges which span the Willamette, two of these bridges being free. The most 
important of these bridges, that at Burnside street, is now nearing completion. 
Work was commenced on this structure in 1892. Its cost 
will be about $300,000. It has a total length of 162 1 feet 
and a width of 46 feet in the clear. When open for 
traffic it will be one of the finest bridges of the West. 
The other free bridge spanning the Willamette at Port- 
land is the Madison-street, in the southern part of the 
city. Between Madison and Burnside streets is located 
the Morrison-street bridge, which is owned by a private 
corporation. This bridge occupies, perhaps, the most 
valuable site for a bridge in the city, it connecting the business center of Portland 
with the most thickly settled portion of the east side districts. North of the Burn- 




Draw Steel Bridge Opening. 



116 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Stark-Street ferry- Portland. 
steam yacht in foreground. 



side street bridge is the steel railroad bridge. This bridge is used by the great lines 
of railroad centering at Portland. Above the railroad track is a deck used for teams 
and foot passengers. All the bridges of Portland are substantially built. They are 
all crossed by lines of city and suburban cars except the Burnside street. 

Portland is romantically located in the midst of a di- 
versity of charming pastoral, river and mountain scenery, 
the whole forming a panorama of enchanting beaut} 7 . 
Far to the east, forming a background to the broad stretch 
of orchards and gardens, are the Cascade Mountains, 
in plain view of the city. Surmounting this range are 
Mounts Hood, St. Helens and Adams, extinct volcanoes. 
The view of these snow-capped peaks is the most 
entrancing scene that Portland offers to its visitors. 
Standing out distinct above all the other mighty sentinels of the Cascades in plain 
view from Portland is Mt. Hood. This peak is about 50 miles due east of Portland. 
It rises to a height of 11,225 f ee * above sea level. Its sides are covered with per- 
petual snows, and the view of this mountain presented to the gaze of the people of 
Portland is the most entrancing of any view of Hood gained from any other part of the 
state. Far to the northeast of Hood the reflection of the morning sun can be seen 
on the glacier- lined sides of Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Adams. When the conditions 
of the atmosphere are favorable, two other peaks in addition to those mentioned 
above can be seen from Portland. Though over 100 miles distant, Mt. Rainier, the 
monarch of the Cascades and the pride of Tacoma and Seattle, is plainly visible 
from the tower of The Oregonian building or from the eminence back of the city. 
Mt. Jefferson being nearer than Rainier, reveals more of its glory when seen from 
Portland. This latter peak, however, is seen at its best from some of the points in 
the Willamette valley south of Portland. 

Extending along the south bank of the Columbia river, and along the west bank 
of the Willamette river, from the ocean to Willamette falls, are highlands ending in 
the Scappoose or Portland hills. From the bank of the Willamette, at Portland, a 
gradually rising stretch of country extends back for a distance of one mile, ending 
abruptly at the base of these hills. It is on this level strip that the original townsite 
of Portland was laid out. The distance from north to south between the points where 
these hills approach the river banks is two and one-half miles. Along this chain of 
hills are six prominences which attain an altitude of from 800 to 1,000 feet. These 
are Willamette heights, King's heights, Portland heights, Robinson's hill, Marquam's 
hill and South Portland heights. On all of these higher elevations have been built 
costly residences, and these sites furnish some of the more 
attractive building spots in the city. The hills back of 
Portland finally culminate in Mount Zion, of an altitude of 
over 1,000 feet. West of this eminence is Humphrey's 
Mountain, which commands the prospect towards the Tual- 
atin plains and the Coast Mountains. After the summit of 
the hills back of Portland is reached, a broad and fertile 
plateau, extends away for miles, forming what is one of the most highly fertile parts 
of Portland's tributary section. 

Scattered among the Portland hills are great ravines and narrow canyons which, 
with a profusion of wild flowers and forest growth, form many bits of romantic scen- 



Draw "-Portland. 



Portland, Oregon. 



117 




Loading Wheat, Elevator, Portland. 



ery and innumerable picturesque nooks. From the highest points of all the emi- 
uences of these hills a magnificent view of mountain scenery, rivers and plains, can 
be obtained. To the northeast the Columbia river can be 
seen flowing out of the great gorge of the Cascade Moun- 
tains. This great river, locked in the embrace of the 
Cascades, forms the only pass through this great range 
at the level of tide-water. From Portland to the gorge 
of the Columbia, called the dalles, there is a panorama of 
some of the finest river and mountain scenery in the 
world. Tumbling precipitously from turreted cliffs, hun- 
dreds of feet high, miniature rivulets are dashed into spray 
as they fall to the rocks below. Some of these waterfalls 
are of surpassing beauty. Famous among these falls are Multnomah and Latourelle, 
which are the scenes of many gatherings from Portland and the surrounding towns 
during the summer months. 

Lying below the hills back of Portland are the business houses and fashionable 
residence districts of the city. The business district commences at the water's edge. 
Extending along the water front are throe miles of warehouses, docks and shipyards. 
The river at Portland is from 30 to 60 feet deep. On its surface at Portland is ample 
room to float hundreds of the largest sea-going vessels, and it is at all times the scene 
of a great traffic which reaches from Portland to all parts of the Northwest on naviga- 
ble water, and to all coast ports and the Orient. 

Steamboating on the Willamette and Columbia rivers dates from the launching 
of the Lot Whitcomb, at Milwaukie, on Christmas day, 1850. The Whitcomb was a 
600-ton boat. She proved a bonanza to her owners. The fare by the Whitcomb, from 
Portland to Astoria, a distance of about 100 miles, was $15, and freight rates were pro- 
portionately high. In 1862 the traffic and travel on the river assumed great propor- 
tions. Following the discovery of gold in Idaho, the boats plying on the Columbia 
and Willamette rivers did a large and lucrative business. Freight rates from Portland 
to The Dalles were then $15 a ton, while it cost $60 to haul a single ton of freight from 
Portland to Lewiston in the early 6o's. The great steamboat company of Oregon 
and Washington, in those days, was the Oregon Steam Navigation Company. This 
company was organized December 29, 1S60. For years it operated a fleet of sw'ift and 
handsome steamers on the waters of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. By means 
of two short lines of portage railroad around the cascades and the gorge of the Colum- 
bia above The Dalles, this company operated 
a continuous line between Portland and 
Lewiston, on the Snake river, the principal 
city of Northern Idaho. In 1879 its entire 
property was turned over to the Oregon 
Railway & Navigation Company. The 
amount involved in this transfer was the 

J% ' .*• ! lP^>'- ^**™ r ' \ "V enormous sum of $5, 000, 000. The successors 

I ' of the Oregon Steam Navigation Com- 

• 1 y- ' '"" pany purchased a fleet of swift modern iron 

"the BONErARD-poRTLANo. steamships for the route between Portland 

and San Francisco. The entire property 
of the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, including the river and ocean fleet 
of boats, subsequently passed under the control of the Union Pacific Railway Com- 




118 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




POTTER -PORTLAND. 



pany by lease. In addition to the fine fleet of fast passenger and freight steamers 
operated by the Union Pacific between Portland and San Francisco, the company also 

operates a line of boats between Portland and Astoria and 
intermediate points, between Portland and the principal 
towns of the Willamette valley located on the river, and 
from Portland to The Dalles. In addition to the boats 
operated by the Union Pacific, there are about 13 naviga- 
tion companies which make their headquarters at Port- 
land. These companies own steamboats with an aggre- 
gate registration of over 100,000 tons. 
Continuous navigation of the Columbia river from the ocean to the grain fields of 
Washington and Idaho is now prevented by obstructions at the cascades and above 
The Dalles. The United States government is now building a ship canal around the 
rapids at the cascades, at a cost of $3,553,403. This work will be completed by the end 
of the present year, when boats will be able to ascend the river from Portland or the 
sea to The Dalles. After the canal at the cascades is completed, immediate steps will 
be taken to overcome the rapids above The Dalles, probably bv means of a ship rail- 
way. With the completion of the latter 
work the Columbia will be navigable, with- 
out obstructions, as far as Lewiston, Idaho. 
The completion of these improvements will 
be of the greatest importance to the agricul- 
tural and commercial interests of the country fip 
adjacent to the river. When the Columbia 
and Snake are opened to free navigation to 
Lewiston, employment will be found for at STEAMi 
least 100 additional steamboats and barges. 

The Willamette river is now navigable throughout the year from Portland to Cor- 
vallis, a distance of over 100 miles and at certain seasons of the year, boats 
ascend the river as far as Eugene, 130 miles distant by rail from Portland. In addi- 
tion to the Willamette, its principal tributary, the Yamhill river, is navigable at all 
seasons to Dayton, 45 miles south of Portland. The only obstruction to uninterrupted 
navigation in the Willamette river is at Willamette falls, 12 miles south of Portland. 
An efficient system of canal and locks has been constructed around these falls, and 
they are open throughout the year. 

Portland, on both sides of the river, is attractively and symmetrically laid out. 
The streets run parallel to each other. Of the 14S miles of improved streets in Port- 
land, 45 miles are macadam, seven miles are planked, four 
miles are paved with stone and three and one-half miles are 
asphalt or bituminous rock. Two of the finest paved streets 
in the city are Morrison and Sixth, paved with asphalt from 
Trinidad Lake. The cost of these improvements was, re- 
spectively, $67,697 and $53,366.04. All of Portland's streets 
are thoroughly lighted by electricity, 600 arc lamps of 2,000 
candlepower being used for this purpose. In addition to the 
Victorian-Portland. arc lamps, Soo iucandescents of 25 candle-power each are 
used for street-lighting purposes. The plant supplying the 
current for these lights is located at the Willamette falls, Oregon City. 




\- Portland-San Francisco Rout 




electric 

This power is generated by the power furnished by these falls. 



The extensive works 



Portland, Oregon. 



119 




ncisco Route. 



of this company, and the extent of the great water power at Oregon City, are fully 
described in the article on Oregon Citv, immediately following the article on Portland. 

The business district of Portland is com- 
pactly built up with large, substantial and impos- 
ing brick buildings. The business streets are 
paved with asphalt, bituminous rock, granite 
blocks and vitrified brick. The first street back 
of the river, running parallel with the stream, is 
Front. This, with lower First and Second streets, 
is the great wholesale thoroughfare of the city. 
The jobbing trade of Portland aggregates 
$135, 000,000 a year. The commercial agencies rate 22 firms of Portland as having a 
capital in excess of $1,000,000, four firms with resources over $750,000, seven firms 
with over $500,000 capital, 18 firms with assets in excess of $300,000, 21 firms doing 
business with a capital of over $125,000, and 35 firms rated above $75,000. These 
houses have no serious competition outside of Portland. They have practically 
driven San Francisco merchants out of this field, and direct trade with the East by 
the merchants of the interior of Oregon, Washington and Idaho has in most cases 
proved so unsatisfactory that these merchants now buy the most of their goods in 
Portland. 

Front stre'et is lined with four, five and six-story substantial stone and brick 

buildings, admirably adapted to the purposes for which 

they are used. This street is paved with Belgian blocks, 

as is also First street. First street, from Ankeny south, 

is lined with retail stores. This street has long been 

the principal retail district of the city. In recent years 

the retail district, owing to the encroachments of the 

wholesale .trade, has moved back several blocks, and, 

today, Third is perhaps the best retail street of the city. 

Between Washington and Morrison streets there is 

a large amount of business done on Fifth and Sixth streets, and it is the opinion of 

many careful observers that Sixth street, a few years hence, will be one of the great 

business thoroughfares of the city. 

To the stranger, Second street is one of the most interesting of Portland's princi- 
pal thoroughfares. On this street, in the center of a large and progressive American 
city, is a colony of aliens, whose customs, habits and religion do not differ from those 
of their ancesters who lived over 



Spte ■■ 



Steam yachts on the W 
Portland. 



2,000 years ago. It is here that 
the Chinese quarters of Portland 
are established. The Chinese 
shops, with their queer orna- 
ments and assortments of Ori- 
ental wares and Chinese delica- 
cies, the theaters, restaurants 
and joss houses are in striking 
contrast to the aspect of the 
business district by which they 
are surrounded. 



* -""to "# 





Building Occupied by Chinese, portl 



120 



The Orcgonian , s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Seid Back, the distinguished merchant of Portland, was born in China in 1852. 

He passed his boyhood days working on a farm for his parents and immigrated to the 

United States at the age of 18. He reached 
this country in a penniless condition. He im- 
mediately after his arrival located at Portland, 
where he found work in the drudgery of house- 
work, which he followed just long enough to 
J master the more responsible duties of a cook, 

^^ppP ' which latter vocation he followed for a number 

M of years subsequently. Since that time the ca- 

reer of this man has been one of constant pro- 
gress. He mastered the English language until, 
today, he talks this tongue as fluently as any 
native-born American; he studied carefully the 
customs and politics of this country until he 
became as well versed in our affairs as the best 
informed of business men; he embraced Chris- 
tianity and became an earnest though not fan- 
atical teacher of its doctrines, and, as a man of 
affairs at the present time, his opinion is as 
eagerly sought in the best informed business 
circles as is that of the best known merchant of 
the city. Seid Back is now a wealthy citizen, 
and his life shows the best traits of the Chinese 
character. He is a living example of the oppor- 
tunities afforded in this country for advance- 
ment, and it can be taken as an object lesson 

by that class of foreigners who decry our form of government, who rail against the 

rich, but who seem totally incapable of that earnest and honest effort which alone 

can lead to success. 

In 1876 Seid Back was married to Quay Tlioy, a young Chinese maiden, who had 

also come to this country from her native land. The 

marriage took place at the First Baptist church here 

and was largely attended. Seid Back started into 

business here in a modest way, his capital at the time 

being but $3,000, which he had saved from his earn- 
ings. The premises first occupied by this merchant 

were in the old building at the corner of Third and 

Washington streets, where the stately Dekutn block 

now stands. Here he engaged in a general Chinese 

merchandise business, in connection with which he 

conducted a contract labor bureau, and it was in this 

occupation that he laid the foundation of his present 

princely fortune. About 10 years ago he removed to 

his present quarters at 129 Front street, an illustration 

of which is shown in connection with the present 

article. He now does business here on the ground 

floor, occupying the upper story of the building for 

family rooms. In addition to his business on Front 



Seid Back Portland, 
leaoing chinese merchant and c 



PHOTO. BY TOWNE. 




Seio Back, Portland. 



Portland, Oregon. 



121 



street, he is also the head of the Wing Mow Lung Company, which does a 
business of $200,000 a year outside of the revenue derived from sub-letting a 
number of buildings on Second street, erected by the company on ground held under 
long-time ground-rent leases. The company imports all kinds of Chinese merchan- 
dise, such as clothing, teas, rice, sugar, nut oil, fire crackers, table delicacies, 
etc. , and they export American staple products, such as flour and lumber, in large 
quantities. 

Seid Back, in his individual right, now owns Portland property which, at a con- 
servative valuation, is worth about $200,000. He holds stock in a large number of 
American and Chinese enterprises, including bank and insurance companies. He 
has been one of the heaviest contractors for Chinese labor on the coast. He recalls 
the time when he had 700 men contracted to the Northern Pacific, 400 to the Oregon 
Railway & Navigation Company, and 500 to the Southern Pacific. The contracting 
business has largely fallen oft during the past few years, but Seid Back even today 
furnishes regularly from 150 to 200 men a year, principally to the salmon canneries. 
Seid Back is easily the representative of his race in the Northwest, and in private 
life he can be said to be as prominent as any Chinaman in the United States. He 
devotes a considerable part of his time and attention to aiding his fellow country- 
men, and has carried many a native of the Mongolian race through some temporary 
difficulty. He has a wife and one child, a son. This boy, Seid Gain, although only 
16 years of age, is already a bright, alert young business man, and he is a great help 
to his father in handling his large business interests here. The boy is as proficient 
in the English and Chinese languages as is his father, and it is on the son that the 
father places great hopes for the future. Seid Gain will conduct his father's busi- 
ness when the old gentleman reaches the time of life where he will want to retire 
and enjoy the fruits of his industry in travel and recreation. 

Only one block above Second street is Third, the 
principal retail street. Third street is well paved with 
bituminous rock, and it is lined on both sides with 
imposing buildings. Among the stately structures 
which line this street are the Chamber of Commerce 
building, theDekum and Hamilton blocks, Worcester 
block, Forbes & Breeden building, and other fine 
edifices. The Chamber of Commerce block is a fine 
building, finished in 1893, at a cost of $500,000. The 
Portland Chamber of Commerce is a representative 
body of progressive business men who have done 
much for the welfare of their city. This body, 
together with the Oregon State Board of Immi- 
gration, with headquarters at Portland, regularly furnishes to the world a large lot of 
valuable information pertaining to Portland and the state, and letters of inquiry, 
addressed to the secretary of either of these organizations will 
be promptly answered. 

Facing Fourth street, between Salmon and Main, is the 
county court house, a plain, unpretentious building, occupying, 
with its ground, an entire block. Across the street from the 
court house, between Third and Fourth, is the public square 
known as the Plaza. Immediately south of the Plaza, the new 
city hall is in course of construction. This will be one of the 





ijtW','""}/ 



fflLJfc, 
IFF! 



!*ij,' 






Chamber of Commerce Building-Por 




Proposed New cour 
Portland. 



122 



The Oregoniaris Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




The Oregonian Building 



finest public buildings in Portland. Its cost will be 
about $500,000, for which purpose the citv of Portland 
has issued bonds. The building will be completed 
during the present year. 

The best constructed building in Portland, and 
one of the finest pieces of architecture in the West, 
is the magnificent Oregonian building, located at 
the intersection of Sixth and Alder streets. Work 
on the construction of this building was com- 
menced early in 1891, and it was finished in the spring of 1893. This stately 
structure is nine stories in height, surmounted by a massive tower, the top of which 
is 194 feet above the curbstone of the street below. The building is absolutely fire- 
proof, being built throughout of stone, brick, terra cotta and steel. From the tower 
of The Oregonian building is commanded the best view of Portland and the snow- 
capped peaks of the Cascades obtained from any other point in the vicinity of the 
city. The building is occupied by The Oregonian, one of the great papers of the 
West. The part of the building not used by The Oregonian is rented for stores 
and offices. The service in this building is perfect, tenants being supplied with 
water, heat, lights and all of the conveniences found in any of the finest buildings of 
the East. The Oregonian building is one of the attractions which Portland has to 
offer for the inspection of visitors, and the building, with its press room, is open at 
all times for their inspection. 




flSIWS'H 




The Oregonian Building, Portland. 



.- r 

Tower, Oregonian Building as Seen from Roof. 




Lobby Business Office, 
photo. b» moore. 




A SECTION OF THE COMPOSING ROOM. 










PR 




Entrance to Business Office. 










Mailing Room. 



Main Entrance. 




Dynamo Room. 



VIEWS OF THE OREGONIAN BUILDING. 



124 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




One block above The Oregonian building, on Sixth 
street, is the Hotel Portland, a fine structure of a novel 
architectural design. This hotel was erected by a syndicate 
of Portland capitalists, at a cost of $750,000. The Hotel 
Portland enjoys the distinction of being one of the best 
conducted hotels in the United States. Opposite the Hotel 
hotel Portland. Portland , and facing on Sixth and Morrison streets, is the 

Marquam Grand Opera House. The auditorium in the Marquam is one of the neatest 

theatres of the West. The view of the Marquam , 

published in connection with the Portland article, 

will show that the building is of a very imposing style 

of architecture. Near the foot of Sixth street, the 

massive and imposing union depot for the united 

railroad lines centering in Portland, is now neariug 

completion. The ccst of this structure will be 

$400,000. The Italian style of architecture has been 

closely followed in the lines of this edifice. The main 

station of the depot is 515 feet in length. It is sur- 
mounted by an artistic clock tower 132 feet in height. 

Connected with the depot is an elaborate system of 



£ 



1;; 



ui± 



terminal grounds which cover about 70 acres. 



11 

JfeiP 




nd Opera House. 



The Goodnough Block. — This building, corner 

Fifth and Yamhill streets, was erected in 1892. The MAR0 ' 

material is brick and stone. The interior finish is in stained woods. The building 

is lighted throughout by electricity and gas, and the water is supplied from an 

photo, by towne. artesian well on the premises from a depth 

of 160 feet below the street grade. 

There are no dark offices in the Goodnough 
block, the interior offices being lighted by a 
large light-well in the center of the struc- 
ture. This affords light aud ventilation for 
the entire structure. The elevator is the 
largest in Portland, carrying 20 passengers. 
The sanitary conditions of the building are 
perfect. The toilet rooms are located in a 
separate brick shaft outside of the main 
building. On the first floor are five stores. 
Five stories of the building are used for 
offices and the sixth by the Portland Business 
College. The building is a credit to the city 

goodnough Block. Portland. ln Which it IS located. 

Among the leading Oregon houses is the Snell, Heitshu & Woodard Company, 
of Portland, who conduct one of the largest wholesale drug houses on the coast. 
The business of the company covers a very large territory, and they carry one of 
the most complete lines of drugs and kindred goods handled by any house in the 
United States. 

The Snell, Heitshu & Woodard Company occupy one of the best-built and most 




Portland, Oregon. 



125 



attractive business blocks in the city. It is a five-story stone structure, built of stone 
taken out of the celebrated Tenino quarries, and is a substantial and striking piece 

of architecture. It has a frontage of 130 feet on 
Sixth street, 95 feet on Burnside and 42 feet on An- 
keny. One notable feature is a 10-foot driveway ex- 
tending through the building from Burnside to An- 
keny street, thus enabling teams to deliver mer- 
chandise under cover in all weather and with great 
rapidity. Carloads of goods, which for- 
merly took three hours to handle, can now 
be easily disposed of in three-quarters of an 
hour. The cost of the building and the land 
it occupies was $130,000. In the large base- 
ment are placed the boilers, engines and 
necessary machinery connected with the 
building. This basement is also used for 
storage purposes. The first floor of the 
building is divided into offices, shipping- 
room and the sundries department, while 
the stories above are devoted to the various 
drug departments and to storage purposes. 
The building is admirably arranged 
throughout, and it makes one of the most 







Wholesale Drug House, Snell, Heitshu & wood 
portland. 



med- 



creditable drug establishments in the country. 

The stock of the Blumauer-Frank Drug Company consists of drugs, patent 
icines and druggists' sundries, embracing everything 
in this line from the smallest of toilet articles to the 
rarest and most expensive drugs in the market. The 
personnel of the Blumauer-Frank Drug Company is 
strong. The senior member, Mr. L. Bluinauer, started 
in business as a retail druggist about 15 years ago. 
He was finally enabled to devote his entire atten- 
tion to his large jobbing trade. When he reached 
this point he associated himself in business with 
Mr. Emil Frank. Subsequently Mr. Frank sold his 
interest in the company when it was reorganized, 
with Mr. L. Blumauer as president; Mr. Sol. Blu- 
mauer, vice-president ; Mr. Phil. Blumauer, treasurer, 
and Mr. J. P. Bronaugh, secretary. 

Henry Weinhard's brewery is located on the 
block bounded by Burnside, Couch, Twelfth and 
Thirteenth streets. The cooper shop, stables for 32 
horses, wagon sheds, etc., are located on the half 
block directly opposite the brewery, while the bottling 
establishment is located three blocks east of the 

Blumauer-Frank Drug Co., Portland. 

same on a prominent corner occupying 50x100 feet. 

The spacious office is on Thirteenth and Burnside streets. The malt-house has a 




126 



The OreQonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




brewery, Henry weinhard, Portland. 



frontage on Twelfth street of 96 feet and a depth of 130 feet on Burnside street. A 

large elevator with a capacity of 750 bushels 
per hour takes the barley up into the storage 
bins. The engine room is located on Couch 
street adjoining the stock houses. It contains 
two refrigerating engines of 35 tons capacity 
each, two brine pumps, a powerful air pump, 
boiler feed pump, an engine of 50-horse power, 
also an engine and a dynamo of the most ap- 
proved pattern for lighting the whole estab- 
lishment. The necessary steam power is gen- 
erated in four steel boilers which can either be 
run separately or combined, and which also 
furnish the 80-horse power engine in the malt- 
house with steam. 

There are three artesian wells used by the brewery. One is used exclusively for 
the needs of the ice machinery. The other one is for furnishing the water for the 
brewery and cleaning purposes, while the third one is only used for the malt-house. 
Weinhard's brewery gives employment to 46 men, including clerks, engineers, 
drivers, etc. 

Taken altogether, the impression on leaving the brewery, after having seen 
everything, is that it is impossible to find a similar establishment more complete in 
every detail, especially the malt-house with its kiln tower high in the air, 176 feet 
from the ground. The tower makes a nice and an imposing appearance. 

Hahn's Terminal Warehouse occupies 
one-half block, 200x100 feet in size, on the 
corner of Tenth and Johnson streets. It is 
adjacent to the terminal yards, where all 
railroads entering Portland discharge 
freight. The building is a solid brick struc- 
ture with a capacity of 1,500 carloads. 
Merchandise and goods of all descriptions 

stored are 
subj ect to 
the lowest 
insurance 

rates written in Portland. Tracks run directly into 
the warehouse, as is seen by the accompanying cut, 
and goods are received in the warehouse during all 
kinds of weather without damage. A great advantage 
ot the track systems connected with the warehouse 
is that goods consigned here require but one handling 
instead of two, as in the other warehouses of the city. 
Goods can also be re-shipped from Hahn's warehouse 
to outside local points without extra cartage. 

The Maher & Terwilliger block is a handsome 

three-story pressed brick building with stone trim- 

block, porthnd. tnings, located at No. 651 First street. It was erected 



PHOTO BY TOWNE. 




i§^ 







"f 



W 



\ \ . x 






Hahn's Terminal Warehouse, Portlan 



Portland, Oregon. 



127 



PHOTO. BY TOWN 




in 1S91 by Messrs. J. M. Terwilliger and W. L. Maher who constitute the popular 
firm of Maher & Terwilliger, butchers of South Portland. 

The cost of the building was $25,000 and it presents a fine and imposing appear- 
ance. It is wired for electric lighting and has gas mains connection. Of the four 
large stores on the ground floor, one is occupied by Messrs. Maher & Terwilliger 
with their well appointed meat market. The second and third stories of the build- 
ing contain 63 rooms which are occupied for lodging rooms. Mr. J. M. Terwilliger, 
the junior member of the firm, is the popular alderman from the sixth ward. 

Among the handsome structures of that 
part of consolidated Portland known as Albina, 
the Smithson block, erected by A. J. Smithson 
in 1892, merits special mention. 

The material used in the construction of 
this fine building was pressed brick. The in- 
terior finishing is in larch. The building is 
three stories high and presents an attractive 
appearance. The ground floor is divided into 
five stores. The corner and adjoining store 
are occupied by L. Blumenthal & Co. , clothiers. 
The next two stores are occupied by the Oregon 
Mercantile Company, wholesale and retail gro- 
cery and crockery dealers, while the fifth store smithson block, albina, Portland. 
is taken by the Delmonico restaurant. 

The upper stories contain 54 rooms, divided into suites. These rooms are hand- 
somely furnished, lighted by electricity and supplied with the purest of water. 
The location is a convenient one, even for those who have business on the West Side, 
as it is reached by electric cars and by free ferry which connects Albina with Port- 
land proper. 

Among the leading business streets of 
Portland are Morrison and Washington, 
two thoroughfares running due west from the 
river. Both of these streets are lined with 
large, costly and substantial buildings. 
Near the head of Washington street, and 
about one mile distant from the river, is 
a large building which covers two full 
blocks. This is the building owned and 
occupied hy the North Pacific Industrial 
Exposition. It was erected at a cost of 
$150,000. In this building are held Portland's 
great annual industrial exhibitions. The 
center of this mammoth structure is a music 
hall with a seating capacity for about 6,000 people. In addition to the above there are 
numerous other large and imposing buildings in Portland, many of which cost from 
$100,000 to $300,000 each. In that part of Portland on the east side of the Willam- 
ette river are a number of important retail business streets. The East Side, 
however, is principally occupied for residence purposes and in this part of Portland 
are some of the most tastily constructed residences on the coast. Along the water 
front of the East Side are a large number of mills, factories, docks and warehouses. 




INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION BUILDING, PORTLAND. 



128 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Scattered through the residence sections of Portland are a number of beautiful 
parks which add greatly to the attractiveness of the city. The largest of these is the 
City Park, ^^ occupying a beautiful spot ornamented with great banks of 

_ flowers, rustic 

:f bridges, ponds, 

walks and drives, 

which contrast 

strangely with the 

rugged beauty of 

pyramidal forest 

collection of wild 

cougars, elk, wild 

In Portland 

rowth 




Union Railroad Depot, Portland. 




A Picturesque Drive, near Portland. 



trees and deep fern-lined canyons. In the park is a large 
animals and birds, among which are mountain lions, deer, 
cats, bears, monkeys, coons, seals, kangaroos, eagles, parrots and owls 
are 12 other parks and squares, all of which are characterized by a profuse 
of shade trees. The public grounds of the city have a combined area of about 700 
acres, and the cost of improving and caring 
for these grounds has been about $20,000 
a year for a number of years past. Equal- 
ly as attractive as the city parks, however, 
are the tastily laid-out grounds which sur- 
round all the principal residences of the 
city, Portland is a city of beautiful homes. 
In the yards around the workiugman's 
cottage and the pretentious mansion of 
the millionaire alike, blossoming roses 
perfume the air from March until Decem- 
ber. In the residence portion of the city 
trees, flowers and shrubbery form continuous avenues of picturesque verdancy. Lying 
in the shadows of the forest-covered Portland hills is Nob Hill, the fashionable residence 
district of the city. Scattered through this attractive locality are handsome houses 
which have cost from $20,000 up to $100,000 each. Many of these fine homes occupy 
whole blocks which are beautifully decorated with trees, turf and flowers. 

Among the most attractive features of Port- 
land are the stately church edifices and quaint 
chapels found in every part of the city. The re- 
peated expansion of the business district has re- 
sulted in several of these churches being sur- 
rounded by great business blocks. The first church 
of Portland was organized in 1848. There are 
,J||h now 70 congregations of nearly every line of the- 
y3£a*£ ological thought represented in Portland. The 
first church in Portland was the First Methodist. 
Its pastor was Rev. J. H. Wilbur. In 1850 this con- 
gregation built Portland's first house of worship. 
The building stood on the corner of Third and Taylor streets, where the fine brick 
church erected by the same congregation some years later, in 1869, is located. The 
Catholic church of Portland was established in 1851. The members of this faith in 
the city now worship in six cathedrals and chapels. 




POSTOFFICE, POR 




Portland, Oregon. 129 

The supremacy of Portland as the commercial center of the Pacific Northwest 
dates, as before stated, from the time that gold was first discovered in California. By 
the force of circumstances and geographical position, the city has become the receiv- 
ing and distributing center for a region 1,000 miles 
square. The two principal causes that have conspired to 
bring about this result are the Columbia and Willamette 
rivers. The distance from Portland to the ocean is about 
1 20 miles. Of this distance 12 miles lies over the course 
of the Willamette river, and the rest of the way is via the 
Columbia. At extreme low-water mark there is today a 
cry hall, portl» N o. channel 22 % feet deep between Portland and the sea. All 

ships that frequent the waters of the Pacific ocean can sail 
upthechaunel of the two rivers to Portland without difficulty. The citizens of Portland, 
with unparalleled enterprise, have organized themselves into a corporation called the 
Port of Portland. Under the supervision of officers of this corporation the sum of 
1425,000 has already been expended in improving and deepening the channel from 
Portland to the mouth of the Columbia river. This work should properly have been 
done at the expense of the general government, whose duty it is to make all neces- 
sary improvements to navigable water-courses. These improvements have already 
made Portland a seaport possessing many peculiar 
advantages. From its junction with the Willamette 
to where it widens as it enters the ocean, the Col- 
umbia river maintains an average width of over one 
mile. Its fresh waters free the ships entering this 
stream from the accumulations of barnacles gath- 
ered while in salt water. At Portland the waters of 
the Willamette effectively destroy those forms of 
marine life which are so destructive to docking 

dj _ -i- -,, . *tm The Armory, Portland. 

wooden piling at salt-water ports. There is 

sufficient room in the three-mile stretch of harbor at Portland to float hundreds of the 
largest sea-going vessels. There can be seen riding at anchor in this harbor ships 
hailing from all parts of the world and flying the flags of all maritime nations. Some 
of these vessels draw as much as 27 feet of water, and some of them are over 2,700 
tons net register. It is at Portland that the railroads which tap the grain districts of 
Oregon, Washington and Idaho transfer their loads of wheat to the holds of ships 
bound for various ports of the Orient. The productions of the interior are carried to 
Portland, and from this point shipped to the markets of the world. The ships engaged 
in this export trade return to Portland with cargoes made up of the products of the 
nations they visit. This city is thus made the great clearing-house for the best part 
of the Pacific Northwest. 

When the act was passed by Congress for dredging the Willamette and Col- 
umbia rivers, from Portland to the sea, it was found 
necessary to build a dredge of sufficient power to accom- 
plish the heavy work contemplated by the act. A con- 
tract was let by the government to John F. Steffen, the 
well-known ship-builder of this city, in 1892, for the 
building of a hydraulic dredge. The boat was com- 
pleted in 1893 at a cost of $65,000. It was named after W. 
library bu.lding Portland S. Ladd , Portland's foremost citizen, recently deceased. 





130 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO BY TOWNE 




The Great Steam Dredge, w. S. Ladd. 



The dredge W. S. Ladd is 
equal to almost any dredge in the 
United States in capacity and 
power, and is the first dredge of 
this class built on the coast. Her 
dimensions are : length, 146 feet, 
6 inches over all ; beam, 38 feet, 
4 inches; hold, 12 feet. She is 
single-decked aft of the forward 
house and pilot house. The shaft 
alley is located under the main 
deck and forward of this in the 
order named are the engine room, 
boiler room, coal bunkers, dump- 
ing bins and crew space. The 
engines used are the Neafie & Levy compound, 17-34 twenty-fourths. The hold of 
the dredge has a capacity of 500 cubic yards. This hold is used as a dump for 
dredgings from the river bed. The builder, John F. Steffen, has just reason to be 
proud of his work on the W. S. Ladd. This together with the construction of some 
of the finest floating palaces on the coast which are from his yards, has entitled him 
to a position among the great boat-builders of the coast. 

Portland, with its wealth, its facilities for trans- 
portation, and the enterprise of its business people, 
has secured control of the trade of the country, for 
which it acts as a receiving agent. Even before 
through-rail communication was established between 
Portland and the East, this city contained a popu- 
lation in excess of 17,000, and it occupied then the 
same relative position of commercial supremacy to 
the Northwestern field that it does today. This 
position was due primarily to the magnificent sys- 
tem of waterways which connect this city with Eastern Oregon and Washington and 
with all the best parts of the Willamette valley. This is an advantage which other 
leading trade centers of the Northwest concede to Portland, and it is a factor that will 
exert a decided influence in the contention which must arise in the future among the 
different cities in the competition for the trade of this vast region. The magnitude 
of Portland's commerce at the present time can be determined from the following 
statements : The aggregate value of all articles exported from Portland, in 1892, was 
$16,114,925. The foreign exports of the city, for that year, 
amounted to $8,340,655, and the domestic exports aggregated 
$7,740,070 in value. From the "Inland Empire" and the Wil- 
lamette valley there came to Portland that year the enormous 
total of 4,702,050 centals of wheat, of an aggregate value of 
795-895. Eighty-nine vessels carried this wheat to the markets 
of Europe. The exports of flour for the year amounted 
to 549,236 barrels, of a value of $2,182,250. In the same 
year the wool growers of Eastern and Southern Oregon 
consigned to Portland, for shipment, 8,607,840 pounds of 
8K.0MORE fountmn. Portland. w ° o1 . worth $1 .350,050. This was about one-half of 




Arlington Club, Portland. 




Portland, Oregon. 



131 




'S HOSPITAL. PORTLAN 




isais&c 



Good Samaritan hospital, Portland. 



Oregon's wool crop for the year. Of the remainder of 
the wool crop, woolen goods to the value of $400,000 
were manufactured at the woolen mills practically having 
their headquarters at Portland. In 1892 the canneries of 
the Columbia river, between Portland and the ocean, 
turned out 468,993 cases of salmon, valued at $2,608,020. 
In addition to this output, immense shipments of stur- 
geon, caught in the Columbia, were also made to the East 
from Portland. Oregon's hop crop for the year was valued 
at several millions of dollars. Considerable over one-half 
of this crop was bought by Portland dealers and shipped 

from here East. The value of the lumber exported from the city is now about 

$1,000,000 a year. 

The value of the imports annually received at 
Portland is about $1,600,000. The statistics of Port- 
land's export and import trade for 1893 are not avail- 
able at the present writing, but from present indica- 
tions these figures will not differ materially from those 
quoted for 1892. Between January 1 and November 
15, 1S93, as shown by the records of the custom-house 
of Portland, 96 vessels entered from and 114 vessels 
cleared for foreign ports. During the same period 166 vessels arrived from and 137 
departed for domestic ports. These figures will tend to show the magnitude of Port- 
land's commerce. That the completion of the projected Nicaragua canal would cause 
this commerce to show a rapid and unprecedented increase hardly admits of a doubt. 
Ships from Portland for foreign ports that are now compelled to make a detour of 
thousands of miles around Cape Horn could, by utilizing the canal, make the jour- 
ney between Portland and Liverpool in one-half the time now consumed in this 
trip. The completion of the canal would at once open up the markets of the 
Atlantic coast for the products of the Pacific Northwest, products which cannot at the 
present be profitably marketed East by reason of the high transportation rates on the 
long haul by rail or by ship around Cape Horn. 

Portland is the terminus of three great transconti- 
nental lines of railroads. These are the Union Pacific, 
Northern Pacific and Southern Pacific. The Union Pa- 
cific, which gains an entrance to the^state over the tracks 
of the Oregon Short Line and the Oregon Railway & 
Navigation Company, both operated by the Union Pacific, 
follows the course of the Columbia river from Umatilla, 
187 miles east of Portland, to a point about 20 miles dis- 
tant from the city. Its branch lines spread out and tap 
the great wheat-producing sections of the Walla Walla, 
Palouse and other districts, as well as those of 
Eastern Oregon, comprising the great wheat belt of the Northwest. In that 
part of Portland known locally as Albina, the Union Pacific has established large 
machine and repair shops which furnish employment to about 400 men. The 
Southern Pacific operates 682 miles of road solely with the view of reaching Portland 
for a Northwestern terminus for its extensive system. The Northern Pacific railroad, 




CHILDREN'S HOME, PORTLAND. 



132 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Railroad Steel Bridge, Por 



running south from Tacorna, crosses the Columbia river at Kalatna and reaches Port- 
land over its own track. The through passen- 
ger trains of this line are all made up in Port- 
land, and this city is practically the western 
terminus of the heavy passenger traffic which regu- 
larly passes over this road. These great systems of 
railroads, their mileage, branch lines and the 
country they traverse are all fully described in 
an article in the present publication under the 
head of "Railroads of the Pacific Northwest." 
In the region tributary to Portland there is an inexhaustible supply of raw 
material to meet the demands of manufacturers. This, combined with commanding 
location, cheap fuel and the advantage of the second greatest waterpower in America, 
has already made Portland a great manufacturing center. Extensive beds of iron ore at 
Oswego, seven miles south of Portland, have been successfully worked since 1866. At 
Oswego are located the $500 000 blast furnaces of the Oregon Iron & Steel Company. 
But 12 miles south of Portland are the wonderful falls of the Willamette river. The 
Portland General Electric Company are now expending $2, 500, 000 in developing this 
water power which, next to Niagara, is the greatest 
available water power in the United States. At extreme 
low water the Willamette falls furnish an available power 
of 60,000 horse. About 10,000 horse power will be gener- 
ated into electricity at the electric company's station at 
Oregon City and from that point transmitted to Portland 
where it will be used for running all kinds of machinery. 
This power is especially valuable from a manufacturing 
standpoint, and it is the claim of the electric company 
that they can supply power for running machinery in 
Portland much cheaper than the same power can be 
generated for by steam. The economic importance of this power to Portland manu- 
facturers cannot be overestimated in connection with the future industrial advance- 
ment of this city. 

Around the falls of the Willamette are now clustered a number of very large 
manufacturing plants. Some of these plants are owned by Portland capital. These 
include woolen, flour and paper and pulp mills. The market that Portland manufac- 
tures for includes not only the whole Pacific coast, but also South America, the Sand- 
wich Islands, China and Japan. The products of the mills and factories of Portland 

are staple articles of commerce in all these coun- 
tries mentioned. Flour is shipped from Portland 
to Asia and lumber is sent by this city to the tree- 
less plains of South America and Australia. To 
the towns of the Pacific Northwest Portland an- 
nually sends millions of dollars worth of finished 
products. There is probably no section of the 
United States that offers today inducements for the 
investment of capital in manufacturing enterprises 
that are afforded in Portland. With the available 
resources of timber, wool, hides, wheat, flax, iron, 
and wood for making paper pulp, the city pos- 




Crossing Steel Bridge 



my 



.'jjL^mmi 



H\ 




free Bridge, Madison Street, Por 



Portland, Oregon. 



l:;:; 




v^ 



sesses every advantage as a manufacturing cen- 
ter. Portland has the available water power to 
manufacture these products into the finished 
articles of commerce, and the city has every 
benefit of rail and ocean connection with all 
parts of the world. The output of the factories 
has steadily increased with each successive year 
since the first shipment of lumber was made 
from Oregon to the Golden Gate in 1849. The 
manufacturing industries of Portland today 
represent an investment of $19,000,000; the)' 
employ 12,000 men and thev pay out annually 

* ■> - r J J MORRISON-STREET BRIDGE, PORTLAND. 

in wages about $6, 300,000. The annual value 

of the product of these industries is about $32,000,000. 

For many years past the city of Portland has derived its water supply from the 
Willamette river. The water of this stream, while not unhealthful, contains much 
foreign matter, especially during the winter and spring months, when the rains have 
caused it to rise above its usual height. The waters of this stream are frequently dis- 
colored by great quantities of mud washed into it. The river is also liable to pollu- 
tion from the sewerage of the rapidly growing towns of the valley along its banks. 
As earl}- as 1887 the citizens of Portland commenced to agitate the question of 
changing the source of the water supply of the city. Finally, 
by an act of the legislature which authorized the issue of 
$3,200,000 of water bonds, the city was placed in a position 
to perfect the water system so long contemplated. Thirty 
miles distant from Portland is the mouth of Bull Run creek. 
This clear mountain stream bubbles from the ground in the 
heart of the Cascade Mountains, about 11 miles distant from 
Mount Hood. A careful analysis of the water shows the 
absence of deleterious organic matter. Owing to the great 
volume of clear water which this creek carries, and the 
fact that the country adjacent to it is not open for settlement, thus avoiding all dan- 
ger of pollution to the stream, Bull Run creek was selected as the source of the future 
water supply of Portland. By the close of 1894 the cold spring-fed waters of this 
creek will be flowing through the city mains of Portland. This system, when com- 
pleted, will consist of the following improvements : 

From the mouth of the creek a steel-plate pipe-line is laid, for a distance of 24 
miles, to Mount Tabor, on which eminence are located two reservoirs, with a holding 
capacity respect ively of 10,000.000 and 
15,000,000 gallons. A cast-iron pipe 
connects the Mount Tabor reservoirs 
with the reservoir at City park, on 
the hill back of the business district 
of Portland. The latter reservoir is at 
an elevation of 300 feet above the 
city's base, and it has a capacity of 
22,000,000 gallons. Water will be dis- 
tributed from the City park reservoir 
only to the higher portions of the city, 




Bull Run Lake, 
portland's water supply 




River to Portland, 



134 

as the pres- 
would be too 
of a capacity 
The pipe-line 







TAe Oregoniaris Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

sure on the mains from this reservoir in the lower levels of the city 
great. Below the City park reservoir So feet is a second reservoir 
of 10,000,000 gallons, which is kept full from the reservoir above, 
from the Mount Tabor reservoirs to the City park reservoir is 6}i 
miles in length. It crosses the Willamette river at Clay street by 
means of a submerged pipe. 

It is estimated that the volume of Bull Run creek, at its 
mouth, at extreme low water, is 70,000,000 gallons per day. 
Of this great available supply, 25,000,000 gallons will be car- 
ried off in pipes to Portland. This is a sufficient quan- 
tity of water to supply a city of 180,000 inhabitants. 
With the exception of the water forced through the pipes 
to the heights in the western part of the city, this en- 
tire water-works system is operated by gravity. The city 
has in reserve pumps having a combined capac- 
21,000,000 gallons a da}-, which 
used in case of accident to the 
water-works system is corn- 
miles of water mains. 



Mynya 

lty of 
can be 
Bull Run line. When the new 
pleted, the city will have about S3 
As a financial center, Portland 
cities of the same size in the world, 
of corporate and individual wealth 
channels of investment. Unlike 
Portland is not compelled to 
on Eastern capitalists. The prin- 
owned and controlled by its 
of this wealth is utilized by 
Portland. This represents, 
the aggregate wealth of the 
in Portland was established 
Tilton, in 1S59. This was 
til 1866, when the First Na- 
when the Bank of British 




stands pre-eminent among the 
Here there is a vast aggregation 
constantly seeking for profitable 
man}' other cities of the West, 
place her reliance for money 
cipal wealth of Portland is 
own citizens. A large amount 
the great banking houses of 
however, but a small part of 
t city. The first banking house 
by Wm. S. Ladd and C. E. 
the only bank in the city un- 
tional Bank was organized, and 
Columbia established a branch 



First congregational Church 

here. From that time the capital, stability and number of banks 
in Portland steadily increased, keeping pace with the demands of the 
rapidly growing tributary country. During the distressing business 
panic of 1893 several of Portland's banks, although perfectly 
solvent, were compelled to temporarily suspend payment, owing 
altogether to the unreasonable demands of frightened 
depositors. All of these banks were more than amply 
able to pay depositors in full. It is worthy of note in this 
connection that every national bank that closed its doors 
in Portland during the panic has since resumed business, 
and these banks are today on even a stronger footing 
than they ever were before. There are now but two private 
banks of the city that are in the hands of receivers, and 
the affairs of these are in such shape that their doors will 
be opened to business in the near future. 

The seven national banks of Portland make the fol- 




Grace Methodist Episcopal Church. 



Portland, Oregon. 



135 



lowing gratify- 
$500, oco, s u r- 
Comtnercial Na- 
divided profits 
1500,000, sur- 
gon National, 




ing showing : First National, capital 
plus and undivided profits, $824,130; 
tional, capital $250,000, surplus and un- 
$166,403 ; Merchants National, capital 
plus and undivided profits $55,219 ; ° re " 
capital $2co,cco, surplus and undivided 
profits $41,950 ; Ainsworth National, capi- 
tal $ico,coo, surplus and undivided 
profits $ioo,coo ; United States Na- 
tional, capital $250,000, surplus 
and undivided profits $27,854 ; 
First National of East Portland, 
capital $ioo,coo, surplus and un- 
divided profits, $45,456. The 
total resources of these seven 

national banks are nearly $10,000,000. The other banks 
of Portland are as follows : Ladd & Tilton, capital 
$250,000 ; (the resources of this bank are very large, but 
the amount of the resources of the bank is not obtainable 
for publication.) London and San Francisco, Ld., capital 
Bank of British Columbia, capital $3,000,000, reserve 
$1,300,000, undivided profits $60,000; Portland Savings Bank, capital $260,000, sur- 
plus and profits $220,000; Portland Trust Company, capital $350,000; Security 
Savings and Trust Company, capital $250,000; Hibernian Savings Bank, capital 
$100,000; Northwest Loan and Trust Company, capital $250,000; Bank of Albina, 
capital $100,000; Citizens Bank of East Portland, capital $100,000; City Savings 
Bank, capital $100,000; Commercial and Savings Bank of East Portland, capital 
$50,000; Albina Savings Bank, capital $50,000. 






I 




Calvary Presbyterian Church. 



and 



reserve $2,900,000 ; 




- 




Calvary Baptist Church. 



fjgigf '-5yfeff '^fe$. 



TRINITY (EPISCOPAL^ CHURCH. 



PORTLAND CHURCHES. 



* 



* 




Church of the Immaculate heart. 



Taylor-Street Methodist Church. 



PORTLAND CHURCHES. 



* 



* 



Portland, Oregon. 




liBS lift if 



■•<! 






pin 



The American Book Company. — The American Book Company of New 
York, the largest educational publishing house in the world, has its branch house for 

the Pacific Coast at 289 Yamhill street. Here are 
kept in stock all the school and college text books 
included in its long list of school publications. 
This list embraces nearly all the school books now 
in use in the state of Oregon and throughout the 
Northwest. 

The Portland house was established to serve as 
a convenient base of supplies for the trade of the 
Pacific Coast. Hitherto, the great distance of this 
section of the country from the publishing centers 
of the East has made it difficult and expensive to 
properly supply the school patrons. The American 
Book Company now proposes, so far as possible, 
to obviate these difficulties by supplying their 
books freely from the Portland house, allowing 
dealers a sufficient discount conditional on the 
books being retailed to consumers atprices which 
will be satisfactory to the people, and as a result, 
the Educational Public of this region are as prompt- 
ly and cheaply supplied with the publications of 
the American Book Company as any part of the 
United States. 

The Portland University.— The Port- 
land University was organized under the auspices 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Univer- 
sity is under denominational control, as are most 
of the great schools of the country, but is not in any sense sectarian. 

The site of the University is a high plateau between the Columbia and Willamette 
rivers, three miles northwest and overlooking the city of Portland. The beautiful 
island in the river, the high range of evergeen hills on the western side, and to the 
east the lofty peaks of five snow- 
capped mountains, steamers 
from local points on the river, 
and ships from all countries 
throughout the entire world, 
passing every few minutes, with- 
in a stone's throw of the Univer- 
sity buildings, all combine to 
lend a charm to the scene almost 
unrivalled. 

The attendance has reached 
the number of 500 in less than 
three years. In its Literary De- 
partment are the College, Pre- 
paratory, Normal and Business 
courses. Schools of Theology, 
Music, and Fine Arts are also 
departments of the Portland 
University. 




AMERICAN BOOK COMP 




" - - 



Portland University, west Hall. 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




First baptist Church. Portlanc 



Portland, Oregon. 



l:;- 



A Great Plant.— The Wolff & Zwicker Iron Works and the Wolff, Zwicker & 
Buehner Pipe Works, at the east approach to the Madison-street bridge, occup}- a 
number of buildings which cover a full block of ground lying along the water front. 
The most important work handled by the Wolff, Zwicker & Buehner Pipe Works 
during the past year was the completion of the contract for manufacturing the miles 
of pipe for the Bull Run water works, which will furnish Portland's supply of water 
for domestic use. 

On taking possession of their new works in the spring of 1893, this company 
immediately commenced the work of manufacturing the immense pipes or conduits 
for the Bull Run plant. These pipes are made from heavy steel sheets and in mak- 
ing this pipe it was necessary for the company to avail themselves of the use of the 
latest improved machinery. The pipes are 35 inches in diameter and are made in 
lengths of 30 feet each. The successful manufacture of these pipes by a home com- 
pany was in itself a great triumph for the firm. In addition to the pipe works, the 
old established firm of Wolff & Zwicker conduct a large foundry and machine estab- 
lishment in a building adjoining the pipe works. In addition to their East Side plant, 
in which 25 men are constantly employed, the firm also conduct their old machine 
shop on the west side of the river, at the corner of Third and Flanders streets, where 
45 men find steady work. Taken together, the Wolff & Zwicker Foundry and 
Machine Shop and the Wolff, Zwicker & Buehner Pipe Works constitute one of the 
largest plants of the kind on the coast, and they are deserving of the heartiest sup- 
port of the people of the Pacific Northwest. 




Great iron works, Wolff &. Zwicker. Portland. 



138 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Bank, Portland. 



No bank of the North Pacific coast eujoys a higher standing than does the First 
National of Portland. Started some years before 1869, the First National really 
dates its growth from that year, when Messrs. Henry Failing and H. W. Corbett pur- 
chased the controlling influence in the insti- 
tution. Both Mr. Failing and Mr. Corbett 
have, since that time, attained great distinc- 
tion in the Northwest as able financiers and 
successful business men, and they have re- 
peatedly been honored by their fellow citi- 
zens with positions of great trust and respon- 
sibility. Mr. Failing served for several 
terms during the most critical period of 
Portland's existence as mayor of the city. 
He has occupied leading positions in other 
public capacities, and in financial circles of 
the Northwest he occupies today what may 
well be termed the position of leader. Mr. 
Corbett served, with distinction, a term as 
United States Senator from Oregon. He has 
long been prominent in public affairs of the 
state, and he is now one of the heaviest hold- 
ers of the best business property in Portland. 
The great personal success of Messrs, Cor- 
bett and Failing has redounded directly to the benefit of the First National Bank,, 
over whose destinies they have so long presided. 

Immediately after securing control of this bank Mr. Failing was elected its- 
president and Mr. Corbett was made vice-president. They have held these offices 
uninterruptedly since that time. The capital stock of the bank at the time these gen- 
tlemen secured control of its affairs was $ioo,coo. This was immediately increased 
to $250,000, and subsequently to $500,000. The deposits increased from $48,000 in 
1869, to over $4,000,000 in a period of 20 years. The resources of this bank today are 
very large. It is the United States depository at Portland for the handling of public 
money, and it is the financial institution which cares for the deposits of many of the 
largest corporations of the Northwest, as well as for hundreds of the leading busi- 
ness houses of Portland. 

In connection with the mention of the First National Bank of Portland in the 
present instance, some reference to the affairs of this institution during the memor- 
able panic of 1893 will be particularly appropriate. The First National, as one of 
the oldest and best established banks in Portland, has long had a large list of interior 
correspondents who placed their dependence for support during periods of financial 
stringency on the First National here. These banks were large borrowers of the 
First National, and their own solvency depended largely on the solvency of the lead- 
ing bank of Portland. It is to the credit of the First National Bank of Portland, 
that at no time during the panic was one of its interior correspondents pressed for 
the payment of its obligations by the Portland institution, and the fact that these 
banks weathered the financial storm successfully is directly due to the financial sup- 
port that was rendered them by the First National Bank here. The two great bank- 
ing houses of the Northwest, the First National, and L,add & Tilton, of Portland, 
really prevented wide-spread disaster to Oregon and Washington during the panic 



Portland, Oregon. 



139 



HOTO. BY TOW 




terior view, First Na 



Bank Portland. 



which wrecked some of the oldest banking houses in the United States, and it was 
probably the large resources of these two banks, which has allowed Portland to 
retain its position as one of the strongest financial centers of the coast. 

The First National now occupies its 
own building, at the corner of First and 
Washington streets, Portland. The bank 
occupies nearly the entire ground floor of 
the large structure. The quarters occu- 
pied by the bank are perfectly appointed 
and especially adapted to the handling of 
a large banking business. A feature of the 
management of this bank is that no one of 
its officers has ever been allowed to solicit 
custom for the bank, and its affairs have 
always been conducted strictly on bank- 
ing principles. It has been conservative 
to the point of absolute safety, but it has 
been liberal enough with its patrons to in- 
sure a large support from the best business 
people of Portland. It has been this 
liberal spirit to the point of conservatism 

and safety that has been the keynote to the success of the First National Bank of 
Portland and the fact that it came out of the panic of 1893 with its resources unim- 
paired, is ample evidence of the wisdom of the policy so long pursued by the 
management of this strong financial institution. 

No banking house of the coast, stands higher than the bank of Ladd & Tilton, 
Portland. This strong financial institution is the result of the lifetime's work of the 

late W. S. Ladd, one of the pioneer 
citizens of Portland, and the prestige 
it has gained in financial circles of the 
West is directly due to the conserva- 
tive manner in which its affairs have 
always been managed. 

Mr Ladd was one of the four 
pioneers who reached Portland on the 
Sth day of April, 185 1. At that time 
he was 25 years of age. For a num- 
ber of years previous to 1855 Mr. 
Ladd, in partnership with C. E. Tilton, 
did an extensive mercantile busiuess 
under the firm name of Ladd & Tilton. 
In April, 1859, these gentlemen 
formed a co-partnership for the pur- 
pose of engaging in the banking bus- 
iness. The old firm name of Ladd & 
Tilton was retained for the new en- 
terprise. The bank at the time it was first started in Portland was capitalized 
for $50,000. This capital stock was afterwards increased to $250,000. The resources 
of this single banking house today are no less than $2,000,000. 




Bank, ladd & Tilton, Portland. 



140 



The Oregoniarfs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



HOTO. BY TOWN 




BANK, LADD & TlLTON, PORTLAND. 



The partnership between Messrs. Ladd and Tilton was dissolved in 18S0. From 
that time to the date of Mr. Ladd's death in 1893, the bank was conducted by Mr. 
Ladd, assisted by his eldest son, William, but under the old firm name of Ladd & 
Tilton. Mr. William M. Ladd, the immediate successor of his father in the manage- 
ment of the large business of the bank, has 
established a reputation as an able financier 
by successfully carrying the bank through 
one of the worst financial panics the country 
has ever experienced. During the time of 
the panic not the least distrust was felt by 
the public in the solvency of the institution 
and it was not subjected to anything that 
even bore the semblance of a " run." Ladd 
& Tilton, with the First National Bank of 
Portland, enjoy the distinction of having 
been the bulwarks of the financial strength 
of the Northwest during the panic of 1893, 
and that this panic did not cause wide-spread 
disaster among the banks of Oregon and 
Washington during what will long be re- 
garded as a memorable year, was directly 
due to the aid rendered the interior banks during that time by Ladd & Tilton and the 
First National Bank of Portland. 

Mr. William M. Ladd is assisted in the management of the great banking house 
his father established in Portland, by his brother, Mr. Chas. E. Ladd. These gentle- 
men are pursuing the same conservative policy in conducting the bank so long fol- 
lowed by their father before them, and at no time in its history has it enjoyed a greater 
degree of public confidence than it does at the present time. 

The assessed valuation of property in Multnomah county is, in round numbers, 
$65,000,000. This does not include several millions of dollars worth of church and 
school property which is exempt from taxation. 

The first public school in Portland was opened in the fall of 1847 by Dr. Ralph 
Wilcox. It was conducted in a low, rudely constructed house at the 
foot of Taylor street. This school was conducted for about three 
months. In the following February, Miss Julia Carter opened a 
school in a log cabin at the corner of Second and Stark streets. 
Thirty-five pupils attended this school. In the winter of 
1848-49, the only public hall in the village was a 
rather dilapidated and shaky structure which, at a prior 
time, had been used as a barrel factory. This building 
was known as the " cooper shop." In November, 1848, 
Aaron J. Hyde, a veteran of the Mexican war, opened a 
school in this building. The lot on which the structure \ 
stood is now on First street, between Morrison and Yam- 
hill. Thislot was purchased by one of the early settlers of 

Portland for the consideration of "two bull pups." This HlGH SCM00L ' PORTLAND - 

old house, used during the years 1847-4S-49, as a Christian sanctuary and school, 
had , by 1857, degenerated into the ignoble use of a Chinese wash-house. To Rev. 




Portland, Oregon. 



141 




Harrison School, Portland. 



George B. Atkinson is due the honor of having inaugurated the movement that 
resulted in the establishment of free schools in Portland. Through the efforts of this 
gentleman, and upon the recommendation of Gover- 
nor Joseph Lane, the first territorial legislature of 
Oregon passed a school bill which became a law, 
September 5, 1849. It was not, however, until 1851 
that steps were taken by the citizens of Portland to 
organize a school district here. In the meantime, 
several private schools had been opened in Portland. 
These schools were opened by the following gentle- 
men on the dates named: Horace Lyman, Decem- 
ber, 1S49; Col. Cyrus A. Reed, April, 1850; De Los 
Jefferson, August, 1850; Rev. N. Doane, December, 
1850. In The Oregonian of December 6, 185 1, a school board consisting of 
Anthonv L. Davis, Alonzo Leland and Reuben P. Boise advertised the opening of 
a free school here, with John T. Outhouse as its teacher. This, the first free school 
of Portland, opened its doors with an attendance of about 20 pupils. When not en- 
gaged in his school work, Mr. Outhouse laid cross-walks and helped to unload vessels. 

In November, 1852, the citizens of Portland voted $i,6ooto support a free school. 
About that time the public school was moved to the 
corner of First and Taylor streets. Owing to the increas- 
ing attendance, Mr. Outhouse was supplied with an 
assistant teacher in the person of Miss Abigail M. Clark. 
The school at once assumed the distinction of a " graded 
school." It was "graded" because the building which 
it occupied was two stories in height. In order to 
properly accommodate the scholars who crowded the 
school, the stairway was utilized for seats, the chil- 
dren being seated or "graded" up the stairs as far as possible. The law regula- 
tions of these pioneer schools allowed pupils to deport themselves about as their 
inclinations dictated. In addition to being an accomplished teacher, Mr. Outhouse 
soon learned that the duties of his position demanded the exercise of great muscular 
powers. With him, it was either a question of subduing the school by brute force 
or of being soundly thrashed by the tender youths he was endeavoring to guide into 
the right channel of thought. It is reported that Mr. 
Outhouse managed the school successfully, and some 
of the later successful men of Portland enjoyed the 
distinction of having received their first instruction 
in the primitive school presided over by this gentle- 
man. 

Among the legendary lore and historical incidents 
connected with the early settlement of Portland, the 
following, bearing on the early life of Oregon's 
present governor, will bear relating : 

In Jul)', 1855, the Portland school board advertised in The Oregonian for a 
competent person to take charge of the public school of district No. 1. This adver- 
tisement was answered by Sylvester Pennoyer, a hesitating young man who had 
lately come from New York to the Puget Sound country to practice law. Becoming 




-ing School, Portland. 




Park School, Portland. 



142 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



discouraged with a law practice that was not as profitable as the sawmill business 
subsequently proved to be, young Pennoyer had sold his library and was preparing 



% 












Clinton Kelly School, Portland, 
old district no. 2. 



to start on his return journey East to seek relief 
from homesickness under the parental roof, when 
he noticed the advertisement for a school teacher 
in Portland. When the young man applied for the 
position his modest demeanor, with his intellectual 
cast of countenance and his vast fund of informa- 
tion on "How to be a successful Populist of the 
future," attracted the favorable notice of the board. 
He was at once engaged to preside over the village 
school at a salary of $125 a month, and he was told 
to report to the county school superintendent for 
examination. With high hopes of meeting some 
luminary in standing collar, polished cuffs and 
shining boots, Pennoyer wound his hesitating way to the great official's quarters. 
What was the teacher's surprise and dismay to find the superintendent industriously 
cleansing his own and his family's soiled linen in awash tub. Holding a bar of soap 
in one hand and a book in the other, the superintendent examined Pennoyer on the 
correct principles of teaching, in which the subject of wash- 
ing clothes was carefully avoided. Pennoyer passed the 
examination successfully, but his experience with the 
superintendent at the wash tub destroyed the great respect, 
which he had formerly felt for high official position, and 
it is reported at the time, that Pennoyer made a firm re- 
solve that the only man in the future who should receive 
gracious treatment at his hands was the plain individual 
in homespun clothes whose vote he was after, the president 
of the United States, vice-president Stevenson or secretarv 
Gresham not excepted, and, further, that he would return 
thanks to God in his own way, and on the day of his own choice, free from presiden- 
tial interference. 

The first school building owned by the city of Portland was that occupied by the 
Central school, which was opened May 17, 1858. From this humble beginning has 
grown the present admirable public school system of Portland. The old log cabin 
school-house and the dingy cooper shop withstood the ravages of time for a short 

period only after they were utilized for educational 
purposes, and they were finally torn down and sub- 
stantial buildings of brick and stone were erected in 
their place. Scattered over the city of Portland 
there are now 32 public schools, man} - of which are 
monuments of architectural art. From the stately 
High school, with its 21 commodious class rooms and 
large assembly hall, seating 1,200, down to the unpre- 
tentious four-room school of the outlying suburb, the 
schools of Portland are under the supervision of ac- 
complished teachers, carefully selected for their pro- 
ficiency in educational work. Through the conscientious efforts of these teachers and 
the liberal support given by the citizens of the city the public schools of Portland have 




i'S School, Portland. 




North Central School, Portland. 



Portland, Oregon. 



143 




ys Avenue School 



attained a high standard of excellence. There were 8,478 pupils in actual attendance 
at the public schools in Portland in November, 1893. These pupils were taught by 220 
teachers, among whom are special teachers of penmanship and drawing. The num- 
ber of pupils in attendance at these schools in November of 
last year was as follows: High school, 475; Harrison, 812; 
Atkinson, 633; Park, 551; Couch, 710; Ainsworth, 55; Fail- 
ing, 680; Stephens, 437; Willamette, 29; Holladay, 420; Wil- 
liams Avenue, 446; Fulton, 47; Fulton Park, 40; Central, 
388; North Central, 404; Sunnyside, 271; Brooklyn, 213; 
Albina Central, 216; Chapman, 167; Multnomah, 180; 
Woodlawn, 177; Peninsula, 64; St. Johns, 53; Portsmouth, 
114; Albina Homestead, 145; Clinton Kelly, 158; Sellwood, 
169; High school (night school), 75; Albina night school, 
50; Midway, 17; Marquam, 14; Fernwood, 18; Lownsdale, 225. 

The estimated value of the school property owned by the city of Portland, with 
the realty and improvements segregated, is as follows : High school grounds, 
$100,000, building, $148,000; Harrison, grounds, $45,000, building, $47,000 ; Failing, 
grounds, $30,000, building, $47,000; Atkinson, grounds, $50,000, building, $54,000; 
Park, grounds, $50,000, building, $32,000 ; Couch, grounds, $35,000, building, $47,000; 
Chapman, grounds, $13,000, building, $10,000 ; Watson, grounds, $3,000, building, 
$10,000 ; Ainsworth, grounds, $14,000 (building des- 
troyed by fire); Fulton, grounds, $4,000, building, $1,000; 
Williams Avenue, grounds, $32,000, building, $20,000 ; 
Central Albina, grounds, $3,000, building, $3,000; Mult- 
nomah, grounds, $5,000, building, $6,000; Albina Home- 
stead, grounds, $6,000, building, $6,500; Holladay, 
grounds, $16,000, building, $12,000; West Central, 
grounds, $20,000, building, $17,000; Central, grounds, 
$50,000, building, $20,000 ; Stephens, grounds, $25,000, 
central school, Portland building, $20,000; Clinton Kelly, grounds, $5,000, build- 

ing, $16,000; Sellwood, grounds, $1,000, building, 
$5,000 ; Midway, grounds, $1,000, building, $1,000; Marquam, grounds, $1,000, 
building, $1,000; Brooklyn, grounds, $6,000, building, $12,000; Sunnyside, grounds, 
$4,800, building, $12,000 ; Peninsula, grounds, $1,000, building, $4,000 ; Woodlawn, 
grounds, $1,200, building, $3,000. 

In addition to the above property, which is occupied, the city owns a tract of 
land in Stephens' Addition valued at $25,000, and a lot and building in Tibbett's 
Addition, known as Lee chapel, worth about $1,400. The total value of all this 
school property, including furniture worth $50,000, is $1,157,900. This sum is made 
up as follows: realty, $553,400; improvements (the first cost in excess of this), 
$554. 500. The cost of conducting the schools of Portland, for the fiscal year 1892-93, 
was $251,110. The estimated cost of conducting these schools for the fiscal year 
of 1893-94, is $335,800. The cost per pupil, in 1893, was $26.98. 

In addition to the excellent public schools, Portland is the seat of many well- 
conducted private seats of learning. Among these are the law and medical schools 
of the University of Oregon, the medical department and college of pharmacy of the 
Willamette University, the Portland University, St. Helen's Hall, a school for girls, 
Bishop Scott Academy, a school for boys, two fine Catholic schools, and a num- 
ber of boarding schools and academies. As educational factors, the six libraries of 







144 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwtst. 



A 



if 



mm 




St. Helens Hall, Portland. 



the city are closely allied to the schools. The Portland Library Association has a 
collection of 19,000 carefully selected books. This library occupies a massive build- 
ing erected for its exclusive use, in 1893, at a cost of $100,000. 

St. Helen's Hall, the popular, well-known school is located on Park avenue 
and St. Clair streets. It is a boarding and day school for girls. The school was 
founded in 1869, by Right Rev. B. Wistar Morris, D. D. From the first the school has 
stood on its own merits, and it has always enjoyed a wide reputation for the thor- 
oughness of its instruction and for its refining influence. Its 
curriculum is most liberal. Teachers of skill and experience 
fill the various departments. The musical instruction is of 
the highest order, and the art depart- 
ment also offers great advantages. 
Special attention is given to morals, 
manners, and the use of good English. 

The building occupied by the 
school is a noble one. It is built of 
brick and stone. It is heated , drained 
and ventilated after scientific meth- 
ods, and occupying an elevated site, 
it commands a view of unsurpassed 
beauty. The Misses Rodney have 
had the management of the school 
from its beginning. Applications for 
information regarding St. Helen's Hall may be addressed to them. 

Portland is well protected from fire by a splendidly equipped fire department. 
No great conflagration has devastated the city for 20 years past. The annual losses 
by fire here are small when compared with those of other cities of the same size. 
In the early days of Portland's history well trained volunteer fire companies vied 
with each other in putting out fires and in making social conquests. These compa- 
nies and the dates of their organization, are as follows : Willamette Engine Com- 
pany, 1853 ; Multnomah Engine Company, 1856 ; Columbia Engine Company, 1859; 
Protective Engine Company, 1862 ; Vigilance Hook & Ladder Company. As the 
city grew larger the necessity of a regular paid department was felt. This was 
accomplished in 1882. With improved apparatus and enforced discipline, the depart- 
ment has attained its present high standard of efficiency. There are now 178 men 
connected with the fire department of Portland. These men are under the super- 
vision of a chief and three assistants. The apparatus consists of eight steam engines, 
five hook and ladders, four hose wagons and two chemical engines. The depart- 
ment, with its engines and apparatus, occupies 15 houses. The cost of maintaining 
the department, in 1893, was, approximately, $152,628. 

Owing to its peculiar position as the terminus of three transcontinental lines of 
railroad, and as a port at which numerous vessels arrive daily, Portland, at all times, 
has a large floating population. Among the people who arrive in the city are repre- 
sentatives of the most vicious elements of societv, who prey on the unsophisticated, 
as they do in all large cities. To protect the man not accustomed to city ways from 
the wiles of the confidence man and to rid the city of all objectionable or suspicious 
characters, requires the services of a well disciplined police force. The first regular 
police department was inaugurated in Portland in 1872. At first consisting of a mar- 



Portland, Oregon. 



145 




Atkinson School, Portland. 



shal and but few patrolmen. It grew in subsequent years to its present importance. 
It was during the past year, however, that the department was brought to its present 
high standard of efficiency. Under the skillful supervision of a chief experienced 
in all matters pertaining to the management of a police department, many reforms 
have recently been made in the management of the department. By the adoption of 
horse patrols, police protection is now afforded a large part 
of the outskirts of the city that were formerly without 
police officers. In the summer months crime in Portland 
is reduced to a minimum, and but little trouble is experi- 
enced by the police in keeping themselves informed of the 
movements of the vicious classes here. In the winter, how- 
ever, men flock here from all sections of the country, and it 
requires the utmost vigilance on the part of the police to 
prevent depredations on property. It has been found neces- 
sary to reduce the force and husband the police appropriation 
during the summer mouths in order to give the city the required police protection 
during the winter. The police force of the city, as it is now organized, consists of 
a chief, four captains, two clerks, one captain as tax collector, two patrol drivers, one 
guard, and 74 patrolmen. The police appropriation, for 1893, was $118,000, which, 
by economical administration, was just sufficient to pay the expenses of the depart- 
ment during the year. 

Even if a city is favored by nature with climatic conditions favorable to the pro- 
longation of life and the maintenance of health. of its population, it will yet be an 
undesirable and unhealthful place of residence unless stringent sanitary measures are 
adopted, covering sewerage, disposal of garbage, and street cleaning. Combined with 
its exceptional climate, Portland now has a complete and costly system of sewers. 
The sewerage system of the city includes 62 miles of sewer mains and canals. The 
largest sewer in the city — the largest even on the Pacific coast — was completed here 
in November of last year at a cost of $117,000. This sewer is 2% miles in length, 
and has a diameter varying from 34 inches up to the enormous size of 7 feet in the 
clear. This sewerage system covers both sides of the river. 

Portland's pride is the excellent rapid-transit system covering all parts of the 

city and the adjacent suburbs. A network of elec- 
tric lines converging in the business center, spreads 
out through the city and reaches points as far 
distant as 15 miles. The equal distribution of 
these lines could not have been better planned, for 
there is not today a suburb or part of Portland 
that is without street-car connection with the 
city's business center. There are now 98 miles 
of street railways in Portland and its suburbs. 
This system is operated by seven companies. 

The most important inter-municipal railway system of Portland is that operated 
by the City & Suburban Railway Company. This company has a capital stock of 
$1,000,000. It operates 53 miles of electric road. Starting from the corner of Third 
and Yamhill streets, in the center of the city, ir different points can be reached 
by the cars of this system. Woodstock, Waverly, Richmond, Mt. Tabor, Mt. Tabor 
Villa and intermediate points, are reached by the lines of this company crossing the 




Electric Street Car, Portland. 



146 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Willamette river via the Morrison-street bridge. Upper and Lower Albina, Irvington, 
Holladay's Addition, and St. Johns are reached by the lines of the company crossing 
the Willamette river over the steel railroad bridge. On the west side of the river the 
lines of the City & Suburban Railway Company reach to all parts of the city. The 
lines of this company are operated principally by electricity, with connections for 
Mt. Tabor and St. Johns by steam motor. 

The East Side Railway Company operates 22 mile« of railway on the east side of 
the Willamette river, getting into Portland over the Madison-street bridge. Through 
arrangement with the electric line on Second street, this company now runs its cars 
into the central part of Portland. The company was incorporated in 1892, with a 
capital of 1250,000. It runs 19 electric-motor cars, four trailers and one steam-motor 
and coach. The Oregon City line of this company is 15 miles in length. It com- 
mences at the west end of the Madison -street bridge and ends at Oregon City, within a 
few feet of the picturesque falls of the Willamette river. Along this line are many 

charming bits of scenery. The road winds 
in and out of great prune and apple orchards, 
and it runs through the suburban points of 
Brooklyn, Sellwood, Milwaukie and Glad- 
stone. From Gladstone a branch, one-half 
mile in length, runs to the beautiful tract 
of land called Gladstone Park. 

Another line operated by the East Side 
Railway Company, extends to Mt. Tabor, 
a solitary and picturesque butte 3^ miles 
cast of the river. The summit of this butte 
attains an elevation of about 700 feet. Clus- 
tered around this hill are numerous gar- 
dens, cottages and elegant residences. At 
Mt. Tabor the electric line connects with a 
steam-motor line, 3^ miles in length, run- 
ning to Mt. Scott. 



- '.- 




CEMETERY, PORTLAND. 



The Portland Consolidated Railway Company has a capital of $1,000,000. It 
operates 32 miles of electric railway and owns 79 finely finished cars. The Second- 
street line, operated by this company, is 6 % miles in length. It runs to the southern 
suburb of the city, terminating at Riverview cemetery, one of the finest burying 
grounds in the United States. The Washington-street line of this company passes 
the City park, from which it runs due north, finally climbing Willamette Heights, 
from which a beautiful view of the city and its surroundings is obtained. Branch 
lines leave the Washington-street line at Thirteenth and Sixteenth streets. On the 
east side of the river this company operates a line to Vancouver, seven miles in 
length. This road was formerly operated as a steam-motor line, but it was electrified 
on June 23d last. The road reaches to the south bank of the Columbia river, opposite 
Vancouver. Here connection is made for Vancouver by a steam ferry. In Van- 
couver, which is really a suburb of Portland, the company operates lines of road 
running to Fort Vancouver and to the driving park on Vancouver Heights. Before 
the Columbia river is reached the electric line passes through several of Portland's 
most attractive suburbs. The principal of these suburbs are Highland, Cloverdale, 



Portland, Oregon. 



147 



Piedmont and Woodlawu. From Cloverdale a track branches off from the main line 
running through Highland and Irviugton Park. 

The Barnes Heights and Cornell Mountain Railway is three miles in length. It 
is an electric line, and runs from the head of Washington street to Mountain Park, 
a suburb located on the high lands back of the city. It is the intention of the 
owners of this road to extend it to Hillsboro, iS miles distant from Portland, in the 
near future. 

The City & West Portland Park Motor Company was incorporated in April, 1889, 
with a capital of $100,000. This company operates a motor line seven miles in 
length, running from Hamilton street, in South Portland, through the attractive 
additions of Bertha, Hillsdale and South Portland Park, to the beautiful tract of 
land known as West Portland Park. This lies on the uplands back of Oswego. This 
line is equipped with two steam-motors, two coaches and 11 freight cars. The total 
cost of construction and equipping this road was $150,000. 

The Portland Cable Railway Company operates seven miles of cable road. The 
main line extends from the Union passenger depot, at the foot of Fifth street, to a 
high elevation in the southern part of the city known as Portland Heights. From 
Fourteenth street a track branches off running to the City park and the baseball 
grounds. A short spur also runs down Alder street to Front, connecting with the 
main line at Fifth. 

Holladay's Addition. — Perhaps the most favored location by nature for the 
erection of fine residences in Portland is in what is known as Holladay's Addition. 
The tract of land thus designated embraces about 400 acres, which lies on the east 



PHOTO BY TOWNE. 









HOLLADAY'S ADDITION, PORTLAND, LOOKING SOUTHWEST FROM WAT 




HOLLADAY'S ADDITION, PORTLAND, LOOKING SOUTHWEST FROM WATER TOWER. 

side of the Willamette river, opposite the best business part of the city. It is within 
easy reach of all parts of Portland by means of the principal lines of electric rail- 
ways, and direct access to the west side of the river is had over the Railroad, Burn- 
side, Morrison and Madison-street bridges. The property is all high and sightly, 
the slope back from the river being a gradual and easy rise, and all parts of the Addi- 



148 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO BY TO* 



tion command the best views of Portland and the surrounding country of any dis- 
trict in the city. That portion of this desirable property which lies nearest to the 
water front will become valuable for business purposes. 

The owners of this property have inaugurated a system of improvements which, 
with a wise policy in handling the property, has made this the most desirable resi- 
dence portion of the city. These improvements consist of street work, including 
grading, sewerage and paving, the laying of sidewalks, and supplying lights and water. 
The residents of this part of Portland enjoy all the conveniences afforded any of 
the best residence centers of the large cities of the continent, and many of the best 
known people of Portland have homes here. 

Holladay's Addition, under the management of its owners, has not been allowed 
to become the site of cheap or unattractive private dwellings. All deeds to prop- 
erty in a special part of the Addition reserved for residences contain a building 
clause which prevents the erection of any building except private dwellings. The 
company which owns and controls that portion of the property which is still unsold 
offers special inducements to purchasers who wish to build homes. In the reserve 

district referred to above, in or- 
der to insure the erection of 
the finest class of residences, 
the company offers a rebate on 
the purchase price to those who 
will build good houses. The 
result has been to make Holla- 
day's Addition the site of hand- 
some residences, some of them 
palatial in size and appoint- 
ments, and all of these houses 
are surrounded by well-kept 
lawns and flower beds. This 
part of Portland may be truly 
said to be the home of the 
wealthy, the cultivated, and the 
better classes of Portland's peo- 
ple. While the prices of prop- 
erty in the Addition, consid- 
ering the advantages of proximity to the business district, means of rapid transit, 
location, etc., are not high, the figures which the owners early placed on the lots 
were large enough to insure the building of homes here only of the better classes. 
The erection of the many fine homes which the Addition now contains has resulted 
in a regular appreciation of values here, and there is an absolute assurance that prop- 
erty will make the same rapid rise in value in the future that it has in the past. 

As before stated, Holladay's Addition affords every advantage to those who desire 
a good home among attractive surroundings and in a good neighborhood. The Addi- 
tion is well lighted by gas and electricity; under the city water system an ample 
supply of pure water is supplied for domestic and other purposes, and an efficient 
system of sewerage has been constructed. The location of Holladay's Addition 
alone is sufficient to cause the property to rise steadily in value in the future. With 
the solid business district of the city just across the river, barely half a mile distant 
to the west, with the great railroad shops and thickly settled part of Portland known 







Part of Hollaoavs Addition, Looking Southeast 



i Water Tower 



Portland, Oregon. 



149 



PHOTO BY TOWNE 



as Albina touching the addition on the north, and with the old-established business 
and residence sections included in the former municipal limits of East Portland on 
the south, it is patent that this property must partake of all the advancement which 
is made in Portland as a whole. 

Holladay's Addition property is sold by the owners, the Oregon Real Estate Com- 
pany, which has offices at No. 203 Morrison street, Portland. The company's offices 
are open at all times for the reception of the general public. Those desiring infor- 
mation about the Addition, and in regard to terms, prices, etc., can, by inquiry 
by mail or otherwise of the Oregon Real Estate Company, No. 203 Morrison street, 
Portland, Oregon, receive a prompt answer, and a fine birdseye view of Holladay's 
Addition and the city of Portland. 

The Hotel Perkins. — The Hotel Perkins occupies a 
central position, on the corner of Fifth and Washington 
streets. The Washington -street electric line and the cable 
line pass the door. These lines afford 
easy means of reaching any part of 
Portland, and the cable line connects 
direct with the Union depot. The 
Hotel Perkins is now under the pro- 
prietorship of R. S. Perkins. Large, 
well lighted and perfectly heated and 
ventilated rooms have established an 
enviable reputation for the Perkins 
with the traveling public. The Per- 
kins receives extensive patronage 
from the stockmen, and the names 
of the leading stockraisers of Oregon, 
Washington and Idaho, who visit 
Portland, are usually found on the ho- hotel perkins, Portland. 

tel register. A well conducted restau- 
rant and a bar stocked with the finest liquors are features of this well conducted house. 

The Perkins Restaurant. — The veteran Portland restaurateur, Mr. D. H. 
Simmons, whose skill as a caterer is appreciated by epicures, conducts the Perkins 
restaurant. He numbers among his patrons many Portland business men who have 

dined with him for years. Meals are served at all 
hours at the Perkins restaurant, for from 25 cents up. 

The Holton House. — The popular Portland 
hostelry so long known as The Holton House is 
located on the corner of Fourth and Alder streets, 
and is the point of departure and arrival of trains 
on the West Side Division of the Southern Pacific. 
The present proprietors of this well conducted 
house are Messrs. J. R. Markley, R. R. Hays and 
M. D. Roche, the latter gentleman being the act- 
ing manager. All of these gentlemen are well 
known to the traveling public of the coast, and 
they have hosts of friends among the large num- 
ber of people they have so long helped to entertain. 





The holton house, Portland. 



150 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




The Holton House occupies a substantial brick structure and contains 75 rooms, 
all of which have recently been newly and handsomely furnished. All modern 
improvements are found here for the comfort of guests. Traveling men have always 
received special attention at the Holton, and the large patronage they have always 
accorded the house attests their hearty appreciation of its merits. During the politi- 
cal campaigns, the Holton is the headquarters for the leading politicians of all 
parties. An elegant bar and billiard room, as well as a perfectly arranged barber 
shop, are connected with the house for the accommodation of guests. 

The New Grand Central.— This hotel occupies the 
handsome five-story pressed-brick and stone building located 
on the corner of Third and Flanders streets. It was erected by 
Henry Weiuhard in 1S92, at a cost of $105,000. The furnish- 
~^ ings of the house cost an additional $20,000. 

It is convenient to the Union depot and all 
the steamboat docks of the city and is on the 
direct line of the City & Suburban electric 
railways. 

The New Grand Central contains 142 hand- 
somely furnished rooms, a well furnished office, 
an attractive dining room, bar and barber shop, 
electric lights and elevator. Artesian water 
and steam heat are supplied throughout the 
house. Under the management of those popu- 
new g«and central hotel, portlano. lar and well-known caterers, Messrs. Edwards, 

Weiner & Clark, formerly of the Ouimby House, 
the New Grand Central is enjoying a large local patronage, and it is justly popular 
with the traveling public from all parts of the world. It is the only first-class house 
west of Chicago conducted at popular rates of from $1 to $2 a day. 

" The Curtis." — No private boarding house in Portland occupies a higher place 
in public esteem than " The Curtis," located on the corner of Twelfth and Morrison 
streets. " The Curtis " has all the external appearance of a handsome private resi- 
dence, but its facilities for the accommodation of guests are equal to any of the 
leading hotels. So great a popularity does "The photo, by towne. 

Curtis" enjoy that during 1893 it was found neces- 
sary to add an extensive 
wing to the main build- 
ing to accommodate the 
patrons of the house. No 
expense is spared by Mrs. 
Curtis in engaging skill- 
ful cooks and trained 
house servants. The table 
of " The Curtis " is noted 
for its menus and the ser- 
vice of the entire house 
is unsurpassed. All the 
comforts of home can be 
found in the handsome 
suites of this well conducted family house. 








Portland, Oregon. 



151 



PHOTO. BY TOWNE. 






" The Colonial. " — This handsome private boarding house is located at 165 
Tenth street, between Morrison and Yamhill. The building occupied by "The 
Colonial " was erected by Hon. H. 
W. Corbett for Mrs. Wisner, the 
present proprietress. Under her 
management the house has at- 
tained a reputation as a home for 
families desirous of escaping the 
worries of housekeeping, and who 
want more privacy than is afforded 
in hotel life. 

"The Colonial" is centrally 
located in the most attractive part 
of Portland. Its handsome apart- 
ments, both single and en suite, 
contain all modern appointments, 
and the house is elegantly fur- 
nished throughout. Mrs. Wisner 
takes a special pride in her table. 
She employs the best cooks and 
keeps her table service up to the 

highest standard of excellence. A few apartments are reserved at " The Colonial " 
for the accommodation of tourists visiting Portland, who will find here one of the 
best conducted family houses on the coast. 




WWIIWWMUifWBMiw^i.^jwwwiOTjwffliimi 



The Colonial," Portlano. 



The Cosmopolitan. — Well appointed restaurants where choice viands are 

served, play an important part in metro- 
politan existence. The Cosmopolitan res- 
taurant at 270^ and 272 Stark street, op- 
posite the Chamber of Commerce build- 
ing, stands high among the restaurants 
of Portland. All the delicacies of the 
market are included in the menu of the 
Cosmopolitan. These are rendered ap- 
petizing by the exercise of the highest 
culinary skill and served to patrons on 
short notice. A fine merchant's lunch is 
served at the Cosmopolitan during the 
noon hours for 25 cents, and a choice 
French dinner with wine and cognac is 
served daily, between 4 and 8 p. M., for 
50 cents. Monsieur George E. Combe, 
a distinguished chef de cuisine, presides 
over the kitchen and attends to the ca- 
tering department, while Monsieur J. M. 
Gorlier looks after the dining rooms and 
sees that the patrons receive prompt 
and careful attention. 




COSMOPOLITAN restaur 



152 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY TOW 




The hesper 



PHOTO BY TOWNE. 



"The Hesperian." — "The Hesperian," located at No. 533 Morrison street, corner 

of Seventeenth, conducted by Mrs. L. E. Slat- 
ten, is classed among the "exclusive" boarding 
houses of the city. It occupies an eminence 
overlooking the city within easy communicat- 
ing distance of all parts of Portland which are 
reached by the electric and cable-car lines. 
"The Hesperian" affords a healthful and con- 
veniently located home for its guests. Patrons 
of this house are loud in their praises of Mrs. 
Slatten, who spares no effort to cater to their 
every want. The culinary department of "The 
Hesperian" is carefully looked after and the 
table is supplied with all the delicacies of the changing seasons. A comfortable 
and elegant home without housekeeping worries, is what the guests of "The Hes- 
perian " enjoy at all times. 

Hotel Zur Rheinpfalz. — This popu- 
lar four-story brick family hotel is under 
the management of John Matthiesen. It 
is located at the corner of Front and Madi- 
son streets. The hotel contains 115 rooms, well 
furnished for family or transient trade. While 
the service at this popular house is good, the 
rates are on a most reasonable basis. Perma- 
nent guests are charged but $4.50 a week, while 
the transient rates are 80 cents a day. Mr. 
Matthiesen is very popular with the German 
population aud his house is considered the lead- 
ing Deutches Gasthaus of the city and receives 
the patronage of most of the Germans who visit 
Portland. 

The Zur Rheinpfalz is the headquarters of the Bakers' Union, an important trade 
organization. Clean rooms and an excellent family table are the features of the Zur 
Rheinpfalz. 

The Portland Clay Com- 
pany.— The Portland Clay 
Company was incorporated in 
1892, with E. B. McFarland as 
president ; F. L. Litherland, 
vice-president and manager ; 
O. F. Paxton, secretary and J. 
L. Hartman, treasurer. The 
yard and plant of the company 
are located at Fulton Park, a 
suburb of Portland. The ex- 
cellent quality of clay found 
here furnishes the best material 
for making paving brick and 
„ „ ,„ _ . fire- proofing manufactured. 

Portland Clay Co'S works, Fulton Park f o 




Rheinpfalz, Portland. 





i««.V.V.v.,. s f* 






Portland, Oregon. 



153 




MULTNOMAH BOX FACTORY, PORTLANO. 



The paving bricks of this company have a resisting strength of 140,000 pounds to 
the brick. They were ordered by the Oregon City council for paving the streets of 
that city. The fire-brick and fire-proofing made by the Portland Clay Company 
were used in constructing the Chamber of Commerce, the Wells-Steinbach and the 
Dekum buildings, of Portland. The resisting power of the hollow tile fire-proofing 
used in the Chamber of Commerce building, and made by this company, is 800 
pounds to the square foot, in seven inch tiics with seven feet span. 

The Multnomah Box Com- 
pany. — The Multnomah Box Corn- 
pan}- was established in Portland by 
S. E. Wrenn in 1885, and incorpor- 
ated as a stock company in 1890, with 
S. E. Wrenn as president and man- 
ager. The company's factory is loca- 
ted at the foot of Harrison street. 
This company manufactures a high 
grade of trunks and all varieties of 
packing boxes, from the lightest fruit 
box to the heaviest dry goods case. 
These are made principally from Ore- 
gon spruce lumber. Shipments are 
made by the company to all parts 
of the coast, including California, 
Alaska and points east of the Cascades in Oregon, Washington and Idaho. The 
output of the company is constantly increasing. This is due to the high reputation 
which the output of the company justly enjoys with the trade and the liberal 
methods which the management has always pursued in pushing its business. 

Seliwvood Brewery. — The Sellwood 
Brewery was built by the present proprietor, 
John G. Wilhelm, in 18S9. Although small, 
the brewing plant is a complete one, and is 
supplied with the most modern machinery. 
The ice plant used was manufactured by 
the Oakland Iron Works, of California. Mr. 
Wilhelm manufactures sufficient ice here 
not only to meet his own demands, but 
also to supply the saloons of Sellwood and 
a considerable family trade. The capacity 
of the brewing plant is eight barrels of beer 
and porter a day. The water used in the brewery is taken from an artesian well on 
the premises. This well is 200 feet deep, and the water is drawn from it by one 
of the celebrated Cook deep-well pumps. The cellar under the brewery is 25 x 50 
feet in size, and is well supplied with storage vats. 

The popularity of the " Half-and-Half " made here has reached Portland, and 
this product has attained such a reputation that Mr. Wilhelm has opened a Portland 
depot at the Madison-street Exchange, No. 252 First street, where orders are taken. 
A large wagon is now regularly employed by Mr. Wilhelm in delivering his beer to 
all parts of consolidated Portland. 




lheum's Brewery, Sellwood 



154 



The Oraronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 










Fulton Tannery. — The Fulton Tannery conducted by Weber Brothers is loca- 
ted on the bank of the Willamette river in that part of consolidated Portland known 
as Fulton Park. The capital invested in the plant amounts to $20,000. Hides are 
shipped to the Weber Brothers to the extent of 125 a week from all parts of Oregon 
and Washington, and the calfskins and kip skins received at the tannery average 
200 a month. These are tanned and turned into the finest harness and saddle leather 
as fast as they are received, and shipped to points as far east as St. Paul, Minnesota, 
and Bozeman, Montana. The oak and hemlock bark used in tanning cost the tan- 
nery $4,000 a year. The machinery of the plant is of the best makes. The average 
annual business of the tannery amounts to $25,000. 

Bissinger & Co. — The repre- 
sentative Pacific coast hide and 
wool establishment of Messrs. Bis- 
singer & Co., of Portland, is the 
outgrowth of the pioneer house of 
Lewis, Sloss & Co., which was es- 
tablished in this city in 1865. This 
latter house also had large interests 
in the Alaska Commercial Com- 
pany in addition to their heavy 
business at Portland. Lewis, Sloss 
& Co. retired from the hide branch 
of their business in i88r, and the 
present house of Bissinger & Co. 
was established by two of the em- 
ployes of the old firm, Messrs. A. 
Bissinger and Max Heilbrunner. The latter gentleman still holds the important 
position of secretary of the Alaska Commercial Company. 

Bissinger & Co. make their present headquarters in San Francisco, with an 
important agency at Portland. The firm conducts other branch houses at The 
Dalles, Spokane, Seattle, Victoria, B. C, and Salt Lake City. Their Portland branch 
is located at the Pacific dock on Front street. Hides, wool, furs and leathers are the 
products handled by the firm. They operate a sheep-skin tannery at Portland and 
an upper-leather tannery at San Francisco. They handle, at the present time, two- 
thirds of all the hides and pelts produced by the two states of Oregon and Washing- 
ton, and they ship these products to all parts of the world. The firm is largely inter- 
ested in the Union Meat Company, of Portland, and the Pacific Meat Company, of 
Taconia and Seattle. The present firm of Bissinger & Co. is composed of A. Bissin- 
ger, Max Heilbrunner, I. Bissinger, S. Bissinger and J. Heilbrunner. 

Walter A. Wood Harvester Co. — This company is the outcome of the old 
.Minneapolis Harvester Works, with a complete new manufacturing plant, with 
greatly increased facilities, and named after one of the most distinguished of Ameri- 
ca's inventors. The Walter A. Wood Harvester Co. is now in a position to fill its 
immense orders for harvesting implements from all parts of America. The new 
company manufacture all the machines as made by the original Hoosick Falls Com- 
pany, and in addition the celebrated Minneapolis binder. The " Minnie " has been 
taken up on account of its special suitability as a binder for Western use. While 
certain manufacturers have been making their binders smaller each successive season, 



Headquarters, Bissinger & Co., Portland. 



Portland, Oregon. 



155 




until the machines have been brought into too contracted a condition for the broad- 
gauge style of Western farming, the generous proportions of the "Minnie" have 
been kept intact. It retains the big wheels, 
big reel, big rollers, big gear, big elevator, 
trussed main frame and strong self-relieving 
packers. Farmers, especially throughout 
Oregon, Washington, California and Idaho, 
appreciate the merits of the " Minnie," 
and recognize its special adaptability for this 
farming section, and will be pleased to 
know that "Minnie" is now made by the 
Walter A. Wood Harvester Co., with the 
same care and fidelity always bestowed on 

machines bearing the mark of " Walter A. Wood." The Pacific coast office and 
warehouse is located at No. 290 East Water street, Portland, Oregon, near the 
eastern approach to the Madison -street bridge. 

Thiel'S Detective Service. — This well-known agency, with its general offices 
at St. Louis, Missouri, and branches at New York, Chicago, St. Paul, Kansas City, 
Denver and Portland, is one of the strongest associations in the United States for 
the detection of crime. Portland has cause for congratulation that such an efficient 
service is placed at the disposal of her citizens. Bankers, merchants, professional 
men, insurance companies, all unite in saying that for the prevention of frauds and 
the detection and arrest of criminals, even where they have escaped bevond the 
limits of the state, Portland is indebted to Thiel's detective service. The general 
offices for the Northwest are located on the third floor, in the Chamber of Commerce 
building, in this city. The entire system of the agency here is managed by W. St. 
M. Barnes, who unites with a suavity of manner, a shrewdness and keen insight 
into the probable action of fugitives from justice, which has led to many remarka- 
ble caotures. 



PHOTO. BY TOWNE 



Portland Ensor Institute and Hospital. — The world frowns today on 
those who are guilty of excesses in the use of liquor or other stimulants, where these 

habits might have been smiled at a genera- 
tion ago. 

Several remedies were early discovered 
for the cure of drunkenness, but these were 
mineral in their nature and their use was 
fraught with the objection which is open 
to the introduction of any mineral into the 
human system. It remained for Dr. T. 
H. Ensor to discover a remedy for the cure 
of drunkenness and the morphine habit 
which is purely vegetable, and which ac- 
complishes all, if not more than was ever 
claimed for the mineral cures. 

Having fully satisfied themselves of the 
efficacy of the cure, a syndicate of repu- 
table citizens of Portland, last year, established the Ensor Institute and Hospital in 
this city. The institute is located on the corner of Twelfth and Main streets, in the 




Ensor Institute 



156 



The Oregonian's Handbook 01 the Pacific Northwest. 




large and well arranged buildings so long occupied by St. Helen's Hall. This build- 
ing was put in condition for the treatment of patients at a great expense. A good 
home is thus furnished for those who take treatment at this institution. Dr. W. F. 
Kremer, a well-known physician, is in charge of the institute. The Ensor Institute 
guarantees to cure liquor cases without causing the least interruption with the usual 
business of the patient, and the morphine habit is permanently cured without pain 
to the victim. Those suffering from an insatiable appetite for either alcohol, mor- 
phine or tobacco should correspond with the Ensor Institute of Portland, and receive 
satisfactory assurances that their disease is susceptible of an easy and permanent 
cure. 

The Louvre. — Among Portland's places of amusement there is no resort which 
enjoys so high a reputation in its line as the Louvre, located on Fourth street, 

between Washington and Alder. To all 
intents and purposes The Louvre takes 
the place of a well equipped club, with 
advantages not possessed by the latter 
institution. Fine meals are served here 
during the day, at a reasonable price, and 
the best of spirituous and malt liquors 
and cigars are dispensed to patrons at 
the bar, or at private tables. Leading 
magazines and periodicals are kept on 
file at the Louvre for the accommodation 
of guests. 

In the evening, at this popular resort, 
first-class concerts are given, free of 
charge, for the benefit of patrons who 
may be desirous of passing a few hours of pleasant relaxation. These concerts are 
varied occasionally by entertainments of a high order. The Louvre is conducted 
as a pleasure resort, which enjoys a high reputation, and it is well worthy of the 
large patronage it receives. 

Two Representative Portland Markets. — The Franklin Market, Nos. 105 
and 107 Third street, between Washington and Stark (telephone No. 1017), and the 
Oregon Market, corner First and Madison streets (telephone No. 296), enjoy an envi- 
able reputation. The Burckhardt Brothers, proprietors, are experts in selecting 
high-grade meats and in perfecting them by their cold-storage process of handling 
meats. The choicest cuts of beef, veal, pork and mutton are found at these markets. 
The sausage factory conducted by the firm is the best equipped in the Northwest. 
The Burckhardt Brothers suppl}' meats to hotels, restaurants, and make a specialty 
of family trade. No order is received by this firm that is too small for the most care- 
ful attention. 

A Great Boon to Sufferers. — While the climate of Portland will stand com- 
parison with that of any American city, it is indisputable that the moisture-laden 
clouds and the continued rain which prevail here during the winter months are con- 
ducive to rheumatism, kidney troubles and cognate afflictions. Against these the 
famous Geneva mineral water is an unfailing specific, and it is cordially recommended 
by the Portland medical faculty. Among many citizens who cheerfully testify to its 
curative powers may be mentioned C. H. Lewis, Hon. Cyrus Dolph, Sheriff Kelly, 



The Louvre, Portland. 



Oregon City, Oregon. 



157 



W. S. Newbury, ex-mayor of Portland, and C. K. Harbaugh. The Portland depot 
for Geneva mineral water is at 207 Morrison street, where all are invited to call and 
test the water free of charge. The Seattle office of the company is at the corner of 
Second and Madison streets. 

Rohse'S Park. — This well-known summer pleasure resort is located on the 
White House road, Portland's great pleasure drive. The park covers an area of 
about four acres and has been arranged for the comfort and amusement of patrons. 
A large dancing pavilion and band stand occupy the center of the grounds, and chairs, 
tables and vine-covered grottoes are scattered throughout the park for those who find 
their pleasure in sipping their beer while listening to the music and watching the 
merry dance. Part of the grounds have been laid out for games and are used by the 
Turners' society for their exercises. Frequent dances are given at Rohse's park dur- 
ing the summer, at which only leading orchestras are engaged. Imported wines, 
liquors and cigars aud light refreshments are served here. 

Oregon City, Oregon.— Oregon City, the seat of justice of Clackamas 
county, and one of the most important manufacturing centers west of the Rocky 
Mountains, is situated 12 miles south of Port- 
land, in the beautiful and fertile valley of the 
Willamette river. The historical traditions 
and legendary lore concerning Oregon City, 
and its picturesque location at the mighty falls 
of the Willamette, make it one of the most in- 
teresting spots in the Pacific Northwest. It is 
visited annually by thousands of tourists, and 
it is one of the most promising fields for the 
profitable investment of capital in the North- 
west. 




Falls of Willamette River, Oregon City. 



Long before the first intrepid pioneers journeyed across the plains to seek homes 
in Oregon a little settlement had sprung up at the Willamette falls. In 1829, Dr. 
John McLoughlin, the chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky 
Mountains, appropriated a tract of land where Oregon City now stands. He pos- 
sessed absolute power over a vast domain, but his inherent sense of justice and 

sterling integrity won for him the friendship of 
the early pioneers. The first American immi- 
gration to the Willamette valley arrived in 
Oregon City in 1842. One of the number, 
S. W. Moss, was engaged by Dr. McLoughlin 
to plat the townsite. This work was accom- 
plished with the aid of a rope and a pocket 
compass. For some years Oregon City was the 
capital of the territory. The territorial legisla- 
ture met in a primitive state house of split logs, 
with slab seats for the members. 

A near View, Willamette Falls, Oregon City. Events Were Constantly OCCUrring that kept 

the village here in a ferment of excitement. 
At short intervals the Indians of the territory commenced hostilities against 
the invading whites. The armies that were sent to chastise the savages were 




158 



The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



raised at Oregon City. It was in this city 




UETTE FALLS, OREGON CITY 



that the first Protestant church 
on the Pacific slope of either 
of the Americas was built, in 1843. 
This quaint old Methodist church 
and its parsonage are still stand- 
ing in the business center of the 
city, their moss-covered and 
weather-worn roofs being shad- 
owed by the first apple tree planted 
in Oregon. 

The present importance and 
prosperity of Oregon City, and its 
future development, depend largely 
upon the utilization of one of the 
greatest water powers in the United 
States. 



It is at this point that the navigable Willamette river after flowing through a 
beautiful valley famous for the fertility of its soil and its great natural resources, 
pours its great volume of water over a ledge of basaltic rock, making a vertical 
drop of 42 feet. This is the greatest water power in the world at tide water, and the 
greatest constant and entirely available one in the United States. It is estimated 
by hydraulic engineers that 
at the lowest stage of the 
water in the dry season, the 
power of the Willamette river 
at the falls is from 60,000 to 
80,000 horse power. It is 
now impossible to accurately 
measure the power exerted. 
It is believed, however, that 

when the improvements now being made are completed the falls will have an 
available force of 100,000 horse power at extreme low water. The magnitude of 
the falls can be appreciated when it is known that the whole body of a great navi- 
gable river flows over a solid rock dam here having a natural spillway of 3,000 feet. 




uette River Suspension Br 



Nearly all this immense force can be utilized. On both 







v..,. . flUfljta."- 



sides of the river 
below the falls are 
solid rock forma- 
tions suitable in 
every respect as 
sites for large and 
substantial manu- 
facturing plants. 
There is ample 
room here for mills 
and stations to use 
the entire available 
force. 



Oregon city. 



Oregon City, Oregon. 



159 




THt Basin, Oregon City. 



PHOTO BY TOWNE 



On the east side of the 
river are the extensive 
plants of The Imperial 
Flouring Mills, the Ore- 
gon City Manufacturing 
Co., Smith & Lovett'sice 
plant and the station of 
the Portland General 
Electric Company. Ex- 
tending below the falls 
on this side is a basin 600 
feet in length, its entire 
length furnishing admir- 
able sites for mills and factories. On the opposite side of the stream, at the end of the 
circular rock dam, are the works of the Willamette Paper and Pulp Company, the 
Crown Paper Company and the new 12,000 horse-power station of the Portland Gen- 
eral Electric Company. These plants face on the 
canal leading to the locks through which the falls 
are overcome to navigation. The Portland General 
Electric Company own the entire water power and 
a large tract of land adjacent, and have planned 
improvements to cost $2,000,000. One-half 
of this sum is now being expended. The Com- 
pany also own the locks and canal and charge a 
small toll for freight and passengers carried 
through by boats. An important improvement 
made by this company was the widening of the 
canal from 40 to 120 feet, and the replacing of 
the old wooden wall of the canal by a solid 
wall of masonry four feet wide at the top with 
a batter of one to five, and 34 feet high in places. 
This greatly increases the volume of water carried 
in the canal, facilitating both navigation and manu- 
facturing, and allowing the largest river craft to pass each other in opposite directions. 

At the edge of this canal the company 
is now building a monster electric-power 
station, which will be the greatest station 
in the world for the generation and trans- 
mission of electricity by water power. 
This station will start with a maximum 
capacity of 6,000 horse power, which will be 
shortly afterward increased to 1 2 ,000. Nearly 
all of this power will be transmitted to Port- 
land, where it will be utilized for almost 
every purpose requiring motive force. The.; 
cost per horse power of electric power is 
much less than that of steam, and its cheap- : 
ness is a most important factor in the eco- 
nomical running of all kinds of machinery. 




Court House, Oregon Cn 



PHOTO BY TOWNE. 




Public School, Oregon City. 



160 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Oregon City woolen Mills. 



As Portland grows and develops, so 
will Oregon City. Their interests are 
identical. Portland is the great distrib- 
uting and jobbing center of the Pacific 
Northwest. The output of the mills and 
factories of Oregon City is carried to 
Portland and from there it is shipped to 
the retailers and jobbers throughout the 
country. This trade and output will in 
the future show the same ratio of in- 
crease as the population of the Pacific 
Northwest. There are today a great 
many articles consumed in this sec- 
tion which come from the East. It is but 
a question of a year or two when much of 
this stuff will be manufactured at Oregon City, at a cost less than it can be produced 
for in the East. An advantage the power here has over theirs is that the river is 
navigable directly up to the spillway of the falls, thus allowing steamboats and 
barges to deliver and receive material and products directly from the factories and 
mills. 

Since the first crude attempt to utilize PH0T0 BY T0WNE - 
motive power in manufacturing, water 
power has remained the cheapest and 
most serviceable force employed. When 
a water power of great volume is situated 
in close proximity to a metropolitan cen- 
ter of population, and in the midst of a 
country rich in raw materials, it is but 
a question of time when its entire avail- 
able force will be utilized for manufac- 








Residence, P F. morey, Oregon Citv. 




Great Pulp m 



turing purposes. This is illustrated at St. 
Anthony falls, Minneapolis, where the en- 
tire available force of 20,000 horse power is 
used in the operation of flouring and saw 
mills. There are at the Willamette falls no 
rapids or dangerous currents, and no con- 
ditions that ever interfere with the steady 
application of the power. In the winter 
there is no floating ice, freezing or anchor 
ice. Since the first utilization of the power 
in 1865, nothing has occurred to stop the 
running of the woolen mills established in 
that year. 

Oregon City, its factories and mills, 
have unexcelled rail and water transporta- 
tion facilities. The city is a station on 
the Southern Pacific railroad. A line of 
steamboats is operated from this point to 
Portland and down the Willamette valley 



Oregon City, Oregon. 



161 



HOTO BY TOWN 




Block, Oregon City. 



a distance of ioo miles. The close proximity of Oregon City to Portland practically 
gives it all the transportation facilities possessed by that city. Thus it has the 
advantages accruing from three transcontinental railroads 
and the large fleet of steamers and sailing craft that ply 
between Portland and the ports of the Pacific and Atlantic 
oceans. Doubtless no other city of this size has the street- 
car facilities possessed by Oregon City. The East Side 
Railway Company operate a line from the south end of 
Main street, the principal business thoroughfare, to Port- 
land. Cars run on this line every hour. A branch line 
owned by the company runs to Gladstone, Oregon City's 
most attractive suburb. This beautiful tract of land is pic- 
turesquely situated on the banks of the Clackamas river, j 
about a mile distant from the business center of the city. | 
It covers an area of 60 acres and was platted by its owner, 
Mrs. S. M. McCown. It is dotted with neat cottages, and 
lies on the west side of the electric line. 

The Willamette Railway Company have recently built 
an electric line from the west end of the suspension 
bridge, at Oregon City, south to the new manufacturing 
town of Willamette Falls, situated at the confluence of the 
Tualatin and Willamette rivers, a distance of three miles from Oregon City. The 
site of this new suburb is an admirable one, both for factories and residences. A 
project is now under way to build a belt line from Main street to the highlands and 
residence district. It is also believed that the Portland General Electric Company 
will eventually extend the line of the Willamette Railway Company, which they 
control, to Portland. 

Oregon City is built on both sides of the Willamette river and is connected by a 
free suspension bridge. The business district of the city lies on the east bank of the 
river, back of which is a moss-covered perpendicular bluff of basaltic rock, from the 
summit of which a broad plateau stretches back inland. It is on this plateau that 
the residence district is located. In this part of the city are broad macadamized 
streets, lighted by electricity, and many elegant residences, surrounded by tastily 
arranged lawns. Nearly every house is surrounded by fruit trees, and in the sum- 
mer months by a bewildering profusion of flowers. 

On the brow of the bluff is the imposing mansion of P. F. Morey, the president 
of the electric company. From this bluff there is a beautiful view of diversified 
landscape scenery. 

North of the city, the Clackamas river is seen, tortuously winding in and out of 
orchards and grain meadows until it is finally lost in the mighty Willamette. Imme- 
diately below is the business 
photo by towne. district throbbing with life and 

activity. Beyond it the river 
falls 42 feet into a basin 160 
its rainbow- 
spray 100 feet into the air. 
Below the falls, on both sides of 
the river, are great mills turn- 
ing out millions of dollars 




A Glimpse of Gladstone near Oregon City. 



162 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



worth of products annually. These mammoth concerns and the other indus- 
trial plants, including an excelsior factory, a brick yard, two sash and door factories 
and iron works, are industries, which with its exceptional natural advantages, and 
its favorable location, have resulted in Oregon City attracting a population of 5,300. 
Unlike the citizens of many other cities, the people of Oregon City act as a unit in 
everything tending to promote its welfare. This public spirit is evidenced by the 
many substantial improvements that have been made in the city. In the past year 
Main street was improved with vitrified brick at a cost of $40,000. Along this street 
are many substantial blocks, including the building occupied by the Commercial 
Bank and the Bank of Oregon City. The Commercial Bank is conducted by Messrs. 
C. D. and D. C. Latourette. The Bank of Oregon City is successfully run by Messrs. 
Chas. and Ed. Caufield. Both of these financial institutions are conservatively man- 
aged and they are on the strongest of financial footings. 

Occupying a command- 
ing site, near the head of 
the street, is the Clackamas 
County court house, a sub- 
stantial stone edifice, situ- 
ated in the center of a grassy 
square. The city has an ad- 
mirable public school system. 
The High School, costing 
$ 14,000, is a handsome frame 
structure, as is also the 
Seventh-street school which 
cost $10,000. Within a ra- 
dius of one mile from the 
court house there are seven 
schools, four of which are 



PHOTO. BV TOWNE. 




Sunset Addt 



Across Willamette Rn 



from Oregon City. 



within the city limits. There 
are 27 teachers employed in 
these, and the total valuation of the school property is about $65,000. There are 
also here a Catholic parochial school and a free kindergarten. Of churches, Oregon 
City has 12. The city is thoroughly lighted by electricity generated in the 3,000 
horse-power plant of the Portland General Electric Company. This electricity is 
also used in operating the East Side railway, as far as Milwaukie, and in lighting 
the city of Portland. Among the other features of Oregon City is a splendid water- 
works system, the pumping station of which is the largest in the state outside of Port- 
land. In the business section is a sewerage system costing $11,600, and in the 
residence district a separate system is now being built which will cost about $10,000. 
The city has a two-story brick jail, built on hygienic and humanitarian principles, at 
a cost of $7,000. The fire department, an excellent and well-disciplined organiza- 
tion, has three hose carriages and one hook and ladder truck. 

All business of quasi-public nature relating to Oregon City is transacted through 
the Board of Trade. Much of the prosperity and the improvements of the city are due 
to this organization. It includes in its membership nearly all the representative men 
of the city. Any information about Oregon City and vicinity will be cheerfully fur- 
nished upon application to any officer or member of the Board. The officers are 



Oregon Citv, Oregon. 



163 



George C. Brownell, president; F. E. Donaldson, secretary; F. T. L. Charman, 
treasurer. Mr. Brownell, the president of the board, is one of the prominent mem- 
bers of the Oregon bar. He was born, in 1S58, in Essex county, New York. He 
was admitted to the bar in his native state, and subsequently practiced law in Kan- 
sas. In 1890 he removed to Oregon City, where he at once became prominently 
identified with every public movement. 

The pioneer manufacturing enterprise of the falls is the woolen mill of the 
Oregon City Manufacturing Company. The mill was established in 1865, and it is 
now a 14-set mill, and the largest west of Ohio. It consumes annually over 1,000,000 
pounds of wool, and pays to its operators $100,000 a year. The output of the mill 
consists of blankets, cashmeres, flannels, tweeds, woolen underwear and hose, which 
is largely shipped to the East. The company also operates a soap factory which 
turns out 100,000 pounds per month. On the edge of the canal on the opposite side 
of the river from the woolen mills, is the extensive plant of the Willamette Pulp & 
Paper Company, a corpora- 
tion with a capital of $600,- 
000. This concern leases 2,600 
horse power, and has a daily 
capacity of 20 tons of pulp 
in one mill by mechanical 
process and 10 tons in a sul- 
phite mill by chemical pro- 
cess. In addition to this is a 
mammoth paper mill ca- 
pable of turning out 20 tons 
of all kinds of paper. The 
requirements of this com- 
pany alone, for the making 
of pulp and paper, outside of 
its water power, are some 
60,000,000 gallons of water 
per day, or fully five times the 
quantity consumed by the city of Portland. Adjoining this plant is the Crown Paper 
Company's mill, erected at a cost of about $200,000. They have a daily capacity of 
seven tons of wrapping paper of the various grades, and in addition a large output 
of straw and binders' board. Among the other industrial plants here are the two 
large mills and mammoth elevator of the Portland Flouring Company. The mills 
have a daily capacity of 900 bushels, and in the elevator a storage capacity of 200,000 
bushels. The output of these mills is a staple article of commerce to the Orient and 
at Liverpool. 

Another enterprise here of considerable magnitude is the large artificial ice plant 
owned by Messrs. Smith & Lovett. This is one of the most perfectly equipped ice 
plants in the country, and owing to the cheapness of motive power it can manufac- 
ture ice at almost what the fuel costs when steam is used. The plant cost over 
$50,000, and has a daily capacity of 50 tons. The ice is made in cakes 10 feet long, 
3 feet wide and 10 inches thick, which weigh from 1,300 to 1,800 pounds, and which 
are nearly transparent. This ice is consumed in Portland, where it is in great 
demand. 




oregon's mammoth worlo's fair salmon (frozen and shipped from smith &. lovett's 
Ice works. Oregon City.) 



164 



The Oregoniarf s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Erected 1889. 
3000-horse power. 




Station a. Portland General Electric Co., Oregon City. 



The Portland General Electric Company was organized August 5th, 
1892, with a capitalization of $4,250,000, this corporation being a consolidation of the 
Willamette Falls Electric Company and the Willamette Transportation & Locks 
Company. At the time of organization it acquired all the property formerly owned 

by the two last-named com- 
panies. This property con- 
sisted of all the electric light- 
ing plants in Portland and 
Oregon City, the entire water 
power of the Willamette 
river at Oregon City, the 
locks of the Willamette river, 
which were built at a cost of 
about $600,000; 2,000 acres of 
land, having a water frontage 
of four miles, above and be- 
low the falls, at Oregon City, 
and covering all available 
building sites for manufac- 
turing institutions, and many 
other valuable assets. 
The officers of the company are : P. F. Morey, president; H. M. Byllesby, first 
vice-president; F. V. Holman, second vice-president ; Bank of British Columbia, 
treasurer; Charles H. Caufield, secretary; H. C. Levis, assistant secretary; H. W. 
Goode, general manager. Board of Directors: P. F. Morey, president; H. Failing, 
president First National Bank, Portland; F. Dekum, president Commercial National 
and Portland Savings Banks, Portland; T. Woodward, president United States 
National Bank, Portland; C. A. Coffin, president General Electric Co.; II. M. 
Byllesby, president Northwest General Electric Co. ; F. V. Holman, counselor-at- 
law; S. Farrell, commission merchant; W. K. Smith, capitalist; H. W. Goode, 
general manager; C. H. Caufield, manager Bank of Oregon City. 

The company is making large improvements on its property both at Oregon City 
and Portland, the principal feature of which .is the construction of a new 12,000 
horse-power electric station on the west bank of the river at the falls. ' The head- 
works and ground work of station walls, and flumes for 12,000 horse-power, will be 
installed at once, with water wheels for 6,000 horse-power, and 3,000 horse-power of 
electrical machinery. The balance of the water wheels and electrical machinery can 
be added from time to time, as additional capacity is required. The building will 
be constructed of concrete 
and iron, and be absolutely 
fire proof. It is expected that 
this new plant will be in oper- 
ation early in the year 1894. 
The wheels in this station 
will be Victor turbines, of a 
vertical type, of 600 horse- 
power capacity each, and on 
top of each shaft will be coupled direct the armature of a 600 horse-power electric 
generator. As soon as the new plant is completed, it is the intention of the com- 




Front View, Heaoworks Station B, Portland General Electric Co., Oregon City. 



Woodburn, Oregon. 



165 




Rear View, heaoworks for Station b, 12,000 

horse Power, Portland Gen. Electric 

Company, Oregon City. 



pany to extend its lighting business, and to also furnish electric power for stationary 
and railway purposes. 

The present plant of the 

company, located on the east 
bank of the river at the 
falls, has been in operation 
since the year 1890. This 
plant, called Station A, has a 
capacity of 3, 000 horse power 
in water wheels and electri- 
cal machinery, and its entire 
capacity is taken up in com- 
mercial and city lighting at 
Portland and Oregon City. 

To transmit the electric- 
ity between stations at the 
falls and Portland , a distance 
of 13 miles, overhead conduc- 
tors are used and high-ten- 
sion currents. The loss in 
transmission on the arc cir- 
cuits is about 10 per cent, and 
on the incandescent circuits 
about 20 per cent. It is ex- 
pected, however, that from the new station the loss on incandescent circuits will 
not exceed 10 per cent between Oregon City and Portland. 

The company at present leases about 4,000 horse-power of direct water power to 
mills and factories, located on both banks of the river, at Oregon City, and is pre- 
pared to offer strong inducements to any first-class manufacturing concern desiring 
a location. 

Woodburn, Oregon. — Woodburn, Marion county, Oregon, is an incorporated 
town of about 1,000 population. Most of this population has been gained during the 
past five years. The town enjoys the best of railroad communication, being located 
on the main line of the Southern Pacific, 35 miles south of Portland, and it is also 
the northern terminus of the Wood burn-Springfield branch of the same road, a line 
that taps the best part of Western Oregon. 

The principal support of the town is the rich sur- 
rounding farming section. A single flouring mill, with a 
daily capacity of 140 barrels, is the only manufacturing 
industry supported here. The raising of trees at this point 
has developed into a business of considerable magnitude, 
and Woodburn is frequently referred to as a "nursery town. ' ' 
Nineteen tree-growing farms in the vicinity of Woodburn 
now ship more than 2,000,000 trees annually to various 
points on the coast. The largest of these nurseries contains 
more than 200 acres, nearly all of which is devoted entirely 
to fruit-tree culture. The establishment of the nurseries in the vicinity of Woodburn 
has tended to a gradual appreciation in the prices of the rich farming lands adjacent, 




Public School, Woodburn. 



166 



The Oresronian 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



and the valuations of good lands near the town are perhaps a little higher than as 
good lands can be bought for in other parts of the valley. 

Woodburn has a modern school building which was recently erected at a cost of 
$10,000. It contains eight rooms, well lighted and ventilated. Only five of these 
rooms are occupied at the present writing. Five teachers are employed in the public 
school here, and the average daily number of pupils enrolled is about 250. Wood- 
burn supports five church organizations, two Presbyterian, one Methodist, a United 
Brethren and an order of the Seventh Day Adventists. 

A bank on a strong financial footing is located at Woodburn, and all the different 
lines of business are well represented here. The Independent, a weekly paper, 
furnishes the people of the town with news of a local interest. Two hotels and two 
livery stables are located at this point. Woodburn, owing to its exceptional facilities 
for shipping afforded by the railroads passing this point, will always be an important 
town of the Willamette valley, and its growth in the future will, doubtless, be as 
marked as has been noted here during the past few years. 

Gervais, Oregon. — Gervais is a small town of about 400 population, located 
on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad, 38 miles south of Portland and 14 
miles north of Salem. The place enjoys considerable trade with the rich tributary 
farming district. A roller flouring mill with a daily capacity of 50 barrels is located 
here. The town supports one weekly newspaper, The Star. A city hall is main- 
tained with a seating capacity of 400; two hotels furnish fair accommodations to the 
traveling public, and one livery stable and a number of well stocked stores comprise 
the mercantile interests of the place. 

Gervais, in common with the other prosperous towns of the Willamette valley, 
enjoys the benefits of good schools. Two schools are maintained here, the public 
and the parochial. The average daily attendance at the public school is about 60, 
while at the parochial school the enrollment for the past year was 75 scholars daily. 
The latter school is in charge of the Benedictine Sisters. This school is conducted 
in a large io-room building originally intended for use as a convent, whose erection 
involved an outlay of $5,000. Five teachers are employed in the parochial school, 
while the public school is taught by two teachers. Three church organizations are 
maintained at Gervais, the Presbyterian, Baptist and Catholic, and each of these 
organizations is on a prosperous financial footing. 

Salem, Oregon. — Salem, the second city of Oregon in population and com- 
mercial importance, is one of the most attractive populated centers of the Pacific 
coast. It is the state capital which insures its social status. It is the judicial seat 

of Marion county, one of the richest counties of 
Western Oregon, which makes it the principal 
point of interest to the people of a very prosper- 
ous section, and its location in the center of a val- 
ley which, owing to its fertility and beautiful sur- 
roundings, attracted the attention of the earliest 
settlers within the borders of the present state of 
Oregon, has held for Salem a trade that has made 
the city one of the most important inland com- 
mercial centers of the Pacific Northwest. 

Salem was incorporated in 1S57. In the 
pioneer history of the state the city played 




State Capitol, Salem. 



Salem, Oregon. 



167 



fINGTON A BRO. 




STREET, Salem 



a most important part. Its selection as the state capital was but a fitting 
acknowledgement of the many claims the city was enabled to advance for the 

honor, and the erection of the elegant edifice 
of the state capitol has sustained the wisdom 
of the selection of this city as the capital by 
the early legislators of the present rich and 
prosperous state of Oregon. 

Salem is located on the east bank of the 
Willamette river, which is navigable practic- 
ally the entire year between this point and 
Portland. It is also on the main line of the 
Southern Pacific, 52 miles south of Oregon's 
metropolis. The corporate limits of the city 
extend for a distance of two miles along the 
bank of the Willamette river and for an equal 
distance east of the water front. The town site 
occupies a gently sloping, level stretch of prairie, the fall from the higher parts of 
the city to the level of the river being sufficient to afford a natural system of drainage. 
The surrounding country is all rich and highly productive, and in the immediate 
vicinity of Salem are found some of the finest farms of the state. 

The present population of Salem is about 12,000. In the immediate suburbs, 
however, are the homes of some 3,000 additional people, a population that should 
be rightly credited to Salem proper. The appearance of the city is decidedly metro- 
politan. A generous impulse with a true appreciation of future municipal importance 
must have been a guiding factor in laying out the original townsite by the early pro- 
jectors of a town at this point. The main streets are all 100 feet wide and all the 
streets are lined with tall and graceful elm and maple trees, which add greatly to 
the general beauty of the surroundings. With but few exceptions, the main business 
portion of the city is solidly built up with brick and stone structures. Many of 
these buildings are three and four stories in height and some of them are as attrac- 
tive in architectural design and finish as are any of the best business blocks of 
Portland. 

Salem, like Portland, is an exceptionally wealthy city. An air of prosperity 
pervades the business community. Attractive displays of goods are made in the 

plate-glass fronts of the lead- 
ing stores, and some of the 
largest houses here carry 
stocks of goods ranging in 
value from $25,000 to $75,000. 
In addition to the trade 
which a city of 12,000 popu- 
lation naturally creates for 
itself, Salem also does a- 
large amount of business with 
numerous towns of Marion 
and Polk counties and also 
with the farming districts of this part of the state. Statistics show that Salem is the 
seat of the most productive agricultural county of Oregon. While the soil of the 
and of other parts of the Willamette valley may be equally as fertile as is that of the 



photo by cherrington a bro. 




iidge Across Willamette River, Salem. 



168 The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

land of Marion county, the latter county is one of the older settled portions of the 
state, and for this reason more of its land has been put into cultivation than in other 
counties of the valley. The present population of Marion county is about 23,000. 
Salem is the trading center of all of Marion county and, as before stated, of a consider- 
able part of Polk county on the other side of the river, the section that has been 
made tributary to the city by the construction of the fine free steel wagon and pas- 
senger bridge which spans the river at this point. Salem is the principal supply 
point for about 14 smaller towns in the tributary district, a trade sufficient in impor- 
tance to have already justified the establishment of considerable jobbing business at 
this point in connection with the large retail trade of the city. 

Salem, as the capital of the state, is naturally the home of the principal state 
institutions. Located here are the penitentiary, state asylum for the insane, the 
state school for the blind, the deaf and the dumb, the state reform school, as well as 
being the place of location of the state capitol, one of the finest public buildings on 
the coast. The location of these public institutions at Salem has done much to 
advance the interests of the city as a business center, and the money regularly dis- 
bursed here by the state is a considerable source of revenue to the business commu- 
nity of Salem. 

Salem as a manufacturing point is one of the most important of the state. Two 
large flouring mills, a woolen mill, a fruit cannery and 
photo by cherrington * bro. evaporator combined, one sawmill, two sash and door fac- 

tories, iron works, carriage factory, a brewery and ice fac- 
tory, and several smaller industrial plants comprise the 
factories located at the state capital. The flouring mills 
are both equipped with the full roller process and the com- 
bined capacity of the two mills is 1,200 barrels a day. 
The wheat for running these mills is raised princi- 
pally in Marion and Polk counties, and the output 
of the mills is shipped principally to Liverpool. The mills 
manufacture the finest grade of flour and the brand, 
"Salem Fancy Patent Roller Flour," manufactured 
here is well known throughout the entire state. About 30 men are employed regu- 
larly in these two industrial plants. The woolen mills are in constant operation and 
furnish employment to about 50 men and women. The capacity of the latter mills 
is about three-set. About 400,000 pounds of wool are consumed in these mills 
annually. The product is a very fine grade of woolen goods, which finds a ready 
sale in the Eastern and California markets. The sawmill here employs about 40 
men and has a capacity of 40,000 feet of lumber per day. The other factories of the 
city give employment to from 5 to 15 men each. 

Salem already enjoys the benefit of a considerable water power, which is devel- 
oped at this point by a stream of water of considerable magnitude. This available 
power, however, can be greatly increased by cutting a canal to connect with the 
Santiam river, 10 miles south, and this work can be done at a comparatively small 
expense. This canal would develop, for manufacturing purposes at Salem, an avail- 
able power of 5,000 horse, and it is highly probable that this important work will be 
carried to a successful termination in the near future. 

Salem already boasts of a good system of water works. Twenty-five miles of 
cast-iron mains, ranging from 1 to 21 inches in diameter, are now laid througL the 




Salem, Oregon. 



169 



PHOTO BY CHERRINGTON 




Electric Cars, Salem. 



city. The reservoir, with a capacity of 2,000,000 gallons, is at an elevation of 1 75 
feet above the business portiou of the city, an elevation that insures ample pressure 
in the city mains to throw a stream over any of the highest buildings of the city. 
At the pumping station are three powerful pumps with a combined pumping capacity 
of 8,000,000 gallons of water per day, a supply that will be more than ample for the 
requirements of Salem for water for many years in the future. 

Two fine lines of electric cars are in 
operation at Salem. The two lines of street 
railway cover the business portion of the 
city and run out as far as the state fair 
grounds, connecting with the Southern Pa- 
cific railroad depot, the penitentiary, insane 
asylum, and reaching as far out as the 
southern limits of the city. Cars run regularly 
at intervals of 20 minutes each. About 10 
miles of well equipped electric road are in 
successful operation here. Salem is thor- 
oughly lighted by electricity, both the arc 
and incandescent systems of lighting being 
used. An efficient police and fire depart- 
ment is maintained here. Salem has sin- 
gularly escaped disastrous conflagrations in 

the past, and the precaution taken here against fire practically removes all danger 
of a serious holocaust in the future. 

Marion and Polk counties are united at Salem by a steel bridge which spans the 
Willamette at this point. This bridge was completed two years ago at a cost of 
$65,000, and is free to both foot travel and teams. 

As an educational center Salem is one of the most important cities of the state. 
Five commodious public school buildings are located in different parts of the city. 
Three of these are models of architectural design and are excellently arranged for 
school purposes. A thorough and rigid system of training is adopted, and the 
courses of study range from the kindergarten and primary to the high school. A staff 

of 30 teachers is employed in the public schools 
, here, and the average number of scholars in daily 
attendance is about 1,600. In addition to the fine 
public schools Salem has the advantages for higher 
learning afforded by the Willamette Universitv, 
which was founded here by the Methodist Mission 
in 1843. This school now ranks first among the 
great schools of the state. It offers a full colle- 
giate course, in addition to which departments of 
law, medicine, music and art are maintained. The 
average number of students in attendance at the 
Willamette University in all departments during 
the past year was about 300. The Sisters' 
Academy, a Catholic institution, the Friends Polytechnic Institute, and the Capital 
City Business College are the other seats of learning maintained at the capital city. 

Salem may be appropriately denominated a city of state institutions, fine resi- 
dences, schools and churches. There are no less than 14 church organizations main- 







East Salem Schoo 



170 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO BY CHERRINGTON & BRO. 




Lincoln School, Salem. 



tained here, some of which worship in very fine church buildings. The denomina- 
tions represented are the Presbyterian, Cumberland Presbyterian, Congregational, 
Evangelical, Evangelical Mission, Baptist, Free Methodist, Friends, M. E. South, 
Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Episcopal, Church of God, and United Brethren. 

The State Institutions. — The Oregon Institute for the Blind now has a daily 
attendance of about 20 scholars. The literary faculty of the school is composed of 

four teachers. The pupils employ their leisure time in 
making hammocks, about 200 of which are turned out 
every year. These are sold principally at wholesale. 
The State Reform School is located about 4*4 miles 
south of Salem. The building is a handsome four-story 
brick, which was recently erected at a cost of $30,000. 
This institution is under the best of management, and 
the incorrigible youth who are sent here soon yield to 
the rigid discipline enforced. The largest number of 
boys in attendance at this school, at any one time 
during the past year, was 80. A farm of 317 acres 
adjoins the school building. All the boys in attendance 
are compelled to do light farm and garden work, and 
also to assist in work about the building. The Oregon 
school for the education of deaf mutes had 39 pupils enrolled during the past year. 
Both girls and boys are admitted to this school. Two of the teachers and most of 
the employes of the school are deaf mutes themselves. A printing office and broom 
shop have been provided for this school to give needed employment to the pupils in 
attendance. 

The Oregon state penitentiary is located two miles east of the business portion 
of the city. The principal employment for the convicts is furnished by the North- 
western foundry, which is located on the penitentiary grounds. This foundry turns 
out from 25,000 to 30,000 stoves a year. It pays the state 40 cents a day for each 
convict employed. Connected with the penitentiary are 160 acres of fine land. The 
prisoners have the benefit of a $1,000 library, and they are well cared for, while a 
most rigid system of discipline is maintained. 

One mile east of Salem, on a commanding eminence, is located Oregon's state 
asylum for the care of the insane. Connected with the asylum is a farm of 1,000 
acres. The farming of this land is conducted on an ex- 
tensive scale, many of the convalescent and tractable 
patients being used for this purpose. Large buildings 
for the storing of grain, housing of stock, and for other 
purposes, have been built here. A good water-works plant 
and fire department, equipped with electric-alarm signals, 
are maintained on the asylum grounds. The patients have 
the benefit of a large and well equipped bath house, and 
every needed improvement for the proper care of the 
insane has been provided here by the state. The Oregon 
state asylum is conceded to be one of the best equipped 
and best managed institutions of the kind in the United States. About Soo 
patients are now under treatment here, and this number is constantly being 
increased with the growth of population of the state. 



iinst )« a ' ■■ 




yew Park School, Salev 



Salem, Oresron. 



171 



PHOTO. BY 




State Insane Asylum, Salem. 



The state capitol and the Marion county court house, located at Salem, are 
models of architectural skill. They occupy prominent positions in the center of the 
city, and are the first buildings seen as the train rolls into the city from either direc- 
tion in entering the corporate limits. 

Salem's history in the past has been one of constant progress. The country 
immediately tributary is so varied in its powers of production, and the location of 
the city is so favorable for holding the 
vast trade of this section that retrogres- 
sion in Salem's prosperity will be an un- 
known factor in the future history of the 
city. Within the past three years hundreds 
of small farms have been sold in the im- 
mediate vicinity of Salem, and most of 
these small pieces of land are being plant- 
ed in fruit trees. All kinds of farming is 
done in this district, with the principal at- 
tention being paid to the raising of wheat. The farmers of this part of the state have 
recently been paying considerable attention to the raising of fine stock, both horses 
and cattle, and this industry has proved a great source of profit to those who have en- 
gaged in it. Land in this part of the state is still held at reasonable prices, and with 
the possibilities here for diversified farming and fruit culture, the country now tribu- 
tary to Salem will continue to fill up for many years in the future with a thrifty class 
of people, a class that has already made this one of the most inviting farming sec- 
tions of the coast. 

The Salem merchants have the benefit of several lines of steamboats which ope- 

erate on the Willamette river, both north and south of the city. Regular connec- 
tion is made from this point by water with Portland and the points on the 

river north, and also with the Oregon 
Pacific railroad at Albany and Corvallis 
south, thus giving the merchants of 
Salem the full benefit of the competitive 
rates of freight afforded by the rival 
lines of railroads and steamships which 
reach the state from outside commercial 
centers. 
Salem has a good morning paper in The Statesman, which also publishes a 

weekly edition. The paper is published by The Statesman Publishing Company, 

which is a company of ample capital, and which is also ably 

managed. The controlling force in the company is Mr. R J. 

Hendricks, who is also editor of The Statesman . Mr. Hendricks 

is recognized as one of the brightest young newspaper men of 

the state, and the work he has done on The Statesman has 

entitled him to an honorable position among Oregon's 

journalists. 

In addition to The Statesman, there is also published at 

Salem The Capital Journal, which fills the evening field. 

There are also published here the usual number of weekly 

papers always found in a city of the size of Salem. Stjte Reform sch00L| Saleh . 



PHOTO. BY CHER 




State Penitent 



PHOTO. BY CHERRINGTON A BRO. 




171' 



The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Ladd & Bush. — The oldest and largest banking institution between Portland 
and Sacramento is the bank of Ladd & Bush, at Salem. This bank was founded in 
1868, and it now does an enormous business. It has connections with other banks 
throughout Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and throughout the coast and in 



PHOTO BY CHERRINGTON & BRO. 



Photo by cherrington & bro. 









bank, ladd & Bush, Salem. 



Interior, ban 



Ladd & Bush, Salen 



the East. It buys and sells exchange on all parts of the world, and makes collec- 
tions throughout the United States, British America and Mexico. 

In addition to the bank of Ladd & Bush, there are three other large banking 
houses at Salem, all on a strong financial footing. The finances of the city are good, 
and everything in Salem, from bank stock to the business of the individual mer- 
chants, ranks high in the most reliable commercial reports made on the state. 

Marion County, Oregon. — The Willamette river and Butte creek mark the 
boundary line between Marion and Clackamas counties on the north ; Marion 
county is separated from Wasco on the east by the summit of the Cascade range of 
mountains ; on the south the Santiam and North fork of the Santiam rivers sepa- 
rate Marion from Linn, and the Willamette river is the boundary line of the county 
on, the west. 

The area of good land found in Marion county is about 36 miles north and south 
and 15 miles east and west in extent. Contained in this farming belt are about 
900,000 acres of land highly fertile and easily cultivated. The county contains about 
14 townships that are still unsurveyed, but the greater portion of this unsurveyed 
section is mountainous and not adapted to a higher state of cultivation. The dis- 
tinctively mountainous sections of the county, however, are principally covered 
with a dense growth of timber, and lumbering in those forest districts is carried on 
to a considerable extent. About one-half of the total area of Marion county may 
be classed as agricultural land. This arable district is principally level, although 
it contains a great diversity of soil. Diversity of soil means diversity of crops, and 
it has been proved that diversified farming is the most profitable in any section of 
country. 

The climate and soil of the entire Willamette valley do not vary materially in 
different locations. Marion county, from being located near the principal city of the 
valley and from being longer settled, is, however, richer than are the other valley 



Marion County, Oregon. 173 

counties. Iu the low, level portions of the county, especially in lands bordering on 
the Willamette river, the soil is of a heavy black loam, the yields on which are always 
heavy. In addition to the Willamette river numerous other watercourses lead through 
the county. Prominent among these streams are the Santiam river, Butte creek, 
Pudding river, Spring and Mill creeks. The valley of the latter stream varies in 
width from one-half to three miles, and it is highly fertile. In the undulating and 
more hill}- portions of the county are patches of white oak, fir and cedar, but these 
small forest growths are being gradually cleared off and the cleared land is found to 
be easily cultivated and very productive. 

On the west side of Marion county flows the Willamette river, which affords a 
means of cheap transportation to the farmers here during all seasons of the year. 
The Santiam river, on the south, is navigable for light-draft steamers for a distance 
of 10 miles above the point where it joins the waters of the Willamette river. 

French, Howell, Santiam, Salem and North and South prairies are local names 
applied to certain portions of the prairie lands of the county. These different prairies 
embrace thousands of acres of highly productive lands, lands that are now princi- 
pally occupied. Wheat, hops, peaches, prunes, pears, cherries and root crops are 
chief productions of the soil of this part of the state. Considerable attention is now 
being paid by the farmers of Marion county to dairying and stockraising, with the 
best of results. 

The annual report of Marion county's schools, for 1892, showed that during that 
year the total number of pupils enrolled was 5,374. The estimated value of all school 
property in the county was $210,280. Employed in teaching these schools were 150 
teachers, whose monthly salaries averaged about $45 each. The total assessed valu- 
ation of all property in Marion county, for 1892, was a little less than $16,000,000. 

Turner, Oregon. — Turner is a small incorporated town with a population of 
about 250, located on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad 60 miles south of 
Portland. It supports one flouring mill with a daily capacity of 200 barrels, which 
is operated by water power obtained through a race from Mill creek, on which the 
town is situated. Mill creek is an arm of the Santiam river, which is distant about 
10 miles from Turner. A large grain warehouse with a capacity of 60,000 bushels of 
wheat is also located at this point. 

The public school system of Turner is well organized and the daily attendance at 
public school here is about 60 pupils. Two teachers are in charge of the school. 
The Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist and Christian denominations have churches at 
this town. The last named order worships in a large tabernacle, 100 x 150 feet in size, 
which was recently erected at a cost of $10,000 by George Turner, after whose father 
the town was named. Turner supports one hotel and one liven' stable, and the dif- 
ferent lines of business are well represented here. The principal shipment from this 
point is flour, and the town is mainly supported by the prosperous farming com- 
munity adjacent. 

Jefferson, Oregon. — The first settlement at the present site of Jefferson was 
made in 1853. The town was incorporated in 1870, and the population at the present 
writing is about 300. 

Jefferson is on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad, 70 miles south of 
Portland, 19 miles south of Salem and 10 miles north of Albany. Three passenger 
trains pass this point each way daily. The Santiam river flows by the towusite and 



174 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

this stream furnishes an available and large water power at this point. This power is 
now used to run the flouring mill located here which has a daily capacity of 125 
barrels. A small lumber mill with a daily cutting capacity of 10,000 feet, at Jeffer- 
son, is also run by this same power. Owing to its most favorable location in a rich 
farming section, Jefferson is a favorable trading point for a very large district. The 
stores of the town are well stocked, and some of the business houses here enjoy a 
verv large trade. The general merchandise store of Anton and Alois Tanzler, which 
is conducted under the firm name of A. Tanzler & Co., furnishes a notable example 
of the extent to which this line of business is carried on at Jefferson. This firm 
carries a stock of goods valued at from $7,000 to $10,000, and in addition to their 
large local trade they enjoy a country patronage reaching out into the rich farming 
district lying within a radius of seven miles of Jefferson. 

The public schools of Jefferson have a daily average attendance of 75 scholars. 
Three teachers are regularly employed in these schools. Three church organizations 
own their own buildings at this point. These are the Evangelical and two organizations 
of the Methodists. The handsome church building of the Evangelical denomination 
has only been recently constructed. Jefferson supports one weekly paper, The 
Review. The people of Jefferson enjoy the benefits of a free library. The town has 
a public hall with a seating capacity of 300, and two hotels and one livery stable fur- 
nish ample accommodations to the traveling public that frequents this point. 

A free bridge, constructed at a cost of $12,600, spans the Santiam river at Jeffer- 
son. Other public improvements of a substantial nature are also noted here. The 
assessed valuation of town property is $100,000, and the place has no bonded indebt- 
edness. The principal shipments from Jefferson are grain, flour and farm produce. 
In the farming district tributary to Jefferson, hop-raising and fruit-culture are now 
receiving considerable attention, and as the soil of this section is especially adapted to 
these crops, the raising of fruit and hops will probably claim more of the attention 
of the farmers of this part of the state in the future. 

Albany, Oregon. — Albany, the judicial seat of Linn count}', is situated on 
the east bank of the Willamette river, in nearly the center of the rich Willamette 
valley. It is the place of junction of the two important lines of 
railroad of the Southern Pacific and Oregon Pacific systems, the 
former of which runs north and south through the state, 
while the latter road crosses the valley from east to west. By 
the Southern Pacific line Albany is 79 miles south of Port- 
land, and it is 80 miles from Albany to Yaquina Bay by the 
line of the Oregon Pacific. The latter road, in addition to 
affording connection between Albany and Yaquina Bay, is also 
extended eastwards to the foothill districts of the 
Cascade Mountains, thus opening up the rich part of 
the Willamette valley east of Albany to the merchants 
of this city. In addition to the two main lines of 
(A r££ . iota, road mentioned above, Albany is also the place of 

junction of the through line of the Southern Pacific 
and the Lebanon branch of the same road. The 
Lebanon branch extends west from Albany to Le- 
banon, a distance of 13 miles, and this line also 
makes connection at Lebanon Junction, nine miles 







Albany, Oregon. 175 

east of Albany, with the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific, 
which runs north and south through the rich part of the Willamette valley west of 
Albany. The Oregon Pacific connects this point with the West Side division of tbe 
Southern Pacific at Corvallis, n miles west of Albany. No point in the valley 
enjoys the advantages for cheap freight transportation which the business men of 
Albany are able to avail themselves of. They have the benefit of the main line of 
the Southern Pacific, extending north and south through the entire state ; they can 
reach the rich country east by the rival lines of road of the Oregon Pacific or the 
Southern Pacific systems ; they can reach the San Francisco market either by way 
of the Oregon Pacific road to Yaquina Bay, where connection is made by steamships 
for all points on the coast south, or by the Southern Pacific to Portland, where close 
connection is made with a number of steamer lines, or with freight vessels plying 
up and down the coast ; and in addition to the railroads, the Willamette river is nav- 
igable at nearly all seasons of the year between Albany and Portland, and during 
the higher stages of water in the river, steamboats ascend the river above Albany for 
a considerable distance. 

Within a radius of 20 miles of Albany is a rich agricultural section of country 
that now forms one of the best parts of the Pacific Northwest. East of the Willa- 
mette river this magnificent farming belt is drained by the North and South Santiam 
and Calipooia rivers, streams that have their sources in the Cascade Mountains, and 
which carry a large volume of water at all seasons of the year. West of the Willa- 
mette river the district is drained by Mary's and Luckiamute rivers and Soap creek, 
which rise in the Coast range of mountains. Nearly the entire course of all of these 
streams lies through fertile valleys perfectly adapted to diversified farming, includ- 
ing grain-raising, fruit-culture and stock-raising. Some of the finest farms on the 
coast are found in this part of the state, and the country of which Albany is the lead- 
ing trade center has long been recognized as one of the richest sections of the North- 
west. 

The present population of Albany is about 5,000. The city has a decidedly metro- 
politan appearance. A steam-motor line connects the union depot, where all pas- 
sengers alight from the incoming trains, with the business part of the city. The 
main business street, for a distance of three or more blocks, is solidly built up with 
fine-appearing brick and stone structures. This street is well macadamized, and the 
sidewalks fronting the principal business houses are paved with stone. The large 
plate-glass show windows of the largest stores are filled with a high class of goods, 
and some of these stores are as well stocked as are any of the largest retail estab- 
lishments of Portland. 

The people of Albany are thoroughly imbued with the modern spirit of enter- 
prise. The united and earnest efforts of the people have done much during the past 
five years to advance the best interests of their city. During this time a number of 
large manufacturing plants have appreciated the advantages of Albany as an indus- 
trial center, and have located at this point. Among these large plants can be men- 
tioned the Albany iron works, which manufactures farm and mill machinery on a 
large scale. Most of the product of this factory finds a ready sale in the country 
tributary to Albany, and large shipments of machinery are regularly made to Port- 
land. The Red Crown flouring mill, located here, is one of the leading plants of 
the kind in the valley. This mill has a daily capacity of 150 barrels, and the brand 
of flour manufactured is among the highest in the market. The Albany woolen mills 
consume 350,000 pounds of wool annually, and they furnish steady employment to 



176 The Oregoniaris Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

50 men and women. The larger part of the output of these mills is shipped direct 
to New York, where it is readily sold in direct competition with the products of the 
largest Eastern mills. Albany has also a large planing mill, a brewery, the latter of 
which has a daily capacity of 30 barrels, a furniture factory, an ice plant, a foundry 
and granite works of considerable magnitude. 

Albany is practically the clearing-house and trading center for all the smaller 
towns of Linn county. The city contains four large banking houses, all of which 
are on the strongest of financial footings, and each of these banks occupies an ele- 
gant building of its own. The average deposits carried by each of these banks is 
$300,000, which can be taken as an evidence of the healthy condition of the place. 

The First National Bank is the oldest bank in Albany, having been incorpo- 
rated in 1883. Its capital stock is $8o,ooo, and its surplus and undivided profits now 
amount to $40,000. The officers of the First National are: L. Flinn, president; 
S. E. Young, vice-president; E. W. Langdon, cashier, and E. M. Horton, assistant 
cashier. 

Albany has already attained some prominence as a seat of learning. During 
1888 an imposing public school building was erected here at a cost of $20,000. This 

building and grounds occupy a block in the central 
part of the city. The building contains 10 rooms 
and a basement, and is finished throughout in 
modern style. A graded system, including high 
school course, is adopted and the school is con- 
ducted at the expense of the state and county 
school fund. The Albany College, an institution 
of higher learning, was founded under the auspices 
of the Presbyterian church in 1867. This college 
maintains a higher course of mental and moral 

Steel Bridge across the Willamette River, Albany training, and it DOW numbers among itS alumni 

some of the most prominent men of the state. 
The average number of scholars in attendance at the college during the past 
year was 200. A Catholic school is also supported here. This latter school provides 
for an academic course, and it is well patronized. The school building is large and 
well arranged and the surrounding grounds are well kept. The total number of 
children of school age in Albany district now exceeds 1,000. 

Ten neat church edifices are claimed by Albany. These belong to the denomina- 
tions of the Presbyterian, Baptist, two Methodist, Congregational, Christian, Epis- 
copal, Evangelical and Catholic faiths. 

Albany is fully abreast of the times in the matter of public improvements. A 
free steel passenger and wagon bridge spans the Willamette river at this point, thus 
making directly tributary to the city an immense fertile district to the west. This 
bridge was constructed at a cost of $100,000. A well-equipped fire department, with 
three volunteer fire companies, is maintained here, as well as an efficient police force. 
The city has an excellent arc and incandescent electric light plant. The city's health 
is protected by a perfect system of sewerage, and it has a good system of water 
works. One of the most prominent features of the town is the immense water 
power developed at this point. Twelve miles southeast of the city a canal taps the 
Santiam river, and this canal reaches Albany by an almost direct course. Near the 
city the canal is divided into two branches, one of which empties into the Calipooia 




Albany, Oregon. 



177 



PHOTO BY CRAWFORD & PAXTON. 



river, the other emptying into the Willamette. On the former canal a fall of 32 
feet is afforded here for manufacturing purposes, and where the other canal pours its 
waters into the Willamette river, a fall of 36 feet is afforded. These two main 
hrauches are subdivided and are led through the manufacturing districts of the city. 
Although the large number of factories now located here avail themselves of the 
use of this power sufficient reserve power is afforded by this canal to run many addi- 
tional manufacturing plants. 

Albany supports two daily newspapers, The Detnocrat and The Herald, and also 
one weekly paper, The Telescope. The city contains a handsome brick opera house 
with a seating capacity of 1,000. A free reading room is also maintained here. The 
city has three large hotels and four well-stocked livery stables. During the past five 
years Albany has made a very satisfactory growth and if the earnestness and con- 
tinued effort of the people here is as important a factor in the future growth of the 
city as it has been in the past, the city will always be able to lay claim to being one 
of the largest and most prominent points of Western Oregon. 

Samuel E. Young. — The city of Albany 
boasts of having not only the largest mer- 
cantile establishment in Linn county, but 
also one of the largest in the Willamette 
valley outside of Portland. The house re- 
ferred to is that of Samuel E. Young, 
which consists of four large departments, 
viz : boot and shoe, dry goods, grocery and 
carpet. The building shown by the ac- 
companying illustration is a two-story brick 
with basement, having a frontage of 48 by 
100 feet, and situated on the most prom- 
inent corner of Albany's business street. 
The store was first established in 1S66 
under the firm name of J. Barrows & Co., 
but in 1876 Mr. Young became the sole proprietor. 

Mr. Young is an Oregon pioneer, having crossed the plains in 1852, and soon 
after that time he settled in Albany, where he has since been actively ergaged in 
mercantile business. He has been prominently identified with all interests that have 
conduced to make Albany the shipping and commercial center that it is today. Mr. 

Young has ever proved himself to be 
one of Albany's most valuable citizens. 
In addition to his connection with 
many local interests, he is also a 
director and vice-president of the First 
National Bank of Albany. 

The Revere House, of which 
Mr. Chas. Pfeiffer is proprietor, is in- 
variably spoken of by commercial 
traveling men, who are accepted 
judges, as the best hostelry in Albany 
and this portion of the Willamette 
valley. Mr. Pfeiffer erected the Revere 
House in 1877, and he, being an expe- 




Store, Samuel E young Albany. 



PHOTO BY CRAWFORO & PAXTQN. 




178 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



rienced hotel man, he omitted none of the conveniences that are now found in every 
thoroughly modern hotel. The table service and cuisine are unexcelled anywhere 
at any price, in the state. Mr. Pfeiffer lends his personal supervision to everything 
connected with the dining room. The sleeping apartments of the hotel are neat, 
clean and comfortably furnished. Free sample rooms fronting on the street are at 
the disposal of commercial men. A free 'bus meets all north and south-bound 
trains. The Revere House, shown by the accompanying illustration, is centrally 
located, and is best known by its genial and courteous proprietor, who spares no 
efforts to provide for the comfort of his guests. 



PHOTO. BY CRAWFORD A PAXTON 




Farmers & merchants Insurance Co.'s Offices, Albany. 



The Farmers & Merchants Insurance Co., of Al- 
bany, have offices in a handsome brick structure, as shown 
by the accompanying illustration. This company was organ- 
ized in 1887, with a capital stock of $100,000, but their busi- 
— ■ ness has since increased to such pro- 
portions, because of the well merited 
confidence of a growing patronage, 
that it has been necessary to in- 
crease the capital stock to $300,000. 
Aside from the solid financial stand- 
ing of this popular company through- 
out the state, the character and re- 
sponsibility of the gentlemen at the 
head of the company is a weighty ar- 
gument for those seeking the strongest 
protection. 

The officers of the Farmers & 
Merchants Insurance Company are : 
W. F. Read, president; Geo. F. Simp- 
son, vice-president; J. O. Writsman, 
secretary; J. L. Cowan, treasurer, and 
E. A. Milner, cashier. 



Tjiim County, Oregon. — Linn county, of which Albany is the judicial seat, 
is distinctively an agricultural section, although some timber is found in the county 
along the eastern border of the Cascade range of mountains. The residents of this 
county are especially favored in the matter of transportation facilities enjoyed. The 
Oregon Pacific railroad crosses the county from east to west, while the Southern 
Pacific Company's main line of road connecting San Francisco with Portland runs 
north and south through the county. A branch of the Southern Pacific system also 
runs from Albany to Lebanon, a distance of 13 miles and theWoodbum-Springfield 
branch of the same system runs north and south through the valley at a point some 
little distance east of the main line of road. In addition to the advantages of rail 
communication Linn county has the benefit of the steamboat lines operating on 
the Willamette river south from Portland through the Willamette valley. 

Linn county is today the third county in the state in population, and it is one of 
the richest counties of Western Oregon. The population of the county is now about 
17,000. The county contains about 1,500,000 acres of land, or 2,400 square miles. 



Lebanon, Oregon. 179 

The eastern part of the county is formed by the Cascade range of mountains, a dis- 
trict chiefly valuable for grazing and for the timber which covers these hilly sections. 
The timber here consists of fir, ash, cedar, maple, alder and oak. The western por- 
tion of the county supports about four-fifths of the entire population of the county. 
The land of the county fit for occupancy has now all been taken up, but much of it 
can vet be purchased at prices ranging from $[2 to $50 an acre, and the lands that 
are offered at these prices are well adapted for agricultural purposes. 

Wheat is the staple product of Linn county. Sufficient attention has been 
paid to fruit culture, the growing of vegetables, hops, etc., and to sheep and cattle 
raising as well as dairying, to prove that these pursuits in this part of the state yield 
larger returns than the growing of the single crop, wheat. The farmers of Linn 
county who are turning their attention solely to fruit and vegetable raising are reap- 
ing small fortunes. The soil of the best lands of the county is of a mellow loam and 
if properly cultivated the return from a single acre of this land in a season is as high 
as $100 to $300. Linn county is one of the choicest spots of Western Oregon and im- 
migrants will find here oue of the most attractive sections of the coast. 

Lebanon, Oregon. — Located in Linn county, near the foothills of the Cas- 
cade mountains and 13 miles southeast of Albany, is situated the town of Leba- 
non. The site of the town is an attractive one, and the surrounding country is 
highly fertile. Lebanon is connected with Albany by a branch from the Southern 
Pacific Company's main line. This branch intersects the Springfield branch of the 
same company at Lebanon Junction, four miles west of Lebanon, and the latter town 
is the terminus of the line. Excellent connection is made from Lebanon with points 
north and south in the Willamette valley by means of the Lebanon branch of the 
Southern Pacific with the trains of the through line, or by the same branch through 
connections at Lebanon Junction with the trains of the Woodburn-Springfield line. 

Lebanon is located near the center of Linn county, and is the trading point of a 
rich tributary farming belt. Wheat, oats, hops, fruit, fine stock and sheep are the 
principal productions of this section. Owing to the many fine streams of running 
water found in this district, fruit raising and dairying are followed with most success- 
ful results, and the entire country within a radius of several miles of this promising 
young town is an ideal farming belt. 

Lebanon was incorporated as a city in 1891. Its present population is about 
1,000. Manufacturing is now carried on here to a considerable extent and the manu- 
facturing industries of the town are constantly increasing. Three years ago, through 
the inducements of a liberal bonus promised by the people here, a paper mill was 
established at this point. This mill is now running both day and night. It employs 
constantly about 25 men, and it is one of the leading industrial institutions of the 
Willamette valley. The abundance and cheapness of straw on which the mill is run 
and the cheapness of reaching a market with the product of the mill, have been the 
important factors in the success of the plant. The present capacity of the mill is 
five tons of paper per day. The entire machinery of the plant is of the latest and most 
improved pattern. This industry is a source of profit to the company operating the 
plant, and it is the most important industry in furthering the growth of the town in 
which it is located. In addition to the paper mill, Lebanon also claims a modern 
flouring mill with a daily capacity of 100 barrels, two planing mills and a foundry. 

The location of Lebanon on the South Santiam river has proved of great commercial 
value to the town. A stock company composed of local men have completed during 



180 



The Oregoniarts Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



the past two years a canal four miles in length which runs directly through the town. 
The water for this canal is taken from the Santiam river four miles distant from 
Lebanon, and a fall of from 19 to 25 feet is obtained for manufacturing purposes at the 
town. Sufficient power is obtained from this source to run all of the factories at 
Lebanon. The efficient arc and incandescent lighting plant of the town is run from 
power furnished by this canal, and the water used in Lebanon is also taken from 
this source. 

Good wagon roads lead out from Lebanon in all directions. Sweet Home, an 
important trading point 20 miles distant, is reached by easy drives from Lebanon, as 
is also Sodaville, at which latter point are located the justly celebrated mineral 
springs which contain medicinal properties of great value. The trade of these out- 
lying towns naturally conies to Lebanon, and the development of this latter place for 
the past few years has been rapid and of a most substantial character. 

Santiam Academy, one of the oldest institutions of learning in the state, is 
located at Lebanon. The average attendance of this school is about 60 students. 
The courses of study at the Santiam Academy are well outlined, and if diligently 
followed will fit the student for entrance to the freshman class of any of the best 
literary colleges of the United States. The public school building of the town was 
recently erected at a cost of $6,000, and, as shown by the illustration published in con- 
nection with the present article, it is a handsome and commodious structure for 
school purposes. Four teachers are employed in the public schools here, and the 
average daily attendance of scholars is about 225. 

The moral and religious sentiment of the people of Lebanon is high, if six well- 
organized churches located here exert the influence that would naturally be expected 
of religious organizations, strong in numbers and ably led. The denominations 
represented at Lebanon are the Presbyterian, two Methodist, Baptist and the Chris- 
tian. All of these bodies, except that of the Christian denomination, worship in 
buildings of their own. Lebanon supports two well edited weekly papers, The 
Express and The 9idvan.ee. The traveling public finds accommodation in a good 
hotel here, and every facility for riding or driving is afforded in the two livery stables 
of the place. 

Lebanon is a wide-awake business place. The handsome buildings which line 
the business street, the well-stocked stores, and the general activity of the citizens, 

attest the prosperity of the town at the present 
writing. The conditions at Lebanon are favorable 
for the same future substantial advancement in the 
prosperity of the town which has been noted dur- 
ing the past few years, and the air of confidence 
which the people show in the future of Lebanon 
will tend to strengthen this growth. 

The prices of farm lauds in the immediate 
vicinity of Lebanon are moderate, when the ad- 
vantages of location are considered. Information 
on this subject can be obtained from Mr. Walter C. 
Peterson, whose residence has been in Linn county 
and Lebanon since boyhood, and whose father was 
one of Oregon's pioneers. Mr. Peterson, whose 
portrait is published in connection with this article, 




w. C. Peterson, Lebanon. 



Scio, Oregon. 181 

quotes values of laud located withiu one mile of the corporate limits of Lebanon at 
from $25 to $75 per acre. Fiue stock farms can be purchased within a distance of 
three miles of Lebanon at $12.50 per acre. Mr. Peterson's prominence in the com- 
munity in which he has so long resided, entitles him to the confidence of those 
who may desire information of Lebanon, or of the section of which the town is 
the principal trading center. 

One of the prominent meu of Lebanon is Samuel M. Garland, the present 
efficient city attorney. Mr. Garland is thoroughly familiar with prices of town 
property at Lebanon, and he has also watched carefully for a number of years past 
land values in the farming district tributary. 

Stayton, Oregon. — Stayton is in Marion county, about 60 miles south of 
Portland. It is four miles east of West Stayton, the nearest station on the Wood- 
burn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific railroad. Stages make connections 
with all trains over this road at West Stayton for Stayton direct, and daily stages run 
from the latter place to Aumsville, a point also located on the railroad line six miles 
distant. The line of the Oregon Pacific Railroad Company also passes within 1% 
miles of Stayton, the nearest point on the latter road to the town being the station 
of Kings. 

The present population of Stayton is about 500. It is situated on the banks of 
the Santiam river. Many years ago a canal three-fourths of a mile in length, con- 
necting the two branches of the Santiam river at this point, was dug. This canal 
passes directly through the present town of Stayton. It furnishes power for running 
the factory wheels of the town to-day, and it has sufficient reserve power for running 
a large number of additional wheels. Stayton 's manufacturing industries at the 
present writing consist of a roller flouring mill with a capacity of 75 barrels a day, a 
sawmill and furniture factory combined, and a rawhide chair factory. The mercan- 
tile interests of the town are represented by a number of stores which carry large 
stocks of goods, and the place is generally prosperous. 

The public schools of Stayton are conducted in a building recently erected. The 
structure used for school purposes contains four rooms. About 125 pupils are regu- 
larly in attendance at these schools, and the public school system is in charge of four 
teachers. The Methodist, Baptist and Christian denominations hold regular meet- 
ings in Stayton, the Baptists and Christians owning buildings of their own. The 
Times, a weekly paper, is published at this point. Two hotels and one livery stable 
furnish ample accommodations for the traveling public. The country immediately 
around Stayton is especially adapted to the cultivation of fruit. Much attention has 
been paid here of late years to growing strawberries — a crop that yields abundantly in 
this section — and the fruit raised is of the finest quality. In addition to fruit culture, 
the country tributary to Stayton has all the diversified wealth of forest and soil, and 
it is a section capable of being developed into one of the richest farming distric 
of the state. 

Scio, Oregon. — Situated between the forks of the Santiam river, 18 miles 
east of Albany and 72 miles south of Portland is the town of Scio. Thomas creek, 
which furnishes an excellent water power at this point, divides the town and finds an 
outlet in the Santiam river. A short line of railway, two and one-half miles in 
length, connects Scio with the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific 
at West Scio. Scio is but a short distance north of the Oregon Pacific railroad and 



1S2 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



on the completion of the latter road to an eastern connection the town will be practi- 
cally on the direct line of a system of competing roads connecting with all points 
in the United States, east, west, north and south. 

Scio is an incorporated town and has a papulation of about 550. It is supported 
by a rich agricultural district which produces in many instances 50 bushels of wheat 
to the acre, while oats, flax, barley and all the grasses yield as large crops here as are 
produced anywhere in the valley. The area of the county lying between the forks 
of the Santiam river is greater than that of some of the smaller Eastern States, and 
Scio is the commercial center for all of this vast expanse of territory. The water sup- 
ply of this section is unlimited, as the three rivers and all their tributaries which 
flow through this part of the state find their sources in the foothills of the Cascade 
Mountains where they are fed by perennial snows. An excellent water power 
obtained from an artificial arm of Thomas creek runs the Scio Roller Mills, the plan- 
ing mill and the efficient electric light plant of the town. The roller mill at this 
point is one of the best flouring mills in the county. Its capacity is 125 barrels 
of flour a day. A large warehouse capable of storing 80,000 
bushels of wheat is connected with this mill. The flour 
manufactured by the Scio Roller Mills finds a large sale in 
Scio and the tributary country, and large quantities are reg- 
ularly shipped to Portland. The 
people of Scio take something of a 
pardonable pride in their perfect sys- 
tem of water works. Hydrants have 
been placed at every street crossing 
of the town, with fire hose connec- 
tion. This, with the efficient volun- 
teer fire department, insures absolute 
protection to Scio against a conflagra- 
tion. The streets, business houses and 
dwellings of the town are lighted by 
electricity. Both the arc and incan- 
descent systems of lighting are used. 
The water works and electric light 
plants at Scio are owned and operated 
by private individuals. 

A local brickyarrl has already supplied the brick used in the erection of four 
brick blocks on Scio'smain thoroughfare. A number of business houses at Scio carry 
very large stocks and do a big trade in the tributary section. The general merchan- 
dise stores of Hibler, Shore and Holdredge carry a stock of goods valued at $ 15,000, 
and in addition to their big city trade the)' enjoy a large country patronage. S. M. 
Daniel also carries a large stock of merchandise, the value of his stock approximat- 
ing $10,000. Mr. Daniel enjoys a large trade both from city and country customers. 
The large furniture and carpet store of W. H. Ramsey does a paying business — a 
business that is constantly increasing in volume, owing to the rapid growth of popu- 
lation both in the town and in the country immediately tributary. 

The Bank of Scio, the financial institution of the town, has a capital stock of 
$23,500. Its officers are, I.J. Munkers, president; J. W. Gaines, vice-president, and 
A. J. Johnson, cashier. This bank is on the strongest of fiuaucial footings and it 




- 



Public School, Scio. 



Brownsville, Oregon. 183 

enjovs the complete confidence of the people of the community in which it is located. 

Scio is abreast of other towns of equal population in educational advantages 
afforded its youth. An eight-room brick school building was completed in the town 
during the past, year at a cost of $ 12,000. It is an attractive piece of architecture and 
is perfectly adapted to school purposes. Four teachers are employed in the public 
schools here, and the average number of scholars in attendance is 130. The religious 
organizations at Scio are represented by the Baptist, Presbyterian, Christian and 
Methodist denominations. The Christian and Methodist organizations own church 
buildings of their own. A city hall, with a seating capacity of 150 people, affords 
good accommodations for gatherings of a public nature. The Press, a weekly news- 
paper, handles the town and country news at Scio in a creditable manner. The town 
supports one hotel and has two livery stables. 

Land in the vicinity of Scio is relatively cheap. Improved farms within one-half 
mile of the town limits sell at about $40 an acre, and a few miles out of town good 
farms can be purchased at as low a figure as $10 an acre. Fuller information of the 
rich lands in the district tributary to Scio can be obtained from Mr. R. Shelton of this 
town, who is thoroughly posted on farm values in this section. All letters addressed 
to R. Shelton, Scio, Oregon, will receive prompt attention. 

Brownsville, Oregon. — At the western extremity of one of the arms of the 
Willamette valley, which merges into the foothills of the Cascade range of mountains, 
is located the prosperous little city of Brownsville. The place is within the limits of 
Linn county, and the site which the town occupies is one of the most picturesque 
points of Western Oregon. Two buttes are conspicuous features of interest to the 
north and south of the town limits of Brownsville, while on the east rise the rugged 
outlines of the lofty Cascade range of mountains. The Calipooia river, a mountain 
stream, which at all seasons carries a good volume of water, flows by the town, and 
the banks of this stream are the scene of considerable industrial activity. 

Brownsville was first laid out as a town in 1S50. It is today one of the most 
important manufacturing points in the Willamette valley. Its present population is 
about 1,000. All-rail communication is afforded' with Portland, 95 miles north of 
Brownsville, by means of the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific 
and the main line of the same company through connection with Woodburn, 60 miles 
north of Brownsville, and with all points south in the valley, through connection 
with the Lebanon branch of the Southern Pacific at Lebanon Junction, 13 miles 
south, the latter line forming a junction with the main line of the same company at 
Albany. 

Brownsville is located in the midst of a rich farming and timber district. It occu- 
pies a site perfectly adapted for the establishment of manufacturing industries on a 
large scale, and it contains an enterprising population. The Eagle woolen mills, 
among the few great woolen mills of the coast, is located at Brownsville. A lengthy 
description of this most important industry is published in connection with the pres- 
ent article. In addition to the woolen mills, Brownsville is also the seat of a patent- 
roller flouring mill, with a daily capacity of 50 barrels and a saw and planing mill, with 
equipments for turning out sash and doors, and a tanner}-. An immense water power 
at this point, which is also mentioned at length elsewhere in the present article, runs all 
of the factories mentioned above, and there is sufficient reserve power in these falls to 
run all the factories of the Willamette valley. 



184 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Gen-l merchandise Store, R. n. Thompson, Brown 



While the country in the immediate vicinity of Brownsville is perhaps more undu- 
lating and hilly than are other parts of the Willamette valley, it is no less fertile than 
are any of the best sections of this great agricultural and fruit belt. In addition to 
its special adaptability to the growing of cereals of all kinds, fruits and vegetables, 
this hilly land is especially adapted to the raising of fine horses, cattle and sheep. 
Wool-growers in this section find exceptional opportunities for disposing of their wool 
crop in the large woolen mills located at Brownsville, and wool here always bring 
good prices. 

The general merchandise store of R. N. Thomp- 
son, which was established in 1880, will serve to 
give an idea of the volume of business transacted 
here. Mr. Thompson's store, as shown by the 
accompanying illustration, has a double front, 
and occupies a prominent corner, 44x90 feet in 
dimensions. The value of the stock carried is be- 
tween $15,000 and $20,000. Besides an immense 
local trade, Mr. Thompson enjoys a large patron- 
age from the farmers, a trade that reaches a sec- 
tion of rich country within a radius of 20 miles distance of Brownsville. 

In Brownsville, on the opposite side of the Calipooia river from which the large 
business establishment mentioned above is located, is the mammoth general mer- 
chandise store of G. C. Cooley & Co., of which Messrs. G. C. Cooley, W. C. Cooley 
and J. D. Irvine are proprietors. This firm carries a stock valued at from $15,000 to 
$20,000, and enjoys an immense local and country trade. The Bank of Brownsville 
is a strong financial institution of the city. The officers of the bank are : J. M. 
Moye r, president ; W. R. Kirk, vice-president, and L. L. Say, cashier. The capital 
stock of the bank is $30,000. 

Brownsville is not behind any other point of the valley in an efficient system of 
public instruction. A handsome new four-room school building has recently been 
erected at this point at a cost of about $7,500. An older building, with two rooms, is 
still occupied here for school purposes. The number of teachers employed in the 
public schools here is five, and the average daily attendance of scholars is 250. 
The schools are graded, and correct rules of discipline are enforced. The city sup- 
p3rts one weekly newspaper, The Times, and a good public library is maintained. 
Six church organizations are supported at Brownsville, and some of these occupy 
very handsome church edifices. The denominations include two Presbyterian, two 
Methodist, one Baptist, and the Christian. A good opera house, with a seating capac- 
ity of 500, is located at this point. The town has two hotels, and good liver}' accom- 
modations are afforded in one stable. With every advantage of an unexcelled water- 
power, with an abundance of the finest timber near at hand, with the richest of farm- 
ing districts tributary, Brownsville enjoys every facility for making steady and solid 
advancement in the future. It might be assumed that good farming lands in the 
vicinity of as rich a town as Brownsville, and exceptionally located, would command 
very high prices. On the contrary, choice acre property can be bought here, accord- 
ing to a statement by Mr. O. P. Coshow, whose long residence in Brownsville, and 
whose familiarity with land values are well known, for from $10 to $50 and $100 
per acre, the value of this land varying according to improvements made on it and 
proximity to town. 



Silverton, Oregon. 185 

The Eagle Woolen Mills. — The Eagle Woolen Mills, at Brownsville, have 
been in operation for more than 25 years. Since the present company acquired own- 
ership, five years ago, the sound of looms and spinning machines has been uninter- 
rupted, except on Sundays, for the mills run steadily, both day and night. New 
machinery has been added as required, from time to time, since the building of the 
mills, so that the present equipment is almost all modern and in first-class condition. 
A dynamo, with generating power sufficient to furnish electric lights for the entire 
woolen mill plant, has recently been added. 

The mills may be designated as two-set, but with four-set capacity, which is 
explained by the statement that in operating the spinning and carding department 
both day and night, and the other machinery having double their capacity, a four-set 
mill is the result. 

An immense water power is derived from the Calipooia river, across which, four 
miles distant, a dam has been built which turns almost the entire river into a race 
conducting the water to the mills in an inexhaustible supply. This water also 
furnishes the power for the Brownsville Flouring Mill, which is also owned by the 
woolen mill company. The grinding capacity of this mill is 50 barrels per day. It 
has the new roller process and manufactures three grades of flour, which have attained 
a reputation for excellence. 

The Eagle Woolen mills manufacture into the finest fabrics 300,000 pounds of 
wool every year. All of this wool is grown in the state of Oregon. Linn county, in 
which the mills are located, is especially adapted for wool growing, and a large pro- 
portion of the supply comes from this source. Thousands of cords of wood are also 
required for the engines in generating heat and steam for the cleansing, bleaching 
dyeing and drying departments. It is thus seen that, outside of the mills proper, 
employment is afforded to a number of men. The mills furnish direct employment 
to more than 60 men, women and boys, and the monthly pay roll of the company 
amounts to $2,200. The operatives all have their homes in Brownsville and, in most 
instances, in near proximity to the mill. The general air of neatness and healthful- 
ness pervading this section of the city is apparent at all times. 

The Eagle Woolen Mills Company have a large wholesale and retail store in 
Portland, at 164 and 166 Second street, to which the entire product of the mill is 
shipped as soon as manufactured. From two to four shipments are made every week. 
In connection with the Portland store is an order, cutting and fitting department. A 
stock of $150,000 value, consisting of the finest grades of blankets, flannels, cassimeres 
and tweeds is constantly kept on hand, from which to make selections. The latest 
designs in pattern are closely followed, and it is the boast of the manufacturers that 
every piece of cloth bearing the stamp, "The Eagle Woolen Mills," is guaranteed all 
wool. 

The officers of the Eagle Woolen Mills Company are : W. R. Kirk, president; 
I. D. Boyer, secretary, and J. M. Jaeger, superintendent, all of whom reside in Browns- 
ville. Mr. Jaeger has had 30 years' practical experience as a woolen manufacturer. 
The directors of the company are W. R. Kirk, J. M. Jaeger, J. J. White, John Brown 
and Hugh Fields. 

Silverton, Oregon. — Six years ago the present prosperous town of Silver- 
ton was a mere hamlet, enjoying but little trade, and classed among the insignificant 
points of the state. Today the population of the town is no less than 900, it has the 
air and bustle of a trading and banking center of prominence, and Silverton is now 
ranked among the mo it progressive towns of Western Oregon. 



186 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Street Scene, 



Silverton was incorporated in 1885. Soon after the act of incorporation was 
passed, the spirit of progress and enterprise pervaded the community, and this pro- 
gressive spirit on the part of the inhabitants has resulted in building up at this point 
a wide-awake little city that is a model of cleanliness and beauty. During the past 
few years Silverton has continued to make substantial and steady growth, nor has 
this increase in population and wealth yet subsided. On the sides of the gently slop- 
ing hills which have the appearance of surrounding the city, are situated many hand- 
some residences, some of which are almost palatial in the handsome appearance of 

their superstructure, while the majority 
of the private dwellings of the residence 
district are good. New buildings are be- 
ing erected in different parts of the city, 
and the vacant lots within the corporate 
limits are rapidly being occupied by a 
good class of houses. The main business 
thoroughfare of Silverton, during the 
working days of the week, has a decided 
metropolitan appearance. Imposing 
blocks, constructed of brick manufactured 
from clay found in inexhaustible quan- 
tities in the immediate vicinity of the 
city, stand on the prominent corners of 
the business street. A number of very fine business blocks have been erected here 
during the year, and other equally as substantial structures are already planned and 
will be built during 1S94. 

Silverton occupies a site in one of the most productive portions of Marion county. 
It is 45 miles south of Portland and 14 miles east of the state capital at Salem. It is 
reached by the Woodburn-Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific system, the 
branch connecting with the main line at Woodburn, 10 miles distant. An efficient 
train service has been established by the Southern Pacific company, which gives 
Silverton the advantage of two trains each way daily between this point and Portland. 
One of these trains runs north and south between the junction with the main line 
at Woodburn (through Silverton) and Natron, 93 miles south of Woodburn, and the 
other train makes a daily round-trip between Woodburn and Silverton, making close 
connection at the former place with the trains on the main line. Silverton thus enjoys 
the best of advantages for reaching all parts of the Willamette valley, and this effi- 
cient train service, both north and south, has done much to encourage the growth of 
the city. In addition to the advantages of rail connection, Silverton also supports a 
stage line which makes daily connection with Salem. 

It has been the aim of the railroad company to extend every advantage to the mer- 
chants of Silverton in the way of transportation facilities. A side-track extends from 
the main line of the railroad at this point along the principal street to the flouring 
mills of the Oregon Milling Company. These mills are among the largest in the 
state. The capacity of the plant is 300 barrels of flour a day. The total output of 
these mills, for 1892, which was considered a short season, was 42,000 barrels. The 
celebrated brands of flour, " Royal" and " Pioneer," manufactured by this company, 
are among the best-known brands of the coast, and great quantities of this flour are 
now regularly shipped to all parts of the world. 



Silverton, Oregon. 



187 



• 






■flBf! 



* ISPi S 



Silverton boasts of an excellent water power, obtained by means of a short canal 
from Silver creek, which flows by the edge of the town. This power is more than 
sufficient for operating the large flouring mills here, and it also runs the local sawmill, 
sash and door factory, and an efficient arc and incandescent electric light plant. Dur- 
ing the past year a most complete system of water works has been completed at Sil- 
verton. The water for domestic use in the city is pumped from the river direct into 
a large reservoir which is sufficiently elevated to afford ample pressure. Water 
mains are now laid along all the principal streets. The pressure in the city's mains, 

together with an efficient volunteer fire department 
4. photo, by w. l. jones. which is maintained here, affords perfect protection 
against disastrous holocausts, and there is no dan- 
ger of the place succumbing to the ravages of the 
fiery element. Both the electric light and the 

J water-works plants are owned by private individ- 

r-^lp-^ ■. ?^~-=^-j:4^r<jf'i uals. In addition to the manufacturing plants of 

Silverton enumerated above, are two very important 
brick-making plants. All the brick used in the 
construction of the fine business blocks of the 
city were manufactured in the local yards, and in 
addition to the heavy local demand, these yards 
regularly ship large quantities of their product 
to neighboring points in the valley. 

The finest brick block in Silverton, at the present writing, is that of Messrs. 
Adolf Wolf & Son, an illustration of which is published in connection with the 
present article. This building was erected two 
years ago, at a cost of $10,000. The first floor is 
used as a general merchandise store, while the N ; 

second floor is devoted to office purposes. The 
basement has a cement floor, and isusedprincipally 
for storage purposes. In the basement is located 
the furnace which supplies the heat for the entire 
building. Mr. Adolf Wolf and his son, Mr. J. 
C. Wolf, have now been in business in Silverton 
for 10 years past. This firm conducts, at Silverton, 
one of the best-appointed general merchandise 
stores in the state, and they carry constantly a 
stock valued at from $25,000 to $30,000. 



Wj^Jr-JUM* 3 

Mm >'jr. • g 



Public School, Silvekton. 










WOLF & SON'S GEN'L MERCHANDISE STORE, SILVERTON 




Bank, Coolidge & mcClaine, Silverton. 



The banking house of Messrs. Coolidge & 
McClaine, as shown by the accompanying 
illustration, is a handsome brick struc- 
ture, which was erected during the past 
summer. The bank itself is one of the 
solid financial institutions of the Willamette 
valley. It has a capital stock of $25,000, 
and a surplus of equal amount. Its officers 
are Alfred Coolidge, president ; Fielding 
McClaine, vice-president, and M. J. Adams, 
cashier. 



188 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



The firm of Cusiter & Davenport also does a large general merchandise business 

at Silverton. Mr. George Cusiter, whose por- 
trait is published in connection with the present 
article, furnishes a typical example of the pos- 
sibilities that await the young man of push and 
enterprise in the Western country. Mr. Cusiter 
is but 31 years of age, but he is now ranked 
among the most successful business men of the 
Willamette valley, and he has attained the 
highest gift within the reach of the people of 
his adopted city, that of mayor of Silverton. 
Mr. Cusiter makes a very efficient executive 
officer and he enjoys the confidence of the en- 
tire community. 




Geo. Cusiter, Silver 



All the various business pursuits and profes- 
sions are well represented at Silverton, and 
the volume of business annually transacted here is large and is constantly increasing. 

Silverton ranks high in the matter of educational advantages afforded its youth. 
The fine city public school is a pretentious and handsome piece of architecture, as 
shown by the illustration accompanying this article. It contains six rooms and its 
erection involved an outlay of $7,000. The building occupies a full block of ground 
in the central part of the city and is perfect in all its appointments. The grades of 
the public schools are well defined and the public school system is ably managed. 
Five experienced teachers are employed in the public schools here and the daily 
enrollment of scholars in attendance during the past year reached 225. 

But three church organizations are maintained in Silverton. These include the 
Presbyterian, Methodist and Christian denominations. Each of these organizations 
owns its own church building, and each is strong in membership. The Tribune, a 
weekly paper, is published at Silverton, and it is well supported. A good hall with a 
seating capacity of 300, affords a convenient place here for public entertainments. 
Good accommodations are afforded the traveling public in three well conducted 
hotels. The Silverton livery stable, of which J. H. Moser is proprietor, is well 
equipped with horses and vehicles. Mr. Moser pays special attention to meeting 
the demands of the traveling public for riding and driving, and he has some of the 
best stock in the country. In addition to the establishment presided over by Mr. 
Moser, Silverton also supports another stable. 

Silverton's main source of support is the exceptionally fertile and highly pro- 
ductive farming section immediately tributary. While the soil of this land is especi- 
ally adapted to the raising of fruit, including prunes and strawberries particularly, 
hop culture and the raising of grain claim a large part of the attention of the farm- 
ers of this part of the state. Dairying and stock raising here have also proved most 
remunerative callings. Considering the proximity of Silverton to Portland, and the 
exceptional facilities for shipping enjoved by the farmers here, laud in the vicinity of 
Silverton is not held at high valuations. From Mr. G. A. Webb, a reliable real estate 
agent, who has resided at Silverton for eight vears past, it is learned that the prices 
of improved land three to six miles distant from the city, today vary from $20 
to $50 an acre. Within one mile of the corporate limits of the city choice lauds 



Alt. Angel, Oregon. 



ls'i 



cau be bought for from $40 to $65 an acre. Mr. Webb is ready at all times to furnish 
reliable information, either of Silverton or of the rich section of country tributary. 

Silverton is a thriving place, made up of an enterprising population. The people 
here are at all times alive to the advantages of location which the city enjoys, and 
they are disposed to make the best of the opportunities afforded them here for 
advancement. The people of Silverton have strong hopes of making their town one 
of the principal commercial centers of the Willamette valley, and the advancement 
the place has made during the past few years augurs much for a continued growth in 
population and wealth in the future. 

Mt. Angel, Oregon. — The town of Mt. Angel was incorporated by an act of 
the last legislature. It now has a population of about 250, and is the seat of two of 
the leading Catholic institutions of learning on the coast, the Mt. Angel Seminary 
and College and the Queen of Angels Academy. The parochial schools here have a 
daily attendance of about 60 pupils, who are instructed by the Benedictine Sisters of the 
Queen of Angels Academy. The public school system of the town is good, the aver- 
age number of scholars in attendance at the public schools being about 30. 

Mt. Angel is 40 miles south of Portland on the line of the Woodburn-Springfield 
branch of the Southern Pacific, six miles from the main line at Woodburn, and is 14 
miles southeast of Salem. Four passenger trains pass this point daily. The town is 
making steady and constant advancement, both by reason of the exceptional educa- 
tional advantages afforded here and also by its location in a rich and highly produc- 
tive country. A large grain warehouse with a storage capacity of 75,000 bushels, is 
located at Mt. Angel, and the town also boasts of a keg factory, the output of which 
finds a sale principally among the large breweries of Salem, Albany and Portland. 
There is but one church building in the town at the present time, that of the 
Catholics which is a recently erected structure. 

The Mt. Angel hotel, of which Mr. B. Oswald 
is owner and manager, is a handsome structure, 
as is shown by the accompanying illustration. 
The hotel building contains 11 neatly furnished 
rooms, and the rates charged are from $ 1 to 
$1.50 per day. Mr. Oswald has made the Mt. 
Angel hotel a popular hostelry with the travel- 
ing public, and he enjoys a constantly increas- 
ing patronage. Mt. Angel supports a single 
livery stable, which furnishes ample accommo- 
dation to the people who visit this point. 

From the top of Mt. Angel, located but a short distance from the town of the 
same name, is obtained a magnificent view of a wide stretch of the best part of the 
Willamette valley, and also of the snow-capped peaks of the lofty Cascades, in both 
Oregon and Washington. The rugged chain of the Coast Range of mountains on the 
west are also seen to excellent advantage from this point, as are the Waldo Hills and 
the historic Mary's Peak on the south. Mt. Angel is not a town of a large popula- 
tion, but it is a prosperous settlement located in a highly attractive and rich section 
of country, and as a place of residence it is one of the most charming points of the 
Willamette valley. 




Mt. Angel hotel, mt. Angel. 





.; - 1. " r 

■" s ' Op 

■ 


-■« 


. 






mt. Angel Seminary an 


d College, 


Mt. 


Al 


<GEI 



190 The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

Mt. ANGEL Seminary and College. — Situated at the foot of Mt. Angel, a 
gently sloping hill containing an area of about 8oo acres, is Mt. Angel Seminary and 
College, an educational institution conducted by the Benedictine fathers. The eleva- 
tion known as Mt. Angel, rises to a height of 295 feet, and from the summit of 
this elevation a commanding view is obtained of the surrounding country for miles 
distant. 

The monastery grounds comprise an area of 800 acres, and are crossed by the 
Wood burn- '• Springfield branch of the Southern Pacific' The station of 

this railroad 1 line is located within one mile of the monastery. The col- 

lege building, shown by the accompanying illustration, 
„ ' - ^ . is a three-story structure, designed and ar- 

"i""""-'..!''^'" « ranged according to the most modern plans 

i __> •-■ ~ "'.;•'••" ^ "Z*t*S- ■ ' " f° r sucn an institution. The monastery, sem- 

inary, church and other smaller buildings were 
destroyed by fire in May, 1892. It is expected 
that these buildings will be replaced with bet- 
ter structures during the coming year. 

The institution is divided into three de- 
partments. These are for students of phi- 
losophy and theology, for those who desire to study for the Catholic priesthood and 
for those who may wish to prepare themselves for any other profession. The relig- 
ion of the institution is Roman Catholic, but students of other beliefs are admitted, 
the only requirement of scholars being that they be present at the common religious 
exercises. The rules and regulations of the school have been carefully drafted, and 
are rigidly enforced. The facult)' is composed of an able body of men who are highly 
efficient as instructors. 

The number of students in attendance at this school during the past year was 90, 
most of whom came from within the state of Oregon. The charges for tuition and 
board here are within the reach of all. Mt. Angel Seminary and College, although 
established but nine years, has already commanded widespread attention as an insti- 
tution from which may be received a thoroughly correct training and a broad and lib- 
eral education. 

QUEEN of Angels Academy. — The academy is situated in a healthful and most 
picturesque part of Oregon, and is one mile west of Mt. Angel college. The build- 
ing occupied by the school, as seen by the illustration published on this page, is a 
handsome structure of brick and stone, spaci- 
ous, well lighted and ventilated, and enjoying 
all modern improvements. Extensive grounds, 
groves and orchards adjoining the building, 
afford ample advantages for healthful recrea- 

tion. The Woodburn-Spnngfield branch of the ~£jS- "-\\ ;; ii' 

Southern Pacific railroad passes bv the convent T*^*?*^ '...!'. -r ■■'■'- ■■'-\y, 
grounds, and the railroad station at Mt. Angel .^ijgy,'/^ g,-, .. f.-^ii -_± : 
is but one-fourth of a mile distant. .-■""" ,.' 

The academy is incorporated under the laws ^^^i^gfS^^^^ 
of the state ol Oregon, which empowers the 

school to confer academic honors. It is con- Q uEE * of angels academy, mt. angel. 

ducted by the Benedictine Sisters, and while 
the rules of discipline are well defined, they are enforced in a rigid but not harsh 




.->'.-:-■• 



Halsey, Oregon. 191 

maimer. Members of any religious denomination are received at the academy, 
but pupils must be willing to conform to the rules of the school, and for sake of 
uniformity, be present at the ordinary religious exercises. There are three distinct 
courses of study laid down in the institution. These are the normal, classical and 
commercial. There are also special courses in shorthand and typewriting, telegraphy, 
drawing and painting, music and needle-work. 

The expenses for board and tuition are exceedingly moderate. The number of 
boarders enrolled at the school during the past year was 34. The surroundings of the 
Queen of Angels Academy are most inviting, the training received is thorough, and 
the associations with the Benedictine sisters, who are solicitous for the welfare of each 
of the pupils, are most pleasant. 

Halsey, Oregon. — One of the most prosperous towns of the east side of 
the Willamette valley is Halsey, located in Marion county. Halsey is situated 
on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad, 97 miles south of Portland 
and 18 miles south of Albany, the latter place being the point where the Oregon 
Pacific crosses the tracks of the Southern Pacific. Halsey is incorporated and now 
claims a population of about 400. A rich tributary section of country, typical of the 
highly fertile farming belt included within what is known as the Willamette valley, 
surrounds the town, and this, with the enterprising population of the place, has 
resulted in building up at this point a trade center of some little prominence. 

The leading manufacturing industry at Halsey at 
the present time is a drain tile plant, which is owned and 
operated by D. Nash & Co. , who are thoroughly practical --.^ _-. ; -.-_- 

tile manufacturers. An inexhaustible supply of blue clay - Jm 

is found within the corporate limits of the town, and this 
clay is pronounced by experts to be of a quality especially 
adapted to the highest grades of drain tile. The tile fac- 
tory at Halsey has a capacity of 1,500,000 feet of tile an- 
nually. This output is shipped to various parts of the 
Willamette valley, most of the land of which, while very PUBUC SCH00L] HALSEY 

rich, is greatly improved by sub-drainage. Halsey is also 
an important wheat storage and shipping poiut. Three 

large warehouses are located here, with a combined storage capacity of 225,000 bushels 
of wheat. The Southern Pacific Railroad Company has built a side track to these 
warehouses and ever)' facility is afforded by the railroad company for handling freight 
from this place in the most expeditious and most economical manner possible. 

Three large general merchandise stores are located at Halsey, as well as a num- 
ber of smaller mercantile establishments. The aggregate stock carried by the three 
largest houses is an evidence of the richness of the section of which Halsey is the 
business center. The Stafford, Garrett Co. carry a stock of general merchandise 
valued at from $12,000 to $14,000. Koontz & Power, also dealers in general mer- 
chandise, value their stock at from $17,000 to $20,000. Both of these leading houses 
command a trade that is not by any means confined to the town proper, but that 
reaches out from Halsey in all directions for a distance of from 5 to 10 miles. Another 
large house of Halsey is the Oriental Tea Company, which enjoys a large trade in 
staple and fancy groceries. 

The efficiency of the public school system of Halsey is in advance of the popu- 
lation of the place. A fine new school building, an illustration of which is published 




192 'I he Oregon'arfs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

in connection with the present article, was recently erected at this point, at a cost of 
$5,000. It contains four well lighted and perfectly ventilated rooms. Four efficient 
teachers are employed in the public schools here, and the average daily attendance of 
scholars, exclusive of those residing outside the city limits, is about 100. Advanced 
courses of study have been provided for at these schools in addition to the common- 
school branches taught here. Church buildings are owned at Halsey by the United 
Presbyterian, Methodist, Christian and Baptist denominations. The town supports 
one weekly newspaper, The News. It has a public hall with a seating capacity of 
300, and one good hotel, occupying a large and well arranged building, and one livery 
stable, afford ample accommodations to the traveling public. 

Wheat is the staple product of the district tributary to Halsey, and the shipments 
of grain from this point are very heavy. While the soil of this section is equally as 
well adapted to fruit growing and hop culture as is the soil of other parts of the val- 
ley, the raising of wheat still claims the principal attention of the farmers here. The 
assessed valuation of the property at Halsey is $150,000, and the town is unincumbered 
with any bonded indebtedness. Every effort is now being made by the enterprising 
citizens of Halsey to advance the interests of their town and, with the many natural 
advantages in favor of the place as a natural trading point, these efforts will doubtless 
not prove unavailing. 

Harrislmrg', Oregon. — Harrisburg is one of the old settled towns of 
the Willamette valley. It is 105 miles south of Portland on the main line of the 
Southern Pacific and has a present population of about 500. Harrisburg is also 
located on the Willamette river, which at favorable stages is navigable from this 
point to the mouth of the river, thus affording Harrisburg the benefits of an all- 
water route connecting direct with Portland. 

One flouring mill with a capacity of 30 barrels, and a sawmill with a cutting capa- 
city of 10,000 feet of lumber, per day, are located at this point. The output of both 
of these manufacturing plants finds ready sale in Harrisburg and in the rich sec- 
tions of country adjacent. Work on the construction of a canal which will tap the 
Willamette river at a point three miles distant from Harrisburg is now being 
prosecuted, and it is expected to have the canal completed during the present year. 
The canal will furnish sufficient water power at Harrisburg for running several fac- 
tories, an electric light plant and city water works. 

The soil of the land in the immediate vicinity of Harrisburg is especially 
adapted to wheat and hop growing, and large quantities of wmeat and hops are now 
annually shipped from this point. This is an old settled portion of the state and 
many large and highly improved farms are found in this section. Harrisburg sup- 
ports a number of large stores and the different branches of business are well rep- 
resented here. A spacious building containing four rooms is used for public school 
purposes. Four teachers are employed in these schools and the average daily 
attendance is about 125 scholars. The Christians and two denominations of Metho- 
dists have organizations here and are well supported. Harrisburg has one bank and 
supports one weekly newspaper, The Courier. A new city hall, also used for public 
gathering?, was completed in [892, This hall has a seating capacity of 400 people. 
The travelling public will find one good hotel at Harrisburg, and one livery stable. 
The assessed valuation of the district in which Harrisburg is located— the section 
properly tributary to the town— is $200,000, and the town itself is entirely free from 
bonded indebtedness. 



Junction City, Oregon. 



193 




^)-t= ' j= 3P 



hffypws^ 



rs 



Junction City, Oregon. — Junction City, Linu county, was so named 
owing to this point being the prospective junction of the East and West Side divi- 
sions of the Southern Pacific railroad which now runs north and south on both sides 
of the Willamette river through the highly fertile section of the Willamette valley. 
The East Side division of this road is now the through line between Portland and 
San Francisco, and it is on the main line that Junction City is located, no miles south 
of Portland. The West Side division of the same road has its temporary southern ter- 
minus atCorvallis, about 28 miles southwest of Junction City. The route for the ex- 
tension of the West Side division of the Southern Pacific between Corvallis and Junc- 
tion City lies through one of the most fertile sections of the valley. It offers no obsta- 
cles to cheap and easy railroad construction and it is absolutely certain that this 
extension will be built in the near future. Junction is now the end of the Roseburg 
division of the Southern Pacific and it is here that the locomotive and train crews 
are changed. Large disbursements are regularly made here by the railroad com- 
pany and this, with the wealth of the tributary farming district, makes this an 
especially prosperous town. 

The official census of 1890 gave Junc- 
tion City a population of 560. Since that 
time the population of the place has in- 
creased to 700. Two years ago a destructive 
fire wiped out the main business part of the 
town, but since the holocaust several fine, 
new brick blocks have taken the place of the 
wooden structures which lined the main 
business thoroughfare before the fire. The 
accompanying illustration is a correct repre- 
sentation of the drug store and banking 
house recently erected by W. S. Lee, who 
opened the first drug store in Junction City 
21 years ago. Mr. Lee has unlimited confi- 
dence in the future growth of Junction City 
and he has accumulated here some of the 
most valuable city property. In conjunc- 
tion with the drug store Mr. Lee does a 
general banking and insurance business, 
and he has built up a large city and country 
patronage in each of these departments. 

There are numerous other large and 
successful business establishments in Junc- 
tion, but that of G. M. Jackson & Co. is de- 
serving of especial mention as showing the 
necessarily highly productive section of 
country which must be tributary to the town 

in order to support as large a house as this here. Junction City is the principal 
trading center for a large part of Lane county. The firm of G. M. Jackson & Co. 
have established at this point an immense general merchandise business. The value 
of their stock during certain seasons of the year reaches as high as $25,000. This 
store commands the best trade of the surrounding community and this trade extends 
into the surrounding country for miles distant. 




LEE'S Block, Junction City. 



194 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

Junction City boasts of one roller flouring mill which manufactures daily 75 bar- 
rels of flour of an excellent grade. Three large grain elevators are also located 
here, and these elevators have a combined storage capacity of 375,000 bushels. The 
adjoining country is a great wheat and oat-producing section, and most of the grain 
product of this section is stored iu large elevators at Junction City, from which point 
it is shipped to Portland and San Francisco. During 1892 the shipments of wheat 
from Junction City aggregated 125,000 bushels. Hops and barley are also raised to 
some extent in this part of the state. During 1892 a new and handsome school house 
was completed at Junction City at a cost of $6,000. This building contains four large 
rooms, one teacher being assigned to each room. The average daily attendance of 
scholars during the past year was about 150. The Presbyterian, Methodist and 
Christian denominations have handsome church edifices at Junction City and each 
organization contains a large membership. The city has a good water-works system, 
the supply of water for city use being taken from two large reservoirs having a 
combined capacity of 16,000 gallons. The lower floor of the city hall is used for 
holding the fire apparatus. A good volunteer fire department is maintained here 
and the city is amply protected against fire. 

Situated on the main street of the city is an imposing brick block which is used 
for hotel and opera-house purposes combined. The hotel is well arranged and well 
conducted, and the opera-house, which has a seating capacity of 700, is one of the 
neatest little public auditoriums in the valley. The erection of this block involved 
an outlay of $24,000. One hotel in addition to the above is maintained at Junction 
City. The town supports one weekly newspaper, The Times. Three liver}' stables 
furnish ample accommodations to the traveling public. 

One of the richest portions of the entire Willamette valley is directly tributary to 
Junction City. Farming lauds in this locality can be purchased at very reasonable 
prices. Mr. G. M. Jackson, a prominent citizen of Junction City, quotes prices on 
desirable wheat and hop land at from $35 to $40 per acre, land lying within one mile 
of the corporate limits of the town. The same lands, from three to four miles dis- 
tant from the town, can be bought for from $10 to $20 per acre. Mr. Jackson is 
acquainted with all land values in this vicinity, and he is a thoroughly reliable person 
from whom to receive information on this subject. 

Junction City is made up of a live and wide-awake people, who seem to appreci- 
ate their favorable location, and who will doubtless exert every effort in advancing 
the town's prosperity in the future as they have steadily done in the past. 

Eugene, Oregon. — The most distinguishing feature of Eugene is its natural 
beauty of location. The district in which the city is located is one of the most pic- 
turesque parts of the state. This might truly be termed the gateway to the Wil- 
lamette valley from the south. It is the dividing line between the low, level stretches 
of the valley proper and the undulating but highly fertile lands to the south. All of 
the section tributary to Eugene is perfectly watered, the soil is both warm and rich, 
and the country supports one of the most prosperous farming communities in the 
state. 

Eugene has a population of about 4,000, and it is the highest point on the Will- 
amette river that steamboats from Portland ever ascend. This stream flows by the 
city on the east. To the west is a range of hills covered with forests. From the 
highest eminences of these hills is commanded one of the widest views of the Will- 
amette valley obtained from any elevation. Eugene is essentially a city of homes. 
The city has the appearance of some well laid-out park, shade trees lining all the 



Eugene, Oregon. 



195 








wette Street, Eugene. 



principal streets. Around all the fine private residences of the city are well-kept 

lawns and flower gardens, and these private grounds attest in a most striking manner 

the inclinations of the people who have made their homes in 

Eugene. It is the boast of the people here that Eugene is a city 

of homes, and the effort made to 
add to the home comforts of 
Eugene's population has done 
much to advance the city's inter- 
ests in a material way. 

Eugene is the seat of Lane 
county, and it is also the seat of 
the Oregon State University, a 
higher institution of learning, that 
has attained great prominence 
among the great schools of the 
coast. Eugene is 123 miles south 
of Portland by the line of the 
Southern Pacific railroad, and 650 
miles north of San Francisco by the 
same route. It is the natural trading and jobbing center of Lane county, and the de- 
velopment of this county during the last five years has resulted in largely increasing 
Eugene's population and wealth. The staple product of the farms of this section, as 
of the other parts of the valley, is wheat. In addition the fanners here pay large atten- 
tion to fruit and hop growing, while the production of wool and stock raising are fol- 
lowed with profit in the foothill districts of the county. This is an ideal fruit-growing 
country. The nights here during the summer and fall months are warm, the soil is 
rich and of that peculiar light quality especially adapted to fruit growing, and fruit 
raising on the most extensive scale will some day be the most profitable industry of 
Lane county. 

The main business street of Eugene has the stamp of metropolitan importance. 
It is wide and well kept, and it is lined, for a distance of four blocks in the center of 
the city, with fine two and three-story brick buildings. The display windows of the 
main business houses make a very attractive appearance. Every line of business is 
well represented here, and a number of the largest stores carry stocks of goods valued 
at from $25,000 to $40,000. 

Owing to the man}- advantages of location a number of important manufacturing 
institutions have been established at Eugene during the past few- years, and these 
industries are all on a paying basis. The local supply of raw material is large and is 
easily obtained, and the excellent shipping facilities enjoyed by the city assure a ready 
market for the product of the factories here. Located here is a large roller flouring 
mill with a daily capacity of 100 barrels. This mill manufactures a high grade of 
flour, and this flour is shipped as far north as Puget Sound. The company operating 
these mills has an elevator capacity of 100,000 bushels, and the entire milling plant is 
complete in every respect. 

The Willamette Tannery, shown by the accompanying illustration, w-as estab- 
lished in Eugene 12 years ago, and since that time it has been turning out leather 
at the rate of 7,000 sides a year. The proprietors of the tannery are W. W. Haines 



196 The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

photo by hicks photo co. & Co. , who are thoroughly expe- 

rienced manufacturers in their 
j .,,../ line. The tannery employs eight 

,..• « "-A men and consumes 2^0 cords of 

________ : r -.cfe^^ hemlock bark per year. Almost 

n n ■■•< '-V>A\ - IS^S^T^ the entire output of the plant is 

f^^^^li^S^^fe shipped to San Francisco, via the 

" * ^^^^f^Pp*|§^^fc*»fe, Oregon Pacific railroad to Yaquina 

■-t-^^^?--' Ray and by steamer plying regu- 

^"L:- __j"__z: "' larly between the latter port and 

Willamette tannery, w. w. haines * co., proprietors, eugene. San Francisco. Messrs. Haines 

& Co. state that the demand for 
the grade of leather manufactured by them is far in excess of the capacity of their 
plant. 

Among the other factories located at Eugene is a sawmill with a cutting capacity 
of 25,000 feet of lumber per day. This mill gives employment to 25 men. Logs are 
floated to the mill down the Willamette river. The cannery and fruit-evaporating 
plant combined, located at this point, represent an outla}- of $15,000. The cannery 
has a daily capacity of 50 tons of fruit while the evaporator can turn out 5,oco pounds 
of fruit a day. During the busy season, this plant gives employment to about 200 
men, women and children, and it is the means of disbursing large sums of money 
here regularly. Eugene claims two planing and one shingle mill. The latter has a 
capacity of 20,000 shingles a day. Among the other manufacturing plants here are an 
ice factory and cold-storage house, foundry and machine shops, and a furniture and 
cutler}' manufactory. 

Eugene enjoys the benefit of a great water power. This has only been partially 
developed as yet. The flouring mill, two or three of the smaller factories and the 
city electric plant are now being operated by this water power. The water is brought 
to the city through a race which taps the Willamette river a short distance above 
Eugene. Eugene has a good system of waterworks, water for city use being taken 
from a reservoir located on a butte one-half mile distant. This reservoir is at an ele- 
vation of 175 feet above the city, and it has a holding capacity of 300,000 gallons. 
The water is pumped into the reservoir direct from a deep well whose supply is 
inexhaustible. Mains are laid through all the principal streets, and hydrants are 
located at the street crossings. Fire engines are unnecessary as a protection against 
a conflagration, as sufficient pressure is maintained at all times in the hydrants, 
which are easily tapped, to throw a stream over the highest building of any of the 
streets. Four well-drilled volunteer hose companies are maintained here, and the 
city has every facility for successfully fighting fire. 

Over $20,000 has already been expended by Eugene in an excellent system of 
sewers covering the main streets of the city. 

As a seat of learning, Eugene occupies a proud position among the most favored 
educational centers of the coast. In addition to the University of Oregon located here 
an excellent public school system is maintained. Two large modern school buildings, 
containing eight rooms each, furnish ample quarters for public school purposes. 
Sixteen teachers are employed in these schools. The schools are graded, and 
scholars, upon the completion of their studies at Eugene's public schools, are pre- 
pared to enter the freshman class in any of the best colleges. 



Eugene, Oregon. 



197 



PHOTO. BY HI 
PHOTO. CO 




Eugene is the banking center of Lane 
county. Three strong financial institu- 
tions are located here, and they all do a 
large business. The two leading banks of 
Eugene are the Lane County Bank and the 
First National. The oldest banking house 
in Eugene and Lane county is that of Messrs. 
Hovey, Humphrey & Co., known as the 
Lane County Bank. It was established in 
1882, and occupies one of the finest brick 
corners, shown by the accompanying illus- 
tration, in Eugene. The president of the 
Lane County Bank is Hon. A. G. Hovey, ex- 
member of the state senate and ex-mayor 
of the city of Eugene. Mr. Hovey is re- 
garded as one of the leading and prominent 
citizens of Eugene and of the state, and he 
enjoys the confidence of all who know 
him. H. C. Humphrey, a son of one of 
Oregon's pioneers, the late Hon. Geo. 
Humphrey, is the cashier of the bank, J. M. 
Abrams is the assistant cashier, and A. G. Hovey, Jr., is the teller. 

The Lane County Bank continues to do an increasing business with all classes 
and interests of the people of Lane county with each successive year. 

The First National Bank of Eugene, shown by the accompanying illustration, is 
one of the most solid financial institutions in the Willamette valley. It was first 

established as a private bank in 1884 by the promi- 
nent firm of Hendricks & Eakin, and was incor- 
porated as a national bank in 1886. The First Na- 
tional Bank was first capitalized with $50,000, and 
the surplus now amounts to $50,000 more. The 
total amount of business transacted by this bank, 
in 1892, was $7,000,000. The Hon. T. G. Hendricks, 
a resident of the state of Oregon since 1S48, and 
one of the prominent citizens of Eugene, is presi- 
dent of the First National Bank ; Hon. S. B. Eakin 
is cashier, and P. E. Suodgrass is the assistant 
cashier. 



bank, Eugene. 




kk£ 



V ft £ t ! 



slU; " 



fffF 



!i 



First National Ban 



Eugene has the benefit of the strongest of religious influences. Eight strong 
church organizations are maintained here, all of which own handsome church edi- 
fices. These are denominations of the Presbyterian, Cumberland Presbyterian, Meth- 
odist, Episcopal, Catholic, Congregational, Christian and Baptist. Three well con- 
ducted newspapers, The Daily Guard, The Semi- Weekly Register and The Weekly 
Oregon Stale Journal, render effective aid in advancing the city's interests. A hand- 
some opera house, with a seating capacity of 1,000, has recently been completed at 
Eugene. Eugene's finances are in a most satisfactory condition. The assessed 
valuation of city property, in 1892, was $1,600,000, and the total bonded indebted- 
ness of the city today does not exceed $20,000. Excellent accommodations are pro- 



198 The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest. 

vided for tourists here, Eugene supporting three good hotels and four well stocked 
livery stables. 

Au active board of trade has doue much to crowd Eugene to the front. Through 
the agency of the board of trade here liberal inducements, in the way of proffers of 
land and money, have been offered manufacturers to locate at this point, and this 
liberal policy has resulted in much practical benefit to the city. Eugene's corporate 
limits now extend two miles east and west and one mile north and south. The main 
street leading from the depot out to the university, is traversed by a street-car line, 
over which cars are run at frequent and regular intervals. Eugene has alw r ays been 
a prosperous point, and the energy of its citizens during the past few years, together 
with its many advantages of location, has resulted in making Eugene one of the lead- 
ing centers of population in Western Oregon. 

Tlie University of Oregon. — The University of Oregon, established at 
Eugene, in 1872, by act of the state legislature, and opened for reception of students 
in 1876, has passed the crucial period of the struggles of all new institutions. The 
able management and liberal support by the state have caused the institution to take 
high rank among colleges of this country. Its location at Eugene cannot be sur- 
passed for health, convenience of access and beauty of scenery. The control and 
management of the university was entrusted to a board of regents consisting of nine 
members appointed by the governor. The present board is composed of the follow- 
ing members : Hon. R. S. Bean, Salem ; Hon. L. L,. McArthur, Portland ; Hon. 
Henry Eailing, Portland; Hon. A. Bush, Salem ; Hon. S. Hamilton, Roseburg ; 
Hon. A. G. Hovey, Eugene ; Hon. T. G Hendricks, Eugene; Hon. C. C. Beekman, 
Jacksonville; Hon. Joshua J. Walton, Eugene. The late Hon. Matthew P. Deady, 
L. L. D., was the honored president of the board of regents for the last 20 years. 

The university has the following endowment : $100,000 realized from the sale of 
lands granted by the United States; $50,000 generously donated by Mr. Henry Vil- 
lard. The interest on said sums is used for the support of the school, in addition to 
the sum of $30,000 annually appropriated by the state. 

The university campus contains 18 acres, situated at the head of the great Wil- 
lamette valley, on a gradually ascending elevation, from which can be obtained a 
splendid view of the surrounding country. The main buildings, as seen by the illus- 
tration on the opposite page, consists of three brick structures, the two larger ones 
being used for school purposes, while the smaller one is used for a gymnasium. The 
two other buildings are used for dormitories. The observatory occupies a sightly 
location on the top of Skinner's Butte, which overlooks the city of Eugene and sur- 
rounding country, and is convenient to the other buildings. 

The library of the university contains 5,000 volumes of carefully selected books, 
which is being increased each year from the Henry Villard library fund. The regents 
have expended $6,000 in the purchase of apparatus for the departments of chemistry 
and physics, and mathematical and astronomical instruments for the school. 

There are four courses of study in the university, the classical, scientific, liter- 
ary and English. Tuition is free, but each student is required to pay an incidental 
fee of $10 per year. Students can obtain board and rooms in private families at rea- 
sonable rates, and have use of dormitories at the cost of maintenance. 

The school of law of the university is conducted at Portland, where access is 
more easily had to excellent libraries and a greater variety of courts. The ablest 
lecturers are employed to preside over this department. The course of law studies 



1 i * 




200 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

consists of two sessions of 20 weeks each, and the tuition is $60 per session. 
Application for admission to the school of law should be addressed to Prof. Richard 
H. Thornton, Portland, Oregon. 

The school of medicine is also conducted at Portland. The faculty is composed 
of the best physicians of the state, most of whom are connected with hospitals of 
the city, which offer advantages for clinical and didactic instruction unsurpassed in the 
state. For full particulars as to course of study, fees and other information of medi- 
cal department, address C. C. Strong, M. D., secretary, Portland, Oregon. 

The conservatory of music of the university is conducted by Miss Mar}' E. 
M'Cornack, graduate of the New England conservatory, assisted by talented teach- 
ers. Instruction is given on the piano forte, organ, violin, and in voice culture ; also 
in harmony and theory of music. 

The University of Oregon has justly earned a reputation for higher education of 
which the entire state may feel proud. Some of the ablest men and women of Ore- 
gon and neighboring states belong to the alumni of this institution. From its 
inception the aim of the regents and faculty has been to make thorough scholars 
rather than rush through to graduation a large number of students. 

The curriculum of the university has always maintained a comparative standard 
with prominent Eastern colleges, and has long attracted attention as one of the best- 
conducted institutions of learning in the west. Application for catalogues can be 
made to Joshua J. Walton, secretary of board, Eugene, Oregon. 

Lane County, Oregon. — Lane county occupies a position at the head of 
the Willamette valley, the garden spot of Western Oregon. It is one of the largest 
counties of the valley. It extends for a distance of 150 miles from the crest of the 
Cascade Mountains west to the Pacific ocean. From Linn county, by which it is 
bounded on the north, it reaches for a distance of 50 miles south to the northern 
boundary of Douglas county. The county contains about 3,700,000 acres, about 500,- 
000 of which are now under cultivation. A large part of the surface of the county is 
mountainous, elevations that are covered with a dense forest growth of timber, as are 
the higher portions of all Western Oregon. Some 300 square miles of the Willamette 
valley in Lane county, or that part of the county lying between its northern bound- 
ary line and Eugene, the county seat, and even for some distance beyond this latter 
point cannot be excelled for agricultural and grazing purposes. To the east and west 
of this very rich strip along the foothills of the Cascade and Coast range of mount- 
ains respectively, are numerous small valleys which are rapidly being filled with a 
class of industrious settlers. The lands of these small valleys are valuable for fruit 
and hop raising, and they are equally as fertile as the lands of the Willamette valley 
proper. Prominent among the large water courses of Lane count}' are the Willam- 
ette, McKenzie, Siuslaw, Coast Fork and Mohawk rivers. These streams drain large 
areas of country, and the valleys along their courses are all easily accessible and 
especially adapted to a high state of cultivation. 

Located on a branch of the Coast Fork of the Willamette river in the eastern 
part of the county are the rich Bohemian gold and silver mines. The mining devel- 
opment of Lane county is not as pronounced as the mining interests of the part of 
the state further to the south, but sufficient prospecting has already been done in the 
mountains of the county to show that valuable deposits of precious metal exist 
here, and earnest efforts are now being made to develop the mines here into paying 
properties. 



Lane County, Oregon. 201 

Fruit and wheat growing are the principal industries of the farming districts of 
Lane county. The present annual yield of wheat in the county is about 500,000 
bushels. In addition to wheat, about 5,000 bales of hops are annually shipped from 
the county, and the product of wool of the county reaches about 200,000 pounds. 
The Willamette river, which is navigable during the winter months from Portland to 
Eugene, was formerly the principal freight route for the products of Lane county to 
reach a market at Oregon's chief city. Most of the shipments of this part of the 
state now, however, are made over the lines of the Southern Pacific and Oregon 
Pacific railroads, the former road extending north and south through the valley, 
while the Oregon Pacific runs east and west, crossing the Southern Pacific at Albany 
and terminating on the west at Yaquina City on Yaquina Bay. 

Thousands of acres of government land are still unoccupied in Lane county. 
Most of this land is well back from the old established towns of the county, but 
along the McKenzie river are large tracts of good land still unoccupied. There is 
much very fine land in the county offered for sale at from $5 to f 10 an acre, and this 
land is easily cleared and is highly fertile when put into cultivation 

The present population of Lane county is about 16,000. It is one of the old 
established populated parts of Western Oregon, and it is the home of many well-to-do 
farmers, and the people who reside here are principally prosperous and contented. 

East Cottage Grove. — East Cottage Grove is located in Lane county, on the 
east bank of the Coast Fork of the Willamette river. It is 145 miles south of Port- 
land by the Southern Pacific railroad, on the main line of which it is located. On 
the west bank of the river at this point is located the old and original town of Cot- 
tage Grove, which was first established in 1862. The town was incorporated in 18S9, 
and it has a present population of about 150. 

Old Cottage Grove is a place of but little importance. A flouring mill with a 
daily capacity of 40 barrels is located here. It contains one large general merchan- 
dise store as well as several smaller business houses, and these, with one hotel, are 
the noteworthy features of the old town. Four years ago new life was infused into 
this old established place, and in spreading out, the principal business interests of the 
town were soon transferred to the east bank of the river at this point. The town on 
the east bank was. incorporated by act of the last legislature under the corporate 
name of East Cottage Grove. This latter town is now a bustling place of about 450 
population and the new town is making very rapid strides in substantial develop- 
ment. It now boasts of a fine roller flouring mill with a daily capacity of 60 barrels. 
A bank is located here with a capital stock of $30,000, and the town supports a 
weekly newspaper, The Echo-Leader. A dozen or more business houses, as well as 
two hotels and a livery stable, are well patronized in the town. Three substantial 
brick buildings have been erected on the main street and the construction of other 
buildings of a similar character is already contemplated. The public school of the 
town is conducted in a neat two-story building. About 100 scholars are in daily 
attendance at the school here, which is in charge of three teachers. Five religious 
organizations are supported here. These are the Cumberland Presbyterian, Christian, 
Methodist, Baptist and Catholic. The first two denominations worship in church 
edifices of their own. 

The resources of the section tributary to East Cottage Grove are lumber, wool 
and fruit, which constitute the principal shipments from this point. In addition the 



•202 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



town is also the only supply point for the rich Bohemian gold and silver mines situ- 
ated 40 miles east, and which are now being developed. 

Drain, Oregon. — In Douglas county, at the junction of Pass and Elk creeks, 
is located the flourishing little town of Drain. It is on the main line of the Southern 
Pacific railroad, 161 miles south of Portland, and it contains a population of about 
300. The town enjoys a considerable degree of prominence in being the seat of the 
State Normal School, which receives considerable mention in an article published in 
connection with the present article on Drain. 

A small sawmill and a gristmill constitute Drain's manufacturing enterprises. In 
the vicinity of Drain are forests of fine timber. This timber is now being extensively 
cut, and the rafting of logs dowu the streams of this section to the mills at Drain 
and other points, is one of the leading pursuits of the people of this part of the state. 

The superior educational advantages of Drain have always attracted many fami- 
lies to this point. One of the strongest factors which led to the selection of Drain for 
the seat of the State Normal School was the general healthfulness of this part of the 
state. In addition to the normal school, Drain has the benefit of a good system of 
public instruction, which is conducted under the auspices of the State Normal School. 
The average daily attendance at the public school is about 80. Two church organiza- 
tions are maintained at Drain, the Methodist and the Christian, both of which have 
large memberships. One hotel and one livery stable take care of the interests of the 
traveling public visiting this point. 

All overland trains of the Southern Pacific stop at Drain, where connection is 
made by stage for Coos Bay points. Coos Bay is 80 miles west of this place. The 
principal shipments from Drain are lumber, live stock and poultry, and the country 
immediately tributary is rich and capable of supporting a much larger population 
than now fiuds homes here. 

The State Normal School. — The State Normal School, at Drain, Oregon, 

so designated by act of the Oregon legisla- 
ture in 18S5, is fast taking its place among 
the prominent institutions of learning in the 
Pacific Northwest. The main building 
of the State Normal School, shown by the 
accompanying illustration, was erected 
during the past year at a cost of $ 10,000. 
The most approved style of architecture 
has been adopted in the design of the build- 
ing, which is heated throughout by hot 
air and which is provided with a perfect sys- 
tem of ventilation. A new dormitory for ladies 
and a boarding hall for both ladies and gen- 
tlemen have been added during the past year. 
The courses of study adopted in the school are normal, business, academic and 
post-graduate, all of which departments are presided over by a thoroughly competent 
and efficient corps of instructors. State diplomas are given students who complete 
the normal course, and diplomas from the school are awarded those finishing the 
academy, business or post-graduate courses. Graduates from the academy are pre- 
pared to enter the freshman class of any college in the state. 




State Normal School, Drain 



Oakland, Oregon. 203 

The necessary expenses of scholars in attendance at the State Normal School 
have been reduced to a minimum. Good board and room, principally furnished, can 
be secured at the boarding hall for $2.25 per week, while the tuition fee is but $6.50 
per term of 10 weeks. It is a noteworthy fact in connection with the institution, that 
families residing in Drain, or in the school district here, are entitled to free tuition 
for their children both at the public and State Normal School. The average attend- 
ance of scholars at the Normal School during the past year was 250. With the recent 
enlargement of school-room facilities and with the increase of the membership of 
the faculty to 10, it is expected that the attendance during the present year will reach 
400. W. T. Van Scoy, A. B., the president of the Normal School, is well qualified 
for such a position, he having received a classical education at the Northwestern 
University of Illinois, and also having received the degree of A. B. from the Uni- 
versity of Portland. 

Drain is considered one of the most healthful locations on the line of the 
Southern Pacific railroad. It is situated in a beautiful valley commanding a superb 
view of the Calipooia Mountains, while two rippling streams of water course 
through the town. This is an ideal site in every respect for the establishment of an 
educational institution of a high order, and the location of the State Normal School 
at this point was a wise act on the part of the Oregon legislature. 

Oakland, Oregon. — Oakland, Douglas county, Oregon, is very picturesquely 
located in the very heart of the rich Umpqua valley. It is on the main line of the 
Southern Pacific railroad, iSi miles south of Portland. The Calipooia river, a branch 
of the Umpqua on the north side of the town, and Camas Swale creek on the south, 
afford an excellent natural system of drainage for both Oakland and the country 
surrounding the town. Oakland is, today, the second largest town in Douglas 
county. It contains a population of about 500, and is a very prosperous trading 
point. 

The citizens of Oakland now contemplate providing the town with a good system 
of water works by establishing a pumping station on the Calipooia river, one mile 
distant from the town. The water will be forced from this 
station to a reservoir located on an eminence near the town. 
It is the intention to complete this water-works plant during 
the present year. Oakland is distinguished from other towns 
of equal population in Western Oregon by its large shipments 
of fruit, poultry and eggs. The soil of the Umpqua valley is 
well suited to fruit culture. At Chenoweth Park, three miles 
from Oakland, is a tract of 3,000 acres of land which is being 
cultivated for orchards and vinevards, by an incorporated com- 

. . JT ' - L Public School, Oakland. 

pany having a capital stock of $72,000. Already 500 acres of 

this land are planted in prune and peach trees. Prune crops, in this section, are 
considered the most profitable to growers, the average net profit per acre from a 
carefully attended prune orchard, being about $200. Oakland annually ships more 
poultry (raised in the vicinity of this town) than any other town of the same size in 
the state. During 1892 there were shipped from this point 6,950 dozens of geese, 
chickens and ducks, 15,000 turkeys, and 70,000 dozens of eggs. The total receipts 
here for all shipments made by the town, in 1892, amounted to $279,000. 

Four brick business blocks occupy prominent corners in Oakland, and as many 
more brick buildings will be completed here during the present year. The stone for 




204 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



the foundations and trimmings of Oakland's best buildings is blue sandstone 
obtained from a quarry situated within a short distance of the town. The brick 
used here is of an excellent quality, and is made by a local company. In the north- 
ern part of Douglas county, six miles distant from Oakland, are rich quicksilver 
mines, which have already attracted considerable attention, and these mines will 
doubtless, in time, be worked on a large scale. In the line of manufacturing Oak- 
land has a large roller flouring mill, which has a capacity of So barrels of flour per 
day. The flour made here is of a superior quality, and it enjoys a wide sale. Four 
large stores are located in Oakland, and these business houses carry stocks of goods 
valued at from $10,000 to $25,000 each. The town also contains one bank and the 
usual number of small business establishments found in a place of this size. 

Oakland's schools are conducted in a good building, and they are in charge of 
one principal and one assistant teacher. The present school building is hardly large 
enough to meet the demands for school room here, and it is the intention of the 
school board to erect an addition to this building during the present year. The aver- 
age daily attendance at the public schools here is 125. Oakland supports six church 
organizations, four of which worship in their own buildings. The denominations 
represented here are the Presbyterian, Baptist, two Methodist, Episcopal and Christ- 
ian. Two hotels and a single livery stable meet the requirements of the traveling 
public which visit this town. 

Fruit culture, wool growing, and poultry and stock raising have together com- 
bined to make Oakland a very prosperous trading and shipping point. The country 
that is directly tributary to Oakland extends as far from the town, in certain direc- 
tions, as 40 miles, and most of this tributary section is rich and easily put in a con- 
dition for cultivation. The business men of Oakland are generally alive to their 
opportunities, and they are making earnest efforts to advance their town's interests. 

J. H. Ray, a wide-awake, reliable and old established real estate agent, of Oak- 
land quotes prices on improved lands suitable for fruit culture, lying within one mile 
of the town, at $15 per acre. The same character of lands, five miles distant from 
the town, can be bought at from $7 to $10 per acre. The people of Oakland, at the 
present time, are able to boast that their town is entirely free from debt, and that 
they have a surplus in the town treasury, a somewhat exceptional condition of things 
with the growing towns of the state. Everything at Oakland, however, is in a heal- 
thy condition, and a nourishing center of trade will always be maintained here. 

Roseburg, Oregon. — Roseburg, the judi- 
cial seat of Douglas county, is located in the 
Umpqua valley, at the junction of the South 
Umpqua river and Deer creek. It nestles in a fer- 
tile little valley, almost entirely surrounded by a 
range of rugged hills, which serve as a most effec- 
tive barrier against all violent wind storms. The 
surface of the townsite is gently undulating, thus 
affording a perfect natural drainage. Roseburg 
is an attractive town ; it is the center of a country 
which furnishes excellent sport in fishing or 
hunting, and the location is a decidedly health- 
ful one. 







R1 .v, ;.*,":■• jj 



New Citv Hall, Roseburg. 



Roseburg, Oregon. 



205 



Roseburg is a division station on the main line of the Southern Pacific. It is 
197 miles south of Portland. It claims today a population of about 2,500, and is the 
largest town in Douglas county. The principal manufacturing industries of the place 
are two roller flouring mills, which have a daily capacity of 100 barrels, a brewery 
which supplies the local market, a sash and door factor}-, and a planing mill. 
Smaller factories located here are devoted to the manufacture of brooms and cigars, 
respectively, and a fruit cannery and brickyard are also in successful operation at 
this point. 

Roseburg, in the main, is well and substantially built. Many fine brick blocks 
line the principal street, and the sidewalks in front of the principal business houses 
are paved with stone. The merchants of Roseburg are prosperous, many of the 
leading business men having resided there since the place was first established. 
Roseburg has two banks, one of these, the Douglas County Bank, being the oldest 
in the county. This latter bank was established in 1883. Its capital stock is $30,000, 

and its financial responsibility, at the present writing, is 
$100,000. The officers of the Douglas County Bank are : 
O. F. Godfrey, president ; S. C. Flint, vice-president, 
and Peter Hume, cashier. 

Roseburg's educational facilities have kept pace with 
the growth of the town. A new eight-room school build- 
ing has recently been completed here at a cost of $15,000. 
A principal and eight assistant teachers are employed in 
the public schools, and the courses of study provided for, 
to which has recently been added a high school grade, 
compare favorably with that of the best public schools 
of the state. Eight church organizations own build- 
ings of their own at Roseburg. These are the Presby- 
terian, two Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, Christian, 
United Brethren and Catholic. 



k 







m^-jM 



County Court House, Roseburg. 



Roseburg boasts of a handsome new brick opera house, and it supports two live 
papers, The Semi-Weekly Review and The Weekly Plaindealer. Three large hotels 
are maintained here, as well as the same number of smaller ones, and four livery 
stables are well stocked with horses and carriages. The Umpqua river, at this point, 
furnishes a valuable water power. This power is now being utilized by the factories 
already located here. Roseburg has a good system of electric lights, good water 
works, and a good system of sewerage has been established. Two large reservoirs, 
with a combined capacity of 600,000 gallons, are located on a high eminence, and 
these reservoirs afford an ample pressure in the city mains to throw a stream of water 
over any of the highest buildings. Five miles of water pipes have been laid over 
the city, at a cost of about $30,000. Four volunteer fire companies are maintained 
in Roseburg, and all of these companies are well drilled. 

The sewerage system of the city covers the principal street, and drainage of the 
buildings bordering on the alleys is provided by lateral lines of pipe tapping the 
main sewers. The sewerage system and the city hall together involved an outlay of 
$25,000. This money was raised by bonds guaranteed by the city. The fine electric 
light plant of Roseburg was established in 189 r at a cost of $20,000. This is con- 
sidered one of the most efficient plants for lighting purposes on the coast. 



206 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




The soil in the vicinity of Roseburg is especially adapted to the raising of fruit. 
Prunes aud pears do particularly well here. Cereals are raised in the Umpqua valley 
to a considerable extent, although not quite so heavily as in portions of the Willam- 
ette valley further to the south. The stock and wool-growing interests of Douglas 
county are very large and have proved of great benefit to Roseburg, which is the 
principal trading and shipping point of the valley. The mining interests of the 
county, while but slightly developed at the present writing, have contributed largely 
to the solid growth of Roseburg. 

The valuation of taxable property in Roseburg, as shown by the assessment rolls 
of 1892, was $446,589, and the total bonded indebtedness of the city today is $25,000. 

The site which Roseburg occupies is an enviable 
location for the establishment of a city, both by 
reason of the exceptional healthfuluess of the 
place, and also for the reason that the town is 
located in one of the richest parts of Southern 
Oregon. The people of Roseburg are now placing 
great hopes on the early completion of the Rose- 
burg & Coos Bay railroad. The distance from 
Roseburg to Coos Bay is but 90 miles, and already 
25 miles of the Coos Bay end of the line have 
been completed. The opening of this line con- 
necting Roseburg with the coast, would open a 
new market at San Francisco for the products of 
sing, roseburg. Southern Oregon, and Roseburg, as the terminus 

of the road, at a point where connection will be made with the through line of the 
Southern Pacific, would be the principal shipping point of all freight from Southern 
Oregon which would pass over the new road to reach tidewater. 

Aaron Rose, the Founder of Roseburg. — The story of the life of Aaron Rose, 
after whom the prosperous and promising town of Roseburg was named, and to 
whom the place owes everything for its present prosperous condition, presents an 
interesting narrative in connection with the early history and development of 
Douglas county. Mr. Rose, whose portrait is published with this sketch, is a pioneer 
in the true sense, he having crossed the plains from Michigan in 1851. He found his 
way to the valley of Umpqua, inhabited at that time by a tribe of Indians of the 
name the valley now bears, and here he settled on a donation claim of 320 acres from 
the government, the site which Roseburg now occupies. Mr. Rose, although now 
in his 80th year, is still comparatively strong in body and mind, and he delights to 
tell of the struggles and hardships of the pioneer days in Oregon, aud then contrast 
that period with the present in which life is a dream in comparison with that of the 
early settlers of the state. In the early days, however, Mr. Rose states, that money 
was more plentiful than provisions. Eggs and apples sold readily at $1 apiece, and 
flour at $1 a pound. Gold dust was the principal form of exchange, for even thus 
early gold discoveries were being made here on every hand. 

The site of Roseburg is a most natural one, being almost surrounded by a row of 
hills which afford perfect shelter. Unlike many of the early pioneers of Oregon who 
acquired vast areas of land, and who, in many instances, are adding to rather than 
disposing of any part of their landed possessions, Mr. Rose has ever held out the 
most liberal inducements for people to locate in Roseburg and join him in building 



Douglas County, Oregon. 



207 



HOTO BY GRAVES. 



up a flourishing city at this 
point. Every manufactur- 
ing enterprise, and many of 
the leading mercantile houses 
in Roseburg today, were 
given free sites aud free lots. 
When the Southern Pacific 
railroad was being built 
through Oregon, Mr. Rose 
gave the company a land sub- 
sidy valued at $30,000 to run 
through Roseburg, which is 
now the end of one of the 
divisions of the road. To the 
Roseburg & Coos Bay rail- 
road, now in course of con- 
struction, Mr. Rose gave five 
acres of land for depot facili- 
ties. Every church in Rose- 
burg, of which there are 
eight, was given a lot free 
and money in addition to aid 
in the construction of the 
buildings. Mr. Rose, besides 
being Roseburg's chiefest 
benefactor, has also done 
much for charity. The poor 
and needy have never ap- 
pealed to him in vain for de- 
served assistance. 

Prior to i860 Mr. Rose gave most of his time to farming, but since then he has 
devoted himself to the building up of Roseburg, having become interested in the 
various city enterprises, both as a shareholder and in encouraging such institutions 
as city water works, electric lights, etc., by giving liberal bonuses. Mr. Rose owns 
the New Era flouring mills which have a daily capacity of 75 barrels, and a ware- 
house capacity of 25,000 bushels. 

The father and founder of Roseburg, although having passed the noontime of 
life, is today just as ambitious for the welfare of the town as he has always been, 
and his hope that Roseburg shall be the foremost city in Southern Oregon seems 
likely to be fulfilled, even during the life of its earliest promoter. 

Douglas County, Oregon. — The northern boundary line of Douglas county, 
the Calipooia range of mountains, makes one of the most important divisions of 
"Western Oregon. To the south of the Calipooia Mountains lie the rich but rolling 
lands contained in Douglas county, while extending for more than 100 miles north of 
this range is the flat and highly fertile section of the Willamette valley. The south- 
ern boundary of Douglas county is the summit of the Canyon range of mountains, 
immediately south of which lies the famous Rogue River valley. The county extends 
east as far as the summit of the Cascade Mountains, while it is bounded on the west by 




Aaron Rose, founder of Roseburg. 



208 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



the Pacific ocean. The total area of Douglas county is about 4,900 square miles. 
One of the most fertile parts of the county is the Umpqua valley, through which the 
river of the same name flows. Numerous other smaller valleys are found in the count}', 
and it is crossed in all directions by many small streams of the clearest mountain 
water. 

The lands of Douglas county are more hilly in their nature than is the surface 
of the lands of the Willamette valley to the north. The mountainous sections of the 
county are covered with forests of the finest timber, while the foothill districts are 
covered with a fine growth of grasses which furnish excellent pasturage for all kinds 
of stock. The soil of the valley lands is of a mellow, fertile nature, and this soil 
gives large yields of cereals and vegetables, and it is well adapted to the cultivation 
of fruit. The climate of the Umpqua valley is even more equable than is the mild 
climate of the Willamette valley. The average annual rainfall in the Umpqua valley, 
as shown by records carefully kept for the past ten years, is but 34.32 inches, and 
extremes of heat and cold are practically unknown here. 

The resources of Douglas county are varied, and comprise agricultural products, 
minerals and timber, wool growing, fruit culture and stock and grain raising. Spec- 
ial attention has been paid in the county to the raising of prunes, peaches and 
poultry, and these three industries will outrank in magnitude those of any other 
county of the state. The special adaptability of this land for prune raising is shown 
by the statement that during 1S92 the product of 10 acres of prune orchard in the 
county sold for $2,000. It is estimated that from one-half to seven-tenths of the crop 
is the net profit from prune raising. 

The minerals found in Douglas county comprise gold, silver, quicksilver, iron, 
nickel, and in addition extensive deposits of coal, cement, limestone and marble are 
found in different parts of the county. Valuable gold mines in the county have 
already been opened up on Coffee, Starve-out, Cow, Myrtle, Mitchell, Calipooia and 
Jordan creeks. Renewed interest has been shown in the gold mines of this county 
during the past few years, and recent discoveries of the yellow metal in this section 
have convinced the people of the county that most valuable deposits of gold exist in 
this part of the state. 

Perhaps about one-half of the lands of Douglas county is susceptible of culti- 
vation. The title to much of this land still vests in the government and is open to 
entry by settlers. Douglas county today contains not to exceed 12,000 population, 
while the latent resources of this county alone are sufficient to support a population 
ten times as large. This is one of the most inviting parts of Western Oregon, and it 
is worthy of the attention of people who contemplate settling in the West. 

Grant's I'ass, Oregon. — Grant's Pass, the judicial 

seat of Josephine county, has a population of about 2,000. 
It is located in the heart of the valley of the 
Rogue river which has its source in Jackson 
county, flows through Josephine and Curry 
counties and empties its waters into the Pacific 
ocean. Grant's Pass is the largest town in the 
Rogue river valley. It is supported by the 
rich mineral, timber and agricultural resources 
puuc school, grant-, pass. of the country adjacent. It is located on the 




Josephine County, Oregon. 



209 



main line of the Southern Pacific, 296 miles south of Portland and 476 miles north of 
San Francisco. The merchants here have the benefit afforded by the competition of 
the Portland and San Francisco wholesalers to sell goods in this field. The town is the 
end of an important division of the Southern Pacific, and a round house and railroad 
repair shops are located at this point. The principal industry of Grant's Pass is the 
manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, mouldings and boxes. A company with a capital 
stock of $125,000 is engaged in this business here and about 100 men are employed in 
the factory. Other smaller factories at Grant's Pass are a brick-making plant, planing 
mill and broom factory. Several fine brick blocks have been erected on the main 
business street of the town and one bank looks after the financial affairs of the busi- 
ness community. A large ten-room brick school building occupies a prominent site 
in the city and eight teachers are employed in the public schools here. The number 
of scholars in attendance is about 350. There are seven churches located here, four of 
which — the Methodist, Presbyterian, South Methodist and Baptist— own their own 
buildings. A circulating library, free reading room and a new brick opera house, 
with a seating capacity of 1,000, are located at this point. 

The Rogue River Courier and Oregon Observer, two weekly papers are pub- 
lished at Grant's Pass. Grant's Pass annually ships a large amount of fruit, lumber 
and brick, and about $100,000 in gold annually reaches this point from the rich placer 
deposits of the valleys adjacent. 

Josephine County, Oregon. — Josephine county lies to the east of Curry, 
south of Douglas, west of Jackson and extends to the California line on the south. 

Its area is about 1,800 square miles and its 
present population is about 8,000. Until 
the completion of the Southern Pacific rail- 
road through the southern part of the state 
comparatively little was known of this rich 
part of Oregon. During the past ten years, 
however, wonderful strides have been made 
here, and this is now classed among the 
most prosperous portions of the Northwest. 

The soil of the lands of Josephine 
county is of remarkable fertility and will 
produce almost anything grown in the 
temperate zone. Cereals and fruits of all 
kinds grow in profusion here. Snow sel- 
dom falls in the valleys of the county, but 
on the higher elevations, which are covered with valuable forests of fir, cedar, oak, 
pine and other timber, the snowfall is sometimes heavy. The valleys of Josephine 
county are now practically one vast fruit garden. Peaches grow here in size and 
flavor equal to the most luscious of the New Jersey peach crop, and the tons of 
melons raised here which are annually shipped to the Portland and other markets 
to the north are not excelled in quality by the melons raised in the most favored 
parts of the United States. All varieties of fruit do well on these lands and the vine- 
yards and orchards of Josephine county will some day rival those of the famous 
California fruit belt. 

The entire area of Josephine county is well watered, numerous creeks of the 




210 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Photo, by e. 




Patch, near Grant's pass. 



clearest water flowing down the mountain 
sides and traversing the land in all direc- 
tions. These streams also furnish fine 
water power at convenient points. The 
mountainous districts of the county contain 
rich deposits of gold quartz, silver, copper 
and other metals. Widespread attention is 
just at the present time being attracted to 
the mineral wealth of this count)- and the 
mines here some day will rival those of 
Eastern Oregon or of the Cceur d'Alenes in 
Northern Idaho. 

Medford, Oregon. — Medford is one of the comparatively new towns of the 
southern part of the state. It is located in the Rogue River valley, on the line of 
the Southern Pacific railroad, and is 328 miles south of Portland and 444 north of 
San Francisco. It was established about 10 years ago, and now has a population of 
some 1,800. Medford is four miles east of Jacksonville, the judicial seat of Jackson 
county, the two towns being connected by a steam-motor line. 

The country in the immediate vicinity of Medford is devoted almost entirely to 
the raising of corn, wheat, rye, barley, fruits and vegetables. Almonds, grapes, figs 
and fruits of a semi-tropical nature, are raised here to perfection. The melons and 
peaches of the Rogue River valley are renowned for their size and quality, and the 
fruit industry here is conducted on a scale that has made this one of the best known 
fruit-producing belts on the coast. 

Medford supports a number of manufacturing industries, among which is a dis- 
tillery, with a daily capacity of 25 barrels, two pork-packing establishments, a 
sash, door and planing mill, a flouring mill, with a capacity of 100 barrels a day, and 
a brewery and an ice plant. The distillery has been in successful operation here for 
more than two years past. The inducements offered for the location of this plant at 
Medford were a liberal bonus by the people of the place and the special adaptability 
of the soil of the tributary section to the raising of the finest quality of corn. The 
farmers in the immediate vicinity of Medford, and in Klamath and Lake counties, 
in the extreme southern part of Oregon, have found a valuable market for their hogs 
at the pork-packing establishment established at Medford. The manufacturing 
industries located here have done much to advance the interests of the town, and it 
is significant of the enterprise of the people here that increased interest is yearly 
being paid to manufacturing at this point. 

Medford boasts of a number of fine brick blocks which line the main street. 
The business community is generally prosperous, and a number of the leading stores 
carry very heavy stocks of goods. Good public schools are maintained here. A new 
frame six-room school building has recently been erected at Medford, at a cost of 
$10,000. This building is well ventilated, it is heated by hot air, and is perfect in all 
its appointments. Six teachers are employed in the public schools at this point, and 
the average daily attendance of scholars is about 500. Seven churches are main- 
tained at Medford. These are the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Christian, two Metho- 
dist, Baptist and Catholic. All of these religious organizations own church build- 
ings of their own. Medford contains one bank, and one weekly newspaper, The 
Mail is published in the town. Medford also boasts of a fine opera house, with a 



Medford, Oregon. 



211 



PHOTO BY EVERITT, GRANTS PASS. 




Table Rock, near medford. Rogue Rr 



seating capacity of 500. One hotel and 
two livery stables furnish ample accom- 
modations to the traveling public. The 
assessed valuation of city property at 
Medford is $262,413, and the only bonded 
indebtedness of the municipality is that 
incurred for the construction of the city 
water-works plant, which involved an 
outlay of $20,000. 

The motor line which connects Med- 
ford with Jacksonville makes three round 
trips daily between these two points. Work has actually been begun on the exten- 
sion of this road to tap an unrivaled sugar pine district, 25 miles distant from Med- 
ford. This road will ultimately be extended to Klamath Falls, 75 miles southeast of 
Medford. Klamath Falls is the center of a wonderfully rich farming district, and 
will prove a most important point on the completion of the road there. It is esti- 
mated that 50 miles of the proposed route of the new road lies through an inexhaust- 
ible forest of sugar pine timber belt, and the opening of this timber belt to the mar- 
kets of Medford wdll do much to add to the solid prosperity of the latter place. 
That the people of Medford appreciate the benefits of the extension of the road is 
attested by the statement that they subscribed a bonus of $40,000 to the company 
building the line. 

If the resources of the tributary country and the prospective development of 
this district are duly considered, the prices asked for farming lands in the immedi- 
ate vicinity of Medford are not unreasonable. Messrs. Hamilton & Palm, the lead- 
ing real estate firm of Medford, quote the price of property adjoining the city limits 
at $75 per acre. This price decreases as the distance from the town limits increases. 
Messrs. Hamilton & Palm are thoroughly conversant with both city property and 
farm values in this part of the state, and information furnished by them on this sec- 
tion can be regarded as strictly reliable. 

The Hotel Medford, of which M. Purdin is proprietor, is conveniently arranged 
for the accommodation of commercial travelers, for whom free sample rooms are pro- 
vided. This popular hostlery is located directly opposite the Southern Pacific Com- 
pany's depot. The building is constructed of brick, it is two stories in height, and 
is comparatively secure from all danger of fire. The rates per day, at the Hotel 
Medford, are from $1.25 to $2. Courteous treatment of guests and an excellent table 
service are prominent features connected with the management of this hotel. Trav- 
eling men, and tourists especially, have found Medford's hotel accommodations bet- 
ter than the average, probably for the reason that the location of the town is 
such that a large surrounding country is more accessible from this point than from 
any other. 

One of the prominent citizens of Medford, and Jackson county, is D. H. Miller, 
who has lived in the Rogue River valley since 1876. Mr. Miller, although a com- 
paratively young man, is the pioneer merchant of Medford, having been the first 
man to engage in business at this point. He first opened a store here nearly 10 
years ago. He is a prosperous hardware merchant, and seems to have the utmost 
confidence in the future growth and development of Medford and the Rogue River 
valley. 



212 



The Oresonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



a fel4 



ISiijg 












Rock Point, Rogue River. 



The present postmaster at Med ford is 
J. S. Howard, who has lived in Jackson 
county since i860. Mr. Howard is a civil 
engineer by profession, and he made the 
preliminary survey through Southern Ore- 
gon and Northern California for the South- 
ern Pacific railroad. Jackson county was 
but sparsely settled at that time, and Med- 
ford had not yet been heard of. Mr. How- 
ard thinks, however, that the development 
which this section of the country has had 
during recent years will be greatly increased 
in the future, owing to the natural resources 
of the district that, until recently, have been scarcely known. 

Jacksonville, Oregon. — Jacksonville, the seat of Jackson county, is the 
oldest town in Southern Oregon, and one of the oldest established places in the 
state, having been first settled in 1851. It is five miles west of Medford, the nearest 
point on the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad, with which place it has 
direct connection by means of a steam-motor line. When the Southern Pacific rail- 
road was being built through this part of the state, 10 years ago, the people of Jack- 
sonville refused to raise a bonus of $25,000 demanded by the railroad company to 
insure the main line of road passing this point. In refusing to accede to the demands 
of the railroad company at that time, the people of Jacksonville missed the greatest 
opportunity that was ever afforded them to advance their town's interests, and the 
result of this refusal was a general decadence in Jacksonville's former prestige in 
favor of Medford, which is now one of the most prosperous towns of Southern 
Oregon. 

The present population of Jacksonville is about 900. The main dependence of 
the town for support is on the agricultural and mineral resources of the country 
adjacent. This part of the state has long been noted for its heavy output of gold, 
and while mining is not today carried on as extensively here as it was before the era 
of railroads, the gold output of the mines here is still heavy. During 1892 the bank 
at Jacksonville handled about $150,000 in gold dust. The Sterling Mining Company 
has put in a plant at a point seven miles distant from Jacksonville, and the output of 
this company's mine is reported to be very satisfactory. Placer mining claims the 
principal attention of the miners of this section, the quartz veins here being but little 
worked up to the present time. 

The business interests at Jacksonville are principally in the hands of the men 
who settled here many years ago. The people lead a happy and easy existence, and 
no great disposition is shown here to encourage immigration. The country around 
Jacksonville is rich and is capable of supporting a much larger population at this 
point than is now found here. 

Public school at Jacksonville is taught in a four-room building. Four teachers 
are employed in the school, and the average daily attendance of scholars is 175. In 
addition to the public school, the Catholics conduct a private school which is attended 
by about 40 scholars. The Presbyterian, Methodist and Catholic denominations own 
church buildings at this point. The Jackson county courthouse, erected at Jack- 
sonville about 10 years ago at a cost of $40,000, is a large, handsome and conveniently 



Jackson County and the Rogue River Valley, Oregon. 213 

arranged structure, and it is one of the finest buildings in Southern Oregon. Jack- 
sonville supports one weekly newspaper, The Times, one hotel and a single livery 
stable. The assessed valuation of town property is $150,000 and the bonded indebt- 
edness is less than $ 10,000. 

Jackson County and the Rogue River Valley, Oregon.— Jackson 
county is bounded on the north by Douglas and Josephine counties, on the east by 
Klamath, and on the south by the California state line. Its total area is 1,809,200 
acres, all but 200,000 acres of which is surveyed land. The population of the county 
at the present time is about 11,500. The surface of the county may be divided into 
three great divisions, as follows : the mountainous, the hilly and the level lands 
contained in the valleys. The higher elevations of the county, embraced in the 
mountainous portion, are of value principally for stock grazing. The lower elevations 
contained in the hilly portion of the county are covered with dense forests of tim- 
ber, and the low lands contained in the valleys are highly fertile and will produce 
anything indigenous to the temperate zone, and all fruits or plants of a semi-tropical 
nature attain the highest state of perfection in these rich valley lands. The character 
of the soil varies in different parts of the county, and it is not an unusual thing 
to find several different kinds of soil on a farm of even 160 acres in this part of 
the state. 

The best part of Jackson county is contained in the famous Rogue River valley, 
the most productive part of Southern Oregon. This valley is about 35 miles in 
length and maintains an average width of about 20 miles. It occupies the central 
part of the county and is crossed by the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad, 
which furnishes excellent transportation facilities to the farmers of this section. The 
valley derives its name from the river of the same name, which flows through it. 
Other important streams, which drain a large area of the valley, are Bear, Little 
Butte and Sam's creeks. The soil of the Rogue River valley is especially adapted to 
diversified farming. The climate is practically the same as that of Northern Cali- 
fornia, the frigid winter blasts which sometimes sweep down over Eastern Oregon 
being tempered here by the warm moist breezes constantly blowing here from 
the ocean. 

The Rogue River valley is essentially a fruit-growing belt. All kinds of semi- 
tropical fruits do well here, and the Portland market is principally supplied with 
peaches, melons and other fruit of this nature from this famous fruit district. Near 
Jacksonville are a number of very fine vineyards that are kept in a high state of cul- 
tivation, and wine made from the grapes of Southern Oregon vies in quality with 
some of the best productions of California wine producers. All the cereals, includ- 
ing wheat, rye, oats, barley and corn, yield large crops on the lands of the valley. 
The bottom lands of the valley are used largely for the growing of timothy, 
clover and blue grass. Alfalfa produces here from two to four good crops without 
replanting. 

For the past 30 years gold hunters have found the mountainous districts of Jack- 
son county attractive fields for prospecting. Placer mining claimed the whole atten- 
tion of the early miner in this section. Valuable discoveries of gold quartz ledges 
have recently been made in the county. Capital has been interested in these mines 
and large stamp mills are now being constructed to work the mines on an extensive 
scale. The future of the mininginterests of Jackson county, as of all of the mining 
centers of Southern Oregon seems brighter today than it has ever been before. 



2U 



The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




STREET, ASHL 



Asliland, Oregon. — Ashland is the largest town in Jackson county, the pop- 
ulation of the place today being a little more than 2,000. It is picturesquely located 

near the southern extremity of Rogue 
River valley. South and east lie a high 
range of hills, while north and west of 
Ashland extends a second elevation, 
which contains some of the most fertile 
patches of Southern Oregon. The town 
itself conforms to the general unevenness 
of the surface of the land at this point, 
and the irregular streets of the place, 
lined on both sides with handsome struc- 
tures and substantial brick business 
blocks, impart to Ashland an appear- 
ance as unique as it is interesting to the 
visitor. On the slopes of the hillsides 
adjacent are many pretty villa residences, 
and from these sites a view of Ashland 
and the Rogue River valley is commanded that shows this section to the best 
possible advantage. 

Ashland is on the main line of the Southern Pacific, 343 miles south of Portland 
and 430 miles north of San Francisco. It is the central division station between the 
two largest cities of the Pacific coast. Ten miles south of Ashland the Siskiyou 
Mountains rise abruptly to an elevation of 8,000 feet. Ashland creek has its source 
in these mountains. It is a stream which carries a considerable volume of water, and 
rushing down the mountain sides with irresistible force, it furnishes ample power 
for all mauufacturing purposes in the city itself. Water for domestic use in the city 
is taken from this creek, and this water is of the purest quality. This stream already 
furnishes power for running a five-stamp quartz mill, a large flouring mill, two sash, 
door and blind factories, and the electric light plant at Ashland. All classes of 
mercantile business are well represented here, and the local houses carry stocks of 
goods larger and more complete than are usually found in a town of the present 
population of Ashland. The large dry goods store of Messrs. D. R. & E. V. Mills, 
and the furniture store of J. P. Dodge, the latter of which carries a stock of goods 
valued at about $6,000, are notable examples of Ashland's activity as a business 
center. 

Ashland takes a pardonable pride in the excellent system of public schools main- 
tained here. Three well designed school buildings furnish ample accommodations 
for school purposes. Two of these buildings are located respectively in the north 
and south end of the city, while the third provides room for the scholars of the cen- 
tral district. The schools are divided into primary, secondary, grammar and high 
school departments. The schools are in charge of a principal, under whom are nine 
assistant teachers. All of the teachers in the public schools here hold the highest 
grade of Oregon state school certificates. 

The people of Ashland enjoy the benefit of a perfect system of arc and incandes- 
cent electric lights. The city also has a good water-works system, and a well organ- 
ized fire department. Prominent among the fine buildings of the city are a new 
two-story brick city hall, a three-story brick opera house, and the Hotel Oregon. 
This latter building is a handsome three-story brick edifice, constructed at a cost of 



Ashland, Oregon. 



215 



$30,000, by a local stock company. Ashland, in addition to the Hotel Oregon, con- 
tains two other large hotels, and three hostelries of a less pretentious character. A 
free reading-room is maintained here, as well as a gymnasium. The town supports 
two good weekly newspapers, The Ashland Tidings and The I 'alley Record. Hand- 
some church edifices are owned at Ashland by the Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, 
Congregational and Catholic denominations, and the churches here are well sup- 
ported. 

The country in the immediate vicinity of Ashland is especially adapted to the 
raising of fruit. Peaches, prunes, plums, pears, apricots, apples of the larger vari- 
eties, and blackberries and cherries, of the smaller fruits, do the best here. The 
Rogue river melon crop has attained a widespread reputation. Hundreds of acres 
of fine peach orchards are within plain view of the people of Ashland, and every 
year notes an increase in the acreage planted to peaches in this section. The demand 
for Jackson county peaches increases with the supply of this fine fruit, and Ashland, 
as the center of the great fruit industry of the county, has earned the sobriquet of 
the "Peach-blow Paradise." 

The mining interests of the section of 
which Ashland is the trading center, are worthy 
of special mention in the present article. 
For many years past the rich placer gold fields 
of Southern Oregon have attracted wide-spread 
attention. Recently valuable discoveries of rich 
mineral-bearing quartz have been made near 
Ashland. The Patton ledge, three miles dis- 
tant from the city, is now being worked by a 
party of Portland capitalists under the name 
of the Ashland Mining Company. A five- ~ 

>i« , , " ci hotel. The Oregon," Ashland. 

stamp quartz mill has been m successful 
operation at Ashland since November, 1892, 

and the gold brick turned out of this mill each month since it was started has rep- 
resented a value of between $6,000 and $6,500. Joseph A. Wilson, of Portland, is 
superintendent of the mine, and this gentleman is authority for the statement that 
the width of the vein near the surface of the mine was 18 inches, while at a depth of 
385 feet the vein had widened out to 8 feet. This tendency to an increase of width 
of the vein is noted as the depth of the shaft increases. The Patton ledge is but 
one of the many paying veins of quartz that have been discovered in the vicinity 
of Ashland. Near Ashland are also vast mines of granite and sandstone, especially 
valuable for building purposes. Six miles south of the city a sandstone quarry has 
been operated for the past three years. Stone from this quarry has been shipped 
largely to Portland, and much of it has been used in the construction of some of the 
finest buildings of Oregon's metropolis. 

In the immediate vicinity of Ashland are located a number of mineral springs. 
A value attaches to the waters of these springs second in importance only to the 
famous Apollinaris. Ten to fifteen miles distant from Ashland are numerous soda 
springs whose well-known curative properties have justified the expenditure of large 
sums of money in establishing comfortable places of resort in their vicinity. Within 
the corporate limits of Ashland are located the White Sulphur springs, at which large 
bath-houses have been erected, and these baths are regularly patronized by large 







216 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Bank of Ashland, Ashland 



crowds of Ashland's people. The citizens of Ashland 
are thoroughly awake to the many advantages which 
their city enjoys, and they are making every effort to 
build at this point one of the most prosperous centers 
of population in Southern Oregon. 

The Bank of Ashland, an illustration of which is 
shown on this page, is one of the strongest financial 
institutions in Southern Oregon. The bank was estab- 
lished in 1884, with a paid-up capital of $50,000, which 
amount was increased, in 18S9, to $100,000, all paid up. 
The officers of the bank are: W. H. Atkinson, presi- 
dent ; F. H. Carter, vice-president, and E. V. Carter, 
cashier. The bank does an increasing business with 
each successive year, not only with the mining and 
agricultural interests of Jackson county, but it also en- 
joys a large patronage from the Klamath Lake country, 
which is 60 miles east of Ashland. Letters of inquiry 

concerning Ashland, and Jackson county, addressed to the Bank of Ashland, will 

be cheerfully answered. 

The Ashland Flouring Mills, located at 

Ashland, have a daily capacity of 75 bar- 
rels. These mills are run by water power, 

they have a full roller process, and the 

grade of flour manufactured is considered 

the best in the market. Besides supplying 

almost the entire local market, the Ashland 

mills ship a large part of their product 

as far north as Roseburg, and as far 'south 

in California as Redding. The proprie- 
tors of the Ashland Flouring Mills are 

W. E. Jacobs and W. J. Virgin, both of whom 

are thoroughly practical flouring mill men. 

Real estate in Ashland, and farming lands in the immediate vicinity, are held at 
reasonable prices when the natural advantages and developments already made are 
considered. Mr. G. F. Billings, an enterprising real estate agent of Ashland, is 
authority on realty values throughout Jackson county, and he is a thoroughly reli- 
able gentleman from whom to obtain information concerning this section of South- 
ern Oregon. 

Klamath County and Klamath Falls. — Klamath county in Southern 
Oregon is a very interesting section of the State. It maintains an average eleva- 
tion of about 4,000 feet above sea level. It is situated 130 miles from the Pacific 
ocean, on the eastern slope of the Cascade range of mountains. It has an area of 
almost 6,000 square miles. 

The resources of Klamath county are varied and abundant. The timber land, 
which is covered with a dense and valuable growth of sugar pine and cedar, com- 
prises about 1,500,000 acres. The area of the grazing lands of the county is over 
500,000 acres and that of the agricultural land is about equal to that of the grazing 




nd Flouring Mm 



Klamath County and Klamath Falls, Oregon. 



21' 



. 



fifl^g£g*£: 



district. The Klamath Indian reservation situated in the northern and western 
portions of the county contains 500,000 acres, which is about equally divided 
between timber and grazing lands. There are about 1,000 men, women and children 
in the Klamath tribe which is one of the most intelligent and industrious tribes of 
Indians on the continent. On the reservation are two well-conducted schools in 
charge of the United States government. A complete survey of the lands of the 
reservation has just been made and the people of Klamath county are exerting 
every effort to have the lands allotted in severalty to the Indians by Congress and 
the remainder thrown open to settlement. When this is accomplished the agricul- 
tural and timber wealth of Klamath county will be materially increased. 

The three most important valleys of Klamath county are the Great Klamath 
basin, at the head of which is situated the county seat, Klamath Falls, until recently 
called Linkville, Wood river and Sprague river. Each of these valleys is coursed 
by a river which bears the name of the valley through which it flows. Klamath 
basin is a magnificent stretch of agricultural land. It presents an interesting view 
when first seen from the summit of the hill near Keno, on the road to Klamath 
Falls from the Southern Pa- 
cific railroad at Ager. It 
has the appearance from this 
point of a great basin, all but 
round and almost surround- 
ed by hills which seem to 
form its sides. The area of 
Klamath basin is almost 
100,000 acres. The land here 
is as level as a floor and is 
coursed by the beautiful 
Klamath river, which from 
Klamath Falls to Keno is 
navigable for vessels of light 
draft. A short distance 

below Keno the river reaches the Cascade Mountains and from this latter point the 
river begins a rapid descent into the Pacific ocean. Klamath basin, as before 
stated, is a fertile belt of agricultural land. The climate and soil of this basin are 
admirably adapted to the raising of cereals of all kinds, grasses, vegetables and fruits 
of the hardier varieties. The Wood River and Sprague River valleys are smaller 
in area than is Klamath basin, but are similar in characteristics. 

Klamath county contains several lakes, the most important of which are the 
Upper and Lower Klamath. The former is 30 miles long, with an average width of 
eight miles. It is navigable for its entire length. The latter is approximately the 
same in dimensions and extends south into the lava beds of California. Crater Lake, 
situated in the mountains to the west, is probably the most remarkable freak of 
nature of the kind in the world. It is situated at an altitude of 6,300 feet above the 
level of the sea. It is eight miles long by six miles wide. Its depth is 1,996 feet. 
It is enclosed within vertical walls which vary in height from 1,000 to 2,200 feet. 
The water of this wierd lake is clear, cool, pure and sweet. It has neither visible 
inlet nor outlet. It occupies what is the crater of an extinct volcano. The climate 
of the section of country in which the lake is located is perfect. It is a section of 




s$&&s$ 






View Klamath Falls. 



218 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




'^m 




^S^fts 



great scenic attractions. It is a sportsman's ideal paradise. Trout in the neighbor- 
ing streams are abundant, good deer hunting is found in the surrounding hills, and 

large numbers of tourists are now 
annually attracted here every sum- 
mer. Klamath county is well sup- 
plied with water, This is invalu- 
able to the interests of a section 
where stock raising is the principal 
pursuit of its occupants. In addi- 
tion to the rivers already men- 
tioned are a number of smaller 
streams which drain the less im- 
portant valleys of the county. Of 
these streams, Lost river is perhaps 
• ■ the most important. It heads on 
klamath falls. the southern boundary line of the 

state, makes a circle of 80 miles 
and empties into Tule Lake, but 12 miles distant from where it takes its source. 
Tule Lake has no surface outlet. It is from this that Lost river derives its name. 

The population of Klamath county is about 3.000. For lack of rail communica- 
tion the farmers of the county have been compelled to devote their principal atten- 
tion to the raising of stock. This industry here, however, has proved highly profit- 
able. It is estimated that the present number of cattle in Klamath county is 20,000. 
In addition the county contains 7,000 sheep and from 6,000 to 7,000 horses and mules. 
California furnishes a good market for the stock raised in Klamath county. The 
drive to the Southern Pacific railroad from the stock ranges of the county is less than 
75 miles. This is over a well watered and good grazing country, so that cattle do 
not suffer the least in making the trip. 

Klamath Falls, or Linkville, is a town attractively situated in a sheltered cove of 
the foothills on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains and on the banks of Link 
river. In front of the town flows the Klamath river, which at this point has widened 
out, giving it the appearance of a lake. For many years the settlement of Klamath 
Falls was a mere government trading post for furnishing supplies to the troops of the 
government stationed at Fort Klamath, now abandoned. The old fort was 25 miles 
west of the present town of Klamath 
Falls. The town has now attained a 
population of about 700. The location 
the town occupies is one of many 
natural advantages. It is the natural 
gateway to all the vast territory known 
as Southern and Southeastern Ore- 
gon. Link river, on the banks of 
which it is located, affords a magnifi- 
cent water power for manufacturing 

industries. The extent of this power is better appreciated by the statement that the 
river has a fall of 60 feet here in a distance of less than three-fourths of a mile. At 
present this power is utilized only for running one flouring and one sawmill. 

Klamath Falls is an incorporated town and is a prosperous center of population. 




V^AH . 



'ing Cattle to Market, k 



Klamath County and Klamath Falls, Oregon. 



219 




There are two large general merchandise 
stores established here, one of which is 
conducted by Messrs. Moore & Martin, 
and the other by Messrs. Baldwin & 
Reames. These two stores do a business 
amounting to from $60 000 to $75,000 a 
year. Every line of mercantile business 
is represented at Klamath Falls and the 
town bears every evidence of thrift and 
enterprise. The public schools are con- 
ducted in a large handsome frame build- 
ing and the best of discipline is main- 
tained in these schools. The best of in- 
struction is provided. The school is in 
charge of three competent teachers. 



Baldwin & Reames, Hardware Store, Klamath falls. 

The number of scholars enrolled during the 
past year was 120. The Presbyterian is the 
only religious denomination owning its church 
building at Klamath Falls. A well drilled 
company, Troop B, of the O. N. G. , is main- 
tained here. Two sprightly weekly newspapers, 
The Klamath Star and The Klamath Falls 
Express, are published at this point. The 
Masons and United Workmen are the secret 
orders which maintain chapters at Klamath 
Falls. Two hotels and two livery stables fur- 
nish good accommodations to the traveling 
public here. 

The assessed valuation of property at moore & martins gen'l mdse. store, klamath falls. 
Klamath Falls is $150,000. A natural attrac- 
tion that is found in the vicinity of the towns is a series of hot mineral springs. 
•One of the largest of these discharges 800,000 gallons of water daily, of a tempera- 
ture of 200 . These waters have been analyized by an expert chemist and found to 
possess the following mineral properties : bases — soda, lime, magnesia and iron ; 

acids — sulphuric, muriatic and 
silicic. The waters are effective 
in diseases arising from impurities 
of the blood and for various other 
complaints. A bath house has 
been erected near Klamath Falls 
and it is liberally patronized. The 
climate of Klamath county is 
equable, no extremes of either 
second crop alfalfa, klamath co. he at or cold being experienced 





220 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



here. The physicians of Klamath Falls are authority for the statement that it is the 
most healthful portion of the state. The people of the town are progressive. They 
invite immigration of a desirable class. The man of small means will find no 
trouble in providing himself with a productive farm in the county with the outlay of 
a very small amount of money. Lands here are cheap, and Klamath Falls people 
take pleasure in aiding the stranger in seeking a desirable location here. The town 
is at present 55 miles distant from a railroad. A daily stage line is in operation 
between this point and Ager, on the Southern Pacific railroad. This line also extends 
beyond Klamath Falls to Lakeview. The town of Klamath Falls can also be reached 
from the Southern Pacific railroad at Medford or Ashland, Oregon. It will not be 
long in the future until Klamath Falls will have the advantages of direct rail com- 
munication with the rest of the world. A project is now on foot to build a road to 
this section from the Southern Pacific railroad at Medford. This line would tap rich 
forests of sugar pine, a most valuable timber, and it would open one of the finest 
parts of Oregon to settlement. The project of building this line has already assumed 
something of a definite shape, and that it will be built is a certainty in the minds of 
those who know anything of the varied resources of Klamath county and the many 
inducements for building a railroad into this favored part of Oregon. 

Lake County and Lakeview, Oregon. — A section of Oregon of which 

but comparatively lit- 
tle is known, owing its 

-.' ■'-- - r . remoteness and inac- 

■ - % *"„ ■ 

cessibihty from the 
r ^Jy% railroad is, Southeast- 
• • ern Oregon. This part 
of the state, however, 
is rich in natural re- 

Lakeview, Oregon. 

sources, and it will 
not be long in the future until it will begin to attract serious attention from the im- 
migration pouring into the West. 

Lake countv, so called owing to its being the center of the great lake district of 
Southern Oregon, is perhaps the most favored section of this part of the state. 
Twenty-five years ago this section was occupied by not to exceed 10 white persons, 
who had braved the hardships and privations incident to settling in a new country. 
These men, thus early even, saw a future for Southeastern Oregon, as had the early 
settlers discounted the possibilities of the Willamette valley. From this early van- 
guard of civilization the population of Southeastern Oregon has steadily increased 
until it is now about 3,000. The section of country in which these people live is 
prosperous, the principal towns are the centers of culture and wealth and the devel- 
opments of these give every indication of a progressive and intelligent people. 

Lakeview, the seat of justice of Lake county, is reached from the town of Ager 
just south of the California line on the Southern Pacific railroad. The route 
which is covered by stage presents a great variety of scenery. Some of the views 
commanded from the higher elevations of the mountains crossed by the stage on this 
journey are truly majestic in their grandeur, while the beauties of the road on the 
lower levels of the valleys appeal strongly to the traveler over this route. 

Lake county today is by no means a wilderness. From its remoteness one might 
reasonably expect to find here a civilization not so far advanced as is noted among 




Lake County and Lakeview, Oregon. 221 

the people of the more accessible portions of the West. The people of the towns of 
this section are in just as close sympathy with the outside world as are the best 
informed people of Portland. The leading papers of the country find a large sale at 
Lakeview and Linkville in this section. The well-to-do people of these towns have 
fine homes which are often elegantly furnished, and that the people are readers is 
attested by the many fine private collections of books which are found in private 
residences here. There is a warmth of welcome to strangers in these settlements 
remote from railroad lines that is lacking in towns more easily reached, and it can be 
safely stated that no traveler ever visits the leading towns of Southeastern Oregon 
without regretting when the time of his departure arrives that his stay here could not 
have been a more protracted one. 

Lake county, as before stated, is the center of the great lake district of Southern 
Oregon. On account of the large surface area of water exposed here, together with 
the elevation of the section, which is from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level, the rain- 
fall here is far in excess of what it is in other parts of Oregon lying east of the Cas- 
cade range of mountains. Lake county is bounded on the north by Crook, on the 
east by Harney, on the west by Klamath, and on the south by the California line. 
The lake district here is one of the most interesting parts of the coast. The lakes in 
Lake county have no visible outlets, and in consequence their waters are somewhat 
brackish. The largest of the chain of lakes here is Goose Lake. Almost half of the 
body of this lake lies south of the California line. Its greatest area from north to 
south is about 50 miles. From east to west it is about 15 miles. On the east side of 
Goose Lake, extending for its entire length, is one of the most fertile strips of agri- 
cultural land in the Pacific Northwest. This constitutes the famous Goose Lake val- 
ley. This is at the present time the most thickly populated section of Lake county. 
Goose Lake has no surface outlet and it does not overflow except during unusually 
wet springs. Its waters are comparatively fresh and they teem with the choicest 
varieties of game fish. The character of the country on the west side of Goose Lake 
is for the most part abrupt, rugged and mountainous, but it is covered with a dense 
growth of the finest timber. 

Twenty-five miles north of Goose Lake is Lake Abert. Twenty miles north- 
west of the latter lake is Summer Lake. There is much of interest in the peculiar 
formation of Lake Abert. It is oblong in shape, and has a surface area of perhaps 
60 square miles. The basin which the lake occupies is formed by a fault in the sur- 
face rock, so that while the bottom of the lake slopes gradually from the west, its 
eastern shore-line rises abruptly to an elevation of i,oco feet. The water of this 
lake is intensely brackish. It is said to contain in solution carbonate of soda and 
glauber salt. Summer Lake has an area almost equal to that of Lake Abert. From 
the eastern shore of this lake a broad, level and fertile stretch of agricultural land 
extends out for some distance, while the country lining the western and southern 
boundaries of the lake is of a mountainous character. This lake has an outlet, 
and its waters do not, therefore, contain so much chloride of sodium as do those of 
Lake Abert. 

South of Lake Abert is what is known as the Chewaucan country, a large tract 
of valuable agricultural land, which, at the present time, is used principally for 
stock-raising purposes. A few miles northwest of Summer Lake is another small 
inland body of water known as Silver Lake. Beyond this latter body is a large area 
of marsh and meadow land, which is rapidly filling up with settlers. Warner Lake 



222 



The Oregoniari 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




is in the southeastern portion of the county. This lake 
is described as a succession of smaller lakes, or large 
pools, separated here and there by marsh plats. The 
water in certain of these pools is totally absorbed during 

the summer months. Af- 



AMEDEE TO LAKE' 



ter the water has evapo- 
rated the residium is a 
thick crust of salt, which 
is used by the ranchmen 
of this section for their 

iew stock. Warner valley 

is a long, narrow defile, 

It is 60 miles long by about 8 miles wide at 



with precipitous walls on either side 
its greatest width. 

Lake county is one of the largest counties in the state, it having an area of about 
8,000 miles. At least one-third of the county is susceptible of a high state of culti- 
vation. The remaining two-thirds of the county consists of broken land, but thou- 
sands of acres of this afford excellent pasturage for horses, cattle and sheep. Some 
of the hills of the county are covered with a stunted growth of timber, while on some 
of the other elevations are large and valuable bodies of sugar pine and cedar, which 
will furnish an ample supply of timber to meet the local demands for many years in 
the future. The farming lands of Lake county are chiefly located in the valleys 
already described. The character of the soil of these lands is a rich, black loam, and 
it produces abundant yields of all kinds of cereals and garden produce without 
the aid of irrigation. The hardier fruits and vegetables of all kinds do w T ell here. 

Until rail connection is made between the settled districts of Lake county and 
the outside world, stock raising will be the principal industry of the county. Grain 
for the outside markets, at the present time, cannot be successfully raised here. 
The stock interests of this county are beginning to assume great magnitude, and 
the revenue derived from this source is sufficient to make the population of Lake 
county one of the most prosperous communities in the Pacific Northwest. A few 
figures will justify the truth of this assertion. At the present writing there are esti- 
mated to be on the grazing lands of Lake county 30,000 horses, 75,000 head of cattle, 
and 250,000 head of sheep. This county annually exports 1,750,000 pounds of wool. 
Lake county mutton and beef regularly find a large sale in the Portland and San 
Francisco markets. 

The public domain in Lake county consists of swamp, wagon-road and govern- 
ment lands. There are large bodies of swamp lands, the title to which has not yet 
been confirmed. The wagon-road grants of the county are also in an unsettled con- 
dition, but it is probable that these will soon be thrown open to entry under the 
homestead law. There are still some fine bodies of agricultural land in the county 
which are unoccupied, and which are subject to settlement under the laws of the 
United States. The exact number of acres of surveyed and vacant lands in Lake 
county is 2,626,187. The climate of this part of the state is a delightful one, and 
with the advent of a railroad line this will become one of the most important parts 
of the state. 

The chief trading center for Southeastern Oregon is Lakeview, the seat of justice 
of Lake county. It is a wide-awake little town of about 900 population. It is situated 



Lake County and Lakeview, Oregon. 



223 




near the head and on the east side of Goose Lake valley, about four miles distant 
from Goose Lake. The town is incorporated, and enjoys an excellent municipal 
form of government. One of the five United States land offices of the state is 
located here. The receiver is Mr. C. U. Snider, and Dr. J. W. Watts is the register. 
Both of these gentlemen are pioneers in the state, and they are both regarded as 
most efficient officers. The district under the jurisdiction of this office embraces 
all of Klamath and Lake counties, half of Harney and Malheur counties, and a por- 
tion of Crook county. 

Lakeview boasts of a number of substantial and attractive-looking buildings. 
Among these may be mentioned the court house, a public school which cost $14,000, 
and a handsome brick bank building. The Lakeview bank is a strong financial 
institution, and enjoys the confidence of a wide patronage. It has a capital of 
$75,000, and a rapidly increasing surplus. A. McCallen is the successful manager 
and cashier of this bank. Prominent among the business houses of Lakeview may 
be mentioned two hotels, two livery stables, a brewery, and perhaps a score of gene- 
ral merchandise and other stores. The^Lake County Examiner, of which Messrs. 
Townsend & Beach are publishers, is one of 
the most progressive interior publications of 
the state. The fraternal and social organiza- 
tions are represented at Lakeview by lodges of 
the Odd Fellows, Masons, United Workmen 
and Grand Army of the Republic. The Baptist 
and Methodist denominations have comfort- 
able church buildings at this point. Lakeview 
offers superior educational advantages. The 
Lakeview State Graded School provides courses 
of study in the common, high school and nor- 
mal branches, as w T ell as instruction in vocal 
and instrumental music. The school is now a 
sectarian one. The state has provided ample 
means for the purchasing of the necessary 

apparatus for the institution in illustrating the physical and natural sciences, 
corps of instructors is composed of four well qualified teachers. 

Lakeview has a good water-works system, together with good facilities for fight- 
ing fire. Near the town are established three sawmills, one roller-process flour 
mill, a lime kiln and several ledges of valuable building stone. A mile and a half 
south of the town are two ^boiling hot springs which are said to possess mineral 
properties. Bath houses have been erected near these springs for the accommoda- 
tion of those who may be desirous of testing the healing powers of these mineral 
waters. Forty miles north of Lakeview is the village of Paisley, which is situated 
in the Chewaucan country. Summer Lake is a trading post 25 miles to the north- 
west of Paisley. Silver Lake is a small settlement 30 miles still further north. 
Fifteen miles south of Lakeview, on the state boundary line is New Pine Creek, 
another small trading point. 

The railroad question is a vexed one to the people of Lakeview and Lake 
county. It is one, however, that promises an easy solution within the near future. 
The Union Pacific has already made surveys for a line through the county. This 
would probably be its northern California extension. Reference to any map of the 



I If I I 




State Graded School, Lakeviev 



The 



224 



The Ore^onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Pacific Northwest should be made to enable the reader to fully appreciate the abso- 
lute certainty of one or more of the transcontinental lines building through Lake 
county in the near future. This would make a most feasible route from the north 
through Oregon and California to San Francisco on the south. It is a well known 
fact that James J. Hill of the Great Northern is biding his time when he will be able 
to enter California with his road. Mr. Hill is too shrewd a railroad builder to par- 
allel the line of the Southern Pacific west of the Cascades in selecting a route south. 
In going south he will undoubtedly select a less expensive route than is afforded in 
the country crossed by the Oregon branch of the Southern Pacific, and in building 
through Lake county he will open up a new and wonderfully rich section of country 
where he will not have to meet competition. It is felt by those who have carefully 
studied the situation that he will build south from the line of the Great Northern at 
Butte, through Idaho and Southeastern Oregon. Mr. Hill is thoroughly familiar 
with the easy grades and the inexhaustible resources of the country along this route 
and these will prove a most important inducement for him to select this route when 
he finally decides to enter the California field. Lake county and Lakevievv offer 
exceptional opportunities for trade to the merchants of Portland, and a railroad that 
would reach this country from some point on the Southern Pacific this side of the 
Siskiyou Mountains would prove a most important investment from the stand- 
point of Portland's best business interests. 

Hon. C. A. Cogswell. — As stated in the article on Lake county and Lakeview, 
25 years ago there were scarcely more than 10 residents in what is now Lake 
county, Oregon. Hon. Charles A. Cogswell, the distinguished senator in the last 

three sessions of the Oregon 
state legislature from the re- 
mote southeastern part of the 
state, was one of the 10 hardy 
pioneers above referred to. 
Senator Cogswell was a mere 
youth with but $25 in his 
pockets when he decided to 
brave the hardships of a fron- 
tier life in the then wilds of 
Southeastern Oregon. He hail- 
ed from Vermont, where he was 
born in 1844. His parents re- 
moved to Iowa in 1857, where 
he received the benefit of a 
common school education. 
During the war with the South, 
he fought under Gen. Sher- 
man's command, and subse- 
quently removed to Goose Lake 
valley, in Lake county, Oregon, 
where he has since resided. 
For 25 years Senator Cogswell 
has striven, and not in vain, 
to bring about a development 
and civilization of one of the most remote corners of the continent. The results 




A Cogswell, Lakev 



Lake County and Lakeview, Oregon. 



225 



have been worth}' of his indefatigable and well-directed efforts. After the rough 
corners of his frontier existence had begun to wear smooth, Senator Cogswell took 
up the study of the law, and was admitted to practice in the Oregon courts. In 
1887 he was elected to the office of judge of Lake county. In 1888 he received a flat- 
tering majority for state senator and was re-elected to the same office in 1892 by 
double his former majority. During his term in the senate, Mr. Cogswell was a lead- 
ing spirit, and many of the important measures that became laws during that session 
originated with him. He received the Democratic vote of the members of the 
Senate for the office of president of that body, and he was made chairman of the 
committee on federal relations. The name of Senator Cogswell is often mentioned 
in connection with the gubernatorial honors of the state, but this has been done 
without his sanction. Senator Cogswell is now the mayor of Lakeview\ He enjovs 
a most lucrative law- practice besides having large stock as well as other interests 
in Southeastern Oregon. He is a man of marked ability, an ardent Democrat in 
politics and he is honored by an admiring constituency from both parties alike. 



Hon. Bernard Daly, M. D. — There was probably no more distinguished 
member of the house of the last legislature than Dr. Bernard Daly, the representa- 
tive from Lake and Klamath counties. Dr. Daly is a native of Ireland, having been 
born there in 1858, but he was 
raised in the state of Alabama. 
He received a thorough prelim- 
inary education in his youth 
and graduated from the Ohio 
Normal University at Ada in 
1886, and from the Medical De- 
partment of the University of 
Louisville in 1SS7. During the 
latter year he took up his resi- 
dence at Lakeview, where he 
began the practice of his pro- 
fession in which he has met 
with signal success. Although 
hailing from a somewhat re- 
mote part of the state, Dr. Daly 
has always been indefatigable 
in his efforts in behalf of South- 
eastern Oregon. He was elected 
to the last legislature by a most 
flattering majority and he 
served his constituents in a 
most able manner. Although 
on the side of the Democratic 
minority, Dr. Daly was a leader 
and many of the important 
measures introduced and en- 
acted are to be traced to his sagacious efforts. Dr. Daly's interest in behalf of education 
led to his appointment as a member of the board of regents of the Oregon State 
Agricultural College at Corvallis, the position made vacant by the death of Hon. 




ro Daly, M. D., lakev 



226 



The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



W. S. Ladd, of Portland. Dr. Daly is a most prominent citizen of Lakeview and is 
untiring in his efforts to make Southeastern Oregon one of the most important agri- 
cultural sections of the state. 

Hon. W. M. Townsend.— The name of Hon. W. M. Townsendhas been promi- 
nently identified with the growth and development of the Willamette valley, in Ore- 
gon, for the past 30 years. Judge Townsend was born in the state of Indiana in 
1839, where he received a common school education. Early in life he became 
imbued with a desire to go west, and in 1855 he settled in Kansas. Ten years later 
the Pacific coast proved a more inviting field for the man of push and ambition, 

and Judge Townsend removed 
to Yamhill county, in Oregon. 
During his stay in Kansas he 
enlisted in the 15th Kansas 
regiment and served with hon- 
or during the civil war. In 1S70 
Judge Townsend was elected a 
member of the Oregon legisla- 
ture and in 1874 he occupied a 
seat in the Senate along with 
such men as Dolph, Hirsch, 
Watson, Meyers and Cochran. 
During his term as senator, 
Judge Townsend was made 
chairman of the committee on 
ways and means. In iSjS he 
was elected judge of Yamhill 
county. Judge Townsend has 
always been a partisan democrat 
and in recognition of his ability 
as a leader and expounder of 
the principles of democracy, 
he was chosen by the state cen- 
tral committee in 1880 and 1SS4 
to canvass the state for Han- 
cock and Cleveland respectively. In 1878 Judge Townsend adopted journalism as a 
calling and established The Oregon Register at Lafayette. In 1885 he was 
appointed by Cleveland receiver of the land office at Lakeview where he has since 
resided. Judge Townsend enjoys the honor of having been the first mayor of Lake- 
view, to which position he was elected in 1888. He now holds the office of judge 
of Lake county, and he also finds time to edit one of the most sprightly weekly 
newspapers in Oregon, The Lake County Examiner. Judge Townsend is well- 
known throughout the state and is a man of recognized ability. In 1878 he declined 
the nomination for governor of the state and in 1884 he received the complimentary 
vote of the democratic minority in the legislature for United States senator. Judge 
Townsend has unlimited confidence in the future development of Lake countv and 
Southeastern Oregon and no one man is doing more than he is to aid and hasten this 
rapid development. 

Just as " The Handbook " is going to press word reaches The Oregon i an that 




The Late Hon. w. m. Townsend, lakeview 



Hillsboro, Oregon. 



Hon. W. M. Townsend, the subject of the above sketch, is dead. Judge Town- 
send was one of the best known and most highly respected citizens of the state, and 
his death will be mourned by his numerous friends and admirers in all parts of the 
coast. 

Hillsboro, Oregon. — Hillsboro is 15 miles west of Portland, in an air line, 
but by the usual means of travel between the two places — the West Side division of 
the Southern Pacific railroad — it is 21 miles distant from Oregon's metropolis. It is 
the county seat of Washington county, and contains a population of about 1,800. 

The town itself gives every evidence of thrift, and it is most pleasantly located. 
The growth of the place from a mere hamlet has been made within a very short 
time past. Four years ago Hillsboro did not contain to exceed 800 people. The 
cause of this rapid growth can be traced to the impetus given the town by the organ- 
ization of the Patrons of Husbandry, a granger corporation, but in no way identified 
with the Farmers' Alliance. The Patrons of Husbandry erected at Hillsboro a brick 
block and established a general merchandise store under the name of the Hillsboro 



farming trade of 
instilled the spirit 
Hillsboro, and in 




Court House, Hillsboro. 



Co-operative Company. This largely increased the 
the town, and the initiative taken by this organization 
of progress into the minds of the leading citizens of 
less than three years after the first great stroke of en- 
terprise was made by the Patrons, the population of the 
place had more than doubled. 

Hillsboro boasts of two large flouring mills, 
both in operation. One of these mills makes a 
specialty of the manufacture of oatmeal, which 
finds a ready market in all parts of the coast. In 
addition to these mills, the town also contains a 
large warehouse which furnishes ample and con- 
venient storage for the farmers of the vicinity. 

Three new churches have been added to the 
town of late years. The Methodist, Baptist, Con- 
gregational and Christian denominations contain 

very strong memberships. The educational facilities of Hillsboro have never been 
neglected. A well graded school of 450 pupils is conducted in a fine school build- 
ing, erected at a cost of $14,000. The school contains seven grades, with a teacher 
at the head of each. 

The town contains 16 brick stores, and the leading mercantile and professional 
pursuits are carried on with profit. A handsomely designed and expensive brick 
court house occupies a full block in the center of the town. Sessions of both the 
county and circuit courts are regularly held here. 

Hillsboro has good planked streets, electric lights, water works, and every ade- 
quate protection against fire. Municipal affairs have been conducted wisely and on 
a conservative basis, as is evidenced by the statement that the city's indebtedness does 
not exceed $4,000. 

The Southern Pacific railroad furnishes the transportation facilities of Hillsboro 
at the present writing. Two trains run each way over this line daily, connecting 
Hillsboro not only with Portland and the East, but also with all points of the Wil- 
lamette valley. A motor line of road now runs out of Portland part of the way to 
Hillsboro, and it is probable that this will be completed clear through to the latter 



22 S 



The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




City Hall, Hillsboro. 



place during the present year. Two hotels, with 
rates varying from $i to $2 a day, furnish comfort- 
able accommodations to the traveling public. 
The town supports two good weekly publications, 
T//e Independent and The Democrat. 

The climate of Washington county is essen- 
tially the same as that of the entire Willamette 
valley. Old age and disease claim their victims 
here, however, as in every part of the world. Dr. 
F. A. Bailey, the leading physician, and a promi- 
nent figure in the growth of the city, makes a most 
gratifying report of the healthy condition of Hillsboro's population. The doctor 
has great faith in the future of the town, and this faith will certainly not be shaken 
by the future development here. 

Owing to Hillsboro's proximity to Portland, city lots and farming lands in the 
vicinity find a ready sale among careful investors. 
J. J. Morgan has constantly on hand a large list 
of all classes of property in Hillsboro and the ad- 
joining section. He has been prominent in al- 
most every enterprise that has been inaugurated 
in the town during the last 12 or 13 years. He 
is now a stockholder in the Hillsboro Co-opera- 
tive Company ; he is an officer and a director of 
the First National Bank of Hillsboro, and he 
stands deservedly high in the community where 
he has so long resided. All information furnished 
by Mr. Morgan on Hillsboro and the tributary 
district, can be relied on in all cases as strictly 
accurate and of great value to the seeker for in- 
formation on this part of the Willamette valley. 

Washington County.— This is one of the oldest settled, and today it is one 
of the most prosperous, counties of Oregon. In shape it is nearly square and con- 
tains an area of over 300,000 square acres. Of the strictly agricultural counties of 
the state it is the farthest north and the one which approaches nearest to the sea. It 
is bounded on the north by the Scappoose Hills, a range maintaining an average ele- 
vation of about 1,000 feet above sea level. These hills separate the west side of the 
Willamette valley from the Columbia river and, skirting the Willamette river on the 
west, form the eastern boundary of Washington county, separating it from Multno- 
mah. Yamhill county adjoins Washington on the south, while the latter is separated 
from Tillamook county on the west by the rugged chain of the Coast range of 
mountains. 

The topography of Washington county includes about four-fifths of practically 
level land, dotted here and there with wonderfully rich beaver-dam marshes, and the 
remaining fifth is hilly. Of the level portion of these lands perhaps two-thirds 
might be termed prairie, adapted to the highest form of agriculture, while the 
remaining third is covered with brush and timber. The hilly portion of the 
county is all brush and timber. It is the varied nature of the lands of the county 
that makes them especially desirable for settlement. The mountainous portion of the 




morgan & Bailey Block 



Washington County, Oregon. 229 

couuty, with its heavy growth of timber, insures an adequate supply of water for the 
low lands at all seasons of the year, and the timber which is found in these mount- 
ains is of the greatest value, both for domestic use and as lumber for export. The 
most valuable of this timber for commercial purposes are the common fir and cedar 
found in the higher elevations, as in the mountains of all parts of the Northwest, in 
practically unlimited quantities. This belt also includes large quantities of white 
fir, common, or pitch pine, and on the western border of the county is a valuable strip 
of white pine. Scattered here and there through this timber belt are stretches of 
hemlock and spruce, some of the trees of the latter varieties often attaining enor- 
mous size, heights of 300 feet, or even more, being frequently recorded. In addition 
to these soft woods is an inexhaustible supply of the finest white oak. This, with 
the other hard woods found here, will be very valuable in the near future for the 
manufacture of furniture and other articles of commerce requiring the use of the 
harder varieties of woods. 

Washington is one of the best watered counties of the state. Leading up from 
the level portions of the county fertile valleys extend for a considerable distance into 
the hilly sections, dividing these hills in all directions. Down these small valleys 
flow Rock creek, Dairy creek, Gales creek, Scogging's creek and Patton's creek. 
These are all mountain streams carrying large volumes of the purest water and offer- 
ing rich opportunities in the water power afforded for future manufactories. These 
streams unite near the central part of the county, forming Tualatin river. This latter 
stream is navigable from Cornelius for a distance of about 40 miles to a point near 
where it empties into the Willamette river a few miles above Oregon City- Rapids 
near the mouth alone prevent steamers from entering the Willamette from this 
stream. Before the railroad was completed through the valley a steamer of 120 tons 
measurement plied regularly on the Tualatin river from Cornelius, Hillsboro and 
other points, connecting with the regular steamboat lines on the Willamette by 
means of a short portage near the mouth of the Tualatin, and also making connection 
at Oswego, a few miles above Portland, by a similar portage. 

The lands of the entire Willamette valle}' are rich and well watered. Washing- 
ton county is no exception to this rule. Covering a strong clay subsoil is a carpet of 
the richest loam, varying in depth from a few inches to many feet. Lands on the 
Tualatin bottoms are especially rich, the thirtieth yield of wheat having now been 
raised here with an average yield annually of 40 bushels to the acre. All cereals do 
well here. One of the great future possibilities of this section is the raising of stock, 
and dairying. The county is an ideal dairying section, and with practical^ an entire 
absence of cold during the winter mouths, the expense of caring for cattle here is 
less than in any other part of the Northwest. 

Oregon has long been noted for her fine apples and pears. It is just such laud as 
is found in Washington county that produces the finest fruit. The cool nights of the 
early fall months are especially hard on grapes and peaches, but with the exception 
of these two varieties all semi-tropical fruits do as well here as in any part of the world. 
So perfectly adapted are these lands to small fruits, that the flavor of the raspberries 
and blackberries which grow in endless profusion in a wild state here is not equalled 
by that of any cultivated fruit of the same varieties in the world. The hills during 
the summer months are covered with blackberries, raspberries and huckleberries. 
All kinds of small fruits do well here, and there is no reason why fruit canning on a 
large scale should not be as profitable in Washington county in the near future as it 
has already been proved to be in the best fruit districts of California. 



230 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

Cornelius, Oregon. — Three miles west of Hillsboro, on the line of the West 
Side division of the Southern Pacific railroad, is located the town of Cornelius, with 
a population of about 300. A creamery, large wheat warehouse and a rich tributary 
farming district are the chief dependencies of the place. The town claims a neat 
church building [Methodist], a substantial building occupied by the public school 
with an average attendance of about 100 pupils, a single hotel and one livery stable. 
Before the era of great development in the Northwest, Cornelius had the promise of 
becoming the junction of the proposed Astoria & McMinnville railroad, lhis was a 
line projected by the erstwhile railroad king, Ben Holladay and Colonel Cornelius. 
The town was named after the latter gentleman. Railroad lines since that time have 
gridironed the Northwest, cities have sprung up in the wilderness, deserts have been 
broken up and made habitable, but Cornelius still boasts of a single line of railroad 
which passes her doors, and Astoria, which had promise of early rail connection 
more than 20 years ago, is still forced to rely on the open highway of the Columbia 
and Willamette rivers for her sole means of connection with the rich cities of the 
interior. 

Cornelius enjoyed a considerable degree of prosperity during the two years that 
the West Side division of the present Southern Pacific line terminated there, but since 
that time it has allowed rival places to take the lead in municipal development. 
Since that time no special progress has been made in the place, and Cornelius remains 
today substantially as Ben Holladay left it more than two decades ago. 

Forest Grove, Oregon. — Forest Grove, as its name implies, is a town of 
sylvan surroundings. The location of the town is a sightly one, at an elevation con- 
siderably above that of the country immediately around it, and it is well sheltered 
by a heavy forest growth which skirts the place on all sides. 

Forest Grove is incorpor- ated, and contains a present 

population of about 1,300. It -i is on the line of the West Side 

division of the Southern Pacific s3fN§? railroad, 26 miles south of Port- 

land. Two passenger trains and - Tli;^.ti™MT one freight run daily each way 

over this line, thus affording s^fi-SL MJ '^ ife ample means of communication 
between Forest Grove and the — — - - - big city to the north. In ad- 

dition to the line of travel af- forded by the railroad, Forest 

Grove also has daily connection with Vernonia and Greenville 

by well appointed stages. 

Forest Grove has long been noted as the seat of Tualatin Academy & Pacific 
University, one of the best conducted colleges on the coast. A description of this 
important seat of learning is published in connection with the present article. In 
addition to the educational facilities afforded by the college, the town also supports a 
good public school system with an average attendance of 280 scholars. 

The manufacturing industries of the place comprise an arc and incandescent 
system of electric lighting for the city, a fruit cannery, flouring mill, sash and door 
factory, furniture factory and creamery. All of the various mercantile houses of any 
prosperous town are represented at Forest Grove. The place boasts of one strong and 
well conducted bank, The Bank of Forest Grove, it supports one good newspaper, The 
Times, has two livery stables and three hotels. One of these hostelries, the Forest 
Grove, owned and operated during the past 28 years by Mrs. S. A. Sloan, is one of 
the popular institutions of the town, and is regarded as one of the best conducted 
houses of the valley. 



Forest Grove, Oregon. 



231 



The principal products of the soil of the country tributary to Forest Grove are 
fruits of all kinds, with prunes in the lead, grain and all varieties of vegetables. 
Considerable attention has been paid of late years to the dairying possibilities of this 
section, and it has been proved that this tributary district will give as satisfactory 
results in dairying as any of the most favored parts of the coast. The country 
here is also rich in a growth of the finest varieties of timber for commercial pur- 
poses, and the lumber industry has already attained considerable prominence in this 
part of the state. 

Forest Grove has four good church buildings, the Congregational, Baptist, Meth- 
odist and Christian, each of which denomination boasts of a good congregation. 
Liberal hall, a large public room, free for all gatherings of a public character, is main- 
tained here. The town is not behind any place in the valley of equal population in 
enterprise and prosperity, and with the other inland towns of the state it is assured of 
a solid growth with the certain increase in population and consequent steady addition 
to the wealth of the country. 

Pacific University. — Forest Grove, both by reason of its favorable location 
and by the intelligence and moral standing of its citizens, is well adapted for the 

location of an institution of advanced learning 
These advantages were considered when Tuala- 
tin Academy and Pacific University was char- 
tered as an academy in 1848, and later as a col- 
lege in 1854. That the aim of the founders 
to maintain a high standard of scholarship has 
been steadily adhered to, is attested by the 
character of its alumni, many of whom are 
numbered among the prominent men of the 
coast. The institution now stands on a firm 
financial basis, and in consequence has been 
enabled to gather to itself an able faculty from the best colleges of the country. 

Since the accession of Thomas McClelland, D. D., to the presidency of the insti- 
tution, in 1891, the faculty has been enlarged and the courses of study revised and 
strengthened by the addition of elective courses in history, English literature, Latin, 
Greek, mathematics, chemistry and biology. 

The buildings of the school, in ad- 
dition to those shown in the accom- 
panying illustrations, are the acad- 
emy, the science building, contain- 
ing the chemical and biological labora- 
tories, and the young mens' dormitory. 
The attendance at the university 
has materially increased during the 
past two years, and the prosperity of 
the institution is apparent in all its 
departments. 

In 1885 a conservatory of music 
was added, and its liberal patronage 
shows it to be an attractive and profit- 
able feature of the institution. 




FOREST GROVE. 



HOTO. BY MCALPIN 4 LAMB, PORTLAND. 




Ladies' Hall, Pacific University, Forest Grove. 



232 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Stage from Forest Ghove to Tillamook 



Owing to its liberal endowment, the university is not wholly dependent upon tui- 
tion for its support, and in consequence it is able to offer its privileges at a nominal 
cost. 

Over the Coast Range to Tillamook. — As "The Handbook" is 
intended to serve largely as a guide to tourists visiting the Northwest, it could hardly 

> be said to be complete without some 

mention of that part of the coast bord- 
ering on the Pacific ocean and west of 
the Coast range of mountains. One of 
the most important of the coast settle- 
ments on the Pacific ocean in the state 
of Oregon is on Tillamook Bay, the 
first harbor south of the entrance to the 
Columbia river. The ride by stage 
from Forest Grove, on the line of the 
Southern Pacific railroad, across the 
Coast range to Tillamook is one of the enjoyable stage journeys of the coast. A 
description of the ride over these mountains will be read with pleasure by the patrons 
of "The Handbook." 

Starting from Forest Grove just at break of day in the comfortable stage furn- 
ished by H. D. Jones, the traveler finds enjovment from the outset of the journey, and 
this interest increases as the stage enters the mountains. Either Mr. Jones, the pro- 
prietor, or his trusted henchman, Joe Bailey, both of whom are experienced whips, 
handle the reins. For the first few miles out the stage runs smoothly and rapidly 
along through a level strip of agricultural country with well cultivated farms on 
either side of the road. The rise to the foothills of the Cascade range begins gradu- 
ally. The ground from a dead level grows gently undulating. This is the famous 
Gales Creek country, where land is worth fiooanacre and, as the driver remarks, "it 
is mighty good soil, too." Several miles west of Forest Grove the little farming 
village of Gales City is reached. This contains a store, posloffice and half a dozen 
houses. From this point the stage road begins to grow steeper and the ascent to the 
Coast Mountains is about to begin. The sturdy pair of mules, called " The Babies," 
who serve on the first relay, make light work of these preliminary climbs for they 
are fresh from the stalls and many trips over the same road have, perhaps, led to their 
making light of the first pull, instinctively reasoning as they do that the hard work 
is yet ahead on the steeper slopes. The toll gate is soon reached where the sleepy 
toll-man, for it is still early morning when the stage reaches this point, presents him- 
self in answer to the blast from the driver's horn, collects the fare for the stage, $2, 
and opens the gate to the famous Wilson River toll road. 

The toll road is worthy of more than a passing notice. Its construction involved 
difficult feats of engineering. It is 47 miles long. It was built by the Wilson River 
Boom, Tollroad & Improvement Co., incorporated with a capital stock of 1250,000. 
The officers of this company are: W. S. Runyon, president and manager; James 
Steel of Portland, vice-president, and Claude Thayer, the banker of Tillamook, 
secretary. The work of the construction of this road was commenced in 1S90 by W. 
S. Runyon, the prime mover in the undertaking. This was after Tillamook couutv 
had decided that the expense of building the road would prove too burdensome 
to the taxpayers. A charter of 30 years' duration was granted to the company. 



Tillamook, Oregon. 



233 



This included not only the right to collect toll from teams and foot passengers pass- 
ing over the road, but also a franchise covering the rights of logging on Wilson river. 
By this logging clause the company is entitled to collect 55 cents for every thousand 
feet of timber floated down the stream during the term of the lease. Of this amount 
50 cents goes to the company and 5 cents to the county. The logging franchise is 
confined to Tillamook county, but the toll rights cover 41 miles of road in Tillamook 
county and six miles in Washington county. As before stated, the construction of 
the road involved great engineering difficulties. The county surveyor estimated in 
one of his annual reports that the construction of the road would involve an outlay 
of $ T 5i500-. Already about $35,000 has been spent on the road and the work is not 
yet completed. The time covered by this construction work has been three summers 
of four working months each, during which time from 30 to 45 men and four teams 
were steadily employed. The curves, grades and bridge work reflect great credit on 
Mr. Runyon's judgment, who met the difficulties of construction as they arose. 
There are 102 bridges on the road and these range from 20 to 282 feet in length. In 
addition to the bridges are 

. ° PHOTO. BY REYNOLDS, TILLAMOOK. 

miles of shoring which follow 
the edges of precipitous hill- 
sides. The road is a safe one to 
travel in every respect. There 
is no crib or false work under 
the roadbed and no danger from 
landslides can ever be encoun- 
tered. The principal bridges on 
the road are the Howe truss. 
These are of extra strength, and 
some of these bridges have dur- 
ing the severe mountain storms 
of winter successfully carried a 
weight of snow estimated at 
220 tons. All canting on the 

inclines is toward the inside VlEW 0N W|LS0N R|VER ' 

bank and away from the decline, thus avoidiug all danger of the stage 
going over the bank. The rates of toll over this road, considering the heavy 
expense of its construction, are very reasonable. But $2 is charged for double teams 
$1.50 for single teams and $1 for horse and rider. The company has never enforced 
the levy of 25 cents allowed in their charter for foot passengers. This is one of the 
best driveways in the state and it affords easy access to Tillamook at all seasons of 
the year. 

Fourteen miles west of Forest Grove the summit of the Coast range is reached. 
This is 1,743 feet above sea level. The view from the summit on the stage road is 
entrancing. Far to the east can be counted no less than seven snow-capped peaks of 
the Cascades. These are Mt. Hood, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Pitt, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. 
Adams, Mt. Jefferson and the Three Sisters. Immediately below to the east lies the 
fertile valley of the Willamette, one of the garden spots of the coast. As the descent 
on the west side of the mountains begins, the driver, Joe Bailey, tightens his grip on 
" The Babies," as the mules are called. The sagacity of the mules is as conspicu- 
ous as the accredited stubbornness of this animal. They stop by instinct before cross- 
ing a loose timber in a bridge and there is even a suspicion of a hesitancy in their 




234 



The Oreponian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




. Creek, Wilson 



Road to Tillamook 



step at points where the driver is accustomed to dwell with enthusiasm on the merits 

of some particular bit of scenery along the way. A short distance the other side of 

the summit the Devils Lake 
photo, by Reynolds. country is reached. This coun- 

try derives its name from a 
marshy lake within its limits 
which shows strange lights on 
its surface after nightfall. The 
country is gently undulating, 
and the soil is as rich as that 
of the valley land. The stage 
road crosses numerous creeks 
near which may be seen the de- 
serted cabin of some home- 
steader who has provtd up on 
his claim and is now waiting to 
sell his holding to some syn- 
dicate when the big day for 
timber shall have arrived. There 
are about 40 of these abandoned 
cabins along the road. West of 
the Coast range, magnificent for- 
ests of timber stretch away on 
all sides. Trees from 6 to 12 

feet in diameter at the base and 300 feet high grow so thickly in some parts of this 

great forest that there is barely room for a horse to pass between them. An interest- 
ing part of the descent is the " zig-zag " or switchback. The road here to make a 

descent of 300 feet describes an inverted letter "S" 

as it winds back and forth down the mountain PH0T0 BY "" N °<- os - 

side. Looking down from the upper road of the 

"zig-zag" into Sangho canyon, at the foot may 

be seen the winding Wilson river as it dashes over 

the rocks, forming innumerable waterfalls in its 

course. The river fairly teems with mountain 

trout and 300 fish is said to be a good catch with a 

single rod during an afternoon's sport here. The 

trout caught here are immense fish, and every 

inch of their fifteen inches or more is thoroughly 

gamy. Thousands of silver-side salmon ascend 

this stream during the late summer months to 

spawn, and in the deep pools along the stage road 

they can be seen swimming in the clear water of 

the stream. From the bottom of the " zig-zag " to 

the end of the journey on Tillamook Bay, the 

road follows the course of the Wilson river, along 

the banks of which are many fine bits of 

scenery. Waterfalls varying from 10 to 250 

feet in height come constantly within the 

range of vision of the traveler over this road. All i LERS FALL8| WlLS0N 




Tillamook, Oregon. 



235 



along this road are camping spots where camping parties are accustomed to spend 
the summer. Elk, deer and bear, and grouse, pheasants and the Denny pheasant are 
found in abundance here, and the fishing in all the streams is good. The names 
which these numerous camps bear indicate the spirit of abandon which takes pos- 
session of the average camping-out party during the period of release from city con- 
ventionalities. Among the names noted on the sign boards hung out over these 
camps are: "Hungry Point," "Buzzard's Roost," "Last Loaf," "Widow's Camp," 
" Camp Nix — no fish." 

The traveler on this stage journey lunches at Walt. Smith's Half-way house, and 
it is here that the mules are changed for a pair of horses. A can of condensed milk 
served at a dairy ranch would be no more disappointing than is the fare of bacon and 
beans which is said to be the usual noonday repast set before his guests by the 
intrepid foundling of the Smith family at the Half-way house. Right before Mr. 
Smith's door is a stream alive with trout, yet the inn-keeper has no ambition to fish 
and his guests have the same lack of ambition to eat his beans when their appetites 
call loudly for trout. Barring the meal at Smith's the journey by stage from Forest 
Grove to Tillamook is one replete with interest and pleasure, and its growing popu- 
larity with the tourists who annually visit Oregon is rapidly making it one of the best 
traveled stage routes of the West. 



PHOTO. BY REYNOLDS. 




Logging, Wilson River Country, near Tillamook City. 



Tillamook, Oregon. — Tillamook, the judicial seat and chief city of Tilla- 
mook county, is beautifully located on the edge of Hoquartan prairie, on an arm 
of Tillamook Bay, known as Hoquartan slough. This slough pursues a somewhat 
tortuous course for about three miles before emptying into the bay. It carries a suffi- 
cient depth of water to accommodate steamers of moderate draft plying between Till- 
amook Bay and Astoria. 

Tillamook is reached by stage over the Coast range. Stages run from Forest 
Grove and North Yamhill, on the West Side division of the Southern Pacific rail- 
road, daily, to Tillamook. In addition to the stages, the steamers Elmore, Harri- 
son and Augusta ply between Tillamook Bay and Astoria. The country immediately 
tributary to Tillamook, although known as Hoquartan, South and Long prairies, is 
practically one valley, 12 miles in length by 6 miles wide. This valley is the garden- 



236 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY REYNOL 




View, main Street, Tillamook. 



spot of the entire country. 
It is almost wholly clear- 
ed, and it is thickly set- 
tled. The principal in- 
dustry of this valley is 
dairying. The products 
of the farms of this valley 
seek Tillamook for ship- 
ment, and the town has 
long been recognized as 
the trading center of a very large section of country. 

Three of the rivers which drain the part of Tillamook county west of the Coast 
range of mountaius empty into the bay near the town of Tillamook. The Wilson 
river flows past the town to the north, the Tillamook flows to the south, while the 
Trask barely escapes flowing through the southern boundary of the townsite. All of 
these are logging streams, and much of the timber floated down them finds its way 
to Tillamook. The principal trade of the logging camps is handled at Tillamook. 
Tillamook is one of the old settled communities of the state. The first white settlers 
came here in 1S51-2, and some of these old pioneers are still living to tell of the hard- 
ships and isolation which fell to their lot in the early history of the state. The origi- 
nal townsite plat of Tillamook was filed in 1864. It covered at that time a tract about 
two city blocks in size. The growth of the village was slow, and as late as 1SS0 the 
business of Tillamook was handled by two stores, and the population in that year did 
not exceed 25. In 1888 the town received its first real impetus in growth. In that 
year the bank of the town was opened, and the first newspaper, The Tillamook Head- 
light, was established, and merchants in various lines of business opened stores here 
and made a bid for the trade of the surrounding country, which had, before that time, 
gone to Astoria and Portland. One important factor in the advancement of Tilla- 
mook, at that time, was in the extensive purchase of timber lands made by Eastern 
syndicates, principally formed in Michigan and Wisconsin. These timber lands were 
bought principally from actual locators, many of whom flocked here from other sec- 
tions of the country. These locators, after proving up and selling their claims, which 

readily brought from $1,200 to $2,000 each, 
became residents of the town or they settled 
on farms in the surrounding prairies. 
Tillamook today is a thriving city of 800 
inhabitants, with handsome public build- 
ings, several important manufacturing indus- 
tries, well equipped and prosperous busi- 
ness houses, a solid bank, fine private resi- 
dences, well laid-out streets, and it con- 
harbor scene, Tillamook. tains a healthy, contented and well-to-do 

population. 

Tillamook is lighted by electricity. All the hotels and stores, and nearly all the 
residences, use the incandescent lights furnished by the excellent home company, 
while the main streets are lighted by arc lamps. Excellent water for domestic use is 
drawn from wells all over the city. Among the residents here, however, there is a 
growing demand for a good system of city water works, and they expect, in the near 



Uki 




Tillamook, Oregon. 



23- 




Court House, Tillamook. 



future, to bring water, by the gravity system, from a pure mountain spring located on 
an elevation a few miles distant. This would furnish an inexhaustible supply at all 
seasons. 

In June, 1893, Tillamook suffered from an extensive conflagration, which was of 
incendiary origin. This great fire wiped out two blocks located in the heart of the 
city, destroying three hotels, in addition to a number of store buildings and residences. 
It entailed a loss of many thousands of dollars. Although this fire occurred during 
the memorable panic of last year, the sufferers by the fire gave no thought to despair, 
but they at once started in to rebuild. All traces of the fire are now practically oblit- 
erated. The public buildings of Tillamook now consist of a fine courthouse and a 
handsome and well equipped school building. The 
courthouse is conveniently arranged to accommodate PH0T0 ' BY REVNOLDS - 
the courtroom and various county offices. The public 
school building meets all present demands made on 
it for room by the 250 pupils which are enrolled here. 
The school is presided over by four competent 
teachers. Four religious denominations — the Metho- 
dist, Methodist South, Catholic and Christians — con- 
duct weekly services in their own edifices, and the 
moral tone of the city shows the effect of their teach- 
ing. The main street is lined on both sides with hotels 
and business houses, and it presents a busy appearance. 
To the fine structures of the town will soon be added a 
creditable stone building, two stories in height. This is 
now under construction by the owners, Messrs. C. & K. Thayer, bankers. The stone 
used in this building is a native sandstone quarried a short distance from Tillamook. 
A plain, but handsome, style of architecture has been adopted for the building. The 
ground floor will be devoted to the use of the bank, while the upper story will be 
divided into offices for professional men. 

The C. & E. Thayer Banking Company was organized by Claude Thayer and his 
wife, in 1888, merely as an accommodation to business men here, thus enabling them 
to obtain exchange. A bank, however, was needed at Tillamook, and the new 
institution was compelled to fill the breach. Its business has grown from $3,000 a 
month at the outset to $125,000 a month today, and it now 
numbers among its depositors individuals and firms in all 
parts of Tillamook county. The bank went through the 
panic of 1893 without a run and with the loss of a single de- 
positor only. 

The Tillamook Lumbering Company, in- 
corporated in 1892, with a capital stock of 
$20,000, is the leading industrial concern of 
Tillamook. The officers are Leonard Heiner, 
president ; William H. Eberman, vice-president, 
and John Barker, secretary and manager. The 
company's mill has a capacity of 15,000 feet 
a day. It runs steadily, turning out all varieties 
of dressed lumber, flooring, rustic, mouldings, 
etc. This company owns and operates the elec- 
tric light plant of the city. Great credit is 




Public School, Tillamook. 



238 



The Ore&onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Store, Cohn 4 Co., 



due them for their enterprise in furnishing the excellent electric lighting system 
in use here. 

Two creameries are in successful operation at Tillamook. One of these is con- 
ducted by Messrs. Ogden & Townseud, produce men of Portland. The other is oper- 
ated by the Tillamook Dairy Association. The latter is a joint stock company, incor- 
porated under the laws of Oregon. It is owned and controlled by farmers living near 
Tillamook. The company uses the largest sized Delaval steam turbine separator and 
it is equipped throughout with first-class machinery. During the summer of 1S93 
this creamery handled 9,000 pounds of milk per day, and another separator will be 
required this season to accommodate the growing demands of its patrons. 

Among the leading general merchandise 
stores of Tillamook are those of Messrs. 
Cohn & Co. and G. W. Fearnside. Mr. 
George Cohn is the senior member of the 
firm of Cohn & Co., and he is recognized 
as one of the most public spirited citizens 
of Tillamook. He has never failed to do 
his full share in aiding all enterprises look- 
ing to the advancement of the city. The 
firm was burned out in the fire of 1893, but 
immediately after the fire they rented new 
quarters on Main street, which they in- 
tend to occupy until their new store is completed on the old site adjoining the city 
wharf. Cohn & Co. carry a full line of 
merchaudise in all departments. Mr. G. W. 
Fearnside is located on the corner of Front 
street and First avenue E. His large double 
store is fully stocked with dry goods, boots 
and shoes and clothing. Mr. Fearnside 
has given satisfaction to his Tillamook pat- 
rons for over 30 years past in his dealings 
with the trade of this important section of 
the state. ST0RE ' G - w FEARNSI0E ' t.llamook. 

The representative hardware business of Tillamook county is carried on by 
Messrs. Tuttle & Robeson. This firm is located on the main street. They carry a 
very full stock of stoves, tinware, hardware, cutlery, etc. The tin and repair shop 
run in connection with the business turns out the best of work in this line. The 
very complete drug store of A. Williams carries a full assortment of especially 
selected drugs, druggists' sundries, fancy and toilet articles. Mr. Williams makes a 
specialty of putting up prescriptions. The Tillamook bakery is conducted by Wm. 
Kuoell. The well conducted meat market of Tillamook is presided over by F. II. 
Brown. He sells only the primest meats, fattened on the rich succulent grasses of 
Tillamook county. The popular resort, the Grand Central saloon and billiard hall, is 
run by C. R. Hadley, one of the most popular men of the city. The Jones brothers, 
proprietors of the Tillamook livery stable, furnish teams for tourists and commercial 
men and board horses by the day or week. They conduct one of the best equipped 
livery stables on the coast. Carl P. Knudson presides over the forge of a fully fitted 
up blacksmith shop at Tillamook, and he is prepared to do anything in his line from 
shoeing a horse to manufacturing a wagon. 





Tillamook County, Oregon. 239 

Among the prominent professional men of Tillamook is photo, by heins. 
E. E. Selph. This gentleman, although a comparatively 
new arrival in the city, has a large and growing practice 
before the state and the United States courts. Judge W. H. 
Cooper successfully combines law practice and farming. 
A. W. Severance is one of the young lawyers of Tillamook, 
but he is ahead}' recognized as a man of ability. Dr. W. A. 
Wise, the dentist, of Russell street, Albina, spends his sum- 
mers at Tillamook, dividing his time here between the prac- method.st church, Tillamook. 
tice of his profession and fishing. 

There are three new hotels at Tillamook, all of which have been built since the 
fire. The Alderman occupies a handsome three-story building on the main business 
corner of the city. Under the charge of the popular proprietor, A. L. Alderman, 
and his accomplished wife, the Alderman has earned a reputation for its excellent 
table, finely furnished apartments, and for the attention shown to the comfort and 
enjoyment of its guests. The Larsen House is the largest hotel at Tillamook. It 
was built and furnished in 1893, by M. H. Larsen, a pioneer hotel proprietor of Til- 
lamook. Mr. Larsen thoroughly understands the hotel business and he never fails 
to satisfy his patrons. The Allen House is located on the main street of Tillamook, 
and is presided over by Mr. J. P. Allen, a very popular man, both with his fellow 
townsmen and with the traveling public. Mrs. Allen presides over the culinary 
department of the house, and the cooking is all done under her personal super- 
vision. 

Tillamook has made great advancement during the past year and the promise 
for its future growth is encouraging. This is one of the most promising dairy 
sections of the coast, and the making of butter and cheese, together with the numer- 
ous other resources of the tributary country, makes the outlook of the city a particu- 
larly bright one. 

Tillamook County, Oregon. — Tillamook ranks among the leading coun- 
ties of Oregon in diversity and extent of its natural resources. It is bounded on the 
west by the Pacific ocean, on the north by Clatsop county, on the east by Washington 
and on the south by the newly created county of Lincoln. 

While certain sections of Tillamook county were settled as early as 1857, it is 
today but on the eve of a rapid development. The land of the county is diversified 
in character. The portion of the county on the western slope of the Coast Range of 
mountains is partly hilly and partly rolling, while that part lying immediately along 
the coast, and the land for an average distance of eight miles inland, consists of a 
series of prairies aud-valleys of great fertility. No less than four bays of considerable 
extent break the coast line of Tillamook county. These are Tillamook, Nehalem, 
Netarts and Nestucca. All of these inlets offer harborage for ships of light tonnage. 
The largest, Tillamook Bay, is capable of being made a harbor of the first class at light 
expense for improvements to the entrance. Numerous rivers, having their sources 
in the Coast Range, flow through the county from east to west. These rivers are 
valuable at the present time for floating logs from the forest districts to tide-water, 
as well as affording means of communication between the farms of the valley lands 
and the coast. The principal rivers of the county are the Wilson, Trask, Tillamook, 
Nehalem, Miami and the Big and Little Nestucca. In addition, there are a num- 
ber of streams in the county of lesser importance. 



240 



The OreLronian's Handbook of the Pacific Xorthwest. 



PHOTO. BY REYNOLDS 



The Tillamook River basin contains the most extensive belt of agricultural laud 
in the county. It is today the most thickly settled district along this part of the 
coast. This basin is divided into the Hoquarton, South, Long and Burnt prairies and 
Pleasant valley. Tillamook City, the county seat, is located on the border of 
Hoquarton prairie, between Hoquarton slough and the Trask river. This is the 
market place for the principal part of the crops of Tillamook county. The entire 
basin here is cut up into small holdings. The farms here are well improved. The 
Nehalem country, north of Tillamook River basin and just south of Clatsop county, 
is another region of great undeveloped resources. These resources consist of mag- 
nificent timber, easily reached from salt water, and patches of rich agricultural land. 
There have been discovered in this district rich croppings of an excellent qualitv of 
coal, the development of which only awaits the construction of a railroad through 
this part of the state. With railroad connection, Portland and the entire Willamette 
valley would draw upon the Nehalem district for their coal instead of on Puget 
Sound as they now do. To the south of the Tillamook River basin, and bordering 

upon Lincoln count} 7 , lies the Nestucca 



country. This is formed by the Big and 
Little Nestucca rivers. These streams 
and their tributaries have fine 
valleys which, taken together, 
--\' afford considerable area for 
==-^z^y dairying, stock raising, general 
farming, fruit culture and bee- 
keeping. This latter is a grow- 
ing industry of Southern Tilla- 
mook. It pays large returns on 
the investment of a small 
amount of capital, and but 
little labor is required in the production of the honey. Honey of Tillamook county 
now stands high in the Portland market. 

Viewed from the standpoint of future demands, the lumbering and logging 
industry of Tillamook county must be given the first place. The timber of this 
region consists of fir, spruce, hemlock and cedar. The standing timber here is esti- 
mated at 20,000,000,000 feet which, at the stumpage price of 50 cents per 1,000, is 
worth $10,000,000. When to this is added the cost of cutting, running, booming 
and manufacturing, it makes up a vast sum of money which will, some day, be dis- 
tributed in Tillamook county, in the lumbering industry. 

Next in importance to the timber industry of Tillamook county is that of dairy- 
ing. Those who are today following this calling, or are looking for new locations, 
can find no better location than is offered in Tillamook county. There is an abund- 
ance of food here for cattle, the lands are perfectly watered and the climate is perfect. 
The best of grasses, including red and white clover, are indigenous to the lands of 
Tillamook , and they grow here profusely without cultivation. Just as soon as the land 
is cleared here, these nourishing varieties of grasses, especially white clover, spring 
spontaneously from the ground. One acre of this grass will support a cow, and it is 
not uncommon, in certain localities, for two cows to keep fat from a single acre of 
grass. The grasses here are the best butter producers known, and in Tillamook 
county they grow throughout the winter. No abnormally cold weather is ever 
experienced here. The heavy rains common to all parts of Western Oregon are 




Tillamook Lumbering Co.'S Mills, Tillamook, 



Tillamook, Oregon. -41 

supplemented here during the summer months by occasional showers and heavy 
dews. This excessive moisture militates against Tillamook as a wheat-producing 
region, but it possesses compensating advantages in its effect on the dairying 
interests. For winter feeding for stock, in addition to the natural grasses, both barley 
and oats grow well here. Oats are extremely productive on these lands, the yield 
of oats per acre during favored seasons running as high as 95 bushels. The alluvial 
deposits found along the bottom lands of the numerous rivers and creeks produce 
abundant crops of turnips, carrots and beets, all good butter makers. A matter of 
great interest to the dairymen is the abundance of cool running water found here. 
There is scarcely a quarter section of land in the prairie belt of Tillamook county 
that does not have its cool mountain stream, fed by perennial springs. Tillamook 
dairymen who make their own butter readily dispose of it for from 20 to 25 cents a 
pound, 22 cents a pound being the average price throughout the year. Those who 
do not make butter sell their cream without difficulty to the dairies of Tillamook 
City for 20 cents a pound. A good milch cow here pays for herself annually in the 
milk she yields, in addition to adding her calf to the herd. In addition to dairying, 
stock raising for beef is a profitable industry here, and the Tillamook cattle are con- 
sidered the best on the market. 

The salmon fisheries of Tillamook county form another important industry. 
The chinook enters the bays of Tillamook county in July and August, and these are 
said to be equal in quality to the royal fish of the 
Columbia river. Following the chinooks in Septem- 
ber and October are the silverside salmon. These are 

of a delicate flavor and, as they are very numerous, ,,-^rrJ: ^V'-i 

they form the staple supply for the season's canning. 
These fish are packed by the Columbia river can- 
neries after the river run of fish is over. These fish 
are caught for the canneries in seines and nets. They 
also afford rare sport in spoon fishing, with a 300-foot DAIRy RSNCH NEAR Tillamook. 

line trolling behind a boat. They are gamy, and the 

landing of a 12 or 18 pound salmon here with a line tests the skill of the most expe- 
rienced angler. There are four canneries in operation in Tillamook county. One 
of these is located on Nehalem, one on Nestucca and two on Tillamook Bay. The 
average output of these canneries varies in value from $30,000 to $ioo,oco a year. 

A growing industry in Tillamook county is cranberry culture. The best land for 
this purpose is found at Sand Lake, about 18 miles distant from Tillamook City, and 
just south of Cape Lookout. Here there are 400 acres of marsh land, owned princi- 
pally by W. C. King and C. H. Colton. These gentlemen commenced work on this 
marsh in the spring of 1893, too late to enable them to plant more than two acres of 
cranberries that season. This was sufficient, however, to afford a fair test of the pro- 
ducing powers of this land, and the result was more than satisfactory. The Messrs. 
King & Colton have procured the best varieties of Cape Cod cranberries, and they 
propose to plant a large tract next spring. In a few years they expect to have their 
entire holdings here planted to cranberries. A fine stream of water runs through the 
marsh, and a fine beach of the best sand is near at hand for preparing the ground. 
The shipping point for the berries will be the bay at Cape Lookout, which affords a 
sufficient harbor for the purpose. While the principal industry of the country sur- 
rounding this bay will doubtless be the culture of cranberries, yet the cutting of tim- 




242 The Oregoniaris Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

ber here on a large scale can be made profitable. The waters of the bay are alive 
with fish, and all varieties of clams are found here. 

The principal towns of Tillamook county are Tillamook City, Bay City, Neha- 
lem and Garibaldi. Tillamook City is fully described elsewhere in "The Handbook." 
Bay City is a promising little town of about 400 population. It is located on Tilla- 
mook Bay, and promises to develop into a lumbering point of considerable impor- 
tance. The place has a good hotel, and considerable business is transacted here. 
Fine summer ocean beaches, which will make the summer resorts of Tillamook 
county in the near future, are found at Netart's Bay and at Nehalem. These places 
are already visited annually by hundreds of campers. 

The county affairs of Tillamook are ably administered at Tillamook. There is 
no actual poverty here. The resources of the county are capable of supporting a 
large population, and to the tourist the rivers and streams of the county present 
attractions not offered by many water-courses on the coast. The coast points afford 
every attraction as a summer resort, while the Coast Range affords some of the best 
hunting grounds of the state. 

The following statistical matter relating to the assessment of Tillamook county 
for 1893, is kindly furnished for "The Handbook " by The Tillamook Headlight, one 
of the leading weekly newspapers of the coast, and published at Tillamook : 

"As compared with last year's summary, the assessment shows an increase of 
17,929 acres of land, valued at $151,727 more; improvements are valued at $23,320 

more ; merchandise and implements at 

PHOTO BY HEINS, TILLAMOOK. ' l 

$26,324 less; money, notes, accounts, shares 
of stock, etc., are assessed $109,219 less; 
household furnitnre, carriages, etc., are val- 
ued at $20,315 more; cattle have increased 
778, and in value, $3,635 ; sheep show an 
increase of 276, valued at $585 more. The 
increase in the gross valuation is only 
$110,176 more than last year, but the ex- 

Clark'S Lumber Camp, Nehalem. . „ , , , 

emptions are $221,417 less, leaving a total 
increase of value in taxable property of $331,683. Summary of assessments of Tilla- 
mook county for 1893: acres of land, 224,190, value, $969,375, average value, $4.32 ; per- 
sonal property, $40,620; town lots, 6,311, value, $138,025, average value, $21.87, with 
improvements, $28 ; improvements, $43,225; merchandise and implements, $55,600 ; 
money, $9,990; notes and accounts, $82,315 ; shares of stock, $1,200 : household fur- 
niture, carriages, watches, etc, $34,745 ; horses and mules, 1,088, value, $34,410, aver- 
age value, $31.12; cattle, 9,702, value, $80,885, average value, $12.06; sheep and 
goats, 2,04^, value, $4,075, average value, $1.99; swine, 834, value, $1,595, average 
value, $1.91; gross value of all property, $1,496,030; exemptions, $137,730; total 
taxable property, $1,358,300." 

Nortli Yamhill, Oregon. — North Yamhill occupies a sightly location on 
a high eminence i]4 miles distant from the depot of the West Side division of the 
Southern Pacific railroad. Although the present population of this prosperous town 
does not exceed 400, it is vested with a full municipal form of government, and the 
high moral tone of the community bespeaks well of the governing powers of this 
point. 




North Yamhill, Oregon. 243 

A union church building, at North Yamhill, temporarily accommodates the four 
organizations of the Congregational, Baptist, Methodist and Christian denominations. 
At least one of these denominations confidently expects to have church quarters of 
its own sometime during the present year. In addition to the auditorium of the 
church building, North Yamhill also contains a public hall with a seating capacity 
of about 300. 

A feature of all the prosperous towns of the Willamette valley is the attention 
that is paid to the perfection of the public school system. North Yamhill is not 
behind any of the other valley towns in this respect. The public school of the city 
is in charge of two teachers, one principal and one assistant, and the average number 
of scholars in attendance is about 100. Located at North Yamhill is an important 
plant devoted to the manufacture of tile, and the place also supports a good cream- 
ery, whose product commands a large sale among patrons of first-class dairy products. 
The tile factory at this point is devoted exclusively to the manufacture of drain pipe. 
The clay for making this product is found in inexhaustible quantities within a con- 
venient distance of the factory, and this clay is spoken of by practical men in the 
business as really of a superior quality for the purpose of the manufacture of the pro- 
duct turned out by this plant. 

The creamery is a farmers' co-operative institution. It is conducted on a strong 
financial basis, and its average returns to its owners are from $6oo to $r,ooo a month. 
Farmers of this section who are not directly interested in the plant of the creamery 
bring their milk here, have it weighed, manufactured into butter, and this product is 
then shipped to Portland, where it finds ready buyers at good prices throughout the 
year. The creamery company, after deducting four cents a pound for the actual cost 
of manufacturing, shipping and wear and tear of machinery, turns over the balance 
of the money received from the sale of the butter to the farmers who are its patrons. 
The plan of conducting this plant is giving the most signal satisfaction to both the 
owners of the property and to the town in which it is located, and the farmers of 
other parts of the coast can learn a profitable lesson on conducting a creamery on a 
large scale by copying afterlhe efficient plan adopted for conducting the creamery 
at North Yamhill. 

A thrifty and prosperous class of farmers occupy the country immediately tribu- 
tary to North Yamhill. The farming belt contained within the district marked by 
a radius of five miles from the town, last year produced 225,000 bushels of wheat and 
oats. In addition to the attention which is paid to the raising of the cereal crops 
here, this county also grows large quantities of hops of an excellent quality annually. 
About Soo acres are now devoted to hop culture in the country tributary to North 
Yamhill at the present time. From 400 acres of land here last year 500 bales of hops 
were grown, which brought the farmers about $2o,ooo,a profitable return for the 
attention that the raising of this product required. 

The soil of this section is especially adapted to the growing of fruits, and the 
shipments of fruit from this point annually are regularly increasing. Of late years 
special attention has been paid to prune culture, with excellent results. 

A valuable water power is available within one mile of North Yamhill. This 
power can be made of great value, both for running manufacturing plants and also 
for the development of works of a public nature and it will also be of advantage to 
the residents of the town. 



-44 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

The Reporter, a weekly paper, is published at North Yamhill. The town has one 
hotel. An omnibus meets all trains at the station of the Southern Pacific. Two 
trains, carrying mail and passengers, pass this point daily, both north and south. In 
addition to the line of transportation of the railroad, North Yamhill supports a stage 
which makes daily trips to Tillamook, about 40 miles distant. 

The resources of the country tributary to this town are varied and include tim- 
ber and all of the products of the soil. The country is an ideal one for a home, and 
it is now one of the most prosperous sections of the great Willamette valley. 

One large general merchandise store, that of F. Hauswirth, and two or three 
smaller ones, do the business in this line at North Yamhill. Mr. Hauswirth can be 
truthfully said to be one of the pioneers of North Yamhill, having now resided in 
the town and in Yamhill county for the past 35 years. Like many of Oregon's pio- 
neers, he has, by close attention to business, and economy, accumulated considerable 
property, and he confidently looks forward to the time when, as he says, North Yam- 
hill will be the largest town in the county. 

The Livery Accommodations. — The second largest livery stable in Yamhill 
county is at North Yamhill and is owned by P. H. Mesner. This stable has often 
proved a great convenience to tourists or prospective investors who desired to make 
a quick and pleasant trip into the rich country tributary to the town. 

McMiimville, Oregon.— McMinnville, the county seat of Yamhill county, 
has a decided metropolitan appearance. The main business district of the city is 
confined to one street, which is well macadamized, and the side- 
walks of this main thoroughfare are constructed in part of well- 
laid planks and in part of artificial stone. Substantial brick 
buildings line both sides of the street for a distance of three 
blocks, and in the heart of the business center but few frame 
buildings are still standing. The principal stores of McMinu- 
ville are well stocked with the goods usually demauded r ,by 
a thriving young place of the dimensions of the city and 
by a prosperous farming community which is the princi- 
LE pal mainstay of McMinnville's prosperity. 

McMiunville was incorporated as a town in 1876. Its population today is not far 
from 2,500. A steady growth has marked its history for the last decade, during 
which period the population of the place has more than quadrupled. It is the proud 
boast of the people of McMiunville that the growth of their town has been in the 
lines of steady advancement and solid prosperity and the place has never experienced 
even the shadow of a boom. The prosperity of McMiunville is due to the enterprise 
of its citizens, which has been materially aided by rapid and solid development of 
one of the richest farming sections of the Northwest which is directly tributary. 

Like other growing cities of the Northwest, the educational facilities of McMiun- 
ville have never been neglected, and the excellent schools located at this point have 
contributed materially to the city's growth. The excellent public school system of 
McMiunville together with the well conducted Baptist college located at this point, 
which is described at length in connection with the present article, has gained for the 
place a standing as an educational center of no mean importance. Within the last 
two years the district has voted to add another building to be used for school pur- 




McMinnville, Oregon. 



•2Ao 




Public School, McMinnville. 



poses. In addition to the large six-room building, another structure of equal dimen- 
sions, but better designed for school work, has been completed at a cost of $14,000. 
The value of the property of the city devoted to pub- 
lic school purposes is now $30,000, an indication of 
the intelligence of a community which can full}' ap- 
preciate the benefits of a proper schooling for the 
rising generation and which has the enterprise to ad- 
vance all the needed money for this purpose. The 
public school system of McMinnville is well graded, 
the grades ranging from one to nine. Nine teachers 
are employed in the public schools, and courses of 
study embrace the primary, grammar and high school, 
just as they do in the best conducted schools of any 
large city. The total number of pupils enrolled in 
the public schools at McMinnville for the past year was 430. 

Two flouring mills with a combined daily capacity of 225 barrels, a creamery and 
an arc and incandescent electric light plant are McMinnville's most prominent indus- 
tries. The city also has a most efficient water-works system. The water is delivered 
all through the city on what is known as the "direct pressure" plan. This water 
for city use is pumped out of the Yamhill river within a stone's throw of the city 
and it is of the clearest and purest quality for domestic use. Both the electric and 
water plants are owned by the city. A sufficient pressure is maintained in the city 
mains at all times to insure ample protection against fire. Water plugs are located 
at convenient distances all over the city and these with the efficient volunteer fire 
department which is maintained here are absolute safeguards against serious con- 
flagrations. 

McMinnville is built on the strongest of foundations, a rich and well settled 
farming district. The soil of Yamhill county has long been noted for its fertility. 
"Wheat, oats, fruit and hops are cultivated more extensively here than are other crops. 
McMinnville is the trading center for the principal part of Yamhill county whose 
resources are touched on fully in another article. 

In addition to the trade of the farming community which McMinnville holds, 
the lumbering interest of the tributary district is a great source of revenue to the city- 
The Coast range of mountains west of the place is dotted with sawmills the output of 

which mills is nearly all brought to McMinnville. 
McMinnville furnishes all the supplies used at these 
mills and at the lumber camps. The timber belts of 
this section contain an inexhaustible supply of as fine 
a quality of merchantable timber as is found in any 
part of the coast and the sawing of this timber will 
always prove a source of great revenue to Yamhill 
county and to the city which is the principal trading 
center of this rich section of country. 

Near the foothills of the Cascade Range west of 
McMinnville, sheep raising is carried on to a consid- 
erable extent, although not sufficient sheep are raised 
in this country at the present writing to meet the 
demands at McMinnville for mutton and wool. 




High School, McMinnville. Erected in 1892. 



246 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Campbell & Jones Block, McMinnville. 



Sheep raising is a profitable industry, and with proper attention can be made 
a source of considerable revenue to the ranchers of Yamhill county. 

With other parts of the Willamette valley 
the dairying possibilities of Yamhill county 
have received the special attention of the farm- 
ers of this section during the past few years. 
With plenty of grass throughout the year, 
with an equable climate and with an abund- 
ance of the clearest mountain water, this is an 
ideal dairying country, and it is highly prob- 
able that there will be great development in 
this line here during the next few years. 

Yamhill county boasts of a fine brick court 
house located at McMinnville. This public 
building is cemented on the outside, thus giv- 
ing it the appearance of a structure constructed 
entirely of stone. It was built in 1888 at a cost 
of $62,000. It covers an area of 9,000 square 
feet and is 121 feet high. It occupies a sightly 
location commanding a perfect view of the 
entire city and surrounding country, and it is perfectly adapted in every way for 
handling the public business of the county. 

McMinnville has two strong banks, the First National and the McMinnville 
National. Each of these banks has a capital stock of $50,000. Two good weekly 
papers flourish here, the Yamhill County Reporter and the Telephone- Register. 
Tourists have the advantage of two good hotels to choose from in the place and 
also have the benefit of the competition afforded by two large livery stables. 

McMinnville is well supplied with churches. These are five in number, the 
Cumberland Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, Christian and Roman 
Catholic. 

The city is on the direct line of the West Side division of the Southern Pacific 
railroad, and is 50 miles south of Portland. Two passenger trains and one freight 
pass each way over this line through Mc- 
Minnville daily. The city is located in 
the richest of farming districts ; it contains 
a large number of prosperous and well-to-do 
people and there is no reason why McMinn- 
ville should not continue to make the same 
steady growth in the future as has marked 
the progress of this point during the past 
few years. 

McMinnville College. — The loca- 
tion of a college at McMinnville, the county 
seat of Yamhill county, a city situated in 
the very heart of one of the richest agri- 
cultural sections of the Willamette valley, 
seems to have been well considered when 
the McMinnville College was chartered by 




le College, McMn 



Yamhill County, Oregon. 



247 



the legislature in 1858-9. The growth of the institution has not been marked by 
rapid and uncertain strides, but by painstaking care on the part of the trustees and 
faculty it has gradually taken its place in the front rank of Oregon's higher institu- 
tions of learning. 

McMinnville College is under the control of the Baptist denomination of Oregon. 
It aims to provide young men and women with a liberal education at a low cost. 
This is made easy in the first place owing to the able corps of instructors which it 
maintains, and second, owing to the extreme cheapness of living in a rich farming 
community. The college has a collegiate, business, preparatory and musical depart- 
ment, with five courses of study prescribed, three of which lead to degrees and two 
to certificates of graduation. 

The college is superbly located on a broad campus of 30 acres just at the out- 
skirts of McMinnville. The building is a large four-story brick which was erected 
in 1882 at a cost of $30,000. Students are in attendance at this school who have 
come from the various states of the Pacific coast and also from Montana and Idaho. 
A feature that has ever been prominent in the history of McMinnville College is its 
willingness to aid students of limited means to secure an education. Although the 
institution is not heavily endowed, its resources are sufficient to aid those who are 
deserving and are anxious to obtain an education. 

Since the accession of Rev. T. G. Brownson 
to the presidency in 1887, the permanent endow- 
ment funds have been largely increased, and the 
regular income of the college considerably more 
than doubled. 

Judge William Galloway, whose portrait 
appears on this page, is president of the board of 
school directors and present county judge. It is 
commonly remarked of him that he would not ac- 
cept an office on the school board except on the 
promise that the district would vote to increase 
the much needed school facilities by erecting the 
handsome building described above. Judge Gal- 
loway's efforts since that time in behalf of the 
McMinnville schools have marked him as one 
of the most ardent devotees of a thorough educa- 
tion. 




am Galloway, McMinnville. 



Yamliill County.— Yamhill county is one of the oldest settled districts of 
the Northwest and it is today one of the richest counties of the Willamette valley. 
It is bounded by Washington county on the north, by Polk county on the south, it 
borders on Marion and Clackamas counties on the east, and it extends as far west as 
the eastern boundary of Tillamook county. It has an area of 720 square miles and 
contains a population today of about 12,000. 

Careful estimates place the amount of land cleared and under cultivation in this 
county at about one-half its total area. Wheat is the great staple product of the 
county. The yield of wheat on this soil varies all the way from 15 to 45 bushels per 
acre. The soil is very fertile, and is especially adapted for raising all kinds of grain, 
grasses and vegetables. It is a rich black loam, varying in depth from four to twelve 



248 The Oregonian' 1 s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

feet, and being well watered, warm, and capable of withstanding any spell of dry, 
warm weather, it furnishes the finest land for fruit trees. It is here as it is in the 
other favorable locations in the Willamette valley, that all kinds of small fruits, 
including raspberries, strawberries, currants, blackberries, etc., and the larger varie- 
ties, including apples, pears (and the Bartletts of Yamhill county beat the world), 
plums, prunes and quinces grow to perfection. 

The topography of Yamhill county is perhaps more of a rolling character of the 
best lands than is noted in Washington county. A heavier growth of timber is also 
found on the higher elevations of the county than is found in the county to the north. 
The entire county is perfectly watered, numerous small streams of the clearest water 
crossing it in all directions. These smaller streams abound in the gamiest of brook 
trout, and afford fine sport as fishing grounds. The principal water-course of the 
county is the Yamhill river, into which most of the smaller streams flow, and which 
during most of the year carries a considerable volume of water. During high stages 
of water the Yamhill river is navigable to McMinnville, thus affording a water route 
from the latter place to Portland and the other principal points of the Willamette 
valley. The numerous water courses of the county afford at convenient points avail- 
able water power, which will doubtless be largely utilized for turning the wheels of a 
large number of small factories. 

Lying along the foothills of the county are numerous dairy and stock farms that 
can be purchased for prices ranging from $5 to $15 per acre. Further back in the 
hills there is still a little government laud, but this land is being rapidly taken up. 
Improved farming lands near the larger towns of the count}- command prices ranging 
from $40 to $100 per acre. These lands can usually be purchased on easy terms and 
the returns represent a fair interest on the money for which they can be bought. 

The valuation placed upon the taxable property of Yamhill county for 1892, as 
shown by the assessment roll, was $4,046,309. The count)- is rich and progressive, 
and it is settled by an intelligent class of people. The educational facilities afforded 
the youth of this part of the state are unsurpassed in any farming community. There 
are now 70 districts in the county and 6S school houses. The county contains 2,500 
persons of school age, and 121 teachers are employed in its schools. Yamhill county 
has forged rapidly to the front during the past decade and has made both material 
growth and solid advancement, and there is no present indication of the retrogression 
of this prosperity in the future. 

Independence, Oregon. — If a location that offers every facility for building 
up a prosperous center of population, together with a wide-awake and intelligent set of 
business men, determines the degree of success which a town may attain, then Inde- 
pendence can justly lay claim to both enterprise and the full measure of prosperity. 
Its location can be appreciated from the statement that it is one of the largest towns 
on the west side of the Willamette river, through which the trains over the west side 
division of the Southern Pacific, running between Portland and Corvallis, pass. It 
is reached by steamers on the Willamette river, navigable from Portland up to this 
point, and it is connected with the narrow-gauge system of the Southern Pacific, 
tapping the best part of the Willamette valley, by a steam motor line which operates 
hourly trains between Independence and Monmouth, only 2)A miles distant. It is 75 
miles to Portland from Independence by rail. The town has the benefit of daily pas- 
senger and freight trains, which connect with all points north and south, and com- 



Independence, Oregon. 



249 







bined passenger and freight steamers make two round trips a week between Corvallis 
and Portland, touching at Independence both ways. 

Independence is practically entirely surrounded by a rich and highly productive 
farming district. Vast quantities of hops, wheat, oats, vegetables and fruit raised in 
this section are hauled to Independence for shipment by rail and by water. The 
town handles nearly all the immense trade of the tributary section of farming 
country, and it is one of the most important shipping points on either the east or the 
west side of the Willamette river. 

Independence is incorporated with a population of about 1,700. Although the 
first store on the present site of the town was established as early as 1850, the great 
growth of Independence has been made during the past few years. With this rapid 
growth in population has also come the same rapid increase in the manufacturing 
industries of the place. A well equipped sawmill is conducted on the river bank at this 
point, and this mill is kept running constantly. A large flouring mill with a daily 
capacity of 100 barrels is also located here, as well as two sash 
and door factories, an axe handle factory, one wire fence works, 
marble works, a foundry and a well conducted steam 
laundry. Having the benefit of the competitive rates 
of freight afforded by the river and rail route to 
Portland from this point, and being located in 
the midst of a section in which the raw material 
for all kinds of manufacturing is easily pro- 
duced, Independence offers exceptional facili- 
ties for the establishment of manufacturing 
plants, and it will always remain as it is today, 
one of the principal manufacturing points of 
the valley. 

The leading business houses of Indepen- 
dence are all well stocked and they do a very 
prosperous business. The largest dry goods 
store in Polk county is located at Indepen- 
dence. It was established 28 years ago by Mr. Isaac Vauduyn. Mr. J. M. 
Vanduyn is now the sole proprietor of this mammoth establishment, which carries 
constantly a stock of goods whose value is about $20,000. Mr. Vauduyn, the present 
proprietor, is a man of great push and enterprise, and he stands deservedly high in 
the community whose interests he has done so much to advance. Independence 
contains two strong banking institutions. The First National BanK. of Independence 
has a capital stock of $50, 000, with a surplus of $14,000. Its officers are J. S. Cooper, 
president ; L. W. Robertson, vice-president, and W. H. Hawley, cashier. The Inde- 
pendence National Bank is quartered in a handsome brick structure, an illustration 
of which appears in connection with the present article. This strong bank was 
established about five years ago. Its officers are H. Hirschberg, president ; Abram 
Nelson, vice-president, and W. P. Connaway, cashier. Both of these institutions 
have the best standing in financial circles of the coast. 

The public schools, as shown by the illustration above, are conducted in 
an elegant aud commodious building containing eight rooms. The school build- 
ing and site represent an outlay of $20,000. The course embraces eight grades, 
including common and high school departments, with a competent instructor in 




?v^ 



.ic School, Independen 



250 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



charge of each grade. The average daily attendance at these schools is about 400. 
Independence is well provided with churches, which speaks well for the moral tone 
of its inhabitants. The Calvary Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, Evan- 
gelical and Christian denominations are strong in membership and influence, and 
they all worship in church buildings of their own. The town also boasts of a hand- 
some brick opera house, which is used for all gatherings of a public nature. It has 
a seating capacity of 500, and is well lighted and ventilated. 

Independence has a fine arc and incandescent electric light plant, as well as an 
efficient water-works plant. Both of these plants are owned by private corpora- 
tions. The town is protected against danger by fire 
by a well equipped and thoroughly organized vol- 
unteer fire department. Independence supports 
one good local newspaper, The West Side. Three 
good hotels cater to the traveling public, while 
two livery stables provide plenty of horses and 
vehicles for the commercial traveler and the 
tourist. A daily stage line runs from Indepen- 
dence to Salem, a distance of 15 miles. This 
place has made most substantial advancement 
during the past few years, and there is no reason 
why, with every advantage in location, and with 
the efforts of a wide-awake people, Independence 
should not make the same steady advancement 




Ti""fi' 






Independence National Bank, Independence. 



in the future. 



Newberg, Oregon. — Newberg,in Yamhill county, is situated on the narrow- 
gauge system of the Southern Pacific railroad, 26 miles south of Portland. The 
town was incorporated in 1888, the population at the time of incorporation having 
been about 500. Since that time the place has more than doubled in population, 
and it is now one of the flourishing points on the west side of the Willamette val- 
ley reached by the narrow-gauge system. 

Newberg is located in the heart of the Chehalem valley, which, during the past 
few years, has been attracting considerable attention as a rich fruit-growing section. 
The town was first settled by a colony of Quakers, who yet hold the balance of 
power in the matter of population and in control of the municipal government at 
this point. The old town of Newberg still stands near the bank of the Willamette 
river, where it was first located, but the new town is located midway between the 
river and the railroad, the distance between each being about one mile. The old 
and new towns, however, are under a single municipal government, and the interests 
of both centers of population are handled harmoniously. 

The manufacturing interests of Newberg consist of a small roller-flouring mill 
and a sawmill, both of which are located on the river bank. Both of these plants 
are operated by water power. A drain tile works, which manufactures annually a 
large quantity of tile from blue clay, which is found in the vicinity of the town, 
is also located here. The Newberg Pressed Brick & Terra Cotta Company was organ- 
ized last year, with a capital stock of $50,000. This plant has now been in opera- 
tion for almost a year, and it is now turning out dry-pressed brick, made from dry 
clay, at the rate of 20,000 per day. The principal market for the output of this plant 
is in Portland. 



Newhens, Oregon. 



251 




BohrdinsHali 



(QU.E&E /BlIlLDINS. 



Pacific College, Newberg. 



The various mercantile pursuits of Newberg are handled principally by a wide- 
awake class of business men. The town claims two banks, which do a large and 
safe business. Situated on the main street of the town are four biick blocks, and it 
is the intention of the owners of other business property here to erect additional 
fine buildings during the present year. 

The people of Newberg take a pardonable spirit of pride in the fine schools 
maintained here. The Pacific College, founded and fostered by the Friends' church, 
is located at this point, and 
it offers a full collegiate 
course of instruction, em- 
bracing the classical, scien- 
tific, normal, music and art 
departments. The average 
attendance of students at 
this school during the past 
year was 80. An efficient 
corps of instructors preside 
over each department of 
the school. The college 
building shown by the illus- 
tration published on this 
page, affords ample facilities 
for conducting the thorough collegiate work of the school. The public school of New- 
berg is conducted in an eight-room building, six rooms of which are now occupied. 
Six teachers are now employed in the public school here, and the school, in its effi- 
ciency, compares very favorably with the best public schools of the state. The aver- 
age daily attendance of pupils at the public school is about 250. 

Newberg is distinctly a moral town. No saloon or resort of vice is found in the 
town, the location of saloons here being restricted by a town ordinance. Eight 
churches, most of which own their places of worship, are established here. The 
denomination of The Friends own a church building of an orna- 
mental nature, as shown by the illustration published in connec- 
tion with this article. The erection of this church building in- 
volved an outlay of about $10,000. The other church denomi- 
nations represented here are the Presbyterian, Baptist, two Metho- 
dist, Christian, Evangelical and Adventists. In addi- 
tion, a strong Y. M. C. A. organization is maintained in 
the town, as well as a free reading-room for the benefit 
of the public. Two newspapers are published at this 
point, The Graphic and The Chehalem I 'alley Times. 
Tourists visiting Newberg find comfortable accommo- 
dations furnished by the two hotels and two livery 
stables of the town. 

In the district tributary to Newberg fruit growing 
is the principal occupation followed. The Chehalem valley proper includes an area 
of 3 miles by 10 miles in extent, and the greater part of the land contained in this 
area is especially adapted to fruit culture. Peaches, pears, prunes, cherries, and all 
the smaller varieties of fruit, do well here. In addition, the land also produces 
hops, cereals of all kinds, and vegetables, as well as any land in the Willamette 




252 The Oregoniarfs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

valley. Prune growing pays well here. With an average of 125 trees to the acre, and 
an average yield of 50 pounds of fruit to a tree, at 8 cents per pound, which is the 
price paid for dried prunes in bulk, the annual income from an acre of prune land 
here is about $500. A most conservative estimate places the profit from a single 
acre planted in mature prune trees in the Chehalem valley at from $250 to $300. 

Newberg is within easy reach of Portland, either by the daily lines of steamers 
which ply regularly on the river, or by the cars of the railroad passing this point. 
The country surrounding Newberg is comparatively a newly settled district, and the 
inducements offered to newcomers to settle in this tributary section at the present 
time are especially flattering. 

The Yamhill Land Company. — The Yamhill Land Company, of Newberg, 
was organized and incorporated in 1891, with the following officers : J. P. Price, pres- 
ident, and O. C. Wright, secretary. This company is authority for the statement 
that fruit and farming lands situated within a distance of from one to four miles of 
the corporate limits of Newberg, can be purchased at from $40 to $100 per acre. 
Parties desiring to obtain reliable information concerning Yamhill county, are com- 
mended to the Yamhill Land Company, of Newberg, Oregon, for prices of land or 
statistics of this section. 

The Bank of Newberg. — The Bank of Newberg was organized in July, 1S89, 
with a paid-up capital stock of $30,000. The present officers are : Jesse Edwards, 

president, and B. C. Miles, vice-president and cashier. 
The Bank of Newberg, since its organization, has 
JtasW 1 ?^ ^]?ifeSc. done a constantly increasing business, which is 

probably due to the fact that the public has always 
had implicit confidence in the officers of the bank. 
Mr. Edwards enjoys the honor of having first owned 
and platted the site upon which Newberg now stands. 
' *'ijn I' ill*:' lip}' ^ e * ms a ^ so > s i nce that time, been prominently iden- 

tified with the best business interests of the town. 
He is now, in addition to being prominently con- 
• nected with the Bank of Newberg, president of the 
bank of newberg, newberg. Newberg Pressed Brick & Terra Cotta Company. 

Mr. Miles, whose father was the first president of the 
bank, was, until recently, a member of the mercantile firm of Morris, Miles & Co., 
and he is well qualified to fill the position of cashier of the Newberg Bank. 

LaTTayette, Oregon. — Two miles east of St. Joseph, on the West Side 
division of the Southern Pacific railroad, aud located in Yamhill county, is the 
flourishing town of LaFayette. In addition to direct communication afforded 
LaFayette with Portland and the principal valley towns by the Southern Pacific 
line, the town is also on the line of the Oregonian [narrow gauge] railway, which 
runs south from Portland through the best part of the Willamette valley. Two pas- 
senger trains run each way daily over both lines past LaFayette, thus affording the 
latter place the best of transportation facilities. 

One of the most distinguishing features of LaFayette, and one in which the citi- 
zens take a great deal of pride, is the LaFayette Seminary, located at this point. 
The college is conducted under the auspices of the Educational Association of the 
Oregon Conference of the Evangelical Church, and all of its privileges are open to 
men and women alike. The curriculum prescribed and plan of discipline adopted 




Dayton, Oregon. 253 

for the guidance of students rank with the scope of more noted institutions of 
learning. The average attendance of this school during the past year was 80 
students. 

The public school system of LaFayette is also especially worthy of mention 
here for the high degree of efficiency maintained. The public school is in charge of 
three experienced teachers, and the average enrollment is 125 scholars. 

LaFayette is an incorporated town, with a population of about 450. It is largely 
supported by a rich tributary farming district, the products of which consist chiefly 
of cereals, vegetables and fruits. The soil in this district is no less fertile than is the 
soil of the entire Willamette valley, and the prices asked for farming lands here are 
reasonable. 

A flouring mill with a daily capacity of 75 barrels supplies the citizens of La 
Fayette with an excellent quality of flour, and this mill also supplies the town of 
Dayton, a few miles distant. 

LaFayette supports one good weekly newspaper, The Yamhill County Ledger. 
It has two hotels, one livery stable and the various lines of mercantile business are 
well represented here. 

Three well supported churches, the Presbyterian, Methodist and Evangelical 
bespeak the moral tone of the community. The town supports a public hall with 
a seating capacity of 300. The place is particularly noted for the number of wealthy 
retired merchants it claims, ample evidence of the possibilities for obtaining wealth 
here in the past and which may be also accepted as evidence bearing on the capacity 
of the community for future prosperity. 

Dayton, Oregon. — Dayton is incorporated and boasts of a population of 
about 400. It is located at the head of navigation on the Yamhill river, $3 miles 
southwest of Portland. The place has connection with Portland by a line operating 
a steamer which makes a trip every alternate day between the two points. The 
line of the narrow-gauge division of the Southern Pacific system of railroads in 
Oregon passes a point within one mile of Dayton, and the citizens of the latter 
place hope to have the cars of this line running into their town direct before the 
close of the present year. A stage line carrying both freight and passengers makes 
two trips a day to LaFayette and St. Joseph, making connection at the latter point 
with the cars of the Southern Pacific Company's West Side division. The total 
length of this stage line is five miles. 

Although at the present writing no manufacturing is done at Dayton, the town 
offers exceptional opportunities for the establishment of factories here on a small 
scale. The extent of the rich tributary farming district is shown by the large quan- 
tities of hops, fruits and various other products of the soil which are regularly ship- 
ped by the water line from Dayton to Portland. 

The Dayton public school building recently erected at a cost of $6,000 occupies 
a sightly location. The average daily attendance at the school is about iro. A 
principal and one assistant teacher preside over the school here, which is well 
conducted. 

Dayton supports four churches of the Methodist, Baptist, Evangelical and Free 
Methodist denominations. Each denomination owns its church building. The 
town hall has a seating capacity of about 300. Two weekly papers are supported 
here, The Herald and The News. Traveling men find a good hotel at this point, 



254 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



and also a livery stable. Dayton at the present time makes no pretensions to great 
commercial importance, but is a prosperous town containing a happy and contented 
lot of people, and the possibilities for a future steady growth are equal to those of 
the other favorably located valley points. 

Dallas, Oregon. — Dallas is a name that was prominently associated with the 
history of the early settlement of Oregon. The town of Dallas was established in 
1852, and was named after the Hon. George M. Dallas who was at that time running 



for the presidency of 
The county of which 
named after the suc- 
county has since that 




Street, Dallas. 



the United States against James K. Polk, 
the town of Dallas is now the seat was 
cessful candidate in this fight, and Polk 
time been one of the most prosperous 
counties of the Willamette valley. 

A steady and substantial growth has 
marked the history of Dallas since the 
first settlement was made at this point, 
and today it is a bustling little city with 
a population not far from 1,500. Nature 
first favored the location of a town at the 
present site of the city, and the enter- 
prise of the later residents of Dallas did 
the rest. It is perfectly sheltered by the 
mountains which rise to the west and 
south. It is skirted by the La Creole 

river, a pure mountain stream, which at all seasons carries a good volume of water. 

Dallas occupies a position in the exact geographical center of Polk county, and it has 

the support of a rich and rapidly developing farming community which will always 

remain tributary. 

The spirit of enterprise by which the citizens of Dallas have always been actuated 
is shown in the attention which has been paid to the development of the manufactur- 
ing industries at this place during the past two years. In this time a fine three-set 
woolen mill with machinery of the most improved type has been completed and put 
in operation here. The location of this mill at Dallas will do much to encourage the 
wool industry of Polk and the adjoining counties, and it will be the means of hold- 
ing much of the trade of this section to Dallas, which, without the mill here, might 
have gone to other towns. The location of one large sawmill and two planing mills 
at Dallas has made the place the principal seat for the lumbering of a large and rich 
section. Dallas is also the seat of a perfectly equipped flouring mill, the product of 
which vies iu quality with the best flour produced in the state. The Dallas iron 
works plant, which is run under the management and proprietorship of Edward Rid- 
dle, does a large business in moulding all kinds of castings used in the farm 
machinery of this part of the state, in addition to other regular foundry work which 
it handles, and it is a very profitable industry. 

The country surrounding Dallas is especially adapted to fruit growing on a large 
scale. Special attention has been paid to fruit culture in this section during the past 
year and within a radius of \)A miles of the town more than 600 acres of land have 
been planted in prunes, peaches, pears and other fruits. A number of very fine hop 
farms are situated within plain view of the people of Dallas. The profits realized 
from hop culture on these lands is shown in the statement that land which can be 



Dallas, Oregon. 




Court house, Dallas. 



bought here for $50 an acre commands from $200 to photo, by 
$250 an acre when fully planted in hops. Within a 
distance of 10 miles of Dallas is a fine timber belt 
containing immense quantities of the finest merchant- 
able timber. But three miles distant from the town 
is a quarry of a high-grade building stone. This stone 
lies imbedded as a solid strata, and before being ex- 
posed to the air can be hewn into any shape or size 
almost as easily as wood is cut. It rapidly hardens, 
however, after lying open to the air and makes the 
finest of stone for building material when fully seasoned. This quarry has been 
but little developed yet, but it will some day be a source of great profit to the 
owners and a most valuable addition to the many enterprises of Dallas. 

Dallas is the seat of the La Creole Academy, one of the oldest institutions of 
learning in the state. Three years ago the frame building so long occupied by the 
school was abandoned, and a handsome and commodious brick structure was erected 
for the academy at a cost of $ 10,000. Two years ago it was found advisable to com- 
bine the excellent public schools of the city and the academy under one manage- 
ment. This has resulted in furnishing more room for school purposes, and in a 
highly improved course of study. The intermediate and primary grades are taught 
in the public schools here, while the grammar and academic courses are pursued at 
the academy. A principal and five assistant teachers preside over both schools. The 
total enrollment of scholars at the schools here during the past year has been to 
exceed 400. 

Five church organizations are well sustained at Dallas. Within the past three 
years the Presbyterian, Methodist, Episcopal and Christian denominations, has each 
erected a neat church building of its own. The Southern Methodists and Baptists are 
the oldest denominations in Dallas. 

All branches of professional mercantile and mechanical pursuits are well repre- 
sented at Dallas. The Dallas City Bank, of which Mayor M. M. Ellis is president, 

and C. G. Coad is cashier, has a capital stock of 
$75, 000. It is incorporated, and being on the strong- 
est of financial footings and conducted in a conserva- 
tive manner, it enjoys the full confidence of the peo- 
ple of this section, and has a very large patronage. 
Three good newsapers, T//e Transcript, Itemizer and 
Observer, are untiring in their efforts to advance the 
interests of the section in which they thrive, and they 
enjoy a large circulation. 

A feature of great interest to the traveling public 
which frequents Dallas is the excellent accommoda- 
tion afforded here by the perfectly conducted hotel. 
Six years ago a stock company was formed at 
Dallas for the purpose of erecting a fine building 
for hotel purposes. It was the aim of the company to meet every demand of the 
large tourist travel and the commercial salesmen who frequented this place, and at 
the same time to erect a building which would be an ornament to the city. The 
Hotel Holman, an illustration of which is published in connection with this article 




La Creole academy, Dallas. 



256 



The Oresonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY I 



fpfLwSt- 




was the result of this enterprise. The building was 
erected at a cost of $io,ooo, and is perfectly adapted for 
hotel purposes. It contains 32 rooms, all of which are 
well furnished. It is lighted by electricity and has every 
modern appointment found in the best of hotels. 
It is conveniently located, being within two blocks 
of the railroad depot. The Hotel Holman is now 
owned by Nathaniel Holman, a well-known citizen 
of Dallas. An attractive dining-room and an ex- 
cellent cuisine are features of this well conducted 
house. The rates of the Hotel Holman vary from 
$1 to $2 a day, as low rates as are charged for 
hotel holman, Dallas. first-class accommod at i ons by any hotel in the 

world. 

Dallas supports two well equipped livery stables and two stage lines. One of 
these connects with trains of the West Side division of the Southern Pacific at Derry, 
about five miles distant, and the other line operates stages between Dallas and Salem 
a distance of 15 miles. The city is located on the main line of the Oregoniau [nar- 
row-gauge] division of the Southern Pacific and is 62 miles south of Portland. 
Trains make one round trip daily between Portland and Dallas. Owing to the many 
advantages of location Dallas will doubtless continue to make the same steady 
advancement in growth of population and material wealth in the future that the 
place has enjoyed during the past few years, and it gives promise of always remaining 
one of the most prosperous points of the Willamette valley. 

Good farming lauds in the vicinity of Dallas find ready purchasers at prices 
ranging from $50 to $100 an acre. Full information of these rich lauds can be 
obtained by addressing either Messrs. Fulton & Bell or William P. W'right, Dallas, 
Oregon. These gentlemen will be ready at all times to answer all inquiries regarding 
their city or the rich county of Polk, of which Dallas is the seat of justice, and all 
information obtained from this source can be regarded as strictly reliable. 

Polk County, Oregon. — As early as 1845 the name of Polk county had 
been given to a part of Oregon, but at that time the county limits of Polk included 
all ;that portion of the state lying between the Willamette river and the Pacific 
ocean, and they extended from the southern boundary of Yamhill on the north to 
the northern line of California on the south. Since that time the former extensive 
area of Polk county has furnished territory for the formation of many other coun- 
ties, and today Polk county is one of the smallest in area in the state. The total 
area of this county is now less than 800 square miles. The present boundary lines 
of the county are formed by Yamhill county on the north, the Willamette river on 
the east, the Coast range of mountains on the west, and Benton county on the south. 
The county is thickly settled, and it contains some of the best cultivated farms in 
the state. About one-eighth of the total area of the county still vests in the govern- 
ment and the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. 

It is estimated that about two-thirds of Polk county is embraced within the fine 
lands of the valley and the equally rich rolling stretches which border on the foot- 
hills. The remaining one-third of the land contained in the county is rugged, but 
it is covered with an almost impenetrable growth of the finest timber. The general 
character of the soil varies little, if at all, from the rich soil of other parts of the 



Sheridan, Oregon. iI-">7 

Willamette valley. The soil here is equally as productive as that of the most favored 
parts of the state. The soil of the valley lands is best described as a dark loam 
with a strong clay subsoil, the latter possessing the distinctive feature of retaining 
moisture throughout any period of drouth, which accounts largely for the great pro- 
ductive powers of all of this land. The soil of the bottom lands is composed of 
rich alluvial deposits, which seem inexhaustible in their powers of production. The 
foothill lands, while no less arable than are those of the valley proper, are composed 
of a red, brown and, at times, black loam. They are warmer than are the valley 
lands, and are especially adapted to the growing of early fruits and vegetables. No 
county in the state surpasses Polk in the matter of quality aud quantity of its pro- 
ducts, consisting principally of hay, hops, cereals, vegetables and fruits. 

The natural grasses of the county grow luxuriantly. It has been proved that 
one acre of this natural grass land will support a sheep, and two acres will furnish 
forage for an ox the year round. With average cultivation wheat yields, in this 
count} 1 , from 25 to 40 bushels per acre, barley 40 to 60 bushels, and oats 50 to 80 
bushels. The cultivation of hops in Polk county, although comparatively an inno- 
vation here, is becoming an extensive and a most remunerative industry. The bot- 
tom lands of the county are especially adapted to hop culture. Vegetables of all 
varieties attain unusual size in Polk county, and they are rich in flavor and nutritive 
qualities. Potatoes, cabbages, beets, turnips, squashes, carrots, parsnips and cucum- 
bers give prodigious yields on these lands. The potato bug, the dreaded pest of the 
Eastern farmer, has never gained a foothold in Oregon, and a failure of root crops from 
any cause has never been known in Polk county. Fruits, including apples, pears, 
prunes, peaches, plums and cherries grow in such abundance in the orchards of Polk 
county, that it is always necessary, during the ripening season, for the farmer of this 
part of the state to give careful attention to propping up his trees to prevent the 
limbs from breaking off under the immense loads of fruit which they carry. 

The Coast range of mountains, as well as a large part of Polk county, is covered 
with a dense forest growth of hard and soft woods. Trees 200 to 250 feet in height 
and of nine feet diameter are plentiful in this district. All of Polk county is well 
watered. Several streams flow down the mountain sides into the valley lands of 
the county with a sufficient head of water to furnish power for running hundreds of 
factory wheels. Springs are found everywhere, and water can be reached any- 
where by digging all the way from 10 to 15 feet. 

Polk county is abreast of any part of the state in the matter of provision made 
for public education. There are now in the county 55 organized school districts 
which employ 70 teachers. The average salary paid these teachers is about $50 a 
month. The total value of school property in the county is $55,000. The popula- 
tion of the county now approximates 8,000. The total valuation placed on all tax- 
able property of the county is upwards of $4,000,000. The improved lands are 
assessed at an average of $13.41 an acre. A ride through Polk county leads one over 
one of the best parts of the Northwest and some of the highest cultivated farms in 
the state are located within the limits of this county. 

Sheridan, Oregon. — Sheridan is located in Yamhill county, within one and 
one-half miles of the northern boundary line of Polk county. It is reached by a 
spur of the narrow-gauge system of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. 
This spur connects with the main line of the narrow-gauge system running 
from Portland to Airlie, at Sheridan Junction, seven miles distant from Sheri- 



258 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

dan. A mixed passenger and freight train makes one round trip between 
Portland and Sheridan daily. In addition to the means of communication 
afforded Sheridan by rail, a daily stage line, carrying both mail and passen- 
gers, runs from Sheridan to McMinnville, the seat of Yamhill county and 14 miles 
distant from the former town. 

Sheridan is incorporated and contains a present population of 400. The Yam- 
hill river, which is not navigable to Sheridan, divides the town. A wooden bridge 
spans the stream connecting the main street of the town on either side of the river. 
The usual mercantile lines of business are represented at Sheridan by a number of 
small stores which seem to be well patronized. A flouring mill with a daily capa- 
city of 100 barrels is located at this point. The section of country immediately 
tributary to Sheridan is fertile and the farmers are prosperous. 

A good public school system is maintained at Sheridan. The school is presided 
over by a principal and two assistants and the average attendance is about 100 
scholars. Three church denominations worship in buildings of their own. These 
are the Methodist, Baptist and Congregational. The town supports one weekly 
paper, The Sun, has one bank, two hotels and two well stocked livery stables. 

Amity, Oregon. — Located in Yamhill county, but a short distance from the 
southern boundary, situated on a level plain and partly surrounded by a low range 
of hills, is the town of Amity. It is on the line of the West Side division of the 
Southern Pacific railroad, 57 miles south of Portland, and is within two and one-half 
miles of the line of the narrow-gauge system of the same company. Amity thus 
enjoys exceptional facilities for railroad connection with Portland and the larger 
valley towns. Two trains pass each way over the narrow-gauge lines daily, and one 
passenger train from the north and south stops at Amity's depot on the main line 
of the Southern Pacific. 

The population of Amity is about 400 and the place is incorporated. While no 
manufacturing is done here at the present writing, its advantages as a site for future 
manufacturing enterprise are worthy of attention. The town is located in the midst 
of the richest of farming districts. The principal crops of this tributary section are 
wheat and hops, with considerable attention paid by the farmers to the cultivation of 
vegetables and fruit. The locality is one that has been settled for many years and 
the farms are principally in a high state of development. 

One principal and an assistant have charge of the public school system of Amity, 
with an average number of pupils enrolled of 100. The Methodist, Baptist and 
Christian denominations maintain strong organizations and the congregation 
of each occupies a building of its own. The Odd Fellows hall is used for all public 
gatherings and has a seating capacity of about 200 people. The Amity Popgun 
handles the news features of the town in a truly effervescent style. Arnity sup- 
ports one hotel, and has a good livery stable for the accommodation of the traveling 
public. 

Good garden and farming lands can be bought adjoining the town limits of 
Amity at the rate of $So per acre. The value of land becomes less, of course, in a 
fair ratio as the distance from the town is increased. Mr. John L. Watt, a long-time 
resident of Amity, is thoroughly conversant with property values in the vicinity 
of the town and he is able at all times to offer good land at the prices indicated 
above. 



Monmouth, Oregon. 



259 



Monmouth, Oregon. — Monmouth is the ideal college town of Oregon. It 
occupies a site on a commanding eminence, and the climate is equable to a degree 
that practically avoids all extremes of heat or cold, and the air is salubrious Mon- 
mouth makes strict provision against the conducting of saloons, gambling houses or 
other places of vice within the town limits, and the entire community is law abiding 
and peaceably inclined. 

Monmouth is incorporated and contains a present population of about 600. It is 
located on the narrow-gauge division of the Southern Pacific system of roads, 70 
miles south of Portland. In addition to the facilities for transportation afforded by 
the narrow-gauge system, Monmouth is also connected with Independence, located 
on the main line of the Southern Pacific, 2 V 2 miles distant, by a well equipped steam 
motor line. One passenger train a day makes a round trip between Monmouth and 
Portland, while hourly trips are made over the motor line between Monmouth and 
Independence. 

Monmouth contains a number of well stocked business houses that are well sup- 
ported. The Polk County Bank is a strong institution, with a capital stock of $50,000. 
Its officers are J. H. Hawley, president ; P. L. Campbell, vice-president, and Ira C. 
Powell, cashier. The town is also the seat of the Oregon State Normal School, 
which is fully described in connection with the present article. Monmouth supports 
a good public school system, which is in charge of four experienced teachers. The 
average daily attendance at the public schools is about 150. The Christian and 
Methodist denominations maintain strong organizations here, and each worships in a 
church building of its own. Monmouth boasts of a good opera house, with a seating 
capacity of 400 people. The town also contains one good hotel and a single livery 
stable. 

A rich farming district is tributary to Monmouth. This source of wealth, 
together with its well accredited healthfulness and its many advantages as an educa- 
tional center of importance, will result in regularly increasing its population each 
successive year. 

The Oregon State Normal School, — A question of vital importance to 
the prospective settler in a new country is the one of the educational facilities 
afforded. No town, however favorably located, ever attains a position to command 
the attention of the world without first having made every provision 
for the education of its youth, and the better the educational facilities 
of any community the better chance does the place enjoy for com- 
manding the attention of the intelligent masses of the people. 

Monmouth, in point of location, is an admirable 
site for the establishment of educational institu- 
tions. The location is a healthful one, the sur- 
roundings are all pleasant and the town is easily 
reached from any part of the Northwest by rail. 
Added to its natural advantages are restrictions im- 
posed by the charter and town ordinances of Mon- 
mouth which make it absolutely impossible for 
saloons, gambling houses or other resorts which 
cater to vice in any form to be conducted within the 
municipal limits. Thus no allurements, immoral in their tone, are held out to the 
youth of this prosperous young town, and the status of the entire community is dis- 
tinctly moral. 




Oregon State Normal School, Monmouth. 



'260 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

The Oregon State Normal School, located at Monmouth, is today one of the most 
• prominent educational institutions of the state. By enactment of the legislature of 
1S91 this school was placed under the control of the state, general supervision of its 
affairs being exercised by a board of regents whose appointment rests with the Gov- 
ernor. Since the act placing the school under state control passed, the institution 
has made most rapid advancement, and as a seat of learning it now commands the 
attention of the best educational centers of the coast. 

The curriculum of the Oregon State Normal School embraces four well denned 
courses of study. These are the elementary, regular, advanced and business. The 
first three courses named are especially designed for a thorough training of pupils 
who may desire to follow the profession of teaching, and graduates from either of 
these courses are awarded certificates which entitle them to teach in the schools of 
the state without further examination as to their qualifications. In addition to the 
regular courses prescribed, the thorough training in instrumental music and voice 
culture which the pupils of this school receive has proved a valuable and most 
attractive feature to both scholars and instructors. 

The necessary expenses of a course at the Normal School have, by careful man- 
agement on the part of the principal, been reduced to the lowest possible amount. 
Tuition for the entire school year does not exceed $25, while good board and room 
can be secured in Monmouth at from $2 to $2.50 a week. The school is particularly for- 
tunate in having succeeded in obtaining the services of P. L,. Campbell, A. B., a graduate 
of Harvard University, as president of the institution, and it is to the untiring and well 
directed efforts of this able educator that the great degree of efficiency which the 
school has attained during the last two years is largely due. J. B. Butler fills the im- 
portant position of secretary of the board. 

The building occupied by the State Normal School is a two-story brick structure 
containing eight rooms. It occupies a site on a high elevation of ground which 
commands a superb view of the Coast range of mountains on the west and the Wil- 
lamette valley on the east, beyond which rise in sharp outlines the rugged chain of 
the Cascades. On a clear day Mt. Hood, Mt. Jefferson and the peaks of the Three 
Sisters are in plain view of the occupants of the school building. The surroundings 
of the Normal School are healthful and inviting, the courses of study are well 
defined, the discipline is good without being unnecessarily severe, and the future 
growth of the school, both in its importance as a state institution and as a prominent 
seat of learning is fully assured. 

CorvalliS, Oregon. — Corvallis is the judicial seat of Benton county. It is 
located in the very heart of the Willamette valley, and is the central city of the rich- 
est part of Benton county. It is the present southern terminus of the West Side 
division of the Southern Pacific railroad ; it is at the junction of the Southern 
Pacific and the Willamette Valley & Coast (Oregon Pacific) railroads, the latter of 
which roads is the important line extending east from the deep-water terminus of 
Yaquina Bay, 72 miles west of Corvallis, to Halstead, a point 56 miles east of Cor- 
vallis and 128 miles from Yaquina. The road now known as the Oregon Pacific, 
will ultimately be extended east to a connection with some transcontinental line at or 
near Boise City, Idaho. 

Corvallis is afforded excellent transportation facilities by these two lines, and 
daily trains are operated over both roads, one train running north to Portland, 96 
miles distant, and the other over the Oregon Pacific, making connection between 



Corvallis, Oregon. 



261 



Corvallis and Albany, on the east, and with Yaquina Bay, on the west. East of 
Albany trains also run over the same road to the end of the track at Halstead. At 
Yaquina Bay a line of steamers operated in conjunction with the rail- 
road company, makes connection with trains of the Oregon Pacific 
for San Francisco. In addition to the lines of transporta- 
tion afforded Corvallis by the railroads, the Willamette 
river is also navigable between this city and Portland. 
A combined passenger and freight steamer makes 
two round trips a week between Corvallis and Port- 
land, and considerable traffic is handled over this 
line. 








Benton County Court house, Corvallis 



The present population of Corvallis is about 
2,500. While the great source of wealth of the city 
has always been in the rich tributary farming dis- 
trict, the manufacturing possibilities of Corvallis 
have never been neglected. It is now the seat of 
the Corvallis Carriage and Wagon Factory, which has now been in successful opera- 
tion for two years past. This company gives constant employment to 50 men, and 
it has a capacity for turning out 6,oco vehicles a year. The plant is thoroughly 
equipped for the handling of a very large business, and its output finds a sale in all 
parts of the coast. Two large roller flouring mills are also located at Corvallis, each 
with a daily capacity of 100 barrels. The wheat grown in this part of the state 
makes a special high quality of flour, and the flour manufactured in Corvallis stands 
high wherever it is known. The other manufacturing industries of the place are 
represented by one large sawmill, with a daily capacity of 40,000 feet of lumber, two 
sash and door factories, a foundry and machine shop, and few other small plants. 
All lines of business are well represented here. The place supports one strong but 
conservative banking house. 

Corvallis is the seat of the State Agricultural College. The means for running 
this college are supplied both by the state and by the United States governments. 
The annual income of the school from these two sources, at the present time, is 
about $50,000, a sum sufficient to conduct the college here on a plan that is product- 
ive of good results. Every department of industrial training at this school is pre- 
sided over by a thoroughl}' competent and practical instructor. 
photo, by ,. l. underwood. The college ' f arm w hi c h surrounds the school contains about 185 
acres. This land adjoins the city limits of Corvallis, and is all 
in a high state of cultivation. In addition to the main college 
building, which was erected at a cost of about $30,000, a large 
dormitory for male students, a smaller dormitory for lady stu- 
dents, and a number of buildings used for experiments in me- 
chanical work, have since been erected on the college grounds. 
The average attendance at the college during the past year has 
been about 250 scholars. 

An excellent system of public schools is maintained at Cor- 
vallis. The course of instruction includes primary, grammar 
and high school. The average daily attendance at the public 
schools is about 450, A new and handsome frame building for school purposes has 
been erected at Corvallis during the past year at a cost of about $20,000. 




water tower, Cor 



262 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




lamps. 



The most striking and attractive building at Cor 
vallis is the county court house, the construction of 
which involved an outlay of $75,000. This building 
occupies a beautiful site, but one block distant from 
the main business thoroughfare of the city, and it is 
perfectly arranged in every way for the expeditious 
handling of the large public business of Benton county. 
Corvallis has a good system of water works, with a 
capacity of 1,000,000 gallons of water per day. Pressure 
"^ ? is obtained in the city mains by a large reservoir, well 
college corvallis elevated, and located in the heart of the city. Cor- 

vallis maintains a well drilled volunteer fire department. 
The city is thoroughly lighted by arc and incandescent 
well equipped horse-car line is operated in the city. Eight prosperous 
church organizations are supported here, and the city boasts of a number of very 
fine church buildings. Two weekly newspapers, The Times and The Gazette, and 
one semi-weekly paper, The Benton County Leader, are 
published here. Commercial travelers and tourists have 
the choice of three hotels at Corvallis, and two well 
stocked livery stables supply plenty of good teams for 
driving. 

The growth of Corvallis has been considerably re- 
tarded at times by the unsettled condition of the prac- 
tically bankrupt Oregon Pacific Railroad Company. The 
place, by virtue of location alone, however, will always 
command a large and constantly increasing trade, and 
with the status of the railroad problem at Corvallis 
practically settled, the city will doubtless make very 
material advancement in the future. 

Benton County, Oregon. — The center of Benton County is within a few 
miles of the center of the Willamette valley, from north to south. It is bounded 
on the north by Polk county, on the south by Linn, on the east by Lane, and on 
the west by Lincoln. Its area is about 573 square miles, and its present population 
is about 5,000. 

The resources of Benton county are chiefly agricultural, wheat and oats being 
the principal crops grown. Wheat yields, in this section, from 20 to 50 bushels per 

acie, and the yield of oats per acre is from 35 to 60 bush- 
els. Second in importance to the raising of cereals in 
the county is the growing of hops. Hop culture yields a 
greater return per acre than does the raising of any 
other crop. This has led to increased attention being 
paid by the farmers of this part of the state to hop cul- 
ture each successive year. Like other favored parts of 
the valley, Benton is especially adapted to dairying on 
a large scale. There is a greater demand for Benton 
county butter than the county now supplies. With the 
price of good butter in Oregon ranging in price from 20 
cents to 45 cents a pound, dairying can be conducted in 
the state on a large scale with the most profitable returns. 




Public School house, Corvallis. 



nderwood. 




Yaquina Bay, Oregon. 



263 




Jumf-Off-Joe Rock, yaquii 



The soil and climate of Benton county are especi- 
ally adapted to the successful cultivation of fruit and 
all kinds of vegetables. An instance is recorded as 
attesting the value of lands in the county for fruit- 
growing purposes, where four apple trees each gave 
a net return of $7.50 from the fruit produced during 
the single season. With an average of 70 trees to the 
acre, the yield from a single acre of apple trees, at 
this rate, would insure a return of $525. One acre of 
land in this county, planted to prunes and properly 
cultivated, will produce $300 worth of fruit. 

Benton is perhaps more distinctly an agricultural section than is any other 
county of the state. Its soil is fertile to a degree that insures large crops through 
any number of years, this land is easily worked, and the climate is good. The 
farmers of the county enjoy the best of transportation facilities in the Southern 
Pacific crossing the county from north to south, the Oregon Pacific, which forms 
connection with the ocean steamers at Yaquina Bay, and in the line of light-draught 
steamers which ply on the Willamette river between Corvallis and Portland. 

Yaquina Bay, Oregon. — Among the ocean waterways indenting the Ore- 
gon coast, already mentioned in this work under the head, " Rivers and Harbors," 

Yaquina Bay occupies a position second only 
to the mouth of the Columbia in commercial 
importance. The arm of the sea known as 
Yaquina Bay breaks the ocean line in Lincoln 
county. This county was set off from Benton 
county in 1892 by an act of the legislature. 
It also embraces within its limits a small por- 
tion of land formerly contained in Tillamook 
county. 




Steamer Outward Bound, yaquina Bay. 



The management of this seaport has been in the hands of the United States 
engineering department for improvement since 1883. The appropriations so far 
made for harbor improvements here amount to $550,000. This sum has been care- 
fully expended. Two jetties, one on the south and one on the north side of the bay, 
have been built far out into the sea. The effect of these has been to increase the 
depth of water on the bar from 7 to 18 feet at low tide and to deepen the channel 
as far inland as Yaquina City, three and one-half miles from the ocean. At this 
writing work on these improvements has stopped, the present appropriation having 
been exhausted. It is expected, however, that another appropriation will be made 
by congress now in session, and that work will be resumed in the spring. 

The survey made by United States surveyors in 
1893 showed conclusively that the outlay already made 
had not been wasted, but had resulted in great improve- 
ment to the bar and harbor channel. A line of steamers is 
operated in connection with the Oregon Pacific railroad 
from Yaquina on the bay to San Francisco. These 
steamers and the Oregon Pacific railroad carry passen- 
gers and freight from the Willamette valley points to 
California. The importance of the transportation facili- surf bathing, yaquina bav. 




264 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY EMEH 




BATHING, NORTH JETTY, YAOUINA BAY. 



ties thus afforded cannot be overestimated. Shipments from Yaquina Bay include 
lumber, wheat, honey, fish and oysters, besides a large amount of miscellaneous 
merchandise. 

The oysters found in the natural beds in the upper Yaquina Bay are small but 
of excellent quality. The marketing of these oysters was the first important indus- 
try on the bay and has been going on for nearly 30 years. They are now cultivated 
to a considerable extent on artificial beds in addition to those found on the natural 

beds, and the average annual catch now 
runs up to about 2,500 bushels. These 
find a ready sale in the Willamette valley 
and are shipped by steamer to San Fran- 
cisco. About the middle of the summer 
salmon begin to run into Yaquina Bay in 
large numbers. These are caught in gill 
nets and seines. Many or them are ship- 
ped fresh to interior points, but the 
greater portion are put up by the can- 
neries on the bay. The ocean adjacent to Yaquina Bay abounds in a variety of deep- 
sea food fishes such as bass, cod, rock cod, kelp, sole and the delicious halibut. 
The catching and marketing of these fish grows in volume and importance every 
year, and will eventually develop into a very important business. 

The country surrounding Yaquina Bay is excellently adapted to fruit culture, 
especially prunes. Large areas of timber land are found in the interior in Lincoln 
and Benton counties, along the line of the Oregon Pacific railroad, which finds an 
ocean terminus at the bay. These natural resources alone justify the expenditures 
made and projected by the government for the improvement of the harbor. The 
Oregon Pacific railroad survey reaches to Boise City, Idaho, where a connection 
will be made for Eastern points. The Oregon Pacific railroad has been in the hands 
of a receiver, but it has been purchased by capitalists possibly able to carry out the 
original intentions of those who established the road. 

Yaquina, Oregon. — Yaquina is the port of entry for the Yaquina district. 
It is located on the upper end of Yaquina Bay, three and one-half miles from the 
ocean, at the point where the Yaquina river empties into the bay. Yaquina is the 
ocean terminus of the Oregon Pacific railroad and is 
72 miles west from Corvallis. A line of passenger 
and freight steamers plies regularly between Yaquina 
and San Francisco. The harbor at Yaquina is land- 
locked and has a depth of water in the channel 
varying from 35 to 40 feet. The harbor and docking 
facilities at Yaquina are the best on the bay. There 
are two sawmills in operation here and the railroad 
shops of the Oregon Pacific railroad are located at this 
point. The town is supplied with water by means 
of an excellent gravity system of water works. The 

finest building in town at present is the Yaquina hotel, owned by the railroad com- 
pany. Educational advantages are offered by two excellent schools. Four religious 
denominations, the Methodist, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Baptist have places of 
worship here. The population of Yaquina is about 200. 



PHOTO. BY 



UN! f w.; OOD, 




Cape foulweather near yaouii 



7 be ( ^oos Bay < 'ouat 1 1 , Oi egon 



205 







Newport, On'K'iin. Newport, at 1 1 1 * - entrance to Vaquina Bay, was lirst 
Bettled in [867, and was incorporated as a city in 1882. it is 75 '. miles west oi C01 
vallia, and [65 miles southwest of Portland bj rail and ■■<< miles bj watei New 
port is today a town ol about 500 inhabitants, [t is a noted Oregon 9Utumei resort, 
and thousands oi people from all over the state spend the summer months here. 
The climate is delightful in the Bummei season and the 
numerous pleasures afforded by sea-bathing, lisliin^ and es 
cursions to neighboring points oi interest , are greal attrac 
tions to visitors. Two hotels accommodate a number oi 
summer guests, but a large proportion oi the visitors find 
their enjoymeni in camping out during the pleasant season. 
A small steamei meets the trains ovei th< Oregon Pacific 
railroad at Vaquina and carries passengi rs to N< wport, the 
distance between the two points being three and one-hall 1 

miles. 

The business part of Newpori consists ol one long Btreei which extends along 
the watei front. Th< residence portion is situated on a plateau directly back of this 
Btreet. Newpori boasts oi au opera house with a seating capacity oi 600, wliieli is 
frequently visited by traveling theatrical companies. An excellent public school is 
conducted by two teachers ol experience. Religious matters are looked aftei bj th< 
Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopal and Catholic denominations, all of whom have 
places of worship at Newport. The shipments from Newpori consist of lumbei from 
two taw mills, oysters and Bea fish 

The Coos I »;i .\ Country, Oregon • in Southwestern Oregon is a regiou 
eat natural wealth. Possessing a most delightful climate, covered with the 

heaviest growth Of timber in the stale, and l ieh ill mOSi valuable deposits Oi COal, the 

Coos Bay country offers a splendid field foi the in vestment ol capital, and foi nettle 
menl by a progressive and intelligent people. 

What is hen- referred to as thi C009 Bay < tr stretches along thi coast oi 

Oregon foi a distanci oi 1 [o miles, terminating at the Bouth on the California bound 
ary line, [t embraces the counties oi Coos and Curry, which togethei have an area 
of about 3,700 square miles. Prom the ocean the land ol this section graduallj 

m 1 ession oi b( n< he until the 1 resl ■>! the I oasl range oi mountains ii r< ached. 
The average width oi the strip between this range and the ocean, in this pan ol th< 
state, is about 40 miles Numerous streams water the ( 00s Bay country. The la 

1 .1 1 hese are the Rogue and Coquille 
1 ivers, both oi which ar< na \ igabli 

for aliciil |<i miles inland. At the 

•J mouth of the Rogue river is the 

town oi Cold Beach, the 1 ount 5 

BbVpHr 1 nny. '1 'his pio\p< , In 

t le community is the shipping and 
, 1 .„,. im trading centei oi an exceptionally 

1 ieh hni sparsely settled farming, 
lumbering and mining country. On the coast at the month ol the rivei oi the sami 
name, about five miles north of the California boundar) line, is the town ol Chetco. 
Port Or ford, situated on Port Orford Hay, along this coast, is the place selected b) 
the United States engineers as the harboi ol refuge foi the ( Oregon coast 






266 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

Coos Bay, the largest and best harbor on the coast of Oregon south of the 
entrance to the Columbia river, is located at the mouth of the Coos river. Around 
the shores of this bay have sprung up several ambitious and wide-awake towns. 
Marshfield, the largest of these towns, has a present population of about 2,500. It is 
an enterprising place, having water works, electric lights, a newspaper, a bank, saw- 
mills, tanneries, furniture and a number of other manufacturing institutions. Other 
towns in Coos county are Bandon, Randolph, Parkersburg, Coquille, Norway, 
Arago, Angora and Empire City. 

Nature has not only endowed the Coos Bay country with a remarkable diversity 
of resources, but it has also given it a climate in which flowers blossom outdoors the 
year round. The grass of this section is always green. Observations covering a 
period of 14 years show that at Coos Bay the greatest snowfall at any one time dur- 
ing this period was \% inches. There were 8 years out of the 14 when absolutely no 
snow fell in this section. The thermometer here seldom registers below the freezing 
point, and the maximum summer heat is generally below 8o° Farenheit. The soil of 
the lowlands of the Coos Bay country is a rich alluvium. From 600 to 800 bushels 
of potatoes to the acre is not an exceptional yield in this section, and 50 to 60 tons 
of sugar beets is an average crop here. All kinds of semi-tropical fruits do 
well here. 

The soil of the bench lands of the Coos Bay country is adapted to the growth of 
fruits, vegetables, grasses and grains, but the yields of these products on the higher 
elevations is not as«great as they are in the lower lands. On the mountainous dis- 
tricts of the country are excellent grazing grounds especially adapted to sheep raising, 
and this industry is now an important one here. The greatest industry of the Coos 
Bay country at the present time, however, is the manufacture of lumber. The 
immense forests of Coos and Curry counties cover an area of 1,050,000 acres. These 
forests contain 24,200,000,000 feet of the finest timber in the world. The magnitude 
of these figures can be appreciated when it is known that Minnesota contains today 
only 12,749,526,000 feet of standing timber, and Michigan, another great lumbering 
state, contains 100,000,000 feet less than does the Coos Bay country, a small part of 
Oregon. Nearly 5,000,000,000 feet of the timber in the Coos Bay country is white or 
Port Orford cedar. This beautiful tree is not found north of the Umpqua river. As 
an ornamental tree for landscape gardening it is doubtful if North America possesses 
anything finer in its forests than the Port Orford cedar. So completely marketable 
is this tree that every part of it except the bark is utilized. The log from the tree is 
cut into boards and square timber, the slabs into pieces for broom handles and laths, 
and the scraps that are left are cut into blocks for the manufacture of matches. The 
lumber manufactured in the Coos Bay country finds its principal market in San 
Francisco, though a considerable portion of this lumber is shipped to other coast 
points. The shipments of lumber from this district now aggregate about 100,000,000 
feet annually. 

With all its great wealth above the ground, the Coos Bay country has another 
vast store of riches lying below the surface. Underlying 500 miles of its surface are 
coal measures of an average depth of 35 feet. The quality of this coal for commer- 
cial purposes is now fully established. The coal mines of Coos Bay have produced 
steadily since 1852. Most of the output of these mines is shipped to San Francisco. 
The sands of the ocean beach of this section and the gravel along the courses of the 
numerous streams are impregnated with gold. Placer mining has been succesfully 



Hood River, Oregon. 267 

carried on here for many years past. Owing, however, to the primitive methods 
adopted here the output of the precious metals has been small. In 1S92 the Coos 
Bay country produced $30,000 in gold. Fishing is another important industry of 
this region. The bays and streams along the coast here teem with the finest food 
fishes. At Gold Beach a salmon-canning establishment annually packs 30,000 cases 
of salmon. The development of the Coos Bay country has been exceedingly slow 
considering the vast resources it possesses. This has been due entirely to the lack 
of railroad facilities for handling the business of the country. At present its only 
land communication with the rest of Oregon is by means of wagon roads. The Coos 




Docks, Empire Citv, Coos Bay. 

Bay, Roseburg & Eastern railroad, now under construction between Marshfield and 
Roseburg, follows closely the line of the present stage road through the pass of the 
Coast range mountains. The part of this line between Marshfield and Coquille City, 
a distance of 25 miles, is now finished and trains are running over this road. Beyond 
Coquille City the road is graded to Myrtle Point. The full surveys for the line 
between Marshfield and Roseburg have been made, and it was the financial stringency 
of last year alone that prevented the completion of the road before this time. 

Hood River, Oregon. — Hood River is located in Wasco county, 64 miles 
east of Portland, on the line of the Union Pacific railroad, and at the junction of 
the Columbia and Hood rivers. It has a present population of about 350, and is the 
trading and shipping point for the rich Hood River valley. The site of the town is 
a picturesque one, sloping as it does to the north towards the Columbia river, and to 
the east towards the smaller stream of Hood river. It commands a magnificent view 
of some of the best Columbia river scenery, and it is today one of the popular 
inland summer resorts of the state. 

The town of Hood River contains two handsome church edifices, owned respect- 
ively by the Congregational and United Brethren denominations. The Methodists 
hold services in temporary quarters here. The public school here is held in a 
building which is inadequate to properly accommodate the pupils in attendance. 
It is probable that a larger and better school building will be erected during the 
present year. Two teachers are employed in the public school here, and the aver- 
age daily attendance of scholars is about 80. Hood River contains a dozen or more 
stores, two hotels, and two well stocked livery stables. A free reading-room is main- 
tained in the town for the accommodation of the public, and a good weekly newspa- 
per, The Hood River Glacier, is published at this point. The manufacturing enter- 
prises of the town are represented by the Hood River Manufacturing Company , which 
turns out everything in the line of woodwork. 

The Hood River valley is about 18 miles in length by about 8 miles in width. 
It maintains a level of from 400 to 1,000 feet above the sea. The soil of this valley 
is rich and varied, and will produce all kinds of cereals and fruits equally as well. 



268 The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

This is one of the finest fruit belts in the state. The Hood river peaches are unex- 
celled in quality, and large quantities of this delicate fruit raised here yearty find 
a ready sale in the Portland market. Apples, pears, prunes, cherries, and all the 
smaller fruits do well on this soil. The farmers of the Hood River valley place 
great reliance on their strawberry crops. The berries of this fruit grown here attain 
a remarkable size, the yields are always large, and the fruit is of the best quality. 
In 1892 the returns from the strawberry crop of the Hood River valley alone amounted 
to $23,000, and the average value of the product of each acre planted in straw- 
berries here during that year was about $600. During the season of 1893 the area 
of this land planted in strawberries was about three times what it was the pre- 
vious year. The principal markets for Hood river strawberries are in Montana and 
Portland. 

In the mountains around Hood river is a wealth in fine timber that is yet 
hardly touched. This river has its source at the base of the east and north slopes 
of Mount Hood, and for a distance of 10 miles from the mountain it has an average 
fall of about 70 feet to the mile. This stream is capable of furnishing a large avail- 
able water power, which will some day be largely utilized for sawing the timber 
found adjoining the stream. 

The town of Hood River is fast becoming popular as a summer resort. A salu- 
brious climate, with the attraction of the finest drives, flower-dressed hills, and pure 
mountain streams of the coldest water filled with the gamiest of brook trout, 
have combined to make this one of the most popular resorts for recreation in the 
state. 

Mount Hood, the monarch of the Cascades, with its covering of perpetual snow, 
looms up plainly in the distance from the town of Hood River. The mountain is 
reached from this point by an easy stage ride of but 28 miles in length. 

In the neighborhood of Hood River is considerable government land still sub- 
ject to entry. This land, while lying some distance back from the town, contains 
fine soil and is perfectly adapted to fruit culture. All of this land will be occu- 
pied a few years hence, and the town of Hood River will ultimately become one of 
the most important fruit-shipping points on the Columbia river. 

Tlie Dalles, Oregon. — The Dalles is the capital city of Wasco county and 
its present population is about 3,000. It is located on the south bank of the Colum- 
bia river, 88 miles east of Portland, and on the main line of the Union Pacific rail- 
road. It is the head of navigation on the Middle Columbia river, but with the com- 
pletion of the government locks at the Cascades, The Dalles will enjoy the benefits 
of an unbroken water route to Portland and the sea. 

The most important manufacturing industries located at The Dalles at the pres- 
ent time are a roller flouring mill with a capacity of 125 barrels a day, a brew- 
ery, a planing mill and a sash and door factory. Two miles east of The Dalles on 
the Columbia river is a large salmon cannery which cans and packs annually from 
25,000 to 40,000 cases. In the immediate vicinity of the town are 10 fish-wheels. 
During 1S90 upwards of 3,000,000 pounds of fish were packed and shipped from this 
point, in addition to large shipments of fresh fish, for the Eastern markets. 

Every line of business is well represented in The Dalles. The town supports 
three banks, three newspapers, The Daily Times-Mountaineer, The Daily Chronicle, 
and The Weekly Sun. The public schools are held in four large buildings, and the 



Wasco County, Oregon. 



■r,>j 




"''•i*T--" 



The Dalles from the west. 



average daily attendance at these schools is about 650. A state normal school and a 
Catholic academy are also maintained here. The Congregational, Baptist, Methodist, 
Christian, Adventist and Cath- 
olic denominations own their 
own places of worship here. 
The Dalles possesses an excel- 
lent system of water works and 
an arc and incandescent electric 
light plant. A flume canal ex- 
tends back from The Dalles for 
a distance of 18 miles to the 
mountains. This flume has a 
daily carrying capacity of 125,000 
feet of lumber, which is floated 
to The Dalles from the mills 
back of the place. 

The mean fall of the Columbia river from Celilo to The Dalles, a distance of 13 
miles, is 100 feet. This constitutes the rapids of the dalles which are not navigable, 
but which will be ultimately overcome either by canal and locks or boat railroad. 
The Columbia river drains over 300,000 square miles and for a distance of over 100 
miles above Celilo the depth of water in this great stream is 50 feet. The available 
power afforded by this river at The Dalles is estimated to be fully equal to that of the 
Spokane river at Spokane or of the Falls of St. Anthony at Minneapolis. 

The chief exports at The Dalles, are salmon, wool, hides, horses, cattle, sheep, 
and fruit. An immense extent of country extending in some directions as far as 150 
miles back from The Dalles pays tribute to this place. During 1S90 there were ship- 
ped out of this tributary section 200 carloads of hides, nearly 10,000,000 pounds 
of wool, 4,200 head of cattle, 100,000 kearl of sheep, 1,800 head of horses, and 100 
carloads of fruit. 

Cheap means of transportation is afforded The Dalles by the Union Pacific rail- 
road, which follows the Columbia river for 126 miles east and for about 75 miles west 
and connects direct with Portland and the East, and also by the steamers of The 
Dalles, Portland and Astoria Navigation Company as well as by the steamer line of 
the Union Pacific, both of which water lines reach Portland by making a short 
transfer at The Cascades. The completion of the Cascade locks will mark a new 
epoch in the history of The Dalles and will greatly advance the town's prosperity. 

Wasco County, Oregon. — Wasco county is separated from the state of 
Washington on the north by the Columbia river. On the east it is bounded by Sher- 
man and Gilliam counties. It extends south as far as the northern boundary of 
Crook, and on the west it reaches to the summit of the Cascade range of mountains. 
The county has an area of 3,024 square miles and it contains a present population of 
about 9,500. 

Along the Columbia river line of Wasco county are high bluffs of basaltic rock. 
This is the unfavorable part of the county that presents itself to the eyes of the 
tourists who follow the Columbia river route of the Union Pacific railroad. Back of 
these bluffs, however, are miles of the finest farming lands in the Northwest. These 
lands are adapted perfectly to diversified farming and stock raising, all kinds of 



270 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

grains and fruit doing well here. The grazing lands of the county are covered with a 
heavy growth of bunch grass in which cattle keep fat throughout nearly the entire 
year. The western portion of the county, which extends into the Cascade Mount- 
ains, is principally covered with a dense forest growth. The timber found here con- 
sists of fir, larch, tamarack, hemlock, pine and cedar. The higher elevations of the 
county are on the average of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level. The timber 
belts are crossed by clear mountain streams, which in many cases carry a sufficient 
volume of water for rafting purposes. The most important of these streams are the 
White and Deschutes rivers. 

The fruit growing possibilities of the county are great. Apples, peaches, apri- 
cots, plums, prunes, cherries, grapes, pears and small fruits of all kinds are raised 
in the county to a considerable extent. The melons of Wasco county vie in quality 
and size with the best productions of the southern part of the state. These melons 
find a ready sale at The Dalles, and are shipped as far east as Chicago. 

The unusual dryness of the climate of Wasco county makes a residence here one 
peculiarly free from disease. The soil of the lands of the county is so deep, how- 
ever, that a failure of crops here has never been recorded. The wheat yield in the 
county averages from 20 to 40 bushels per acre. In 1891 there were 3,000,000 acres of 
tilled land in the county, and during the past two years this area of land in cultiva- 
tion has been greatly increased. The census of 1890 showed that there were 218,000 
sheep, 20,000 horses, 25,000 cattle, and 5,000 hogs in the county. The total assess- 
ment of the county in 1S91 showed a valuation of $3,578,745. 

Arlington, Oregon. — Arlington is the largest town in Gilliam county. It is 
located on the Columbia river, at about the center of the county on a line drawn east 
and west, and is also on the main line of the Union Pacific railroad, 142 miles east of 
Portland. The Columbia river affords the merchants of Arlington direct water com- 
munication with Pasco where connection is made with the line of the Northern Pa- 
cific for Tacoma, Seattle and Spokane. 

The present population of Arlington is about 350. Two national banks are 
located here, as well as two large general merchandise stores and a number of smaller 
business houses. The town has a good water-works system and maintains a fire 
department. It also supports a public school, two churches, a free reading-room and 
a weekly newspaper, The Arliyigton Record. 

Arlington lost much of the trade which formerly came to this point by the com- 
pletion of the Heppner branch of the Union Pacific in 1888. This branch line of road 
has done much to develop the resources of Morrow county, the principal 
trade of which section, instead of coming to Arlington as it formerly did, now goes 
direct to Heppner, the county seat. Arlington, from advantages of location on the 
Columbia river, and also on the main line of the Union Pacific, will perhaps always 
remain a prominent shipping point, and it today enjoys the distinction of being the 
leading town on the Columbia river east of The Dalles. 

Heppner, < Oregon. — Heppner is the judicial seat of Morrow county and con- 
tains a present population of about 1,000. It is the terminus of the Heppner branch 
of the Union Pacific railroad which connects with the main line at Willow's Junction, 
45 miles distant. This branch was completed in [888, since which time Heppner has 
enjoyed a steady and rapid growth. 

The principal business portion of Heppner is confined to one wide street which, 



PHOTO. BY THEO DANN 




Heppner, Oregon. --1 

for a distance of more than two blocks, is built up ou either side with one and two- 
story brick buildings. A number of general merchandise stores located at this point 
do an annual business of from $25,000 to $150,000 each. Near the railroad at the 
foot of the main street, are two large warehouses which have a combined storing 
capacity of 1,250,000 pounds of wool, and which are also used for the storage of wheat. 
Sheep raising and wool growing may be called the two vital 
interests of Heppner and Morrow county. In 1892, 2,350,000 
pounds of wool, most of which was raised in Morrow 
county, passed through the Heppner warehouses. The 
money received from the sale of 100,000 sheep, 8,000 head of 
cattle, 2,000 head of horses and 500,000 bushels of wheat 
passed through the Heppner banks during the same year. 
Wool growing and stock raising are the two industries of 
Morrow county that are never known to fail. The climate 
here is especially easy on stock, including cattle and sheep. 
Heppner, and the country of which it is the trading center, 

hi 1 r c •li.j-i.j] Public School, Heppner 

ave always been prosperous from a financial standpoint and 

many large fortunes have been amassed here in the legitimate lines of trade. 

Heppner contains one roller-flouring mill with a daily capacity of 70 barrels. 
This mill is operated by water power obtained from Willow creek, a small but rapid 
stream which flows through the town. The city's water supply is obtained from an 
artesian well, 600 feet deep. The water from this well is pumped into a reservoir 
located at a sufficient elevation above the city to insure an ample pressure as a pro- 
tection against fire. The capacity of the reservoir is about 100,000 gallons. The two 
well drilled volunteer hose companies maintained here have often demonstrated their 
ability to protect the city against any fire that might start here. Water-mains extend 
along the principal streets of Heppner and hydrants are located at all the prominent 
street crossings. The city is thoroughly lighted by an excellent system of arc and 
incandescent lamps, the system covering the main streets, the business blocks and 
private residences. 

The school district in which Heppner is located erected during 1S92 a handsome 
eight-room frame school building at a cost of $12,000. Primary and advanced grades 
of study are taught in the public schools here which are presided over by six efficient 
teachers. The average number of scholars in attendance at the public schools is 
about 350. The Baptist, two Methodist and Catholic denominations own church 
buildings at Heppner. The town boasts of a good opera house with a seating capacity 
of 500. Two weekly newspapers, The Gazette and The Record, are published at 
Heppner. The town has three hotels, one of which The Palace, is a three-story brick 
recently erected at a cost of $40,000. The bonded indebtedness of Heppner in 1892 
was J 20, 000 while the assessed valuation of town property in the same year made the 
substantial showing of $400,000. 

Heppner's location in the valley of Willow creek, surrounded as it is by a range 
of hills, is an attractive one. These hills not only add to the general beauty of Hepp- 
ner's surroundings, but they also act as a protection against the strong wintry blasts 
which sometimes sweep down over the plains of Eastern Oregon. The town is the 
natural trading center of a very wide area of rich country and it will always be one 
of the principal centers of population of Eastern Oregon. 

The oldest banking institution in Heppner is the First National Bank which was 



272 



The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




incorporated in 1887, with a capital stock of $50,000. A recent statement of the bank 

shows its surplus and undivided profits to be $32,000. The officers are Columbus A. 

Rhea, president ; Frank Kellogg, vice-president, 
and Geo. Conser, cashier. The directors are 
Columbus A. Rhea, T. A. Rhea, J. P. Rhea, 
J. B. Natter and Frank Kellogg. The First 
National Bank has always held the confidence 
of the community in which it is located. Its 
principal stockholders are wealthy and promi- 
nent sheep raisers in Morrow county, and any 
communications addressed to the bank concern- 
ing the purchase of wool, sheep, cattle and 
horses will receive prompt attention. The First 
first national bank, heppner. National Bank occupies quarters in a recently 

erected brick block, an illustration of which is published in connection with the 

present article on Heppner. 

The National Bank of Heppner began business in 1889 with a capital stock of 
$50,000. It occupies spacious quarters in the brick block shown by the accom- 
panying illustration. This fine block was recently erected by the Heppner Buildiug 
and Loan Association. The officers of the bank are Wm. Penland, president ; O. 
E Farnsworth, vice-president, and E. R. Bishop is the genial cashier. The National 
Bank of Heppner has done an increasing business since the first year of its existence. 
In now declares a dividend of 10 per cent yearly. A recent statement of the bank 
shows its net profits to be $14,000. The present directors are P. C. Thompson, Wm. 
Penland, E. R. Bishop, O. E. Farnsworth, E. D. Rood and G. W. Swaggert, all of 
whom are prominently identified with the best business interests of Heppner. The 
stockholders of the National Bank of Heppner are composed principally of stock- 
men, and any information desired concerning the purchase of sheep and cattle in this 
part of the state will be cheerfully furnished by this bank. 

It is a noteworthy fact that the largest business houses of Heppner are owned 
and conducted by comparatively young men. A striking illustration of this fact is 
found in the McFarland Mercantile Company, the personnel of which is composed of 
Frank McFarland, Homer McFarland and Emil Voruz. Neither of these gentlemen 
is over 33 years of age. The McFarland Mercantile Company is engaged in the 
wholesale and retail general merchandise busi- 
ness and carries a stock of goods valued at 
$40,000. This is the largest mercantile institu- 
tion in Heppner and Morrow county. The com- 
pany do an annual business of about $150,000. 
Their trade reaches out into Grant, Harney, 
Gilliam and Umatilla counties. In addition to 
their regular business, this enterprising young 
firm buys and sells annually large quantities of 
wool, hides and pelts, grain and various farm 
products. Messrs. McFarland & Voruz have only 
been associated in business together since 1S92, but the gentlemen have lived in the 
eastern part of the state for a number of years past. The senior member of the firm, 
Mr. Frank McFarland, is considered one of the most successful merchants in Eastern 




le Company and Nationa 
er Block, Heppner. 



Morrow County, Oregon. 



273 





W8IS! {fa-* ' r*n ' tt 



Palace Hotel, hepp 



Oregon, he having been engaged in business in that 
part of the state for the past 10 or 15 years. He also 
has large interests in Southern California. The ac- 
companying illustration shows the handsome brick 
block in which the McFarland Mercantile Company 
have their large stores. 

The Falace Hotel of Heppner, shown by the ac- 
companying illustration, is a strictly modern house 
in all its appointments. It is a three-story brick 
building, practically fire-proof, provided with water, 
baths and electric lights. A 'buss meets all trains and 
a sample room in the hotel is at the disposal of com- 
mercial travelers. The house was built three years 
ago at a cost of about $40,000 by a local stock com- 
pany. The present proprietress is Mrs. M. Von 
Cadow, who has earned for the Palace hotel an envi- 
able reputation as a first-class hostelry. The table service and sleeping apartments 
of the Palace are far above the average of the leading hotels of the interior points 
of the state. 

Morrow County, Oregon. — Morrow is one of the prominent counties of 
Eastern Oregon. It is bounded on the north by the Columbia river, on the east 
by Umatilla county, on the south by Grant, and on the west by Gilliam. This 
county is about 35x75 miles in size. The main line of the Union Pacific railroad 
runs along the northern boundary. A branch extends south from the main line, 
running through the Willow Creek valley and terminating at Heppner, 45 miles distant, 
from Willows Junction, where the branch and the main line connect. Since the 
completion of this branch line of road a number of small towns have sprung up 
along its course. The trade of these settlements is held principally by the mer- 
chants of Heppner, the county seat. 

It is only a few years since Morrow county was regarded as a mere stock range. 
With the increase of population in the county, however, there has been encouraged 
the tendency among the settlers to pay more attention to diversified farming. The 
soil of the lands lying along the numerous creeks in the county is highly product- 
ive. The general nature of the country is rolling, but this undulating surface is 
covered with a heavy growth of bunch grass. Adjacent to the Columbia river is a 
low, level stretch of land, varying in width from four to eight miles, which is sandy 
and is covered with sage brush. The southern portion of the county is rich in 
timber resources. There is still much land in Morrow count}' that can be obtained 
from the government, and good land in the county can be bought from private 
parties at from $5 to $50 an acre. 

The principal industries of Morrow county, at the present time, are wool grow- 
ing and stock raising. The climate of the county is especially adapted to the rais- 
ing of sheep. A reference to the article on Heppner, published in connection with 
the present article, will furnish the reader with much valuable information on the 
extent of the wool-growing interest of this county. During 1892 500,000 bushels of 
wheat were raised in Morrow county, and this wheat was sold at prices varying from 
68 cents to 85 cents a bushel. The assessable value of property in the county during 
the same year was $2,088,308. The present population of the county is about 4,500, 
and the population of this part of the state is rapidly increasing. 



27 A 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



(iilliam County, Oregon. — Gilliam county is bounded on the north by 
the Columbia river, on the east by Morrow and Grant counties, on the south by 
Crook, and on the west by the counties of Sherman and Wasco. Condon is the 
county seat. This town is located near the geographical center of the county, and 
is in the midst of a rich farming district. Condon has a population of about 200, 
and it is a flourishing business point. 

The total area of Gilliam county is about 2,000 square miles. It fronts on 
the Columbia river for a distance of about 30 miles, and extends south for a dis- 
tance of 70 miles to a spur of the Blue Mountains. Aside from the mountainous 
sections of the county, it is one vast valley stretch of arable land. Wheat, wool 
and live stock are the principal products of the county. In 1891 800,000 bushels 
of wheat were raised in Gilliam county, and the average price realized for this 
wheat was 78 cents a bushel. The average yield of wheat to the acre, as shown by 
statistics carefully compiled in that year, was 25 bushels. In the same year the 
shipments of wool from Gilliam county aggregated 2,000,000 pounds, and this wool 
brought an average price of 12^ cents a pound. The shipments of live stock, 
during 1891, amounted to 62 carloads of horses, 49 carloads of cattle, and 15 carloads 
of sheep. 

Gilliam is one of the richest counties in natural resources in the state. Its 
present population is only 3,600, but from the fact that there are 600,000 acres of 
government land in the county still unoccupied, and that more than one-half of 
this unoccupied land is considered valuable for agricultural purposes, it is highly 
probable that the population of the county will be greatly increased during the 
next few years. 

Pendleton, Oregon. — Pendleton is a city of attractive environments. It is 
located on the Umatilla river, a stream of considerable magnitude, in a little valley 
nestling among a low range of highly fertile hills. The soil in the 
immediate vicinity of the city is well watered, which insures a heavy 
growth of vegetation and shrubbery here throughout even the dryest 
seasons, and the carefully trimmed shade trees lining the principal 
streets, together with the well-kept gardens which surround 
all the principal private residences, make Pendleton one of the 
most attractive cities of the eastern part of the state. 

While Pendleton is not surrounded by a wealth of 
timber and mineral resources, the remarkable produc- 
tiveness of the soil of Umatilla county, of which it is 
the seat of justice and the jobbing center and the heavy 
wool-growing and stock interests of the county, make 
this one of the richest interior points of the state. 
Pendleton contains today a population of about 4,000 ; 
its streets are wide and well cared for, and the entire 
city presents an air of activity and prosperity. Fire 
limits have been established by the municipal govern- 
ment, and within these limits the erection of no wooden 
buildings is allowed. Handsome one, two and three- 
story brick and stone blocks line the principal business streets, and new buildings 
are being constantly erected here. Business pursuits are well represented in the 
city, and business at this point is generally prosperous. 




■■Eg 

.... >,•;•:■:•:■:•■ 

1? i| i 

m,- 



1 Street. Pendleton 



Pendleton, Oregon. 




Few towns in the state enjoy equal opportunities in shipping facilities which 
the Pendleton merchants are able to avail themselves of. Pendleton is situated on 
the main line of the Union Pacific, 231 miles east of Portland and 44 miles south 

of the Columbia river at Umatilla. It is the end 
of a division of the main line. It is also the 
terminus of the Spokane aud Cceur d'Alene 
branches of the same system which touch Walla 
Walla, all the important points of the wonderfully 
rich Palouse district of Washington, Spokane and 
all the leading towns of the Cceur d'Alene mineral 
belt. It is also the terminus of the Oregon & 
Washington Territory system, which connects 
with the Northern Pacific at Hunt's Junction, 
w of court street, pendleton. near Wallula, and also with the Union Pacific, and 

which also extends as far east as Walla Walla and 
Dayton, opening up the rich farming districts tributary to these latter points. Pen- 
dleton thus has direct connection with Portland, which is reached by deep-water 
vessels, with Seattle and Tacoma, the principal shipping points of Puget Sound, 
with practically all of Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho, and enjoys com- 
petitive freight rates from the East afforded by the two great systems of roads, 
the Northern and the Union Pacific. 

Pendleton is a city containing many modern improve- 
ments. It has a fine water-works and electric-light 
system; it maintains efficient police and fire departments, 
and the city boasts of a well appointed brick opera 
house. The Umatilla county court house, at this point, 
is a model of modern architecture. It was erected at a 
cost of $90,000, and is one of the finest county 
courthouses on the coast. Pendleton's water sup- 
ply is obtained from the Umatilla river, which 
flows along the edge of the city. This is a clear 
mountain stream, and furnishes, practically, an ~x!5 

inexhaustible supply of the purest water for do- 
mestic purposes. Power for running a number of 
Pendleton's leading factories is also obtained 
from this stream. The manufacturing industries 
of Pendleton are represented by a large flouring mill, with 
barrels, foundry and machine shops, sash and door factory, and planing mill. 

The public schools of Pendleton are conducted in a large brick building, which is 
well arranged for school work. The grades taught range from the primary to the 
high school course. The public schools here hold teims covering ten months of the 
year. In addition to the excellent public instruction maintained, the Pendleton 
Academy provides a course of study which fits students for entering any college, and 
a Catholic boarding school affords opportunity for private instruction. Both these 
private educational institutions own their buildings and the grounds on which the 
buildings are located. The Presbyterian, two Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, 
Episcopal and Catholic organizations own their church buildings at Pendleton. 

The average deposits in the three solid banks of Pendleton do not fall far short 




Court house, Pendleton. 



a daily capacity of 500 



276 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



3 k !8 



Sis* \ 






public School, Pendleton 



of $100,000. The city supports three newspapers, The Daily East-Oregonian, which 
also publishes a semi-weekly aud weekly edition ; The Daily and Weekly Tribune, 
and The Weekly Oregon Herald. The East-Oregonian is published by the East- 
Oregonian Publishing Company, which is under the 
management of C. S. Jackson, one of the veteran news- 
paper men of the state. Mr. Jackson is an able business 
H man and has earned a recognition in the leading centers 
*|f of the state, and he wields a pen that has excited the ad- 
jy| miration of the best critics on the coast. The owner and 
M editor of The Tribune is Hon. J. C. Leasure, one of the 
i |fe prominent attorneys and a leading politician of the state. 
PiK? Mr. Leasure is recognized as an able stump-speaker. He 
has held many prominent positions, including that of 
mayor of Pendleton, and his abilities have entitled him 
to the respect of the best people of Oregon. The hotel accommodations of Pendle- 
ton are good, the four hotels here ranging from the hostelry of the first-class order 
to the family house where accommodations are furnished at a moderate cost and 
where the fare is wholesome if correspondingly plain. 

The value of the annual trade of Pendleton is estimated to be about $2,000,000. 
The gross assessed valuation of city property in 1892 was $1,750,000. The city carries 
a bonded indebtedness of $70,000. Pendleton is the trading center for practically all 
of Umatilla county. This county produced in 1892, 1,750.000 pounds of wool and 
fully two thirds of this was shipped from Pendleton. During the same year the 
county raised 2,500,000 bushels of wheat, and the principal part of this product 
passed through the Pendleton warehouses. Pendleton during thejmst five years has 
enjoyed a growth that has 
been surpassed by no inland 
point of the state and the 
opportunities for advance- 
ment here during the next 
few years, which will be 
taken advantage of by a 
wealthy and progressive 
class of people, promise even 
greater things for the city in 
the future than has accrued 
to the place in the past. 

The present mayor of 
Pendleton is R. Alexander, 
whose portrait is published 
on this page. Mr. Alexander 
is a native of Hengstfeld, 
Wurttenburg, Germany. He 
came to Oregon 22 years ago. 
Although now but 43 years 
of age, Mr. Alexander has 
attained a remarkable degree 
of success during his busi- 
ness career in Pendleton, 




nder, Mayor of Pendleton. 



Pendleton, Oregon. 



which began 15 years ago. Pendleton was then but a mere village, but Mr. Alexan- 
der appreciated the natural advantages in location which the small town enjoyed and 
he foresaw the Pendleton of today. Kmbarking in the general merchandise busi- 
ness, Mr. Alexander easily kept pace with the rapid growth of the town, and he is 
today the senior partner in the large general merchandise concern of Alexander & Hex- 
ter who carry a line of goods valued at $50,000. Besides being mayor, Mr. Alexander 
is a prominent member of several fraternal organizations, among which are the Odd 
Fellows, Masons and Knights of Pythias. Of the first mentioned order Mr. Alex- 
ander has been grand master of the state, grand patriarch and grand representative, 
having held the last office for two terms of two years each. Mr. Alexander enjoys 
the distinction of being the only 32d degree Mason in Pendleton. He has been mas- 
ter of the local lodge for two years. Mr. Alexander has been vice-president of the Pen- 
dleton Savings Bank, and he has been foremost in many of the public enterprises 
which have resulted in making Pendleton one of the most prominent cities in East- 
ern Oregon. 

One of the most prominent business institutions of Pendleton is the Pendleton 
Savings Bank, which was organized in 1S89 with a paid-up capital of $100,000. The 

present officers are W. F. Matlock, president ; W. 
M. Pierce, vice-president and R. T. Cox, late of 
the First National Bank of Portland, cashier. The 
Pendleton' Savings Bank has achieved a most grat- 
ifying success to its shareholders since its organi- 
zation, as shown by the statement that its undi- 
vided profits now amount to $20,000 and its paid 
dividends to $50,000. This success is, of course, 
due to the business sagacity of the bank's officers, 
to the financial strength and standing of its stock- 
holders, prominent among whom are Henry Fail- 
ing, D. P. Thompson, L. L. McArthur and C. H. 
Bush of Saleffi, Levi Ankenv of Walla Walla and C. E. Tilton 




The Pendleton Savings Bank, Pendleton. 



Lewis of Portland 
of New York. 

The Pendleton Savings Bank is looked upon 
as one of the permanent institutions of the city. 
It has already manifested its confidence in Pend- 
leton by erecting, at a cost of $33,000, the handsome 
brick building, an illustration of which is published 
in connection with the present article. 

The Golden Rule Hotel at Pendleton enjoys 
the reputation of being one of the best conducted 
hostelries in Eastern Oregon. It is conveniently 
located both with reference to the business portion 
of the city and the union depot, where all in-com- 
ing and out-going trains are met by the Golden 
Rule's free omnibus. The house itself is a three- 
story brick, fire-proof and lighted by electricity. 
The accommodations are strictly first-class. The 
appointments are modern in every respect. Arthur 
Hammond, the proprietor, having been in the railroad business for 22 years, 







Golden Rule Hotel, Pendleton. 



has a 



278 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Scene, Sheep ranch 



full appreciation of the needs and comfort of his guests and he spares no pains to 
provide for their every want. The Golden Rule Hotel is to be commended to the 
traveling public. 

Umatilla County, Oregon.— Umatilla county is situated in the extreme 
northeastern portion of the state of Oregon. Its northern boundary is the state line 
at the Columbia river; it is bounded on the east by Union county; it extends to 
Grant on the south, and on the west it reaches to Morrow county. The approximate 
area of the county is 2,073,000 acres. 

The eastern and southern portions of Umatilla 
county are somewhat mountainous. The northern 
part of the county bordering on the Columbia river 
is a strip of sandy land which can be made highly 
productive by irrigation. The vast agricultural 
belt which lies between the rugged foothill dis- 
tricts and the sandy strip above referred to 
comprises an area of about 1,500,000 acres. This 
land constitutes one of the richest sections of 
the great "Inland Empire," and much of this 
land is now in a high state of cultivation. The 
higher elevations of the county are covered principally with a heavy growth of fine 
timber, and the lumber and shingle interests of this part of the state are already 
large. The rugged foothill districts furnish fine grazing lands for stock, and much 
of this laud when cleared is especially adapted to growing the finest quality of 
timothy. 

The surface of the land of Umatilla county does not present an attractive appear- 
ance to the stranger who is not familiar with the qualities of the soil of this land. If 
seen when no rain has fallen here for several weeks, the surface of the ground pre- 
sents a dry, even parched, appearance not at all conducive to successful grain grow- 
ing. Vet this same land produces regularly yields of from 25 to 40 bushels of wheat 
to the acre. The explanation of this wonderful fertility of the soil of Umatilla 
county is its capacity to retain moisture. This land, which presents a dry appear- 
ance to the eye, is always moist a few inches below the surface during even the 
longest protracted period of drought. 

The principal water-courses of Umatilla county are the Umatilla and Walla Walla 
rivers and the Wild Horse, Birch, Butter and other creeks. These streams afford an 
ample flow of water for domestic and irrigation purposes, and they also furnish at 
convenient points power for manufacturing purposes. 

Stock raising, wool growing and farming are 
the leading industries of Umatilla county. Dur- 
ing the early settlement of the county great atten- 
tion was paid to stock raising and wool growing, 
owing to the unexcelled opportunities afforded 
here for grazing. A greater portion of the best 
lands of the county were at that time covered 
with a heavy growth of the finest bunch grass, on g«* in f'eld. um»th.la county. 

which cattle and sheep kept fat throughout the 

year. Since* it was discovered that the finest bunch-grass lands of the county 
were capable of producing large yields of wheat, the area of the former grazing 




Umatilla County, Oregon. 279 

grounds has been greatly restricted, and the stock-raising interests of the county 
have consequently declined of late years. Umatilla county is now one of the 
greatest grain-producing sections of the state. Since 1885 the amount of wheat 
annually exported from this county has averaged from 2,000,000 to 3,500,000 bushels. 
In addition to wheat growing, certain portions of the county are well adapted to fruit 
culture. In the Milton valley district, in the northeastern part of the county, are 
some of the finest orchards of the state, and the fruit interests of the county are con- 
stantly increasing. 

Second in importance to the raising of grain in Umatilla county is the wool 
industry. The average crop of wool in the county is from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 pounds. 
The value of this wool crop and of sheep is from $400,000 to $500,000 a year. A 
definite idea of the extent the wool industry assumes in this part of the state can be 
obtained from a careful perusal of the article descriptive of Mr. Charles Cunningham 
and his sheep ranch, one of the largest and best conducted on the coast, which is 
published in connection with the present article. 

In certain parts of Umatilla county the conditions are favorable for dairying, and 
a number of persons are now engaged in this industry here on a large scale. The 
mineral resources of the county have not as yet been developed to any extent, 
although some valuable discoveries of ore have been made in the extreme southeast- 
ern portion of the county. Deposits of coal have been found in the southern part of 
the county. 

In 1S91 about 400,000 acres of land were added to the taxable property of Uma- 
tilla county by throwing open to settlement the Northern Pacific R. R. Co's forfeited 
lands and also the lands of the Umatilla Indian reservation. Much of this land, 
including some very desirable tracts, is still unoccupied. A large part of the Uma- 
tilla Indian reservation tract that was offered for sale at auction in 1891 found no bid- 
ders, and it is expected that these lands will be again offered for sale in the near future. 

The present population of Umatilla county is about 14,000. The total value of 
all property in the county subject tcTtaxation in 1891 was $10,768,342. This is one of 
the best settled and most inviting sections of Eastern Oregon, and it is probable that 
the population and wealth of the county will increase as rapidly in the near future as 
has been noted here duriug the past few years. 

The Great Slieep King, Charles Cunningham, whose portrait appears on 
this page, is the largest individual sheep owner of Umatilla county, and considering 
the size of his herds and the blooded animals in his flocks, he may be fairly said to 
be the leading representative of the sheep industry in Eastern Oregon. 

A brief sketch of the life of Oregon's sheep king will undoubtedly prove of inter- 
est to those who are personally acquainted with this gentleman, or who know him by 
repute only. Born in County Galway, Ireland, in 1846, Mr. Cunningham emigrated 
to this country at the age of 18. Almost immediately upon his arrival here he prof- 
fered his services to the United States navy. He was assigned to the battleship Ga- 
lena, and received his first baptism of fire at the famous battle of Mobile Bay. At the 
conclusion of the war he emigrated to California, and after a brief residence in Ala- 
meda county, he removed to Oregon and located in Umatilla county in 1S69. In the 
latter year he embarked in the sheep business, a business that was destined to bring 
him both wealth and the proud distinction of being a successful and generous man 
of the world. 



280 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



His apprenticeship in the sheep business was served in the employ of Major W. 
H. Barnhart, then one of the leading wool-growers of Eastern Oregon. No better 

opportunity for studying the 
cares and duties of the man- 
agement of sheep could have 
afforded itself to the young 
seeker for fame and fortune 
in the West than the time 
Mr. Cunningham spent in 
the employ of Mr. Barnhart. 
Even while honestly help- 
ing to enrich another he fully 
made up his mind that in 
the near future a good part 
of his honest efforts should 
be devoted to enriching him- 
self. Being a thrifty lad he 
saved his money, and in 1873, 
in association with Jacob Fra- 
zer, known to all residents of 
Pendleton as " Uncle Jake," 
he was able to* purchase a 
respectable flock of sheep of 
his own. The business of 
Messrs. Frazer & Cunning- 
ham was a prosperous one 
from the start, and these gen- 
tlemen were soon able to pur- 
chase theWebb slough ranch, 
since better known as the Hewlet & McDonald ranch. This new purchase afforded 
additional and excellent browsing ground for their flocks, and the increase in the 
wealth and importance of the firm was both rapid and of a substantial nature. The 
partnership lasted between these two gentlemen until their flocks had increased to 
such a size that they felt that they had a sufficient number of sheep to look after for 
each partner to engage iu business on his individual account. The firm then dis- 
solved partnership by mutual consent, and each in the future devoted his attention to 
the care of his individual flocks. 

In 1877 Mr. Cunningham purchased what is now known as the Cunningham 
ranch, located on Buffalo creek. At the time the gentleman purchased this place 
it was in Umatilla county, but by a subdivision of the county it is now in Morrow 
count}'. One j'ear after this time Mr. Cunningham married Miss Sarah Doherty, 
a niece of E. B. Nelson, who was massacred by the Indians in the outbreak of 1878. 
This union, though a happy one, was of brief duration, for Mrs. Cunningham died 
two years after her marriage, leaving behind her a daughter, in whom the hopes of 
the father are centered today. 

In the early days of the sheep industry in Eastern Oregon the more common 
grades of sheep were raised, to the exclusion of what were then known as "fancy 
breeds." This naturally resulted in a wool crop of a quality greatly inferior to the 




Chas. Cunningham, Pendleton, Sheep King of Eastern Oregon. 



Umatilla County, Oregon. 



281 









^% 



r: 



Ranch, Chas. Cunnm 






: v$ 



crop of today. Mr. Cunningham was among the first to perceive the advantage to 
be derived from raising the standard of his breed of sheep. Following out this 
line, he aimed to improve the quality 
of his flock by the importation of a 
number of thoroughbred rams. To 
his excellent judgment in this direc- 
tion is largely due the popularity and 
increasing demand at the present time 
for what is known as the "Cun- 
ningham wool." This gentle- 
man now numbers in 
his flock 20,000 sheep, » 

4,000 of which 
are thor- 
oughbreds. 
Outside o f 
the thor- 
oughbreds, 
the rest of 
his sheep are 
graded, and 
of fine qual- 
ity. Steady 
progress has 
been his 

constant motto through life, and he has never allowed any opportunity for advance- 
ment to pass by unimproved. 

When the famous blooded stock owned by William Ross, a noted sheep-herder 
came into the market, Mr. Cunningham took advantage of the opportunity to pur 
chase the entire band. These sheep were from the noted Hammond stock of Ver- 
mont, and they never fail to inspire confidence and admiration in the breasts ol 
practical sheep men who regularly visit the ranch of Mr. Cunningham. The 
fleece of these animals is long, white and of the staple quality for which there is 
such an eager and steady demand. The Hammond bucks have established their 
reputation as ' ' leaders, ' ' and they are eagerly sought by sheep men whose knowl- 
edge of sheep-breeding is abreast of the times. Those who have bred to the Ham- 
mond bucks owned by Mr. Cunningham, have not only increased the weight of the 
fleece on their own sheep, but they have also added to the size of the sheep them- 
selves. It has been clearly demonstrated that a large fleece of actual wool depends 
upon the quantity of wool raised to the square inch of surface on the sheep's back. 
To produce the maximum quantity of wool, it must be long, dense and equally dis- 
tributed over the body of the sheep. All of these conditions are fulfilled in the 
Hammond breed, hence their value as wool producers is conceded. It is a well- 
known and undisputed fact that all stockmen who have made or are making their 
fortunes in sheep raising, are those who have bred to first-class bucks, and thus 
improved their stock, and who have also improved their wool clip as a result of 
raising the standard of their bred sheep. That the energy and good judgment 
which Mr. Cunningham has availed himself of in the sheep industry are fully appre- 
ciated, is attested by the fact that this gentleman is now in constant receipt of 



282 The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

orders for rams from Oregon, Washington and Idaho, and even from distant Cali- 
fornia. 

The rearing and caring of sheep is also a very important factor in the sheep 
industry. A thoroughbred animal is no more exempt from " scab " and other sheep 
disorders than his plebian brother of meaner extraction. In this direction Mr. Cun- 
ningham has also shown himself an expert in his business. By painstaking efforts 
he has succeeded in keeping his flock free from all the disorders to which the 
sheep is subject, and his entire ranch is today a model of cleanliness and good order. 
This has been brought about by the closest attention to the particular line of busi- 
ness to which Mr. Cunningham has devoted his best energies in life. As before 
stated, he is looked upon today as an expert and authority in sheep-raising, and as 
such is frequently consulted, not only by new men embarking in the sheep business, 
but also by many stockmen of experience who run across knotty points the}- are 
incapable of solving. 

When it is considered that the subject of this sketch came to this country as a 
raw Irish lad, entirely without means, and that he has, by strict application and 
hard work, placed himself among the wealthiest and most respected citizens of his 
section, the native ability and energy of the man can be better appreciated and 
admired. Some of the surroundings of Mr. Cunningham's home life may be gathered 
from the illustrations of his ranch published on this page. The larger illustration 
is a view of his ranch showing a few of his celebrated Hammond sheep browsing in the 
distance, a breed of which he is so justly proud. To gain anything of an accurate 
knowledge of the immense industry presided over by Mr. Cunningham, and the 
care and responsibility involved in the management of 20,000 sheep, one should 
pay a visit to the home of the Oregon sheep king. Mr. Cunningham is a most affa- 
ble gentleman. He is unaffected and quite unspoiled by his great good fortune, and 
he always takes particular delight in making visitors to his ranch feel perfectly at 
home. Those who may be unable to pay a personal visit to the ranch of Mr. Cun- 
ningham, but who may desire accurate information on the subject of discriminating 
in making a choice of different breeds of sheep, can always obtain the desired infor- 
mation by addressing Charles Cunningham, at Pilot Rock, or at the Pendleton 
Savings Bank, Pendleton, Oregon. 

Atliena, Oregon. — Athena is a prosperous town of Umatilla county, having 
a population of about 700. It is situated on the Washington division of the Union 
Pacific Railroad, 19 miles north of Pendleton, the county seat, and 250 miles east of 
Portland. A spur of the Oregon & Washington Territory railroad also extends from 
Helix to Athena, a distance of seven miles. The town is surrounded by a magnifi- 
cent wheat-growing section and today it is the largest wheat-shipping point in pro- 
portion to population, in Eastern Oregon. The shipments of wheat annually made 
from this point, with the heavy wool and stock interests of the tributary country, 
make Athena a thriving point which does a constantly increasing business with each 
successive year. 

In addition to the usual business interests found in a town of this size, Athena 
supports a bank and two weekly newspapers, The Press and The Inland Republican. 
The public schools are conducted in a commodious brick building. Four teachers 
are employed in the schools and the average daily attendance of scholars is about 
175. The Catholics, Baptists, Methodists and Christian denominations occupy church 
buildings of their own here. The place also contains a good hotel and two well 



Weston, Oregon. 283 

stocked livery stables. Athena's growth during the past few years has been rapid 
and the prospects for a continued growth at this point are encouraging. 

"Weston, Oregon. — Weston occupies an attractive location on the Washing- 
ton division of the Union Pacific railroad, 21 miles north of Pendleton and 252 miles 
east of Portland. The extension of the Helix branch of J^, 

the Oregon & Washington Territory railroad from Athena X *'Z% 

to Weston during the present year is practically assured. / ' . r "• - ^ ,., 

In addition to the local consumption of 30,000 bushels , ; i :. >■' « .' jj ;^ 

of wheat in 1892, there were shipped from this point dur- , ' . r , r : T .. Z 

ing the same year 200,000 bushels of wheat, and 28 tons L;Jf--'- ' " '- "_ Wks|. : ": 
of hay. During 1893 it was estimated that the ship- '< '"',.. J" '~."" --'._' } -l- ■'*■ 
ments of wheat alone from Weston before the close of 

,. , j , t . , Public school, Weston. 

the year would reach 300,000 bushels. 

A roller-process flouring mill with a capacity of 75 barrels a day is located at 
Weston. The town also contains a brick and tile factory which manufactures 30,000 
brick a day. This latter enterprise employs 30 men and disburses on an average, at 
this point, $100 a day. The output of this plant finds a market in the towns of Uma- 
tilla county and in the points not too distant, located in Oregon and Washington. 

The last session of the Oregon legislature made an appropriation of $24,000 to be 
applied to the construction of a state normal school building at Weston. The build- 
ing for this school is now in course of erection. It is modeled after the most 
approved designs in architecture and will be a handsome and perfectly arranged 
structure. The public school building at Weston is a large two-story brick edifice 
which was erected at a cost of $12, coo. Four well qualified teachers are employed in 
the school, which is divided into as many grades. The average daily attendance at 
the public school is about 200. 

The municipal authorities of Weston recently bonded the town for $24,000, to be 
used in the construction of city waterworks and an electric-light plant. These plants 
are now in operation and are doing good service. The water for the city is obtained 
from three never- failing springs located on an eminence in the vicinity. The pressure 
in the city mains insures an ample protection against fire. All lines of business are 
well represented at Weston. The Farmers' Bank has recently increased its capital 
stock to $60,000 and it pays a handsome dividend annually to its stockholders. A 
local building and loan association, having a capital of $50,000, is well patronized. 
The religious denominations having churches at Weston are the Episcopal, Metho- 
dist, Baptist and United Brethren. The town supports one ably edited weekly paper, 
The Leader. It has one first-class hotel and two livery stables. Its present popula- 
tion is about Soo, and having every advantage of location is enjoying as great a degree 
of prosperity as are any of the inland cities of the state. 

Theo. T. Davis. — The present mayor of Weston, Theo. T. Davis, is a striking 
type of the self-made man. Born in Jefferson county, 111., in i860, young Davis 
attended the common school at Mt. Vernon until he reached the age of 15, when he 
engaged in the mercantile business as salesman. Continuing in this occupation till 
1884, Mr. Davis then removed to Umatilla county, Oregon, where he soon rose in 
popular esteem and was elected mayor of Weston in 1891. During the same year Mr. 
Davis was also made manager and cashier of the Farmers' Bank of Weston, which at 
the end of the first year of his management declared a dividend, and at the end of 



284 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

the second year the capital stock, $60,000, was doubled and Mr. Davis was elected a 
member of the board of directors. 

John Cumming. — The largest general merchandise store in Weston and one of 
the largest in Umatilla county is that of Mr. John Cumming, who carries a complete 
stock of goods valued at more than $20,000. Mr. Cumming recently came to Weston 
from Goldendale, Washington, where he held for two years the office of treasurer of 
Klickitat county. Mr. Cumming has had 20 years' experience in the general mer- 
chandise business, and he is rapidly building up a large trade in his new quarters at 
Weston. 

Milton, Oregon. — Milton, in Umatilla county, Oregon, is a picturesque little 
town on the line of the Washington division of the Union Pacific railroad. It is 267 
miles east of Portland and is 10 miles west of Walla Walla. The business of the 
town is done on one long, wide street. This street is well shaded and it forms one of 
the most attractive main thoroughfares of any of the Eastern Oregon towns. 

Running parallel with the main street of Milton, and at an average distance of 
about 1,000 feet apart, is the Walla Walla river, one of the large streams of this sec- 
tion. The river has a fall at this point which insures power for manufacturing pur- 
poses. This power is now utilized for running two flouring mills and a foundry, 
which constitute the manufacturing industries of the place. 

Milton is not a large business center, but the trade of the town is in a healthy 
channel. In addition to a number of stores, the place supports one bank, two hotels 
and a livery stable. A weekly newspaper, The Eagle, is published at this point. 
The public school occupies a six-room building and is in charge of four teachers. 
The religious denominations represented at Milton are the Methodists, Baptists and 
Seventh Day Adventists. 

The country surrounding Milton is highly productive, the chief products being 
grain and fruit. The strawberries raised here are unexcelled in either quality or size. 
During the past season a carload of strawberries was shipped each day from Milton. 
These shipments having been made as far east as Helena and Butte, Montana. Mil- 
ton has always been a flourishing little center of trade, and, as bsfore stated, the 
business handled at this point is all on a perfectly healthy basis. 

LiJl Grande, Oregon. — La Grande, although not the county seat, is the 
largest town in Union county. Its present population is about 3,500. It is situated 
on the west side of the Grand Roude valley, and it is the principal supply point for a 

section of country whose area is estimated 
to be 500 square miles. The trade of this 
MP '* 'ftaigW district includes everything that a marvel- 

.,. J z h 1 ' ^T~ ously fertile soil, favored by an equable 

climate, will produce. Chief among the 
productions of the territory tributary to La 
rVi^i'.''j !|,l {j,|ll , j [ ] Grande are grain, hay, hops, fruit and vege- 

tables, as well as wool, hides, cattle, sheep 
and horses, and lumber. Within a radius of 

Depot Street, La gr»nde, looking North. ' , , 

20 miles of La Grande there are no less than 
25 sawmills, whose output during the cutting season is from 10,000 to 100,000 feet 
each per day. 

La Grande is the end of a division of the Union Pacific railroad, and is 305 miles 







H|t! 




La Grande, Oregon. 285 

east of Portland by this line. A branch of the Union Pacific extends out from La 
Grande to Elgin, in Indian valley, a distance of 22 miles. The Union Pacific has 
established repair shops, round houses, coal bunkers, etc., at La Grande, at a cost of 
about $100,000. About 200 men are regularly employed in the company's shops at 
this point and the monthly pay-roll averages about $25,000. 

La Grande is fully abreast of the times in all modern improvements. The main 
streets of the city are 100 feet wide and the}' are well macadamized with gravel. The 
city contains 30 brick business blocks made attractive by gracefully designed fronts. 
A water-works plant, built by the city at a cost of $50,000, and a well equipped fire 
department, are recent additions to the city's improvements. The water supply of 
the city is forced from a series of wells near the Gran 1 Ronde river to a reservoir 
near the city, with a capacity of 1,500,000 
gallons. The streets, business houses and photo, by f. w. wood. 
best private residences of the city are thor- 
oughly lighted by electricity. The efficient 
electric light plant was recently completed 
here at a cost of $37,000. 

LaGraude contains one roller-process |5^ -T~ M '' ' ' .-_ V^'^n' 

flouring niill with a daily capacity of ico lltok.v.V.^-l . 3 , .• r , r I ••. . .W." 5jH !f 
barrels, three planing-mills and a number sl^^pl 5 ^ J3. h -v>ii.t.„' 
of smaller manufacturing enterprises. The . — j|y? 1 

Grand Ronde river furnishes during nearly 
the entire year 150 horse power available for 

manufacturing purposes here, but this power ADAMS * v "ue, la grande, looking east. 

is not being utilized at the present time. 

The various mercantile pursuits at LaGraude are conducted by an enterprising 
class of business men. Two national banks, with a capital stock of $60,000 each, are 
located at this point. The city also supports three weekly newspapers, The La 
Grande Gazette, The Grand Ronde~Chronicle and The Union County Farmer. La 
Grande contains a neat little opera house and two brick hotels, one of which, The 
Foley House, was recently erected at a cost of $30,000. This hotel is strictly modern 
in all its appointments and is heated throughout by steam and lighted by electricity. 
In addition to the above, there are also two smaller hotels conducted in the place. 

The public schools of LaGraude are conducted in a large handsome building of 
six rooms and in two wooden buildings of four rooms each. The main school build- 
ing was erected at a cost of $12,000. A principal and a staff of 11 assistant teachers 
are employed in the public schools here. The courses of study taught range from 
the primary to the high school. The average daily attendance of scholars at the pub- 
lic schools of the city is about 625. The Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal 
and Catholic organizations own their own church buildings at LaGraude. The gross 
assessed valuation of taxable property in LaGrande for 1892 was $1,500,000 and the 
total bonded indebtedness of the city at the present time is $50,000. 

During the past three years LaGrande has uiade very substantial progress. Iu 
1889, 35 new private residences were erected here; the following year 152 new resi- 
dences were completed. In 1891, 183 private dwellings were added, and in 1892 this 
was still further increased by the erection of 100 more. LaGrande is the trading 
center of a rich section of country and its growth during the past few years has been 
no more rapid than it is expected it will be in the immediate future. 




286 The Oregoniaifs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

LaGrande boasts of having one of the finest hotels in the state outside of Portland. 
The Hotel Foley at this point, an illustration of which appears in connection with 

the present article, is a handsome three-story 
brick structure, occupying one of the most 
prominent corners in LaGrande. The house is 
heated throughout with steam and it contains 
50 elegantly-furnished rooms, all of which are 
lighted by electricity. Free sample-rooms are 
provided for the convenience of commercial 
travelers. The Hotel Foley was erected in 1891 
at a cost of $30,000 by the present proprietor, 
J. E. Foley. Mr. Foley is an experienced hotel 
manager and has earned a patronage for his 
excellent hostelry such as is won only by first- 
class accommodations and thoroughly courteous 
hotel folev, la Grande. treatment of guests. The rates at the Hotel 

Foley are from $2 to $2.50 per day. 
Since the above was written the city of LaGrande has signed a contract with the 
LaGrande Electric Light Company for lighting the city by electric lamps. Twenty 
1,200-candle power arc lights will be used for this purpose. 

Elgin, Oregon. — Elgin, in Union county, is the present terminus of the 
Elgin branch of the Union Pacific railroad, which leaves the main line at La Grande, 
20 miles south of Elgin. The town is situated in Indian valley, an arm of the Grand 
Ronde valley, and one of the most fertile spots in Eastern Oregon. This valley is 
about 16 miles long by eight miles wide. The principal shipments from Elgin com- 
prise wheat, lumber and live stock. The town is the result of but three years' growth 
and it contains today a population of about 300. 

Within a radius of four miles of Elgin are located four sawmills which are kept 
busy manufacturing lumber and railroad ties for the Union Pacific. These mills 
give a constant employment to a large number of men and add materially to the 
wealth of Elgin. Located at this point are the usual number of stores found in 
small towns and business here is generally good. The town has two hotels, two 
livery stables and a weekly paper, The Elgin Record. Three teachers are employed 
in the public schools at Elgin and the average daily attendance of scholars is about 
100. The Baptist and Methodist organizations own church buildings at this point. 
The completion of the branch of the Union Pacific to Elgin in 18S9 made the town 
and greatly aided the development of the tributary district, and it is this road 
which will greatly add to the material advancement of this part of the state in 
the future. 

Union, Oregon. — Union is the judicial seat of 
one of the richest counties in mineral and agricultural 
resources in Eastern Oregon. It is situated near the cen- f-^^jl^^m 

ter of Union county, at the southern extremity of the ^t^?lPl^lav; 
rich Grand Ronde valley, and on Catharine creek, which i^'.TxTj? ['*■-'' :<' ^r^f^pjr 
furnishes at this point valuable water power for man u- $$&#:")■:' j '■ ;■. "-.':' :> '-|^^H 
facturiug purposes. Union is on the line of the Union IgMn'ti T >'.»>; [J[* ; m| 
Pacific railroad, 318 miles east of Portland. The town "wbSSSjPKSbc^ ^~ : ■-^ r ** 
has a population of about 800 and is a prosperous busi- 

r r l r Pudlic School, Union. 

ness community. 




Union County, Oregon. 287 

Prominent among the notable buildings of Union are the court house, city hall, 
and public school. All of these are fine brick structures. The public school build- 
ing was erected at a cost of $20,000 and it is one of the best arranged buildings for 
school work in the state. The schools here are graded from the primary to the high 
school course, and they are taught by five teachers. The city has a fine gravity sys- 
tem of water works, recently completed at a cost of $20,000. The water for city 
use is taken from a point on Catherine creek, a pure mountain stream, two miles from 
the city, and from this point it is conducted through a 10-inch main under a vertical 
pressure of no feet to the city. The city thus avoids all expense for pumping. The 
city has its own water for municipal purposes furnished free and it derives a good ren- 
tal for the use of private pipe lines. Union has expended $2,000 in the purchase of 
fire apparatus, and a well drilled and equipped volunteer fire department is maintained 
here. The place also enjoys all the benefits of an efficient electric light plant, 
the system covering both the streets, the private residences and the stores. 

All business in Union is in a prosperous condition. In 
addition to several large general merchandise stores, the town 
supports one strong national bank and a number of manufac- 
turing enterprises, including a roller-process flouring mill, a 
planing mill and a sawmill. The Union Republican, a repre- 
sentative journal, and The Oregon Scout, two well edited weekly 
newspapers, are published here. Handsome church edifices 
are owned at Union by the Presbyterians, Methodists and Epis- 
copalians. The Baptists also have an organization at this point, UNI0N C0UNTY C0URT H0USE UN10N 
but they have no church building of their own. The traveling 
public is cared for by one good hotel and two livery stables. 

Union is the center of a considerable trade. Daily stages connect this point with 
Medical Springs, Sanger and Cornucopia. The Union Railway Company's motor 
line connects the town with the main line of the Union Pacific, whose depot is two 
miles distant. Negotiations are now pending which have in view the extension of 
this short line of road to the heavy timber belt a few miles east of Union. The prin- 
cipal shipments from Union are live stock, wool, hay, grain and lumber. 

In another article on the mineral productions and agricultural resources of Union 
county, will be found valuable information on the wealth of this part of the state, 
w 7 hich is the mainstay of Union's prosperity and which insures this point the pros- 
perity which it has always enjoyed. 

Union Ccmnty, Oregon.- Union county is situated east of Umatilla. A 
small part of the northern boundary touches the state of Washington. The county 
reaches south along the eastern boundary of Umatilla, it touches the northern boun- 
dary of Baker on the south and reaches the boundary line of the state of Idaho on 
the east. Wallowa county was carved out of the extreme northeastern part of 
Union in 1887. The Union Pacific railroad runs through Union county in a north- 
western and southeastern direction, and taps the most fertile lands of this part of 
the state. 

Union county contains 1,955,000 acres of land of which about 1,497,000 acres are 
surveyed. The unsurveyed portion of the country is principally mountainous, but 
is valuable for its timber resources, for its minerals and for grazing purposes. The lar- 
gest single body of agricultural land in the county is the Grand Ronde valley. 
This valley contains 300,000 acres of highly productive land. The Grand Ronde 



2SS 



The Oregoniaif s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



river flows through this valley from southwest to northeast. The soil here is adapted 
to the cultivation of grain, hay, hops, fruit and vegetables. All these products of 
the soil, in addition to flour, bacon, wool, hides, horses, cattle, sheep and lumber are 
shipped in large quantities from the valley. The other smaller valleys, the soils of 
which are of the same high quality as that of the Grand Ronde valley, are Pine, 
Eagle, Powder River, Clover Creek, Starkey Prairie and Indian. 

The rainfall in Union county is sufficient to insure large crops each season, so 
that irrigation here is unnecessary. The climate is equable, the winters being dryer 
and colder than they are in the western part of the state. The soil here is generally 
of an alluvial nature and a sandy loam from 3 to 20 feet in depth. The average 
yield of wheat to the acre in the county runs from 20 to 60 bushels to the acre, oats 
40 to So, and barley produces 40 to 90 bushels to the acre. The stock interests in 
the county have always been large, and the mild winters, extensive ranges and 
abundance of water combine to make this a favorite part of the state for stock- 
men. The prices of land in Union county range from $10 an acre and upwards 
for improved valley lands, and unimproved land sells for from $6 an acre up. There 
is room in the county for a much larger population than now resides here, and this 
with other parts of Eastern Oregon is worthy the attention of the large immigra- 
tion now pouring into the West. 

Baker City, Oregon. — Baker City, the seat of Baker county, is situated at 
the head of Powder River valley, on the stream of the same name. Baker City is 

also on the main line of the Union Paci- 
fic railroad, 357 miles east of Portland, 
and it is today one of the leading centers 
of population and wealth in Eastern 
Oregon. The present population of Baker 
City is about 3,000. The city is well laid 
out, the streets being wide and well kept, 
the principal buildings used for busi- 
ness purposes are handsome brick and 
stone structures, and a number of the 
private residences of the city will com- 
pare very favorably with some of the ele- 
gant residences of Portland, 
in which Baker City is located, is about 25 miles long by 
12 miles in width. It is well watered by the Powder river and its tributaries, and is 
highly fertile. The Powder river furnishes a large available water power at Baker 
City, which has not been utilized to any extent up to the present time. Baker 
City's manufacturing enterprises, at the present writing, are limited to an iron foun- 
dry and three planing mills. Within two miles of the city, however, are the mills 
of the Oregon Lumber Company, which have a daily capacity of from 50,000 to 
75,000 feet of lumber. Another sawmill in the district immediately tributary to 
Baker City saws about 25,000 feet of lumber a day. Timber is one of the valuable 
products of Baker county, and the supply of fine merchantable timber here is prac- 
ticably inexhaustible. A short line of railroad, 25 miles in length, now runs out 
from Baker City into the great Blue Mountain timber belt, in the Sumpter valley 
district. The mountain terminus of the road is at McCune, which is a logging 
camp of considerable importance. This road does a large and constantly increasing 




nt Street. Baker City. 



Powder River valley 




Baker City, Oregon. 289 

business, and its construction has done much to develop the fine timber belt imme- 
diately tributary to Baker City. 

The climate of this part of the state is exceedingly healthful, the excessive moist- 
ure of the western part of the state being altogether avoided here. Baker City has 
one of the best public school systems of the state. The public 
schools here are conducted in a large brick building, and are PH0T0 By HA2EUT1NE . 
taught by a force of 12 teachers. The courses of study run 
from the primary to the high school. The average daily at- 
tendance of scholars is about 500. In addition to the public 
schools, a Catholic institution of learning provides an acad- 
emic course of study. The Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, 
Episcopal and Catholic organizations own church buildings 
at Baker City. 

The water supply of Baker City is obtained from artesian 
wells. A large reservoir occupies an eminence sufficiently public school, baker city. 
high to afford a pressure that will throw a stream of water 

from the city's mains a distance of 180 feet. The water-works plant was com- 
pleted at a cost of $8o,ooo, and it is unnecessary to state that it is more than ample 
to meet the demands of the city for water for many years in the future. The 
city is afforded every protection against fire in a well drilled fire department. In 
addition to the efficient water-works plant, Baker City boasts of a fine electric 
light plant, gas works, a street line of railway, a fine brick court house, and an opera 
house with a seating capacity of Soo. A good race track is maintained in connec- 
tion with the county fair grounds, on the outskirts of the city, and the gatherings 
here yearly are largely attended. 

The Baker City Democrat, run by Messrs. Bowen & Small, is an ably edited daily 
and weekly newspaper. In addition to The Democrat, The Weekly Orego?i Blade is 
also published at Baker City. The city contains two large hotels and a number of 
well-stocked livery stables. The mining, stock-raising and lumbering interests of 
the country tributary to Baker City^are heavy, and constitute a large part of the 
revenues which regularly flow to this point. The business men of the city are wide- 
awake, and it is to the efforts of these men that Baker City's prosperity has been 
chiefly due. Tributary to the city are also some of the finest mines on the coast. 
During 1892 the output of the mines tributary to this point amounted to $300,000. 
During the same year the two banks of Baker City handled about $400,000 in gold 
taken out of this mineral belt, but a part of this gold was from the rich placer mines 
of this district. New and valuable discoveries of gold are constantly being made in 
this section, and an increased amount of development work is done with each suc- 
cessive year. The mines now tributary to Baker City promise to continue to be a 
great source of revenue to the city, and the development of these mining properties 
will do much to encourage the growth and prosperity of all Eastern Oregon. 

At the head of the municipal government of Baker City is Mayor C. A. Johns, 
who is also a prominent attorney of the latter place. Mr. Johns is a graduate of the 
Willamette University, which institution conferred on him the degree of A. M. At the 
age of 21 Mr. Johns held the office of deputy sheriff of Marion county. Later he 
moved to Polk county, where he was appointed to the office of county judge. Six 
years ago Mr. Johns was attracted by the rapid growth and development of Eastern 
Oregon and located in Baker City. From the fact that Johns & Rand are now con- 



1'ao 



The Oregoniari 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




. Johns, Baker City. 



sidercd one of the most successful law firms 
in Eastern Oregon, it is but natural that Mr. 
Johns should have unlimited confidence in the 
future prosperity of Baker City, which is the 
most central point of supply for a vast min- 
ing and agricultural district. 

The First National Bank of Baker City was 
organized in 1893, with a capital of $75,000. 
Its officers are Levi Ankeny, president; Walter 
Fernald, vice-president ; J. H. Parker, cashier, 
and T. W. Downing, assistant cashier. The 
business success of the First National Bank 
has been somewhat remarkable, as is shown by 
the fact that its present surplus and undivided 
profits reach the handsome sum of $111,000. 
During the past year this bank handled more 
than $225,000 in gold obtained from the Elu- 

horn, Bonanza, Virtue and other quartz mines and placer mines, which are directly 

tributary to Baker City. 

One of the most imposing structures in Eastern Oregon is the large three-story 

brick Hotel Warshauer, erected at a cost of $70,000 and located at Baker City. Louis 

F. Cook is the successful proprietor of this fine hotel. The house contains 80 rooms 

elegantly fitted up, several of which are arranged in suites, and all are provided with 

electric lights. Mr. Cook is a hotel man of long experience and he has succeeded in 

making the Hotel Warshauer one of the most popular caravansaries in Eastern 

Oregon. Commercial travelers and mining men make 

the Hotel Warshauer their headquarters while doing 

business either in Baker City or in the neighboring 

towns. The Hotel Warshauer is strictly modern 

in each of its appointments, and the courtesies 

and attention shown its many patrons make 

the hotel a source of much pride to Baker City. 
The recent mining developments in the 

country tributary to Baker City are attracting 

such wide-spread attention that the Eastern 

Oregon Mining Bureau has been formed at 

Baker City. Mr. James F. Ferguson is secretary 

of this organization and is prepared to furnish 

information regarding the mines of Eastern 

Oregon. Mr. Ferguson is also a mining and 

real estate broker and, having lived in Baker 

City for more than 24 years, is thoroughly posted on mining and realty values. 

Baker County, Oregon. — Baker county is situated on the eastern border of 

the state. It comprises an area of 1,300,000 acres. The present population of the 

county is about 7,000. Union county bounds Baker on the north ; the state of Idaho 

is the dividing line on the east ; it is bounded by Malheur on the south, and by 

Grant county on the west. It is watered by two important streams, Powder and 

Burnt rivers. The county is crossed diagonally by the Union Pacific railroad which 

furnishes an available outlet for the products of the county both east and west. 



<'£'.' 



90S 



&3e 







Hotel Warshauer, Baker City. 



Mines, Union and Baker Counties, Oregon. 291 

The climate of Baker county is healthful and the soil is adapted to the growth of 
almost everything common to the temperate zone. The Powder River valley occu- 
pies the central portion of the county and is the most important agricultural district 
of the county. This valley covers an area 25 x 12 miles, and the attention of the set- 
tlers here is directed principally to agricultural pursuits and stock raising. The 
general elevation of the county is probably greater than that of any other portion of 
the state. In the valleys of the county wheat, vegetables and fruit are raised in con- 
siderable quantities. The agricultural products of the county are increasing with 
its population, and the possibilities for agricultural development in the county are 
great. The raising of cattle, sheep and high-bred horses is carried on in the county 
to a large extent, and the climate seems to be especially adapted to successful cattle 
raising. Instances are on record where cattle have grazed in some of the valleys of 
the county for 15 years past without other sources of food supply than are afforded on 
the grazing grounds. The timber resources of Baker county are very valuable, and 
a number of sawmills are busily engaged in manufacturing lumber here for both the 
Eastern and Western markets, as well as supplying the local demand. The mineral 
resources of the county are sufficiently important to call for a special article on 
the mines of this part of the state, which will be found following this article. 

The lands of certain portions of Baker county are valuable for agricultural pur- 
poses only when irrigated, but where water can be brought to these lands they are 
among the most productive in the state. One or two irrigating companies have been 
formed during the past year whose object is to perfect a system of irrigation that will 
reclaim much of this arid section. Baker is a rich and prosperous county, the total 
assessed valuation of property in the county, during 1891, having been $3,198,157. 
The development of the rich mines of the county has attracted considerable attention 
to this part of the state during the past few years, and it is highly probable that 
Baker county will make steady and substantial development in population and wealth 
for many years in the future. 

Mines and Mining in Union and Baker Counties, Oregon.— 

The following statistics showing the gold and silver output of the mines of Union 
county during 1892 are compiled from the report of the director of the mint for that 
year. It is significant in this connection that Union county is one of the most prom- 
ising mineral-producing counties of the state. The output of Union county in 1892 
was as follows: gold, $753,715; silver, |i, 900, a total of $755,615. The output of 
gold and silver in the county the previous year was as follows : gold, $625,956 ; 
silver, $3,500, or a total of $629,456. A large part of the gold and silver produced in 
the county during 1892 was taken out of the mines in the vicinity of Sparta. 

During 1892 the following were the heaviest producing mines of the county : 
Cornucopia, $20,900; Little Pittsburg, $45,000; Windsor, $25,000; Union Tunnel 
Company, $22,500; Gold Ridge Company, $35,000 ; Free Thinker, $25,000 , Arkansas 
Belle, $30,000; Dolly Varden, $45,000; New Gem, $20,000; Sanger Group, $275,000; 
Golden Eagle, $20,000; Placers and Chinese, $85,000. 

Baker and Union counties form the largest mineral-producing section of Ore- 
gon. During 1891 the output of 48 mines and mining localities was as follows : 
Gold, $873,058 ; silver, $217,833 or a total of $1,090,891. The report to the directors 
of the mint for 1S92 stated that all efforts to get satisfactory replies to letters ad- 
dressed to 22 mining companies in here had failed. Thirty-seven mines and 



'2U-2 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

mining localities in Baker county for 1892 made the following showing : gold, 
$367,587 ; silver, $3,256 or a total of $370,843. This showed a decrease in the output 
over that of the previous year. The figures for 1893 are not yet obtainable. 

The decrease in the output of silver here as elsewhere, is attributed to the pre- 
vailing low price of that metal. Several of the largest silver-producing properties in 
the county remained closed during 1892, and there is but little prospect of these prop- 
erties resuming operations until the price of silver advances. 

Prominent among the heavy producing mining properties of the county for 1S92 
were the following: White Swan, $72,642.72; Eagle No. 1, gold, $19,000, silver, 
$3,250; Bonanza, $54,994.25 ; Bradley, $20,000 ; Elkhorn, $16,500, and Chinese pro- 
duced during the same year about $53,000. 

Gold placer mines were discovered in Baker and Union counties more than 40 
years ago, and the output of the placers in these two counties up to the present time 
is estimated to have been no less than $20,000,000. The surface diggings were 
worked out pretty thoroughly during the first 10 years of mining operations here and 
the problem of working deeper in the gravel here can only be solved by the success 
of hydraulic mining of these properties. Hydraulic mining, however, requires large 
capital, and until capitalists become interested in the development of the deep placers 
in this part of the state, placer-mining on a large scale will not be successfully 
conducted. 

There is but little free-gold quartz found in Eastern Oregon. The numerous five , 
ten and twenty-stamp mills now lying idle scattered along the banks of the Snake 
river as far as Canyon City, are monuments to the truth of this statement. In this 
district, however, are numerous veins of base, low-grade sulphuret ores varying in 
length from a few feet to many miles and from a few inches to 20 and even 30 feet in 
width. These sulphurets when concentrated are worth from a few cents to $4 a pound. 
While the sulphurets have a great range of value, it has been found that a majority 
of these ores are high enough in grade to stand the expense of shipment and still 
leave a handsome profit to the mine owners. Union and Baker counties are rich in 
many valuable mining properties now lying idle, and as soon as capital becomes in- 
terested in this section this will be one of the greatest mineral-producing belts of the 
coast. 

To Mining - Men. — James W. Virtue, the well-known mining man of the 
state, with headquarters 'at No. 225 Stark street, Portland, has had the advantage of 
25 years' experience in the mines of Oregon. Mr. Virtue was the mining commis- 
sioner of Oregon to the Philadelphia and New Orleans world expositions and he also 
made the valuable exhibits at the Portland exposition for three years. Mr. Virtue 
examines mines and renders careful reports, and he can furnish all desired informa- 
tion on the mines of the Pacific Northwest. 

Huntington, Oregon. — Huntington, in Baker county, is situated within two 
miles of Snake river, which is the dividing line between the states of Oregon and 
Idaho. It is the end of a division of the Union Pacific railroad and is 404 miles east 
of Portland. It is also the end of an important division of the railway mail service, 
east and west-bound postal clerks changing at this point. 

Huntington is really a railroad town. ' The railroad repair shops of the Union 
Pacific are located here, as are the round house and other important buildings. The 
Union Pacific regularly disburses here every month all the way from $2,500 to $4,000. 



Sealand, Washington. 305 

As the train sped northward Ocean Park soon hove in sight. This point is 12 
miles north of Ilwaco, and a little beyond where the railroad makes a turn across 
the peninsula to its terminus at Sealand on Shoalwater Bay. Ocean Park was 
selected as a location for a seaside resort by the Methodists in 1SS3. An association 
of prominent members of this denomination determined that here was an advan- 
tageous site for the establishment of a semi-religious, semi-social summer home. 
Rev. Wm. B. Osborn, who years ago selected the ground and presided over the open- 
ings of the famous Ocean Grove near Long Branch on the New Jersey coast, picked 
out this location and was instrumental in securing its adoption by the Methodists of 
the Pacific Northwest for a summer home. The grounds here have been beautifully 
laid out on a liberal scale as to parks, broad avenues, etc., and weighing all the 
advantages offered for summer residences here there is perhaps noplace on the entire 
peninsula which presents greater attractions than does Ocean Park. The sea-bathing 
here is unsurpassed for enjoyment and safety. The beach here has a very gradual 
descent into the ocean so that it is impossible for a bather to find himself suddenly in 
water over his depth. There is also no undertow here. A short distance beyond 
Ocean Park is the town of Sealand, the northern terminus of the line. This town is 
located on Shoalwater Bay directly south of Oysterville, and is the headquarters for 
clams and oysters. These delicious bivalves are shipped from here to all parts of the 
coast, and they enjoy an excellent reputation in both Washington and California. 

This short sketch but poorly portrays the advantages and delights of North Beach 
resorts. It can be stated, however, that this is one of the most attractive beaches on 
the coast, and the thousands of people who annually congregate here furnish ample 
evidence of the appreciation of the merits of this beach by the residents of the 
states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho. 

Sealand, Washington. — There is perhaps no part of the entire Pacific county 
peninsula which presents greater attractions than does Sealand, the terminus of the 
Ilwaco Railway & Navigation Cornpany'sTtne. The advantages of Sealand have 
been considerably overlooked, while those of other beaches north of Ilwaco have 
been constantly exploited and made prominent. 

It is certainly time that Sealand and the many conspicuous advantages it pos- 
sesses, which are lacking at other places, should be fairly and fully presented to the 
public, and especially to those who meditate the purchase of seaside property, either 
as an investment or for the erection of summer homes. Sealand is located on 
Shoalwater Bay, now known as Willapa Harbor, within easy reach of the ocean, 
which thus gives it double advantage as a bathing resort. Those who like the tur- 
bulent tossing of the ocean surf, and are sufficiently hardy to withstand the effects 
of its chilly waters, can bathe here as their desires prompt them, while those, and 
there are a large number at the beach every summer, who find the temperature of 
the waters of the Pacific and the buffeting of the waves too much for their endur- 
ance, can find calmer waters and waters of a temperature many degrees warmer 
than those of the main body of the ocean washing the shores of Shoalwater Bay, 
at Sealand. Here one can swim, which is out of the question in the ocean, or 
otherwise disport oneself in the water for half an hour or more at a time and come 
out refreshed, invigorated and without the slightest chill or unpleasant after result. 
Here, also, both razor-shell and Eastern clams are found in abundance, while at 
other beaches the razor-shells are practically exhausted, and the Eastern clams are 
not found at all. An excellent hotel, the Morrison house, is found at Sealand, and 




306 The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 

a number of excellent stores at which to purchase the commodities of life. An 
investment in a few lots at Sealand now will be the cause for congratulation later 
when its advantages are understood and lots have advanced to double and treble 
the price at which they can now be obtained. 

Cattalamet, Washington. — Cathlamet, the seat of justice of Wahkiakum 
county, Washington, is situated on the Columbia river, 71 miles from Portland and 
17 miles this side of Astoria. It is a thriving little town of about 200 inhabitants and 
is one of the older established settlements along the river. 

The principal industries of Cathlamet are lumbering and salmon canning. 
Located near are four large logging camps. One of the logging companies operates 
about four miles of railroad for hauling logs from the camps to the river. These 
logs are floated principally to the large sawmills at Portland. The Warrens' salmon 
cannery, located at Cathlamet, is one of the largest on the 
river. Cathlamet has a good school house and an excellent 
system of public instruction is maintained. Several large 
business houses are located at this point. The town is ex- 
ceptionally well supplied with hotels. TheMcGrath House 
here, containing 25 rooms, is located within easy distance of 
the steamboat wharves, on high ground, and is supplied with 
pure, spring water conducted to the house through pipes. 
The transient rates at this house are $1 a day, with a rate to 
permanent guests of $5 a week. The Columbia Hotel has 
32 bedrooms, besides a bar and billiard room. An excellent 

Cutting Timber near Cathlamet. , ^ i 1 • . A i • 1 .1 i j ■ i j i* • -j^ 

home table is set at this hotel and special attention is paid to 
commercial travelers. Transient rates at the Columbia are from $1 to J1.50 a day, 
with special rates to permanent guests of from $4.50 to $5.50 a week. 

Cathlamet is reached by two steamers of the Union Pacific and also by the Tele- 
phone and Lurline which ply regularly between Portland and Astoria daily. 

Kalama, Washington. — Kalama, the county seat and chief city of Cow- 
litz county, enjoyed the distinction at one time of being the rival of Portland. It 
was at this point that many speculators selected a site for building one of the lead- 
ing cities of the Northwest. This was at the time that the Northern Pacific rail- 
road was being constructed between Kalama and Tacoma. The Columbia river 
between Kalama and the sea is navigable for deep-draught vessels, and at the point 
where this great transcontinental line of railroad reached the Columbia, it w r as hoped 
to build up a great shipping and commercial center. In pursuance of this hope a 
townsite was platted here covering a distance of about three miles back from the 
river front. Lots went off rapidly to eager purchasers and the erection of a large 
number of buildings was commenced. Kalama never attained metropolitan great- 
ness, but is still a town of perhaps 200 population and it enjoys considerable trade 
with a prosperous tributary section. 

Many thousands of cases of salmon are annually forwarded from Kalama by 
means of the Northern Pacific railroad to New York and other eastern markets. 
The industries of the town at the present time consist of two fisheries engaged in 
the business of forwarding fresh Columbia river salmon, sturgeon, smelt and other 
fish to interior and Eastern markets. These shipments are packed in ice and reach 
their destination in as fresh a condition as they were when first taken out of the 



Vancouver, Washington. 



307 



water. In addition to the fishing company is a sawmill which is supplied with logs 
cut in the immediate vicinity of the town. Kalama contains a number of stores and 
two hotels. Recently the discovery of gold-bearing quartz at different points on the 
Kalama river, varying from 13 to 18 miles distant from the town, has stirred up some 
little excitement in the place. A mining district has been formed here and good 
results are looked for on a fuller development of the many promising quartz ledges 
located here. 

Kalama is now reached from Portland either by the cars of the Northern Pacific 
or by any of the numerous lines of steamers plying on the lower Columbia river and 
connecting with Portland. The town is 38 miles distant from Portland by the river 
route, and 40 miles by the Northern Pacific railroad. All trains over the Northern 
Pacific for Portland are ferried across the Colum- 
bia at this point, the huge ferry with a carrying 
capacity of a full train making close connection 
between Kalama and Hunters, on the opposite 
side of the Columbia. 




Street, looking South. Vancouver. 







Clarke County Cour 
Vancouver. 



Vancouver, Washington. — Vancouver, 
the seat of justice of Clarke county, Washington, is 
located on the Columbia river a short distance 
above its junction with the Willamette. The town 
was named after the early explorer and navigator, 

Captain George Vancouver, and it possesses considerable his- 
toric interest. Quite a settlement was established here 25 years 
before Portland was thought of, and many things pointed at 
that time to the selection of Vancouver as the future metropolis 
of the Northwest. Portland soon forged to the front, however, 
as the coming great city of the district, aud Vancouver remained 
the site of the fort established here by the United States gov- 
ernment, and the trading center of a large and rich section of 
tributary country. 
In 1823 the Hudson's Bay Company selected this locality 
for the establishment of one of their main supply head- 
quarters. Representatives of this great trading company 
made Vancouver their home. The growth of Vancouver . 
has been slow and conservative. It is 18 miles distant from 
Portland by water and but seven miles by land. Numerous 
lines of steamers ply regularly between the two points and 
a finely equipped electric line of road runs from Portland 
to the shore of the Columbia river opposite Vancouver. 
The Columbia river terminus of 
this road has connection with 

Vancouver by a fast steam ferry which makes frequent 
trips. Portland is now built down the peninsula nearly 
to the ferry landing on the Columbia river, and it will 
perhaps, be but a few years more until Vancouver will 
become one of the important suburbs of this great city. 
Vancouver now contains a population of about 5,000. 
school for deaf mutes, Vancouver. The leading industry of the section of country tributary 




Public School, Vancouver. 



£ 



.4 



mom 



308 



The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




School for Feeble-minded, Vancouver. 



to Vancouver is the raising of fruit. Clarke county is 
already noted for its fruit product, especially its Italian 
prunes, and some of the largest and best bearing orchards 
of this fine fruit are now found in the vicinity of Van- 
couver. In the county close to the city are also found 
fine forests of timber. Four large sawmills are in opera- 
tion at this point and the output of these mills is sold to a 
wide market The city owns its electric light plant and 
excellent water is piped into all its stores and dwellings. A 
noticeable feature of Vancouver is the number and the archi- 
tectural beauty of its public buildings. Among these struc- 
tures are state schools for defective and feeble minded youth, 
located here ; the Clarke county court house, erected at a cost 
of $75,000 ; the fine Catholic cathedral ; the Catholic school 
for girls, and a school conducted by the same denomination for 
boys ; the city hall and other notable buildings. 

Main street, beginning at the wharves on the Columbia 
river, is the principal business street of Vancouver. It is built 
up solidly on both sides, is well paved with cedar blocks, and it 




James Cathedral, Vancouver 



presents a 
quarter of 




Interior, Cathedral, vancouve 

are kept in perfect or- 
der, equal to that of 
any Eastern pleasure 
park. In addition it 
possesses attractions in 
the different phases of 
military life which 
pleasure parks are 
lacking in. Vancouver 
Barracks has been 



lively appearance during business hours. The residence 
the city is back from the river. Handsome and attractive 
homes are a feature of Vancouver which cannot fail to im- 
press a stranger favorably. These homes are generally sur- 
rounded by spacious and well laid out grounds, ornamented 
with flowers and fruit trees. Vancouver has one of 
the finest driving parks in the state. Annual races are 
held here and they are attended largely even by the 
people of Portland. The park is ^located on Van- 
couver Heights, about one mile back from the river. 
The mile track in this park is considered by horse- 
men as one of the finest tracks in the West. The 
park has stable accommodations for 200 horses. 

Adjoining Vancouver on the east is the United 
States military reservation known as Vancouver Bar- 
racks. This embraces one square mile of territory 
and it divides with the Presidio at San Francisco the 
honor of being the finest laid-out military reservation 
in the United States. The parade grounds, lawns, 
flower gardens and serpentine roads of the reservation 




Quarters, Vancouver Barracks. 



Washougal, Washington. 309 

steadily occupied by United States troops since 1849. The present garrison stationed 
here numbers all told about 1,000 people. Military drills accompanied by fine music 
are of daily occurrence here and they afford a pleasant diversion for the citizens of 
Vancouver as well as for visitors from Portland who throng the grounds on pleas- 
ant days. 

LaCamas Washington. — The most important manufacturing town, per- 
haps, on the Columbia river, in Washington, is LaCamas, 14 miles east of Vancou- 
ver. This is the seat of the great manufacturing industry of the Columbia River 
Paper Company, with head offices in Portland. This company conducts, at LaCamas, 
a large> paper mill, which now makes the paper for nearly all the leading daily pub- 
lications of the Pacific Northwest. 

The country in the immediate vicinity of LaCamas is rich in resources. All of 
Clarke county is especially adapted to the growing of fruits, and some of the most 
productive farms and most highly cultivated orchards in the state are situated near 
LaCamas. Special attention is paid in this section to the cultivation of prunes. 
Another rich resource of this section is lumber. The forests back of LaCamas con- 
tain large quantities of fir and other woods of great commercial value. LaCamas, 
at the present time, contains two sawmills, and considerable lumber is shipped from 
this point. Near the town are streams and lakes which furnish a valuable water 
power here. This water is conducted direct to the place for manufacturing pur- 
poses, and this power is now largely utilized by the factories in operation here. 

Congress has granted the right to bridge the Columbia river at LaCamas. The 
bridge will probably be built by one of the great transcontinental lines of railroad 
LaCamas has daily connection with Portland, 32 miles distant, by water, steamboats 
running regularly between these points. Its present population is between 400 and 
500. 

Washougal, Washington. — Eight&en miles east of Vancouver, on the 
Columbia river, in Washington, is the town of Washougal. It is also at the mouth 
of the Washougal river, which joins the Columbia at this place. The Washougal 
river here furnishes an available power for manufacturing purposes. Washougal is 
in the center of a rich agricultural and timber section. The chief pursuits followed 
by the residents of this section are dairying, fruit culture and agriculture. A daily 
line of boats plies regularly between Washougal and Portland, the distance between 
the two points, by water, being 36 miles. Washougal contains about 100 people. 

Goldendale, Washington. — Goldendale is the judicial seat of Klickitat 
county. It is located 12 miles north of the Oregon state line at the Columbia river. 
The town is reached by stage from Grant's Station, on the main line of the Union 
Pacific railroad, 12 miles distant, daily connection being made between these two 
points. A daily stage line also runs from The Dalles to Goldendale, the distance 
being 25 miles. 

The present population of Goldendale is about 1,000. The town is situated in 
the rich Klickitat valley, on the river of the same name. This stream affords ample 
water power, at Goldendale, to run a large number of factories, but this large power 
is now only used by a single flouring mill located here, which has a daily capacity of 
75 barrels. Another flouring mill is lpcated, however, some distance back from the 
river. This larger mill is operated by steam power. The other manufacturing enter- 
prise located at Goldendale is a small sash and door factory. Goldendale is a trad- 



310 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

ing point for a section that is rich in agricultural products and stock, and it is quite 
a nourishing town. 

Goldendale was almost entirely destroyed by fire some three years ago. Hand- 
some one and two-story brick buildings have taken the place of the old wooden 
structures which formerly lined the business street here, and the town is now in a 
far more prosperous condition than it was before the fire. The various lines of busi- 
ness are well represented here, and the largest stores carry very heavy lines of goods. 
A very strong bank, the First National, is located here. This bank was established 
in 1888, with a capital of $50,000. Its present officers are : John G. Maddock, presi- 
dent ; Hugh Fields, vice-president, and O. D. Sturgess, cashier. Four teachers are 
employed in the public schools here, which are attended by an average of about 200 
pupils. Five church organizations are maintained in the town, and each of these 
worships in its own building. The denominations represented are the Presbyterian, 
Baptist, Primitive Baptist, Methodist and Christian. Goldendale supports two 
weekly newspapers, The Sentinel and The Courier. Two public halls are maintained 
here, and the town contains three hotels and three livery stables. Considerable 
money has been spent on a complete system of water works here, and an efficient 
fire department is maintained. The assessed valuation of town property, in 1892, 
was $272,000, and the bonded indebtness carried was $12,500, this indebtedness hav- 
ing been incurred in the construction of the water- works system. 

The principal products of the Klickitat valley, of which Goldendale is the 
trading center, are grain of all kinds, fruits, wool and live stock. The area of the 
valley is about 100 square miles, and it is fast settling up with a thrifty class of 
farmers. 

Kelso, Washington. — Kelso is a small but prosperous town, located in Cow- 
litz county, on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, 51 miles north of 
Portland and 94 miles south of Tacoma. In addition to the transportation facilities 
by rail, Kelso has the benefit of a daily line of steamers to Portland by way of the 
Cowlitz, Columbia and Willamette river?, the former stream running through the 
ceuter of the town and navigable to Kelso throughout the year. 

The present population of Kelso is about 800. The town is located in the midst 
of a rich district. The principal industries followed in this section are diversified 
farming and lumbering. The lumber interests of Kelso are heavy, two large saw- 
mills being operated at this point, in addition to which industries are two shingle 
mills whose product finds a ready sale in Portland and in the markets to the north 
and south of Kelso. The forests of valuable fir, cedar and hemlock surrounding 
Kelso are easily accessible, and the sawing of this timber will prove one of the most 
valuable industries of the town for many years in the future. 

Kelso supports two banks which are on a good financial footing, two schools are 
maintained here, the town has two churches of the Methodist and Presbyterian 
denominations respectively, and one good weekly newspaper, The Courier, is pub- 
lished at this point. The town was first settled in 1S84, and is one of the compari- 
tively new towns along the line of the Northern Pacific between Portland and 
Tacoma. 

Castle Rock, Washington. — Castle Rock is located on the line of the 
Northern Pacific railroad, 61 miles north of Portland and 84 miles south of Tacoma. 
It is also located at the head of navigation on the Cowlitz river, a navigable branch 



Wialock, Washington. 



.111 




lOiriu 



Methodist Church, Castle Rock. 



of the Columbia, and a line of steamers is operated throughout 
the year between Castle Rock and Portland. The town is situ- 
ated in the midst of a vast forest of the finest timber, and a 
large area of rich agricultural country is also tributary. The 
sawing of lumber is an important industry here and five saw- 
mills and two shingle mills are located at this point. 

The present population of Castle Rock is about 900. The 
official census of 1S90 credited the town with a population of 
600, but there has been a large growth here since that time. 
The town is the trading point for the valleys of the South and 
the Arkansas rivers, where lumbering is done on an extensive scale. Castle Rock con- 
tains one bank, a neat opera house with a seating capacity of 600, and a weekly 
newspaper is published at this poiut. The people here have the benefit of an excel- 
lent public school system, which is in charge of four teachers. The churches repre- 
sented at Castle Rock are of the Methodist, Christian and Presbyterian denominations. 

In the vicinity of Castle Rock are large and 
valuable deposits of lignite coal. The property of 
the Castle Rock Coal Company is connected with 
the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad by 
a spur track 2)4 miles in length. The coal is now 
being mined and shipped to distant points. Mr. 
George F. White is a resident owner of part of the 
coal property and is also largely interested in 
Castle Rock realty. This gentleman is the oldest 
real estate dealer and surveyor in Cowlitz county. 
Silver Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, six 
miles in length, is situated five miles distant from 
Castle Rock. The lake teems with many varieties 
of gamy fish\and it is a favorite resort for sports- 
men. 

Castle Rock has the distinction of having 
within its corporate limits the pioneer shingle m 11 
in the state of Washington. Mr. John Robin erected 
this mill in 1883, and he is engaged in operating it 
at the present time. The plant has a daily capacity 
of 50,000 shingles, and the number of shingles 
manufactured in 1S92 amounted to 12,000,000 
The first carload of cedar shingles shipped east of the Rocky Mountains left this mill 
July 4, 1885. 

AVinlock, Washington.— The towu of Winlock, surrounded by hills covered 
with fine timber, is picturesquely located on Olequa creek, in Lewis county. It is an 
important station on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, 77 miles north 
of Portland, 68 miles south of Tacoma, and 14 miles south of Chehalis, the county 
seat. 

In the valley of the Cowlitz, a few miles distant from Winlock, are some 20,000 
acres of rich, black prairie land adapted to the highest state of cultivation. This 
valley commands a full view of the Cascade Mountains, extending from Mount St. 
Helens to Mount Rainier, and it is one of the most attractive spots in Western 




White, Castle Rock 



312 



The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY O. K. HONG. 




School House, Winlock 



Washington. Located in this tract is the old mission of St. Francis Xavier, founded 
by the Jesuits in 1830. The Green river country, near Mount St. Helens, where gold 
has been found in paying quantities, is some 40 miles 
distant from Winlock, which is the nearest and most 
accessible outfitting point. The reports of experienced 
prospectors indicate that this region will eventually 
become a great mining district. Capitalists are now- 
engaged in developing the mines of the Green river 
district where placer mining is carried on to a considera- 
ble extent at the present time. 

Fields of an excellent quality of potters' clay are 
located near Winlock, and a company is now engaged 
at this point in the manufacture of fire brick and terra 
cotta pipes. 

Winlock claims a large and handsome school building. The public schools here 
are in charge of a corps of experienced teachers. The town has one good bank, 
hotels equipped with all modern improvements, and it supports one ably conducted 
weekly newspaper. The Methodist, Baptist and Christain denominations own houses 
of worship here. 

Winlock contains today a population of about 900. In addition to being the 
trading center of a large mining, timber and agricultural district, it is also the sup- 
ply point for 22 inland villages. Two sawmills are in operation at Winlock. The 
largest of these mills is owned by the Capital Lumbering Company, which is incor- 
porated with a capital stock of $50,000. This is one of the largest mills in the sec- 
tion of the state in which it is located. It has a daily capacity of 45,000 feet and its 
annual output amounts to 10,000,000 feet of lumber. N. A. Metzger is the president 
of the company, A. T. Dix, vice-president, and D. Gubser, secretary and treasurer. 
Winlock offers certain attractions that will appeal with particular force to the 
tourist. Good trout fishing is found in the vicinity of the town, and back from this 
point in the foothill districts large game is still plentiful. 

Ch.eh.alis, AVasliington. — A glance backwards to the early history of that 
part of Lewis county where Chehalis now 
stands, will enable the reader to better 
understand the origin and steady growth 
of a city at this point. Located at the 
junction of the Chehalis and Newaukum 
valleys, the present townsite, originally 
formed part of the donation land claims 
of S. S. Sanders and Eliza Sanders, cover- 
ing a space of one square mile of ground. 
These claims occupied the very heart of 
the valley, and any person blessed with a 
reasonable amount of foresight would have 
predicted, even back in the 50's, the de- 
velopment of an important distributing 
point at the present site of Chehalis at some 
future time w T hen railroads and the conse- 
quent increase of population in the sur- 



PH0T0. DY R. SHE 




Public School, Cheha 



Chehalis, Washington. 313 

rounding country would support such a trading center. The valleys spread out 
around Chehalis and the slopes of the rich tributary section all incline towards the 
place. 

The old Sander's farm-house, the precursor of the many buildings in this locality 
which followed it, is still standing in sufficiently good condition for occupancy at the 
edge of the present townsite. The first business structure erected in Chehalis was a 
grain warehouse, built in 1872. The Northern Pacific was theii running trains over 
the present Kalama-Tacoma route with a station at Newaukum, which they favored 
for a town. The officials of the road instructed the farmers of this section to haul 
their grain to Newaukum and the road would ship it for them. No better evidence 
of the natural selection of the present site of Chehalis can be found than the rebellion 
of the farmers of this section in 1872 against the fiat of the railroad company. The 
farmers, taking the reins in their own hands, clubbed together and erected a ware- 
house at the point most convenient for shipping their produce, although in doing 
this they were compelled to get along without the accommodations of a station and 
to flag reluctant trainmen to enable them to market their products by railroad. The 
erection of a building for a general merchandise store by an old settler named 
•George Hogue soon followed. The farmers here could not only then find storage 
room for their products, but they could also purchase at the present site of Chehalis 
the staple articles of subsistence. A place of trade and barter, an infant city was 
thus created. The embryo town was christened Sandersville, a name which can 
still be found on old plats in the recorder's office. In 1875, the proud distinction of 
a county seat was secured, and Chehalis, named after an old Indian chief, sprung 
into existence. Here again the manifest destiny of the town was made apparent. 
Against opposition, and by pledging his word that the court house should not be an 
expense to the territory, the representative from this section obtained this building 
at Chehalis by special legislation, which had not then fallen into disuse. The farm- 
ers again drew from their coin stockings and a public building was erected at Che- 
halis by individual subscriptions alone. 

Strong in a population of about 100 sturdy citizens and in the undisputed posses- 
sion of the court house, Chehalis was incorporated and advanced to the first place in 
Lewis county. The growth of the old town of Sandersville, with its single ware- 
house and one store, was proportionate to the importance of the days in which the 
town flourished. Such a continued growth has ever been characteristic of Chehalis. 
Booms have at divers times struck other Washington towns and in due season burst 
from their own distention. Chehalis has escaped both booms and boomerangs. 
Quietly keeping pace with the growth and requirements of its tributary country, it is 
today a prosperous, self-supporting city of 3,000 population. These figures are con- 
servative, and good judges at Chehalis say that 3,500 population is a fairer estimate 
of the city. 

Each successive year shows an increase in the freight shipments from Chehalis, 
both in bulk and value and the mercantile trade of the city grows in proportion. In 
the matter of ample transportation facilities Chehalis is especially favored. It is 
located on the main line of the Northern Pacific and is on the surveyed route of the 
Union Pacific. It is also the western terminus of the Northern Pacific branch road 
to South Bend, on Willapa Harbor, a road that was opened to traffic in December, 
1S92, and that is now doing a good business. 



314 



The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY I 




In 1892 Chehalis was visited by two disastrous fires which swept away 56 build- 
ings. This fire, however, inaugurated the era of brick buildings, only a few 
of which, had been erected previous to the fire. Among the fine brick structures of 
the city today may be mentioned the handsome three-story brick Barrett block, built 

at a cost of $.36,000, and the substantial brick 
and stone building of the First National Bank 
of Chehalis, erected at a cost of $23,000. The 
Barrett block, designed for a hotel, was built 
with a view of the easy escape of its inmates 
in case of fire. Its wide hallways and easily 
accessible staircases, together with several reels 
of hose and attachments in the office and in the 
upper story, renders all danger from a fatality 
in case of fire in the building a practical nul- 
lity. The First National Bank building is the 
finest structure occupied by any finaucial in- 
stitution between Portland and Tacoma. The 

Barrett Block, Chehalis. 

portion of this building notussd by the spacious 
bank offices and vaults is used for store and office purposes. Also well worthy of men- 
tion is the new stone and brick building of the Commercial State Bank, completed in 
the spring of 1893 at a cost of $20,030. This is admitted to be the most artistic piece 
of architecture in Chehalis. The Chehalis Improvement Company, incorporated in 
189T, with a paid-up capital of PH0T0 . BY R . SHEftNE . 
$125,000, finished two fine brick 
blocks in Chehalis at a cost respec- 
tively of $17,000 and $14,000, about 
the time of the completion of the 
Commercial State Bank building. 
The Gem drug store, L. C. Faulk- 
ner proprietor, a leading pharmacy 
of Chehalis, occupies a corner in 
the more imposing of the two 
structures with a frontage on two 
main thoroughfares. Messrs. John 
D. Rice and W. M. Urquhart, two 
pioneer merchants of the town, are building and will occupy an imposing brick 
and stone block adjoining the First National Bank building. These two struct- 
ures present a solid frontage of 150 feet, with 125 feet of depth, and are really 
creditable to the city. Messrs. Urquhart and Rice represent the oldest mercautile estab- 
lishments of Chehalis, Mr. Urquhart having established himself in business here in 
1S80, and Mr. Rice started in the place a short time after this. An indication of the 
good feeling existing between the different citizens of Chehalis is the statement that 
Messrs. Rice and Urquhart, both in the same line of business, general merchandis- 
ing, should erect and occupy a building in common and engage only in generous 
rivalry. The firm of Maynard, Everett & Co., carrying hardware and electrical 
goods, the largest and best stock of goods in this line carried by any firm in Lewis 
county, own the property adjoining the Rice-Urquhart building and it is their inten- 
tion to begin in the near future construction work on a similar block. 

The improvements noted above represent only a few of the many leading enter- 









Chehalis Improven 



Chehalis, Washington. 



315 



prises of Chehalis, but they tend to show the steady advance of the city in material 
growth and solid prosperity. 

To properly attend to the financial interests of the couutry of which Chehalis is 
the center, banking houses early became a necessity at this point. For many years 
the pioneer banking house of N. B. Coffman fully met this demand in the young 
town. The outgrowth of this early venture -\ 

was the incorporation in December, 1889, t fr A-grr-*-" : "Xi^ 

of the First National Bank of Chehalis with ^ntW5 

a paid-up capital of $50,000. The incor- 
porators and stockholders of the bank were 
N. B. Coffman, W. M. Urquhart, John 
Dobson, D. C. Millett and Francis Donahoe 
of Chehalis; Walter J. Thompson and Nel- 
son Bennett of Tacnma and B. Lombard of 
Boston. The officers elected were N. B. 
Coffman, president ; W. M. Urquhart, vice- 
president, and J. Y. Coffman, cashier. Mr. 

-ri txi_ .LinT tt i^*.» „i • First National Bank, chehalis. 

John Dobson took Mr. Urquhart s place in 

1892. The capital, surplus and undivided profits of the bank now amount to $90,000, 
and the deposits average $200,000. In 1891 the increasing wealth of the city and 
county, with the consequent increase in financial transactions made it apparent that 



if. I P I i fl 










there w T as room at Chehalis for another bank. In 



that year the Commercial State 
Bank was incorporated in the 
city with a capital of $50,000 all 
paid up, by the following gen- 
tlemen : M. L. Holbrook, Wm. 
West, Jas. S. Greig, Jno. T. 
\Newland and F. M. Wade. 
m. L. Holbrook was elected 
president and Jas. S. Greig cash- 
ier. This new institution has 
made very rapid strides since it 
was organized, ample evidence 
of the confidence it merits from 
the people. The surplus and 
undivided profits of the bank 
now amount to nearly $6,000 
and the deposits average about 
$75,000. Both banks loan money 
liberally on good security, allow interest on time deposits and render such accom- 
modations to their patrons as the wise administration of banking affairs will admit. 

The industries of Chehalis in the line of manufacturing include the large saw- 
mill of The Mealy-Lacy Co., the sash and door factory of Luedinghaus' Bros , Sny- 
der & Frost's shingle mill, the Gates shingle mill, the Seymour shingle mill and the 
Chehalis flouring mill, the latter with a capacity of 60 barrels per day. 

The forests of Lewis county supply all the logs used in the factories and mills 
at Chehalis, and even with the heavy united output of these plants many years of 
constant cutting will not materially affect this heavy supply. 




Commercial State Bank, Chehalis. 



316 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

The public improvements in Chehalis take a high rank among the cities of the 
same size on the coast. The public school of the city was erected, in 1888, at a 
cost of $12,000, and is admirably adapted to educational purposes. Professor J. 
T. Forrest, the principal, has inaugurated an excellent graded system in the school, 
and with his efficient corps of eight experienced teachers, he presides over a school 
of 500 bright and happy pupils of both sexes. A finely equipped electric light 
plant supplies Chehalis with both arc and incandescent lamps, the former being 
used for street lighting, and the latter in stores, factories and in the hotels. The 
people of Chehalis boast, with a pardonable degree of pride, of their efficient water 
system. Both in the quality of water supplied and in the pressure obtained, this 
system is certainly not excelled anywhere. The water is brought in flumes from 
the Newaukum river, seven miles distant, and by an ingenious combination of 
water-wheel and pump, at a point one and one quarter miles distant from the city, 
the water is thrown into a reservoir of 560,000 gallons capacity, and located on an 
eminence adjacent to Chehalis. The pressure obtained in the city mains is from Soto 
90 pounds to the square inch. Had these water works been completed at the time 
of the great fire in 1892, no such a disastrous conflagration as visited the town then 
would have been possible. 

A glance at the varied interests, agricultural and mineral, of Lewis county, all 
of which is tributary to Chehalis, and must continue to be in the future, not only 
reveals the cause of the present prosperity of the city, but also supplies an argu- 
ment for the continued growth of the place. Hops, hay and oats are the leading 
products of the soil of this section. Wheat thrives equally as well on the lands 
of the county, but the farmers of this section were not long in discovering that the 
first-named crops paid the best, and as a result wheat growing, as a leading indus- 
try on these lands, was abandoned in favor of the more profitable productions. 
Hops are raised in great abundance here, and of superior quality. They are grown 
on low, sandy soil, and the annual product of this staple, in Lewis county, is very 
large. Washington hops enjoy a deservedly high reputation in Eastern markets, and 
the Chehalis valley hops are graded with the best. Reliable reports place the pro- 
duct of hops on lands of the county at from three-fourths to one and one-half tons 
per acre, according to locality and the care exercised in cultivation. Fine hay crops 
are also the rule in this section, and yields of from one to two and one-half tons per 
acre of fine timothy are common here. In a period of 30 years crops have never 
been known to fail here. 

Fruit growing is now attracting considerable attention in Lewis county. The 
uplands of the county are found well adapted for orchards of prune, plums, apples, 
pears and cherries and trees here, which have already reached a bearing age, are 
giving fine results, both in quality of fruit produced and the quantity of this same 
fruit. 

The time is hardly ripe for any extended notice of the mineral resources ot 
the count}'. It is certain, however, that valuable veins of precious metals and coal 
exist in the slopes of Mount St. Helens, and many claims have already been filed 
in this section with a view of their speedy development. The lumbering interests 
of the county and adjoining counties are now second to those of no other part of 
the Northwest. Many years must elapse before the billions of feet of yellow fir 
and cedar now standing in these forests can be exhausted. 



South Bend, Washington. 



317 



PHOTO. BY P.. SHEANE. 



The Mealy-Lacy Company. — The Mealy-Lacy Company, proprietors of the 
leading lumbering industry of Chehalis and its tributary section, is not a corpora- 
tion, but a co-partnership, embracing the following membership : A. Mealy, F. C. 
Lacy, G. S. Lacy, C. Leeper, C. M. Mackintosh and R. W. Shotts. All of these 
gentlemen were, until recently, engaged in the lumbering business in Pennsylva- 
nia, and they brought with 
them to Washington the prac- 
tical knowledge of the business 
which experience alone im- 
parts. The moving causes 
which induced them to leave 
the Atlantic for the Pacific coast 
were the growing scarcity of the 
timber in the East, and the 
keen business sagacity which 
told them that now, if ever, the 
time had come to secure tim- 
ber lands in the great North 
western timber belts. The 
Mealy-Lacy Company was 
formed in August, 1891, and 
the books of the company show 
that their output for the first 18 months they were in business was 4,500,000 
feet of lumber. The plant; of the company at Chehalis covers about 12 acres of 
land lying along the Chehalis river, and includes sawmills, dry-kilns and the best 
improved machinery for turning out rough and dressed lumber. They use both 
the kiln and air process for drying, but they prefer the latter for best results 
obtained. 

Chehalis, at the present time, is worthy of the attention of manufacturers and 
capitalists, The manufacturing possibilities of the city are good, and the extent and 
richness of the tributary section will always support at this point a large and pros- 
perous population. 




PACIFIC V OCEAS1 



South. Bend, Washington.— South Bend, 
the seat of justice of Pacific county, Washington, and 
one of the principal cities of Southwestern Wash- 
ington, is located near the mouth of the Willapa 
river, 18 miles distant from the Pacific ocean. 

The commercial importance of the site on which 
South Bend is located was first recognized in 1889, at 
the time when attention was first diverted from Puget 
Sound, and increasing interest began to be manifested 
in the advantages of Southwestern Washington. Willapa Harbor, formerly known 
as Shoal water Bay, has long been recognized as one of the best natural harbors in 
the United States. Satisfying themselves of this fact a large number of promoters 
and speculators at once began the search for an eligible townsite on its shores. 
In the fall of 1889, South Bend was platted. There were at that time about 150 
people living in the vicinity of the proposed town, principally engaged in farming 




'Illapa Bay. Washington 



318 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



and lumbering. 




PHOTO. BV A. GVLFE. 



■ 



From the beginning of 1S90 South Beud entered upon an era of rapid 
growth. Capitalists and home seekers flocked 
to the new seaport iu great numbers and as a 
result of this rapid inflow the United States 
census of March, PM0T0 . BV A . GyLFE . 
1890, accredited 
South Bend with a 
population of 836. 
This population 
has beeu largely in- 
creased since that 
time, and it is 
claimed today that 
the city contains at 
least 3,500 inhab- 



Scene »t Docks, south beno. 



itants. 




Falls of palix River, near South Bend. 



PHOTO. BY GVLFE. 



South Bend is located on Willapa river, 18 miles from 
the Pacific ocean. It is as a seaport that the city makes 
its chief claim to future importance. The Willapa 
river at this point is from 700 to 1,600 feet wide and has 
a depth varying from 22 to 38 feet at the lowest tide. 
This harbor offers safe anchorage to the largest ships 
afloat, and has ample accommodations for all the ship- 
ping that will ever visit the state of Washington. A 

deep and nearly straight channel leads from South 
Bend in the river, and through Willapa Harbor to 
the sea. There are two channel entrances into the 
bay from the ocean. These channels are shown 
by the government survey of 1891 to possess a 
depth of 18 and 22 feet respectively at low tide, 
with an average daily rise of 8 feet. Smooth 
water is found in these entrances in all weather 
and they offer safe and easy navigation. 

Its harbor advantages attracted the attention 
of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company to 
South Bend in 1890 and the company at once de- 
cided to make this point a Pacific ocean terminus 
of the road. A branch has since beeu constructed 
from the main line of the Northern Pacific at Che- 
halis to South Bend, a distance of 58 miles. This road was 
completed and thrown open to travel in the spring of 
[893, thus "affording direct all-rail communication be- 
tween South Bendi all parts of Washington and Oregon, 
and the East. The Northern Pacific Railroad Company 
contemplates extending this line beyond Chehalis to 
North Yakima, thus affording facilities for the transpor- 
tation the of wheat ami other produce of Eastern Wash- 
to South Bend. This will be a great saving in 
distance over the present circuitous route the road follows 




Public School, South bend. 



PPOTO. BV GYLFE. 




Block, South bend. 



South Bend, Washington. 



:;i:» 



1 




HOTEL WILLAPA, SOUTH BEND. 



to Puget Sound. South Bend is now also reached from Astoria by the I. R. & N. 
Co. 's line. This road runs from Ilwaco to Sealand. At the latter point connection 
is made with steamers for South Bend. Num- 
erous vessels also ply regularly between South 
Bend and Astoria, Portland and San Francisco, 
thus affording a third route for reaching this 
prosperous point. 

The building of a substantial city and the 
establishment of industries at South Bend have 
kept pace with its increase in population. 
The city now contains four banks, six hotels, 
two newspapers, and a large number of pros- 
perous mercantile houses. The Hotel Willapa, 
intended to accommodate the tide of summer 
travel which flows annually to South Bend, was erected at a cost off 100,000. The Allbee, 
a handsome and well-equipped hotel, is open the year round, and it is highly spoken 
of by tourists. Comfortable rooms, a first-class table and careful attention to the 
wants of guests are recognized features of the house. The judicial seat of Pacific 

county was removed from Oysterville in 1893 to 
South Bend. Among the improvements con- 
templated at South Bend in the near future is 
the erection of a fine court house. The public 
school building here is a fine structure, erected 
at a cost of $10,000. Among the public im- 
provements of the city may be mentioned miles 
of graded and planked streets, electric lights 
and an excellent systern of water works. Relig- 
ious services are conducted in seven churches 
of as many different denominations. 

Manufacturing industries at South Bend 
are represented by the Willapa Harbor Tannin 
Extract Company, the Northwestern Lumber 
Company, two other large sawmills, a sash and 
door factory, a planing mill and a salmon can- 
nery. The Willapa Harbor Tannin Extract 
Company is a new enterprise, but it has already established a substantial reputation 
and the demand for its products is rapidly increasing. The tannin produced by the 
company is considered superior to that 
heretofore brought into Washington from 
the East. The works are under the direct 
superintendence and management of Mr. T. 
Cooper. The Northwestern Lumber Com- 
pany at South Bend is a large concern. It 
owns an extensive plant and wharfage facili- 
ties on the shores of the Willapa river. The 
headquarters of the company are at San 
Francisco and the resident manager at South Bend is Mr. R. B. Dyer. The immense 
annual output of the company is shipped principally to San Francisco. The wharf- 




South Bend, 



Proprietor. 




Willapa harbor Tannin Extract Co.'S Plant, South Bend. 



320 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BV A. GrLFE. 



■■s*jtLs-. .-,5^: • _-. fife 





Plant, South Bend Lumber & Mfg. Co., South Bend 



age facilities of South Bend along the 
Willapa river are ample for the ac- 
commodation of the large commerce 
which frequents the city. The har- 
bor has recently been deepened by 
dredging at a cost of $500,000. The 
sand taken from the river bed was 
used to fill in and render available for 

Northwestern Lumber Co.'S Mills, South Bend. l. :n' i r , • i i -t n . 

building a large tract of tide land flats. 
These former flats now form a most photo, by a. gvlfe. 

important part of the townsite. Di- ''•■'■■■■ 

rectly tributary to South Bend is the 
rich Willapa valley, traversed by the 
railroad terminating here. This furn- 
ishes homes for a prosperous farming 
community. Parts of it are covered 
with a fine growth of heavy timber, 
and with its diversified resources it is 
one of the most inviting sections of 
Washington. 

Centralia, Washington. — 

Centralia is, as its name implies, a 
central city. This position is not fixed so much by geographical location as it 
is by the central position which the town occupies in the rich agricultural, timber 
and coal section of Southwestern Washington, and also by 
the right which the place justly claims to of being a rail- 
road center of considerable importance. Centralia is on the 
main line of the Northern Pacific, 94 miles from Portland, 
and 51 miles from Tacoma. It is the diverging point for 
the two important lines of railroad, one running from 
Centralia to the coal raining center of Florence and 
the other running to Ocosta on Gray's Harbor. It is 
at Centralia that the Tacoma, Olympia & Chehalis 
Valley railroad connects with the main line of the Northern 
Pacific. Cars are now running out from Centralia over 
this new road as far as Florence coal mine, about five 
miles distant. It is the intention to push this line 
through to a connection with some important railroad PH0T0 - By T ' "• WIUUAMS 
line east of the Cascade Mountains at some time in the 
near future. In addition to the above roads now pass 
ing and centering at Centralia, the Union Pacific has 
secured the right of way for a line paralleling the Nor- 
thern Pacific and running from Portland to the Sound, 
which line will make Centralia one of its important 
stations. Vast sums of money have already been ex- 
pended on the roadbed of this new road, and the feeling 
is general that the line will be completed and in 
running order sometime in the near future. The north school, centralia 




.y School house. 
1, 1889. 



j/j^h^ \ 



Centralia, Washington. 



321 



PHOTO. BY ' 




Great Northern, which now has its western terminus at Seattle, is reported as being 
very anxious to get to Portland, and it is not improbable that satisfactory arrange- 
ments may be made between the Great Northern and 
the Union Pacific to run the cars of both roads over 
the latter company's line between Portland and the 
Sound. Should this be brought about, Centralia will 
have the benefit of three transcontinental lines of 
road, thus affording this point unequaled passenger 
and freight accommodations. Two through passenger 
trains over the Northern Pacific and one local pas- 
senger train running between Portland and Tacoma, 
in addition to a passenger train from Chehalis to 
Seattle, are now run each way over the main line pass- 
ing Centralia daily, and this service, together with 
the trains over the branch lines of road running out h. street school, centralia. 

from this point, gives Centralia the appearance of a railroad center of considerable 
importance. 

The pioneer settler on the site now occupied by Centralia was a colored man, 
who is still living, and who bears the distinguished name of the father of his country, 
George Washington. Born in Virginia in 1817, the principal aim of the young man 
was to escape beyond the limitations of the white man's control. His adventurous 
wanderings finally led him to the junction of the Chehalis and Skookumchuck 
rivers in Southwestern Washington. Here he took up a claim and settled down to 

hard work and finally to reap the benefits of afflu- 
ence which a future civilization had in store for him 
at this point. George Washington is today one of the 
richest men in Lewis county. Somewhat bowed by 
age, he is a prominent figure on the streets of Cen- 
tralia. He gives his principal attention to the collect- 
ing of his rents and looking after his large property 
interests, he keeps a horse and buggy for his own 
private use and he is today one of the most highly 
respected citizens of the place he has seen grow from 
nothing to a commercial center of considerable promi- 
nence. Another pioneer of Centralia is Henry Hanson, a native of York, England, 
who bought 40 acres of land at this point in 1882 for $1,000. This land is now city 
property and has made the owner of it rich beyond his fondest anticipations. 

The site on which Centralia is built is well 
adapted for the location of a city. It is level, and 
a gravel subsoil affords an easy and safe drainage. 
West of Centralia lies the fertile Chehalis valley, 
while stretching away to the south is the equally 
rich Salzer valley. These two valleys contain some 
of the richest land in the state of Washiugion. 
Back of Centralia grow the virgin forests of Lewis 
and Chehalis counties containing inexhaustible 
supplies of the finest timber. Logs from this tim- 
ber belt are easily floated to the mills at Centralia on 
the waters of the Chehalis river passing this point. denton block 




Iron and Brass Foundry, Centr 




322 



The Oresf-onian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



R. WILLIAMS. 



Ceutralia dates its growth from 1S89. In January of that year the population of 
the place was about 700. Centralia claims today a population from between 3,50oand 

4,000, and ranks among the 10 largest cities of 
Washington. Tower avenue, the main business 
street of the city, is a long thoroughfare, lined on 
both sides with many handsome and substantial 
brick structures. Among these fine buildings may 
be mentioned the First National Bank, the Biukley 
block, the Ellsbury block, the Denton block and 
the Long block. Other equally as fine structures 
as the above are now in course of erection. The 
two well established banks at Centralia, the First 
National and the Bank of Commerce insure the 
financial standing of the city. The First Nat- 
ional Bank of Centralia is the result of the amalgamation of the old Lewis 
County Bank, which was incorporated in 1889 with a capital of $50,000, and the First 
National Bank. When the Lewis 




F.llsbury Block, Centralia 




il ■ 

■ 



First National Bank Building, Centralk 



County Bank was incorporated the de- PH0T0 - BY 
posits by noon of the first day the bank 
opened its doors to business amounted 
to $15,000. The First National Bank 
is today strongly entrenched in the 
confidence of the people of Centralia 
and Lewis county, and its business 
shows a steady growth with each suc- 
cessive year. The officers of the First . 
National are : Chas. Gilchrist, presi- 
dent ; Frank Hense, vice-president ; 
and E. L. Bickford, cashier. The 
statement made by the bank in July of 
last year made the following show- 
ing : capital, $50,000; surplus, $4,000. 

The 'educational facilities of Centralia are something unusual for a place of the 
a»e of the city. Ceutralia supports two good public schools which occupy two hand- 
some and well appointed buildings, and the average 
daily attendance at these schools is over 700 pupils. 
The first public school was opened in Centralia in 
April, 1889, with an enrollment of 50 scholars. The 
school was held at that time in a little primitive 
building that was taxed beyond the accommodation 
afforded even the limited number of pupils in 
attendance. In addition to the good public schools, 
Centralia is the seat of the Grace Seminary, founded 
by the Baptists. The citizens of Centralia contrib- 
uted $10,000 in cash and gave the building site to 
secure the location of this school at this point. 
The college occupies a handsome four-story build- 
ing erected at a cost of $17,000 and it is complete in 
every particular for school purposes. The curricu- 



PHOTO. BY T. R. 




Centralia, Washington. 



323 



lum of this school includes both the normal and academic courses of study. Pupils 
leaving this school are fully prepared for either teaching or for business life, and they 
are sufficiently advanced to successfully pass the examination for a collegiate course. 
Music and art are also embraced in the curriculum of the school. 



Centralia has a good water-works plant and also an 
efficient electric light plant. The hotel accommodations 
of the city have not been overlooked by the enterprising 
citizens. The Hotel Centralia, which is now under con- 
struction, will cost when completed and fully furnished 
between $25,000 and $30,000. It will contain all the im- 
provements essential to comfort and luxury. The Park 
Hotel at Centralia, which is now run under the able man- 
agement of Captain Robinson, was built by Col. Geo. H. 
Ellsbury and stands high for the excellence of its cuisine 
and for the attention paid to the requirements of its 
patrons. 



PHOTO. BY 1 



X 






Hotel centralia Cei 
(from plans.) 




Centralia is now the seat of a considerable 

coal industry. The Florence mine which yields 

a superior grade of bituminous coal lies about 

five miles east of Centralia. The output of this 

mine which amounted to 4,000 tons in 1892, is 

shipped from the mine to Centralia over the 

line of the Tacoma, Olympia & Chehalis 

Valley railroad and reshipped from this 

city to different points on the Northern 

Pacific railroad. 

The industries of Centralia are num- 
erous and diversified. These include lum- 
ber and shingle mills, brick yards, a brass 
and iron foundry and a furniture factory. 
The largest of these manufacturing plants 
are the two mills operated under the man- 
agement of the Centralia Lumber Ex- 
park hotel, centralia. , ,.,.., . . .. c , , 

change, which is the combination 01 tne 

interests of the two firms of Birge & Leitch and H. H. Martin & Son. The Exchange 
opened its office in Centralia in 1891, and its 
business is shared between the two compan- 
ies which it. represents. The joining of the 
interests of these old firms has led to excel- 
lent results. The value of the shipments 
made through the Exchange in 1892, in 
direct transactions with the jobbers, with- 
out the aid of agents, was $60,000. The 
Exchange is prepared to furnish all grades 
of lumber and shingles on short notice and 

keeps a large stock of these lines constantly; 

on hand. mill, birge 4 leitch, central 

The Birge & Leitch mill is located on the Chehalis river and its supply of logs is 




324 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY T. 




floated down this stream and its tributaries. The capacity of the mill is 40,000 feet 
per day. The output of the mill for 1S92, running 105 days, was 2,410,000 feet. H. 
H. Martin & Son run both saw and shingle mills. The capacity of the lumber mill 

of this company is 30,000 feet a day. The 
output of this mill for 1892, running 150 
days, was 2,500,000 feet. The shingle 
plant of the company was started to running 
in November, 1892. It has a capacit}- of 
90,000 shingles a day and the output up to 
January 1, 1893, reached 3,500,000. The shin- 
gle mill is located on the Skookumchuck river 
near its confluence with Hannaford creek. 
Mr. Martin states that there is sufficient Ai 
timber reached by the waters of this creek 
to keep his mill running constantly for 50 
h. h. mart,, & son^ mill, centraua. years in the future. 

The Tower Lumber and Manufacturing Company's plant occupies a site along 
the track of the Northern Pacific railroad. George H. Ellsbury is president of the 
company, and George Davies is secre- 
tary. The capacity of the mill is 30,000 
feet per day. The output for 1892 was 
6,500,000 feet. This company now has a 
contract with the Northern Pacific to cut 
30,000,000 feet of lumber on the lands of 
the latter corporation. The Centralia 
Furniture Company is the same estab- 
lishment that was formerly located at 
Milwaukie, six miles above Portland. 
This company was induced to move their 
plant to Centralia by the offer of a lib- 
eral subsidy. The company does a large 
business, and is rarely without advance orders. Their annual pay-roll, outside of 
piece work, is between $12,000 and $13,000. Two brickyards do a flourishing busi- 
ness at Centralia. The clay found in the vicinity of 
Centralia is of a superior quality for brick-making. 
The fine brick blocks at this place were erected of 
brick made at the home yards, and these yards also 
supplied the brick used in the construction of the 
finest buildings of the Gray's Harbor towns. In addi- 
tion to the manufacturing industries enumerated 
above, Centralia supports a number of smaller fac- 
tories, all of which contribute largely to the prosperity 
of this most favorably located point. 

The Gray's Harbor Country. — The large pear-shaped inlet, or bay, known 
as Gray's Harbor, is located on the southwest coast of Chehalis county, 90 miles 
south of Puget Sound, and about 40 miles north of the entrance to the Columbia 
river. Accident led to the discovery of Gray's Harbor about a century ago. Cap- 
tain Robert Gray, of the ship Columbia, from Boston, a vessel engaged in the fur 




The Tower Lumber and Mfg. Co., centralia 



hoto. by t. 




Furniture Factory, Centralia. 



Gray's Harbor Country, Washington. 



325 




Map, Gray's Harbor. 



trade, sighted the inlet to the har- 
bor on April 7, 1792. He turned 
the prow of his ship towards the 
land and proudly sailed into the 
harbor. His entry on the log-book 
was to the effect that he found a 
commodious bay well sheltered 
from the sea by long sandbars and 
spits. He christened the bay Bull- 
finch Harbor, in honor of a friend. 
Subsequently, however, the inlet 
was named after its gallant discov- 
erer, and it has since been known to the world as Gray's Harbor. 

The entrance to Gray's Harbor from the ocean is 1 '< miles wide. The extreme 
length of the harbor is 18 miles, and its greatest width 14 miles. Old sea captains 
say that before the time antedating ,l appropriations," they considered Gray's Har- 
bor a good haven to sail for in foul weather. The bay is almost completely land- 
locked, the narrow entrance alone affording ingress from the ocean. A ship at 
anchor in the harbor is as safe from the storms which beat outside of the heads 
as she would be in the Willamette at Portland. The area of the harbor approxi- 
mates 100 square miles. The estimated anchorage area of the harbor is over 4,500 
acres. An appropriation has recently been made by the government for the erec- 
tion of a lighthouse at the entrance to Gray's Harbor, but so far not a dollar has 
been spent by the government for the improvement of this important inlet from 
the ocean. 

Small steamers and lumber schooners of large tonnage mow enter the harbor 

in all kinds of weather. These vessels run up as 
far as Cosmopolis, located on the Chehalis river, 
and at the high stages of water even as far inland 
as Montesano, the seat of Chehalis county. Prac- 
tical and experienced seamen believe that the ex- 
penditure of $250,000 in improvements to the 
harbor would open it to vessels of the largest ton- 
nage. The experiment of opening this harbor to 
vessels of the deepest draught, is worthy of at 
least a trial. The obstructions found in the har- 
bor at the present time consist of a well defined 
bar at the entrance, and two minor bars inside 
the bay. Three larger channels carry the great 
body of water seeking an outlet to the ocean through 
Gray's Harbor — the north, south and middle chan- 
nels. By confining the great flow of water to any 
one of these channels, on a principle easily under- 
stood by all practical engineers, a depth could be 
easily secured here that would float the very larg- 
est vessels. The Chehalis, Hoquiam, Wishkah, 
Humptulips, Charlies, Neuskahl, John's and Elk 
rivers all empty their waters into Gray's Harbor. 
These streams drain over 2,000 square miles of 



RATSCH 4 CO. 




near Aberdeen 



826 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY PRATSCH & CO. 



territory, and the volume of water which they carry is sufficient, if properly directed, 
to remove all the bars in the harbor and to maintain at the entrance a depth of at 
least 30 feet at mean low tide. 

The vast area drained by the numerous 
streams pouring into Gray's Harbor is covered 
with a heavy growth of the finest fir, spruce, 
cedar, alder and hemlock timber. The wealth 
of the timber alone found in this district, is a 
sufficient claim on the government for the im- 
provement of Gray's Harbor. The district has 
been settled since 1855, and it is today one of 
the richest parts of the state of Washington in 
the assured promises of future rapid and sub- 
stantial growth. The country back of the har- 
bor is not only rich in the resources of avail- 
able timber alone, but it also contains thou- 
sands of acres of the finest agricultural land 
in the Northwest, which, when fully settled, 
will support a large and prosperous population. 
Five towns are today located on the shores 
of Gray's Harbor and the banks of that part of 
dense timber near Aberdeen. the Chehalis river navigable for ocean-going 

vessels. These are Ocosta, Hoquiam, Aberdeen, 
Cosmopolis and Montesano. Each of these towns receives special mention in 
connection with the present article, and these notices of the individual settlements 
of the section, together with this introductory article on Gray's Harbor, will furnish 
the reader with a valuable fund of information on a part of the state of Washington 
that is certain to show a most substantial development during the next few years. 




PHOTO. BY 1 



Montesano, Washington. — Montesano, the couuty seat of Chehalis county, 
Washington, possesses several decided advantages of location. In the many changes 
which must take place before the rel- 
ative position of the leading and per- 
manent cities of Washington can be 
once firmly settled, many advantages 
will doubtless be considered in favor 
of Montesano for a future large 
growth and solid prosperity. 



The old settlement of Montesano 
[mountain of health] was first estab- 
lished on the opposite side' of the 
Chehalis river from the present town- 
site in 1862. Later the present site of 
the city was discovered to be a better 
location for the establishment of a 
town, and in order to keep the county 
seat for the place the name Monte- 
sano was retained for the new town. 




Residence, C. N. Byles, Montesano. 



Montesano, Washington. 



327 



The townsite of the present city was first platted by C. N. Byles in 1882. Incorpora- 
tion followed in 1883. The town made a steady though slow progress from this latter 
year until 1890, when the first important enterprise in Montesano's history was inau- 
gurated. This was the completion of a lumber railroad to Montesano, which fur- 
nished an outlet for the rich timber belt of this district. The citizens subscribed a 
liberal subsidy to insure the choice of route in the location of this road, and its com- 
pletion was found to be of incalculable benefit to the town. At a later period this 
line of road came into the possession of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, 
and is now one of the most important feeders of the trunk line of the entire system. 
The official census of 1890 placed 

... , . ■ r-n/r a - _ PHOTO BY A. J. MERWIN. 

the population of Montesano at over 1,700. 
The best informed citizens of Montesano 
claim today a population exceeding 2,000 
for their city. This point is the head of 
navigation on the Chehalis river, and is 
really the highest point reached by water 
in the entire Gray's Harbor district. Ves- 
sels of large aggregate tonnage yearly 
land at Montesano's docks. The depth 
of water in the river up to this point will 
be greatly increased by future improve- 
ments, and this will always remain the 
farthest point inland to which ships can 

ascend and make connection with the land transportation lines centering at this place. 
Ships now regularly pi}' between Montesano and San Francisco, and also between 
Montesano and Portland. The water front of the town affords excellent opportuni- 
ties for the location here of manufacturing plants. Thus early in the growth of the 
place a large number of factories are operated here. These include Stetson's mill, 




Public School, Montesano. 



The Montesano 
Sash & Door Fac- 
sano Tannery and 
sano are the most 
Promising as are 



Mill & Water Co.'s mill, The Montesano 
tory, Ayer's Furniture Factory, The Monte- 
two brick yards. The brick yards at Monte- 
successful operated in Chehalis county, 
the future possibilities of Montesano for ship- 
ping and manufacturing, the future of the 
place will be largely dependent upon the 
growth and increase in wealth of the rich 
tributary agricultural district. Very reliable 
estimates place the number of acres of good 
agricultural land in Chehalis county, of which 
Montesano occupies about the geographical 
center from east to west, at about 300,000. 
About 40,000 acres of this land are already in 
cultivation. The figures given below regard- 
ing the average yields are made from careful 
inquiries among the practical farmers of 
this section and can be accepted as reliable. 
The average growth of hay on this laud is about three tons to the acre. The 
yield per acre of the cereals is as follows : wheat, 35 bushels ; oats, 60 bushels ; 
barley, 54 bushels; peas, 4S bushels; rye, 40 bushels. The root crops and vegetables 




House, Montesano. 



328 



The Oreironian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



make the following showing per acre : potatoes, 308,^ bushels ; carrots, 760 
bushels ; parsnips, 545 bushels ; beets, 950 bushels ; rutabagas, 1,050 bushels ; turnips, 
1,000 bushels, and all other vegetables do equally as well. Cabbages grown here 
have frequently been exhibited measuring three feet in diameter and weighing as high 
as 30 pounds. This soil is especially adapted to the growing of hops, and the yield of 
this product is about 1.800 pounds to the acre. 

The lumber interests of the entire Gray's Harbor district are large, and are 
touched on to considerable extent in a separate article. The country immediately 
tributary to Moutesano is rich in the finest supply of fir, spruce, cedar and hemlock, 
and cutting this timber into lumber is now (and it promises to make wonderful devel- 
opment in the future) one of the principal manufacturing industries of the place. 

The growth of Moutesano has been steady, but not at a pace beyond the possi- 
bilities of the town for self-support. The public improvements at Moutesano are 
fully in keeping with the commercial prominence of the town. The streets are 
thoroughly lighted by electricity, and the local plant also supplies power for interior 
lighting by the incandescent system. The water-works system of the city is especi- 
ally worthy of notice. The extraordinary pressure of 105 pounds to the square inch 
is maintained in the city's mains, while the pressure in the mains of the average 
water system varies from 90 to 100 pounds. 

The people of Montesano are justly proud of 
their elegant public school building which was 
erected at a cost of $6,000. They also point with 
pride to the fine court house located at this point. 
Among the many other fine buildings of 
the city is the elegant edifice occupied and 
owned by the Bank of Montesano. This 
building cost $25,000 and is one of the 
handsomest structures in Chehalis county. 
It is occupied by the Bank of Montesano 
one of the oldest banking houses in South- 
western Washington. The Bank of Monte- 
sano is the outgrowth of the old bank- 
ing house of Byles & Co., composed 
of C. N. Byles, of Montesano, and I. 
N. Case, of Astoria. Mr. Case is still 
a stockholder in the Bank of Monte- 
jgl sano. The officers of the bank at the 

present writing are C. N. Byles, presi- 
dent ; J. E. Metcalf, vice-president, 
and H. L. Gilkey, cashier. The 
financial statement of the bank is as 
follows: capital, $75,000; undivided profits, $8,ooo. 

A strong banking house that is comparatively new here is the First National 
Bank of Montesano. This latter institution opened its doors to business in August, 
1892. H. B. Marcy is president, Dr. F. L. Carr is vice-president, and J. P. Carson is 
cashier. The capital stock of the bank is $50,000 ; deposits, $35,892.12, and undivided 
profits, $1,987.93. 



/#f 



~A 




Bank of Montesano Building, Montesano 



Cosmopolis, Washington. 329 

The assessed valuation of Montesano photo by a. j. merw.n. 

property today is about $1,000,000. As a ,> S 

city of homes the place is well worthy of ^i^^^^^^-S^^-^^, 

mention. Among the many elegant private ^^Tf'f' 'H'fr fr^oT^ 

residences of the city, the illustration of " ifT^j || jP»l| jg; |j fr ff : 

the home of C. N. Byles, the pioneer ^j&Mfl W Wf . 

founder of Montesano, is found especially piii irBtCEj| f\? Jf*'TT'*'»? ! 

worthy of publication in connection with ^' J,n'||™ *;ll) i Ii^i. 

the present article. The father and mother - ^ -^Si^S^ *" "S2"^_;-- 
of Mr. Byles were the first settlers in the 

southwestern part of Washington who came _ „ 

r o First National Bank, montesano. 

direct to the territory from the East, 

their predecessors having reached Washington by way of the route through Oregon. 
The sanitary conditions of Montesano are unsurpassed. The town is really 
built on a succession of three terraces rising one above the other, thus affording a 
natural and perfect system of drainage. The climate here is equable to a degree that 
can be said to be practically without sudden and great changes of temperature, and 
this, with the many avenues of wealth and prosperity which are open to the citizens 
of the place, will make Montesano, in the near future, one of the important cities of 
Southwestern Washington. 

Cosmopolis, Washington. — Cosmopolis, a thriving little town of about 500 
population, is located on the opposite side of the Chehalis river from Aberdeen, 
and a few miles further up the stream. The site is a good one for the location of a 
town. Cosmopolis has about one and one-half miles of water front, especially 
adapted to wharfage use. The Chehalis carries a depth of about 30 feet of water 
along this entire city frontage, with deep places in the river where the water attains 
a depth of 60 feet. 

The Gray's Harbor Commercial Company is an important factor in the prosper- 
ity of Cosmopolis. The extensive lumber mill plant of this company is the only 
industry at the present time located at this point. In addition to their large saw- 
mill the company also conducts at Cosmopolis a large general merchandise business 
They also operate a line of steamers, giving employment to several boats, on the 
river and harbor. The largest single day's output by the plant of the company at 
Cosmopolis during 1892 was 222,000 feet of lumber, which can be taken as an indi- 
cation of the extent of this great industry at Cosmopolis. The company employs in 
its mill and store here over 100 men. Loafers and unemployed men are not found in this 
community. Cosmopolis has a pleasing air of thrift. A good public school build- 
ing, erected at a cost of $4,500, and a fine city hall, which cost about $3,500, are 
claimed for the town. The place also has the advantages of a good water-works 
system and an efficient and well-conducted electric light plant. Cosmopolis is 
entirely free from debt. The foundation of the town is the solid one of manufac- 
turing industry and legitimate trade and it presents every evidence of a substantial 
growth. 

Aberdeen, Washington. — Aberdeen is both the center of a great industry 
and a shipping point of no mean importance. These two advantages in the hands 
of an enterprising population that is usually located in a coast town of any promi- 



330 



The Oregoni&n's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



nence, can be made strong levers in lifting a town out of obscurity to a position of 
wealth and importance, and it may be stated here for the benefit of the outside 
world that Aberdeen's citizens have neither been derelict in the exercise of intelli- 







^ 



View of Aberdeen 



gence in watching the interests of their town or in pushing it to the front as a coming 
place of importance on Gray's Harbor. 

In 1855, Samuel Benn, the pioneer resident of Aberdeen, located a ranch on the 
site now occupied by the flourishing young city. Mr. Benn is still alive and is one of 
the best-known citizens of the town for whose birth he was responsible and whose 
interests he has done so much to advance. The townsite was platted in 1883 and con- 
tained at that time 45 blocks. The room provided for in the original plat was inade- 
quate to meet the demands of the rapidly-growing population, and since that time 
additions to Aberdeen have been laid out until the site of the city proper now covers 
a considerable area. The place is compactly built and it has every appearance of a 
wide-awake and prosperous town. 

The population of Aberdeen today is about 2,000. The county census taken in 
the spring of 1892 showed 1,860 actual residents within the precincts of Aberdeen, 
and the vote polled in the fall of the same year at the town was 514. The popula- 
tion of 2,000 for Aberdeen at the present writing is made on a conservative basis. 

It was a wise foresight which 
chose the site of Aberdeen, 
located as it is at the junction 
of the Chehalis and Wishkah 
rivers, near the point where the 
latter stream enters Gray's Har- 
bor. The harbor at Aberdeen is 
land-locked, and the depth of 
water on both sides of the town 
is sufficient to float the largest 
vessels. The Chehalis river at 
this point is 2,700 feet wide and 
maintains an average depth in 
front of the town of over 30 
feet. The Wishkah river, which 
bisects the town, is 200 feet 
wide at this point, and at high 
tide carries a depth of about 30 feet of water for some distance from its mouth. 
These two deep-water frontages afford ample wharfage facilities for the shipping 
of Gray's Harbor, and the depth of water is such that vessels of any tonnage will 
always be able to reach the docks here without the least difficulty. 




m«m Street, Aberdeen. 



Aberdeen, Washington. 



:;:;l 



fit, 




High School, Aberdeen. 



Some time since the enterprising citizens photo, by pratsch * co. 
of Aberdeen constructed and are now operating 
a well-equipped water-works system and also 
an electric light plant. In this line of improve- 
ment they also erected a handsome public 
school building on a sightly knoll in the city 
limits. This building, including cost of fur- 
nishing, represents a total outlay of $29,000. 
The best residence portion of the place is 
what is known as North Aberdeen, where some 
very elegant private residences have already 
been constructed. The air of both the business 
district and the residence portion of the town 
breathes of prosperitj-, and Aberdeen bears 
every evidence of a wealthy and progressive 
community. 

On the Pacific coast there are but five indentations, exclusive of Coos Bay, from 
the ocean which form easy and safe anchorage for shipping of large tonnage. Among 
the most important of these harbors, outside of Coos Bay, the Columbia river and 
Puget Sound, is Gray's Harbor, on which Aberdeen is located. The country back 
of this harbor is rich in all the varied products of forests, mines and soil, and it is 
capable of supporting a large and dense population. Gray's Harbor, without gov- 
ernment improvements, is now entered by vessels of deep draught, and it is the 
seat of large shipping interests. Regular lines of vessels ply between Aberdeen 
and all coast ports, including Portland, the points on Puget Sound and San Fran- 
cisco. In 1892 161 sailing vessels and 55 steamers left Aberdeen's wharves, a great 
advance in the tonnage which came to this port during the previous year. In addi- 
tion to the finest of facilities for shipping by water enjoyed by Aberdeen, the town is 

within easy communicating distance of the regu- 
lar passenger and freight trains of the Northern 
Pacific Railroad Company, whose line is now 
completed to that part of the town lying along 
the south shore of Gray's Harbor, connecting 
with all parts of the United States. It is hoped 
that by the time this book is ready for the press, 
the cars of this road will be running along the 
north shore of the harbor on which Aberdeen is 
located. 

The most important industry at Aberdeen, 
today, is the sawing of lumber. The people of 
the Gray's Harbor district claim, and it would 
seem with some little justice, a part of the wheat 
shipments of the rich Palouse, Big Bend and 
Potlatch sections of Eastern Washington and Ida- 
ho, which now find an outlet at Puget Sound and 
Portland. On the consummation of the railroad 
enterprises now on foot, which will advance the 
interests of the entire Gray's Harbor country, 
salmon industry, Aberdeen. the prediction is doubtless a safe one that Aber- 




332 



The Oresonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PRATSCH & CO. 




Lumber Co.'S Sawm 



deen, in time, will become an important shipping point for a part of the wheat and 
other rich crops of the great state of Washington. 

The Michigan Lumber Company, of Aberdeen, is authority for the statement 

that there is no finer or more acces- 
sible belt of merchantable timber on 
the coast than is found along the 
numerous streams which form the 
water-courses of the Gray's Harbor 
district. Magnificent forests of fir, 
cedar, spruce and hemlock of colossal 
growth, can be easily floated to the 
mills at Aberdeen. A conservative 
estimate of the extent of this timber 
belt places the measurement of lum- 
ber at 180,000,000,000 feet. The coast, 
South American and Australian de- 
mand for this lumber is even now 
great, and with the increased de- 
mands for lumber which are constant- 
ly being made in all parts of the world, the great belt of the finest timber within easy 
reach of the sawmills at Aberdeen will not long remain untouched. 

There are now located at Aberdeen three large sawmills. The output of these 
mills for 1892 was as follows : The J. M. Weatherwax mill, 22,500,000 feet ; the West 
mill, 10,000,000 feet, and the Wilson mill, 6,800,000. The output of the four large 
shingle mills located at Aberdeen aggregated, for the first six months of the year, 
68,100,000 shingles. 

In addition to the lumber and shingle mills at Aberdeen, there are also located 
at this point a large sash, door and box factory, operated by Whitehouse, Crimius 
& Co. , and a factory devoted to the manufacture of furniture and fixtures, operated 
by A. Damitio. Aberdeen would furnish an advantageous site for the establishment 
of a paper mill, as the fibrous spruce timber 
which is found in inexhaustible quantities 
in this section is especially adapted to the 
manufacture of wood pulp. Aberdeen 
would also furnish an excellent site for the 
establishment of tanneries on a large scale, 
as the finest hemlock used in this industry 
can be obtained in any quantity desired, at 
this point, at a minimum cost. 

The J. M. Weatherwax Lumber Com- 
pany have already presented the strongest 
possible argument in favor of Aberdeen as 
a most favorably located point for ship- 
building on a large scale, by constructing, 
at their mill yards, a staunch schooner, 
which is now engaged in the coast trade. 
This vessel was launched at Aberdeen, amid the enthusiastic rejoicings of the 
citizens of the place. This vessel is one of the largest and best appointed boats 



-iOTO. BY PRATSCH 




Boom, J. M. Wea 



Lumber Co., Aberdeen 



Hoquiam, Washing-ton. 



333 



of her kind ever built on the coast. She has 
a carrying capacity of 550,000 feet of lumber, 
and is both a matter of pride and a standing 
advertisement for the entire Gray's Harbor 
section of county. 

With the expenditure of a reasonable ap- 
propriation for improvement, Gray's Harbor 
can be made to rank with even the Colum- 
bia river or Puget Sound as an accessible har- 
bor for the largest shipping. With the con- 
stantly increasing importance of the shipping 
interests of this section, congress will doubt- 
less be willing, before many years have passed, 
to make the improvements needed at Gray's 
Harbor to cause it to equal any of the finest 
4- 



HOTO. BY PRATSCH A CO. 




*E J M. WEATHER 




ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, ABERDEEN 



harbors on the coast, both in ease of 
access and in depth of water. 

An institution located at Aberdeen 
that is a great source of pride to the 
people of that town is the fine hospital 
conducted under the auspices of the Cath- 
olic Sisters. Two strong local banks, the 
Aberdeen Bank and First National, 
each with a capital of $50,000, carry suffi- 
cient money at all times to meet the 
legitimate demands of the people here. 
The mercantile interests are well repre- 
sented at this point and the number 
of stores is constantly increasing with 
the growth in population and wealth of 
the town. 
Hoquiam, Washington. — Hoquiam, an enterprising town of 1,150 inhabi- 
tants, is situated on the north side of Gray's Harbor, 19 miles from the bar at the 
entrance. The town sprung into existence at the time of the establishment of the 
Northwestern Lumber Co.'s mill at this point in 1882. For years previous to that 
time Hoquiam had been known as a place of considerable industry, but was desig- 
nated with other points of the section simply as a "sawmill town." 

In 1890, when the first authentic information of early connection of Gray's Har- 
bor with the outside world by rail reached the people of the older settled communi- 
ties of the coast, Hoquiam took a new lease of life and the growth of the place from 
that time forward was rapid and of a substantial nature. The population of Hoquiam 
in 1889 did not exceed 400; today the population of the town is no less than 1,200 
and this population is constantly increasing. 

The location of Hoquiam at the mouth of the Hoquiam river and also on the 
deep-water frontage of Gray's Harbor is favorable. The best of wharfage facilities 
for shipping are afforded at this point, and anchorage in the harbor in front of the 
city is both safe and easy. The Hoquiam river runs between unusually steep banks 
and it carries a depth of 30 feet of water from the point where it joins the waters 



334 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

of Gray's Harbor for a distance of three miles inland. While it is navigable for 
deep-water vessels but for this latter distance above Hoquiam, steamers of light 
draught ascend the stream for a distance of 10 miles above the deep-water ship- 
ping point. 

The people of Hoquiam express a confidence, that with the growth of that part of 
Southwestern Washington bordering on Gray's Harbor, Hoquiam will become one of 
the important maritime towns of this part of the state. It is already the seat of con- 
siderable manufacturing, and these industries are constantly increasing. The North- 
western Lumber Company's mill is one of the best equipped lumber plants in the 
state. When run to its full capacity this mill can cut about 31,000,000 feet of lum- 
ber annually. Siade's mill, as it is now known to the people of Gray's Harbor, and 
conducted by Mr. Kellogg, of Aberdeen, is the second largest industry of Hoquiam. 
A site has been purchased and the machinery is now on the way from San Fran- 
cisco for the establishment at Hoquiam of a large basket factory. Mr. Carlson, who 
will be the resident manager of the latter company, will look to Portland princi- 
pally as a market for his product. 

Hoquiam has good hotel accommodations in the Hotel Hoquiam, a very credit- 
able structure for a town of 1,200 population. It is well conducted and is the pride 
of the citizens of the place. 

Excellent hunting and fishing are found within easy distance of Hoquiam. The 
streams which join the waters of the Hoquiam river within an easy walk of the town 
teem with trout, there is good salt-water fishing in the harbor, and the adjoining 
hills furnish fine sport for elk, bear and deer shooting. During the season the lakes 
in the vicinity of the town are covered with ducks, including mallards, canvas-back, 
teal, etc., as well as geese and swan, the shooting of which furnishes excellent sport 
for the hunters of water fowl. 

Ocosta, Washington. — " Ocosta by the Sea." This is the somewhat poetic 
designation given to Ocosta by its enthusiastic and romantic citizens. Of the right 
of the citizens' claim to this title for their town no one is disposed to contend. On 
entering Gray's Harbor from the sea, Ocosta on South Bay is the first town sighted, 
and it is the last on which the gaze of the outgoing mariner lingers as his vessel 
speeds seaward. South Bay and a narrow strip of land in shape something like the 
index finger alone separate the town from the waters of the ocean itself. 

It was not a reliance on picturesque surroundings alone that created Ocosta. 
The management of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company in their search for an 
ocean terminus for their line on Gray's Harbor favored Ocosta with the choice. 
J. W. Kendrick, chief engineer of the road, made the preliminary surveys for the 
line, skirting the shores of Gray's Harbor, and apparently having satisfied himself 
fully of the advantages of Ocosta, selected this place as the terminal point. The Gray's 
Harbor branch of the Northern Pacific was completed to Ocosta in June, 1892. The 
completion of the road to this point found a good-sized town awaiting the arrival of 
the iron horse, and since the driving of the last spike the town has made consider- 
able advancement in a material way. 

The population of Ocosta today is perhaps about 500. A sawmill and flouring 
mill are already located at this point and other manufacturing industries are con- 
templated. Liberal subsidies have been offered at Ocosta for the establishment of 
factories, which can be taken as an indication of the wide-awake policy of the place. 



Olympia, Washington. 



:;:;.-, 



Several mills are located in the vicinity, industries that add directly to the prosper- 
ity of the place. The town claims one brewery whose product finds a large sale in 
the vicinity, 

Ocosta is still too young to own a street-lighting plant and water works, but 
perfection of plans for the establishment of these important industries in municipal 
development will doubtless soon be considered by the enterprising people at this 
point. 

The shooting of fine mallard, canvas-back, sprig and teal ducks affords fine 
sport on South Bay in front of Ocosta, and these ducks are exceedingly palatable. 
They are, singularly, entirely free from the rank, fishy taste which taints the flesh 
of nearly all fowl killed on salt water. Visitors to the bay are served in truly royal 
style with the fattest of ducks browned to a turn, and the rule at all of the public 
houses of the section is "a duck apiece for every guest. " The people of Ocosta 
never do things by halves, and they place implicit reliance in the knowledge of 
carving, which every enlightened man is supposed to possess, by making no attempt 
to cut a duck for a man who is hungry enough to eat a whole one. 

Bncotla, Washington . — Bucoda is an important town in Thurston county, 
on the main line of the Northern Pacific, about 20 miles south of Olympia, five miles 
south of Tenino, the junction of the main 
line of the Northern Pacific and the Port 
Townsend Southern branch to Olympia. 
It is 43 miles south of Tacoma and 102 
miles north of Portland. The population 
of Bucoda by the U. S. official census of 
iS90was945. The principal reliance of 
the town for support is the large mine of 
the Bucoda Coal Company, located at this 
point. This mine has a daily capacity of 
500 tons and large shipments of this coal 
are made regularly from Bucoda to Port- 
land and other points on the line of the Northern Pacific. Immense deposits of lig- 
nite coal are found in the immediate vicinity of Bucoda and the mining of this coal 
will always be one of the leading industries here. 

Bucoda contains one bank with $25,000 capital, a fine school house the erection of 
which involved an outlay of $ 6,000, a good opera house with a seating capacity of 
400, it supports one good weekly newspaper and two churches, the Methodist and 
Baptist. One large sawmill and a shingle mill are located at this point. Along 
Skamokawa creek in the vicinity of Bucoda several companies are engaged exten- 
sively in logging, vast forests of the finest fir and cedar being directly tributary to 
the place. Good agricultural land is also found in large bodies near the town. 
Bucoda is a well built town, it contains a number of good stores and well constructed 
private residences and it is perhaps one of the largest interior shipping points of 
the Northern Pacific railroad in Western Washington. 

Olympia, Washington. — Olympia, the capital of the state of Washington, 
and the county seat of Thurston county, is located at the head of Puget Sound, on 
an arm of this great inland body of water known as Budd's Inlet. The Sound is nav- 
igable for deep-water vessels to this point. 




WATER POWER, BUCODA. 



336 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY ROGERS. 



--■ • ■ Sse* 




Olympia, looking Down the Sound. 



The old Smith land claim was located 
in 1846, and the present site of Olympia 
was formally dedicated as a townsite in 
1850. The town was christened Olympia, 
by Colonel I. N. Ebey, a name suggested 
by the snow-capped peaks of the Olympic 
range, which rise abruptly to the north, 
and also by a happy recurrence at the time 
to the following lines of poetry : 



"Afar their crystal summits rise 
Like gems against the sunset skies, 
While far below the shadowy mist, 
In waves of pearl and amethyst, 
'Round stately fir and^sombre pine, 
Its dewey-jeweled fingers twine ; 
Olympia's gods might view with grace 
Nor scorn so fair a dwelling place." 



PHOTO. BY ROGERS. 








Olympia is a beautiful city, both in the 
site it occupies and in its surroundings. 
The broad stretch of the waters of Puget 
Sound spreading out before the city, with 
its constantly moving shipping forms a 
changing panorama that claims the attention 
of all visitors to Washington's capital. The 
skirting forests and towering hills back of 
the place set off to good advantage a picture 
that is as rich in colors as only nature in 
her happiest mood can paint them. The 

beauty in location doubtless had some- MAIN STREET , olympia. 

thing to do in determining the selection of 

Olympia as the state capital, and the growth of the place is, in a measure, due to 
these same beautiful surroundings. 

For many years after the era of railroads in the Northwest, the growth of Olym- 
pia, in comparison with the other large cities of the Sound district, was slow. During 
the past few years, however, much substantial improvement has been made at this 
point, and Olympia now occupies a position of consider- 
able commercial importance. During this time a num- 
ber of very handsome public buildings have been 
erected here, and the numerous fine brick blocks on 
Main street attest the confidence of Olympia's citizens 
in the future growth of their city. The Thurston county 
court house, recently built at Olympia, is one of the 
handsomest public buildings in thest ate. It is built entire- 
ly of Bellingham Bay blue sandstone, and in point of con- 
struction and as a handsome piece of architecture, it 
outshines any county court house in Washington or Ore- 
gon today. The cost of this magnificent building was 

Thurston County Court house, olympia. b J o .-» 



PHOTO. BY ROGERS 




Olympia, Washington. 



337 





J. ft [fO^^Wijkji,,! 

■jn-ji»'r K-i^}jr [ij fjrj ,*!« 






McKenny Block, Olympia. 



$140,000. The four stories of the building furnish ample room for the various county 
officers and for the halls of justice. The interior finishing is in keeping with 
the very handsome appearance of the exterior. Surmounting the structure is a 
lofty octagon-shaped tower. In each of the eight faces of this tower is placed a 
large clock dial, and this clock furnishes a correct timepiece for all Olympia. In 
addition to the magnificent court house, Olympia has two elegant brick and stone 
school buildings. The regular daily attendance at the public schools of the city is 
about 1,500. In addition to the fine public schools, the Collegiate Institute, under 
the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church, and the Providence Academy, con- 
ducted by the sisters, are located at this point. 

Private enterprise has not been remiss in furthering Olympia's interests. The 
McKenny block, the Chilberg block, the First National Bank building, the Hotel 
Olympia, the opera-house block and other 
fine structures have all been erected here 
during the past two years. Noticeable among 
these fine buildings is the McKenny block, 
located on the corner of Fourth and Main 
streets. This was erected in 1890 by Mr. 
T. I. McKenny, at a cost of $80,000. It 
is four stories in height, and has a front- 
age of 60 feet on Main street, with a 
depth extending back on Fourth street of i 
120 feet. The material used in its con- 
struction is brick, with massive stone trim- 
mings, and it presents to the eye every ap- 
pearance of solidity and grace of outline. 
The finely finished woodwork of the interior of the building vies with the best inte- 
rior finishing of any of the finest buildings of 
the Northwest. The building is well heated, 
and every attention has been paid to perfect 
lighting. The three upper stories of the Mc- 
Kenny block are now occupied by the various 
state departments of Washington, pending the 
erection of the capitol at Olympia. The state 
pays $6,600 a year for these quarters, and the 
stores on the ground floor bring the owner $5,000 
a year more. The erection of such fine struc- 
tures at Olympia, as the McKenny block, marks 
an epoch in the growth of the city, and it was 
just such enterprise as was shown in putting up 
this building here that so often crowds places 
less favored in location than Olympia to the 
front. 

Two strong banks are located at Olympia, 

the First National and the Capital National 

Bank. The First National is the oldest national 

bank in the city, having been established in 

f.rst n»t,on*l b* N k, olymp.a. 1884. It is the outgrowth of the old banking 



PHOTO. BY ROGERS. 




888 



The Oresronian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY ROGERS. 




firm of George A. Barnes & Co., afterwards merged into the business of Hoyt, Phillips 
& Co. The directors of the First National having determined to erect a building suit- 
able for the requirements of the bank, finally accepted the plans of the present structure 
which they occupy. The building now occupied by the First 
National is a model of the tasteful in architecture, and it is 
elegant in design. The foundation is of stone, and the two- 
story superstructure is composed of brick with stone trim- 
mings and terra cotta facade. Although the building is only 
30x90 feet in size, its erection involved an outlay of $20,000, 
as no expense was spared by the bank either in the exterior 
or interior finish. The present officers of the First National 
are as follows : president, A. A. Phillips ; vice-president, John 
F. Gowey ; cashier, L. W. Ostrander ; assistant cashier, Henry 
P. Lee. The following is the report of the condition of the 
First National Bank of Olympia, Washington, at close of business July 12, 1893 : 
Resources — Loans and discounts, $261,275.68; overdrafts, $154.66; United States 
bonds to secure circulation, $25,000; premiums paid, 
$850 ; real estate, furniture and fixtures, $42,533.40; cur- 
rent expenses and taxes paid, $6,996.85 ; cash on hand, 
$43,907.41 ; due from banks, $22,925.99 ; due from United 
vStates treasury, $1,125 ; total, $404,768.99. Liabilities — 
Capital stock paid in, $100,000 ; surplus, $35,000 ; undi- 
vided profits, $12,919.25; circulation, $22,500; deposits, 
$234,349.74; total, $404,768.99. 

Among the leading industrial establishments of 



Lincoln School, Olympia. 



PHOTO. BY ROGERS. 






PHOTO. BY ROGERS. 




St Peter's Hospital, Olympia. 

Olympia may be mentioned the Olympia Door and 
Lumber Company, the West Side Mill and the 
Puget Sound Pipe Company. The present popu- 
lation of the city is about 6,000. A large propor- 
tien of the citizens own their own homes. Some 
of the finest of these private residences are 
perched on a high hill which commands a fine 
view of the business district of the city, and also 
of the entire bay in front. A number of very fine 
residences are also located on the west shore, op- 
posite the main part of the city. A long bridge. 
hotel olympia, olvmpia. spanning the inlet intervening, connects with the 

business part of the town. On the hill, which 
furnishes a site for some of the finest residences, is located St. Peter's hospital, 
erected at a cost of $20,000. It is in charge of the Catholic Sisters. 

Extensive improvements are now being made to the harbor at Olympia, under 
the direction of the government, which made an appropriation of $35,000 for this 
purpose. This improvement is badly needed, as the water formerly became so shal- 
low at the city's docks, during low tide, that it was difficult for deep-water vessels to 
approach these landings. The expenditure of this money on harbor improvements 
here, however, will entirely remedy this trouble. The Northern Pacific Railroad 
Company now runs daily trains south from Olympia to Portland, north to Seattle 
and Tacoma, and east and southwest to the lower Chehalis valley and to Gray's 
Harbor by connection at Centralia. Connection between Olympia and Tenino, a dis- 



Tumwater, Washing-ton. 



339 




YOUNG'S HOTEL, OLYMPIA 



tance of 15 miles, is made by the Port Townsend & Southern. The steamer Multno- 
mah makes round trips daily between Olympia and Seattle, touching both ways at 
Tacoma. The steamer Willie plies between Olympia and Shelton, making two round 
trips between these points daily. Olympia now has as good transportation facili- 
ties as any city on the Sound, and these facilities are being constantly improved. 

By an act of congress the state of Washington was endowed with a dona- 
tion of 132,000 acres of land when the state was created. The proceeds of this 
land were to be devoted to the erection of suitable capitol buildings. As the value 
of this land is now estimated to be about 
$2,500,000. the erection of fine state build- PH0T0 ' Bv ROGERS - 

ings at Olympia, in the near future, is 
assured, and it is probable when the time 
comes to build these fine edifices for state 
purposes, that special attention will be 
paid to making them the most creditable 
public buildings on the coast. 

Young's Hotel. — Among the his- 
toric landmarks of Olympia spared by the 
effacing ravages of time, Young's hotel, 
on the corner of Second and Main streets, 

is worthy of special mention. The building now occupied by the hotel was finished 
away back in 1849, and under its original name of the Washington hotel attained a 
degree of celebrity in the early 50's, still remembered by the pioneer settlers of 
Olympia and Tumwater. It was the first house of refreshment in the capital city and 
for a long time after its erection the only one. Its patrons embraced the names of 
all the public men famous in the formative period of the territorial government of 
Washington. Many of these old patrons of the Washington hotel have long since 
paid their last debt to nature, leaving behind them nothing but a shadowy memory 
of their accomplishments on earth, but not a few still survive to recall the old-time 
discussions to which the walls of the Washington once echoed ; discussions on topics 
then instinct with life but today so long since forgotten that even an argument on 
the pros and cons of African slavery would sound recent and fresh by comparison. 
In 1S73 the old Washington hotel passed into the hands of E. T. Young and its name 
was changed by the new proprietor to Young's hotel. The house has been enlarged 
from time to time under Mr. Young's proprietorship, and today it is capable of enter- 
taining 120 guests. It has lost none of its old-time popularity in the hands of E. T. 
Young, who is an ex-mayor of Olympia, and who for many years was a prominent 
member of the common council of the city. Large, well-ventilated rooms, fine 
brands of wines, liquors and cigars, sample rooms for commercial travelers and all 
the old-time attention to comfort of guests still make Young's hotel a drawing card 
with the general public. 

Tumwater, "Washington. — Tumwater, a suburb of Olympia, enjoys the 
distinction of having been the first settlement in the Puget Sound country. It is 
located on the Des Chutes river, about i'A miles south of Olympia, and is connected 
with the big city by an electric railway line. The town enjoys the benefits of a vast 
water power in Tumwater falls, which lend their unceasing roar to the business life 
of the place. Power for operating the electric line and also for running the street- 
lighting plant at Olympia is obtained from these falls. The power of the falls wa 



340 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



formerly utilized for running a large flouring mill at Tumwater, but a disastrous fire 
in 1892 destroyed the plant, and owing to general depression in business the mill has 
not yet been rebuilt. The falls here are formed by the entire body of the Des Chutes 
river plunging over rocky ledges at this point, making a total descent of 82 feet. 
The different falls are three in number, making a perpendicular fall of 20, 16 and 26 
feet respectively. Rapids intervene between each fall. The short-sighted policy of 
the original owners of the water power at this point greatly retarded what would 
otherwise have been a great development at Tumwater. This is one of the most 
available and most easily controlled water powers of the state and it will some day be 
the scene of considerable activity in manufacturing development. 

Tumwater contains today about 500 people, many of the residents doing business 
in Olympia. It is on the line of the Port Townsend & Southern railway running 
between Olympia and Tenino, and it is also on the direct line of the proposed Union 
Pacific line between Portland and Puget Sound. It is a favorably located point for 
building a prosperous town at some time in the future. 

Shelton, Washington. — Shelton, the judicial seat of Mason county, is located 
on the arm of Puget Sound known as Hammerton's Inlet. Almost all of Mason coun- 
ty's area, consisting of 900 square miles, is mountainous and is covered with vast 
forests of fir, pine and cedar. Millions of feet of lumber are now annually logged 
in this county and floated in rafts to the different seats of the sawmill industry on 
Puget Sound. Shelton is practically the center of this great logging industry and it 
is the supply station of the various logging camps located in the county. 

The present population of Shelton is about 600. The greater part of the popula- 
tion is engaged in the service of the lumber corporations having interests at this 
point. Two logging railroads are operated in Mason county with Shelton as the 
terminus. The Washington & Southern Railway Company operates about 36 miles 
of railroad, including side-tracks, in the county, and the Shelton & Southwestern 
Railway Company has now laid about nine miles of road. This latter company 
expects to extend its road to an ultimate connection with the Gray's Harbor branch 
of the Northern Pacific at Elma. The extension of this road will prove of great 
benefit to Shelton, as it will open up all-rail communication between the town and 
all parts of the country. Shelton is 22 miles northwest of Olympia, from which 
point it is reached by steamboat which makes two round trips a day between the 
two places. 

Tacoma, Washington.— Tacoma, the chief industrial city and the most 
important seaport of Washington, is located on that part of the headwaters of Puget 

Sound known as Commencement Bay. This 
bay is an indentation of Admiralty Inlet, 
the largest and most important branch of 
Puget Sound. 



The rapid rise of Tacoma from mere 
village conditions to the position of one of 
the most progressive cities of the coast 
makes it one of the remarkable cities of 
modern times. The record of this marve- 
lous growth accurately portrayed in words 
be of great interest to the readers of "The 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 




POSTOFFICE IN TACOMA. 



backed by 
Handbook.' 



statistics, cannot fail to 



Tacoma, Washington. 



341 




The great inland sea called Puget Sound, with its forest-lined shores shadowed 
by the mighty peaks of the Cascade and Olympic Mountains, remained practically 
an unknown region until early in the 5o's, when a few hardy pioneers cut their way 
through the dense forests and established a settlement on the shores of Elliot Bay, the 
presentsite of the flourishing city of Seattle. Occasionally, 
before that time, a venturesome ship with a foreign flag flying 
at its mast head had sailed through the Straits of Fuca into 
Puget Sound in search of spars and timber. The crews 
of these ships doubtless told in distant lands that far to the 
westward lay a beautiful inland body of water bluer than 
the Aegean Sea. But even the stories of Puget Sound, em- 
bellished by a sailor's vivid imagination, could hardly do 
the region justice. No other section of equal extent in the 
world contains as much natural wealth as does the coun- 
try bordering on Puget Sound. Embraced in this region is 
the greatest forest on the continent, the most extensive coal 
measures in the United States, millions of acres of fertile 
land, and mountains that contain enormous deposits of 
gold, silver, copper, lead and iron-bearing ores. Stretching 
back from the water's edge at Tacoma to the foothills 
of the mountain peaks, covered with perennial snow, 
monarchs of which lift their green-crowned heads as high as 400 feet above the 
ground. Beyond this forest, and towering to a height of nearly 15,000 feet is a great 
white glacier-covered dome which bears the Indian name 
of Tacoma. Beneath the summit of Mount Tacoma and 
49L extending away for miles until lost to the view of the 

beholder, is a series of snow-capped peaks of the Cascade 
Mountains. Trickling down the mountain sides are hun- 
'''-*' i '""? -• i ■'■' dreds of little creeks which finally unite and form the 

ssveral rivers which empty into Puget Sound. One of 
these rivers, the Puyallup, flows through an exception- 
ally fertile valley and enters Commencement Bay in 
front of the city of Tacoma. In the valley of this river 
are the most productive hop fields in the world, surpass- 
ing in almost every respect the famous hop yards of Kent, England. 

It is not to be wondered at that when men learned of the fertility of the soil of 
this region, its matchless resources and mild and salubrious climate they were will- 
ing to suffer privations and undertake long hazardous journeys to reach the shores of 
Puget Sound. The location of Tacoma, 






Historic Church, Tacoma. 

a vast forest, the 






Oldest Church on Puget Sound, 
built by rev. de vore in 1852. 



the birth of the present city, and its foun- 
dation date from 1868, when General 
Matthew M. McCarver, a well-known 
California pioneer, arrived on Puget 
Sound, and platted about 60 acres on 
what is now called the original townsite 
of Tacoma. In the same year Charles 
Hanson built the Tacoma mill. For 15 
years or more this sawmill was practically 
the main support andthe only industry 



4i ] 




342 The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

photo, by F re N ch. of the village. It is now one of 

^^ the largest sawmills in the 

'§ _ ^gag^( _^> United States. At its, docks can 

Iwp \«&y~ . ' - . ^f^S&J^'hg^ ^^y ^ be seen vessels hailing from all 

_ .-aggr^-.- jb . . ' ^~~r tic oceans. In the early years 

of the settlement of Tacoma, 
inoian cjnoes at tacoma. a boat arriving at this mill from 

some outside port was welcomed by the entire population of the village. 

Tacoma remained a comparatively unknown town until 1873. Up to that time 
the prediction that Tacoma would ever contain a population of 1,000 people would 
not have been considered bv any resident of the place. In 1873 an event occurred 
that not only amazed the people of the village but which also made Tacoma a place 
of great promise. In that year Tacoma was selected and put down on the maps as 
the western terminus of the Northern Pacific railroad. Before this selection was 
announced the company had quietly acquired possession of nearly all the land for a dis- 
tance of two or three miles back from and along the water front of the village. Unlike 
many speculators the men who at that time controlled the Northern Pacific did not wait 
until some one else had made improvements before taking a prominent part in pub- 
lic matters themselves. They at once went to woik, after acquiring title to the land, 
felling the mighty forests, and among the stumps and underbrush laid 
out wide business streets and residence avenues. It was the purpose of 
the Northern Pacific to establish here a large and beautiful city, and f^ 
although the project was delayed for some years, it 

was subsequently carried out on a much larger scale / ^iai^&gjj^^;^ ^ ■ 3al 

than was first contemplated. The delay in building ^^j'g^ajjjjjMiiiii-U'J' £\Z--i!<m& 
the city was caused by the Cascade Mountains pre- ' x ^ s ^ s ===^^- 

senting a seemingly impassable barrier to the path- 

° „ ., " , ■ ^ , _ , „, N. P. R. R. co/s Car Shops, Tacoma. 

way of the railroad to Puget Sound. The mountains 

turned the line of road to the south so that in reaching the Pacific ocean it 
was forced to make connection with the Oregon Railway & Navigation Com- 
pany's line down the Columbia river to Portland. In 1888, however, skill- 
ful engineering demonstrated that the road could be built over ard through the Cas- 
cades. The great Stampede tunnel was subsequently built and the Northern Pacific 
completed its main line to Tacoma. The advent of the railroad to Tacoma was fol- 
lowed by a period of great activity in the growth of the city, a growth that has sel- 
dom been equaled in city building in the United States. 

The Northern Pacific in building to the shores of Puget Sound opened up for 
settlement the vast area of country surrounding this inland body of water, and it 
caused its matchless resources to become known to the world. A great stream of 
immigration finding its source in the states of the East and South at once commenced 
to flow into the Northwest. Two years after the completion of the Northern Pacific 
to Puget Sound the cities of Tacoma, Seattle and Spokane had grown to important 
centers of trade and of a population of about 25,000 each. Houses could not be built 
fast enough at Tacoma to shelter the incoming multitude. Capital poured into the 
city by millions and it was immediately employed here in the erection of dwelling 
houses and substantial business blocks. Mills, factories, warehouses and elevators 
began to fill up the low ground at the waters' edge, and stores and offices multiplied 



Tacoma, Washington. 



343 




machine Shops, Tacoma 



on the business streets. The Northern Pacific built extensive side-tracks and gave 
the city terminal rates which placed it at an advantage over all other points on Puget 
Sound. It is due to these rates that Tacoma 
has handled most of the wheat of the state of 
Washington shipped from Puget Sound ports. 
The growth of Tacoma has not only 
been phenomenal, but in many respects it 
has been the most marvelous of the growth 
of any American city. Since the comple- 
tion of the Northern Pacific over 27,000 peo- 
ple have arrived in Tacoma and made the 
city their permanent home. The United 
vStates census of 1850 placed the census of 
Tacoma at 36,200. This rapid increase of 
population is still taking place, for the care- 
fully compiled directory of 1893 showed 
that Tacoma and its suburbs ai that time 
contained about 49,000 people. 

The location of Tacoma and the beauty of its surroundings make it one of the 
most attractive of residence cities. Tacoma is built upon a peninsula which runs to 
a point forming a triangle. The highest point of this promontory is its center, a 
high plain extending its entire length, ending at its extreme northern boundary in 
an abrupt precipice. This is Point Defiance. From the water front and the tide 
flats covering three and one-half square miles and lying below and in front of the 
city the land rises gradually and in natural terraces. The summit of the slope is 
about 300 feet above the waters' edge. The east and west streets ascend the hill at 
easy grades and the main avenues running north and south stretch along the natural 
benches of the hillside for miles, forming magnificent drives. The residence district 
of the city is situated on the high lands where the windows of nearly every house 
command a magnificent view of the romantic mountain scenery. In this part of the 
city are many costly mansions surrounded by beautifully laid-out lawns and gardens. 
The rippling waters of Commencement Bay, with its high promontories and the 
irregular contour of its thickly wooded shore line, form a picturesque foreground for 
the fir-clad slopes and great snow-capped peaks of the 
Cascade Mountains. Surmounting this range, and in 
plain view of Tacoma, is Mount Tacoma, the monarch 
\ of the Cascades. This superb peak, clad in robes of 
virgin white, incomparable in its beauty and grandeur, 
towers 14.444 feet above sea level. Encircling its slopes 
is a system of enormous glaciers and ice fields presenting 
an almost impassable obstacle in the pathway of the 
Alpine climber attempting to scale its heights. Beyond 
the tide lands beneath the city the Puyallup river can be 
seen winding its way through the dense forest and thick 
underbrush of the Puyallup Indian reservation, emerg- 
ing from which it flows a short distance and empties its 
waters into the bay in front of the city. 

It is on the low lands bordering the tide flats that many of the city's industrial 
plants are located. These include woolen mills, foundries, match, soap, furniture, 




Tacoma (rainier) from Tacoma 



•su 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 




Coal Bunkers, Tacoma. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 



box and cracker factories, stockyards, iron and 
boiler works, breweries and sawmills. Among the 
latter is the extensive plant of the St. Paul and 
Tacoma Lumber Company. This is one of the 
largest plants of the kind on the coast. Further 
down the bay is the terminal yard of the Northern 
Pacific railroad. Next come the big ocean wharves 
and coal bunkers. From here down to a point 
near Point Defiance the shore is lined with great 
elevators and warehouses, large flouring mills and 
saw and shingle mills. Just outside the city limits and before the end of the peninsula 
is reached is the Tacoma smelter. This is the largest plant of the kind on the coast. 
Ores are received here from Alaska, British Columbia, California and Mexico. In 
1892 this smelter turned out 14,861 ounces of gold, 528,060 ounces of silver and 
4,176,803 pounds of lead. This output was worth $937,740. 

Tacoma is essentially a manufacturing city. From manufacturing alone it 
derives a large part of its revenue. The products of its mills and factories are staple 
articles of commerce in the cities of South America, Oceanica and the Orient. It 
has been within the past five years that Tacoma has 
showed its remarkable commercial developments. 
Starting with a few sawmills, it now has within its 
limits manufactories representing $9,400,000 of in- 
vested capital. These industries employ 3,500 men 
and their output for 1893 aggregated over $9,000,000. 
The advantageous location of Tacoma, at the head of 
deep-water navigation on Puget Sound, makes it a 
natural manufacturing center. At its very thresh- 
hold are resources that would support a city of large 
population. The future of Tacoma rests alone on the 
development of these great resources which today offer splendid opportunities for 
the investment of capital. 

The coal fields of Pierce county are the most important in the state. This coal 
makes a coke equal to that of the famous Connelsville coke of Pennsylvania. At 
Wilkinson, a few miles from Tacoma, 60 coke ovens are now in full blast. The im- 
portance of the proximity of this coking coal to Tacoma cannot be overestimated, in 
its bearing on the future prosperity of the city. In the manufacture of iron alone it 
will play an important part here. The mountains of Western Washington contain 
inexhaustible quantities of the best iron ores, and it is but a question of a few years 
when this ore will be converted into pig iron at Tacoma. The vast and almost 
unbroken forests surrounding Puget Sound are the greatest of America's timber 

reserves. This forest contains the finest timber in 
the world for general building purposes. The manu- 
facture of lumber is now and will be for years the 
most important industry of Western Washington. 
Tacoma is the greatest lumbering center in the state, 
and Pierce county, of which it is the seat of justice, 
contains millions of feet of the finest timber. The 
agricultural lands adjacent to Tacoma produce 30,000 
bales of hops per year. Of the wheat crop of the 




^. i **wt^=^- rv 



Loading Lumber, Tacoma. 






•r-r^T 



Ship Building, Tacoma. 



Tacoma, Washington. 



345 




'' ~* -' " ~V77*§r- 



State Insane Asylum, Steilacoom. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 



£ 



state, estimated for 1893 at 22,000,000 photo by french. 

bushels, nearly one-half is brought to 

Tacoma for shipment to foreign ports. 

Another great industry that contributes 

to Tacoma' s prosperity are the fisheries 

of Puget Sound. This inland sea teems 

with the best of food fishes. Off Cape 

Flattery the halibut fishing surpasses 

that off New Foundland. These fish are 

brought to Tacoma in small sailing craft and from this point they are shipped to 

Eastern and interior points. 

The suburbs of Tacoma contain many interesting and picturesque points which 
are reached, as are all parts of the city, by a well-equipped and perfectly-managed 
rapid-transit system. There are now 60 miles of electric lines and two miles of 
cable road in operation at Tacoma. The Tacoma Railway & Motor Company, with 
a capital stock of $2,000,000, has an equipment of 52 first-class cars and employs 150 
men. It operates 49 miles of street railway. The company makes its own cars 
which, in workmanship and finish, are equal to the most expensive cars manufac- 
tured in the East. The Eleventh-street cable road, operated by this company, 

forms a connection with a motor line run- 
ning to American Lake, a beautiful sheet 
of fresh water four miles in length. From 
the lake the line runs to Fort Steilacoom, 
15 miles distant from Tacoma. This old 
abandoned fort, now the site of the state 
insane asylum, was established as an out- 
post of the Hudson's Bay Company, and 
later, in 1849, it was garrisoned by a company of United States artillery. The his- 
torical traditions that surround it make it a spot of great interest. It was here that 
General Sherman and other noted soldiers gained their first experience in actual 
warfare. The first term of court held north of the Columbia river convened at this 
point in October, 1849. This court tried and convicted two Indians of the Snoqual- 
mie tribe, who had led an attack on Fort Nisqually, and these Indians were 
hanged here. 

The Point Defiance, Tacoma and Edison Railway Company is capitalized for 
$500,000. It operates an electric line 13 miles in length. This line runs from the 
suburban part of the city called Edison to Point Defiance, located just beyond the 
western limits of Tacoma. At Point Defiance the city maintains a magnificent 
natural park of over 700 acres in extent. This park is beautifully situated on a high 
and broad plateau which slopes down to the wide, sandy and pebble-strewn beach of 
Commencement Bay. In it are great pyramidal 
forest trees, numerous rivulets and miniature photo, by french. 
waterfalls, and in the summer a bewildering 
confusion of ferns and wild flowers. In 1893, 
seven miles of drives were laid out here, and 
50,000 trees and shrubs were planted in the 
park. A walk 15 miles in length is now being 
built around the beach. There a number of 




Point Defiance, Puget Sound. 




T^r^ 






Wright Park, Tacoma. 



846 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 



■ tnn^ 




C Street Business Blocks, tacoma. 



other public parks in the city that are much frequented by residents and visitors. 
The largest of these is Wright Park, a tastily arranged and designed tract of land 
containing 27 acres, located in the heart of the residence portion of the city. 

When the Northern Pacific Railroad Company determined to make Tacoma its 
terminal city, its engineers were instructed to forget the wilderness that covered the 
prospective site of the city, and to bear in mind only its future greatness. These 
instructions were carefully carried out and today Tacoma 
presents the appearance of one of the most splendidly 
planned cities on the continent. The spirit of having every- 
thing connected with Tacoma done on a most magnificent 
scale has always dominated the actions of its citizens, and 
nearly every public or private enterprise has been planned 
and matured with an idea of the future greatness of the 
city constantly in view. The business streets of Tacoma 
are built up with fine blocks of brick and stone, that in 
architectural design, appointments and cost are not sur- 
passed by the finest structures of any city on the continent. Commencing in 188S, 
with the advent of the railroad, business blocks and residences multiplied at a 
remarkably rapid rate. In carrying on these extensive building operations, the 
citizens entered into a friendly rivalry in their attempts to make each other's build- 
ing surpass in point of architectural beauty and solidity the class of buildings that 
had preceded it. This public-spirited rivalry has resulted in making Tacoma a com- 
pactly and attractively built city. Nearly all the buildings that line its business 
streets are of the most modern style of architecture, being of brick and stone and 
they are equipped and furnished in the most approved style. 

The four principal business thoroughfares of Tacoma — Pacific, Railroad 
and Tacoma avenues and C street— run parallel to each other. Tacoma avenue, 
which is at an elevation of about 200 feet or more above Pacific avenue, is paved 
with asphalt, and is lined with small retail shops and stores. 
At the head of C street is the new Chamber of Commerce 
building, an imposing brick and stone structure six stories 
high, and which cost $150,000. The Tacoma Chamber of 
Commerce is a representative body of business men who 
zealously guard the city's interests. The Chamber acts as 
an intelligence body in answering questions pertaining to 
Tacoma, or the country of which the city is the commer- 
cial center, and all letters addressed to this body will re- 
ceive the most prompt attention. 

Pacific avenue, the principal retail business street, is 
120 feet wide, and extends from a point north of the North- 
ern Pacific depot to the ocean wharves. Occupying a 

. City Hall tacoma. 

commanding site at the head of this avenue is the city 

hall, one of the most imposing municipal buildings occupied for municipal purposes 
in the West. It is built of Roman brick, and its construction involved an outlay of 
|3oo,ooo. Another public building here, the finest of its character in the Northwest, 
is the Pierce County court house. This stately stone edifice cost about $450,000. It is 
the handsomest building in the city. A large quantity of the stone used in the con- 
struction of the court house was furnished by the Pittsburg Stone Company, which 
owns an extensive blue sandstone quarry at Burnett, Washington. The stone of this 



iUiii.i; 



■ 
-A-^— 



Tacoma, Washington. 



347 






\ Pierce County ■jourt house, tacoma 




I9MV 



loading Wheat, Tacoma 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 



quarry is in great demand, owing to its cheapness and superior 
quality. It has been extensively used in the best structures 
of Tacoma and Seattle. The Pittsburg Stone Company, with 
offices at Tacoma, are prepared to fill orders for promiscuous 
blocks, dimension and rubble stone, and sawed stone. 

On the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains, and beyond 
the broad Columbia river, lay the great wheat fields of Wash- 
ington. The prolific soil of this region annually yields over 
20,000,000 bushels of wheat. This wheat is shipped by rail p 

to Tacoma and there loaded in vessels for shipment 
to different parts of the world. The first wheat ship- 
ment made from Tacoma was made in 1881, by the 
American ship Dakota. This was the beginning of a 
commerce which, in 12 years, has made Tacoma one 
of the greatest grain-exporting ports of the Pacific, 
and the only point on Puget Sound from which for- 
eign shipments of grain are made. The wheat is 
handled in Tacoma by four elevators, with a total 
storage capacity of 2,500,000 bushels. This will be 
increased, in 1894, by the erection of a 1,000,000 bushel elevator 
by a combination of the farmers of Eastern Washington. The 
carrying of this wheat to Tacoma for shipment has resulted in 
the establishment here of four large flouring mills, whose com- 
bined output, in 1893, was valued at about $2,000,000. Of this 
flour 70 per cent is exported to China and Japan. That Tacoma 
is fast becoming one of the important seaports of the world is 
shown by the wheat and flour shipments from this place since 
1881. The first cargo of wheat for foreign ports from Tacoma 
was valued at $51,000. During the next season, 1882-3, tne 
American ships Gregory and Iroquois, took away an aggregate of 
129,000 centals of wheat, valued at $207,800. The following sea- 
sons the British ship Hecla cleared with a cargo of 44.923 cen- 
tals, valued at $67,384. In 1885 three ships car- 
ried away from Tacoma 140,920 centals, val- 
ued at $185,860. During the season of 1887-8 
Tacoma shipped 11 cargoes, containing 717,510 
centals, valued at $894,583. In the season of 
1888-9 27 cargoes cleared from Tacoma, aggre- 
gating 1,774,139 centals, valued at $1,522,140, 
The next season's shipments showed a large 
increase. In 1 890-1 45 vessels cleared from 
Tacoma with 2,150,776 centals of wheat, valued 
at $3,593,440. A recapitulation of the custom- 
house reports shows that during the season 
of 1891-2 there left Tacoma 4S cargoes, containing an aggregate of 2,152,016 
centals of wheat and 90,393 barrels of flour, of a total value of $3,658,146. At the 
present writing seven ships are loading wheat at Tacoma, and a fleet of eight more 
is on its way to the city. The following table gives the name of each ship loaded 
with flour or wheat, its tonnage, amount of value of each cargo and tonnage which 
left Tacoma between September 10, 1S92, and September 2, 1S93 : 




Discharging Tea, Tacoma. 




PHOTO. BV FRENCH. 



4^%«^?» 




Wharf Scene, tacoma. 



348 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



DATE 



Sept. 10 
Sept. 27 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 22 
Oct. 22 
Oct 22 
Oct. 27 
Oct. 29 
Oct. 30 
Nov. 2 
Nov. 8 
Nov. li 
Nov. 12 
Nov. 12 
Nov. 15 
Nov. 17 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 21 
Dec. 3 
Dec. 3 
Dec. S 
Dec. 9 
Dec. 14 
Dec. 15 
Dec. 22 
Dec. 24 
Dec. 26 
Jan. 3 
Jaii. 7 
Jan. 12 
Jan. IS 
Jan. 20 
Jan. 24 
Jan. 24 
Jan. 28 
Feb. 6 
Feb. 9 
Feb. 15 
Feb. 15 
Feb. 21 
Feb. 26 
Feh. 28 
Mar. 10 
Mar. 15 
Mar. 25 
Mar. 26 
Mar. 20 
Mar. 20 
Apl. 20 
A pi. 21 
May 8 
May 10 
June 10 
June 30 
July 1 
Julv 22 
Aug. 22 
Sept. 2 
Sept. 2 



NAME 



Br. S. S Phra Nang 

Br. S. S Victoria 

Br. Bark Elliot 

Br. Ship Lady Lawrence 

Br. Ship Forrest Hall 

Br. Ship. ... Beu Nevis 

Br. Ship Andreta 

Br. S. S LooSok 

Br. Ship Record 

Br. Bark Inveresk 

Br. Ship Colony 

Br. Bark Lucipara 

Br. Ship Wvnnstay 

Br. Bark Ariadne 

Br. Bark Earl Derby 

Br. Ship North Riding 

Br. Ship I Mvlomene 

Br. Bark Earnsclift 

B:. Ship Drumburton 

Br. S. S Zambesi 

Br. Ship Star of Italy 

Ger. Bark Guteuburg 

Br. Ship Dimsdale 

Br. Ship Fingal 

Br. Ship Hawksdale 

Br. Ship Timandra 

Br. Ship Lady Isabella 

Br. Sh.p Ventura 

Br. S. S Victoria 

Br. Ship Annesley 

Br. Bark Invermark 

Br. Ship MacMillan 

Br. Ship Persian Empire 

Br. Ship Lindisfarne 

Br. S. S Tacoma 

Br. Ship British Commodore. 

Br. Ship Pass of Brauder 

Br. Ship ' Middlesex 

Br. Ship | Pass of Melfort 

Am. Ship.... *Abner Coburu 

Br. Ship Galatea 

Br. Ship Melanope 

Br. S. S Flintshire 

Kr. Ship Centurion 

Br. S. S Victoria 

Ger. Ship Emin Pasha 

Br. Ship Crown of England.. 

P.r. Ship City of Delhi 

Br. Ship. Dalgonar 

Hr. S. S.. Tacoma 

Br. Ship. Archdale 

Br. Ship. St. Monan 

Br. Ship. Andora 

Br. S. S Mogul 

Br. Ship Garsdale 

Br. Ship Drumcliff. 

Br. S. S.. Victoria 

Br. S. S Tacoma 

Br. Ship Ecclefechan 

Br. S. S Mogul 

Br. S. S Victoria 

Br. S. S Tacoma 

Am. Ship +C. S. Bemeut 

Br. Ship Glenalvon 



REG 
TONS 


WHEAT 
CENTALS 


FLOUR 
BBLS. 


VALUE 


DESTINATION 


1,021 




8,850 


$ 36.2S6 


Hong Kong 


1,992 




5,750 


29,3, 5 


Hong Kong 


1,065 




17,600 


70 400 


Limerick 


1.407 


47,465 




58 000 


U. K. i. o. 


1,999 


70,896 




85,000 


<J. K. f. o. 


1,061 


32,363 




40.000 


U. K. f. O. 


1,708 


60,210 




75 000 


Gloucester 


1012 




125 


615 


Hong Kong 


1,722 


61,111 




77,000 


U. K. f. o. 


1,297 


51,727 




65.520 


U. K. f. o. 


1,694 


50,224 




70,300 


U. K. f. o. 


1,863 


01, SIS 




80,000 


U. K. f. o. 


1,573 


53,760 




66 000 


U. K. f. o. 


1,167 




19,083 


02,970 


Loudon 


961 


32,346 




40.400 


U. K. f. o. 


1,371 


44,990 




55.000 


U. K. i. o. 


1,900 


07 625 




84,500 


V. K. f. O. 


1,875 


03,074 




78.000 


Bristol 


1,840 


65,125 




81, 405 


U. K. f. o. 


1,565 




14,713 


58 852 


Hong Kong 


1,571 


49.576 




60,318 


U. K. f. o. 


027 


22.232 




2s, 000 


U. K. i. o. 


1,770 


62 204 




75.000 


U. K. f. o. 


2,485 


88,175 




110,000 


Antwerp 


1,723 


61,891 




,4,000 


Antwerp 


1,500 


50,! 105 




64.000 


Plymouth 


1,462 


51,094 




63,000 


Cork 


1,669 


57,320 




70.000 


Cork 


1,992 




10,875 


38,002 


Hong Kong 


1,591 


53,155 




oii.ooo 


U. K. f. o. 


1,334 




26,085 


100,000 


U. K. f. o. 


1,4.50 


49,683 




64 000 


Cardiff 


1,532 


40,217 




51,000 


U. K. f. o. 


1,669 


58,240 




68,000 


U. K. f o. 


1,661 




5,102 


10 328 


Hong Kong 


1,390 


45.068 




55,000 


U. K. f. o. 


1993 


75,856 




89,000 


U. K. f. o. 


1.692 


5S.251 




68,000 


U. K. f. o. 


2,196 


84 ,830 




100.000 


V. K. f. O. 


1,879 


19,84] 




55 000 


Liverpool 


1,694 


55,552 




05.000 


U. K. t. o. 


1,608 


47,600 




58,000 


U. K. f. o. 


2,644 




16,250 


50,842 


Hong Kong 


1,704 


02, Oss 




75,000 


U. K. f. O. 


1,002 




9,500 


30,957 


Hong Kong 


1,567 


54,: 151 




(15.000 


I". K. f. o. 


1,763 


61,443 




78 ooo 


V. K f. o. 


1.100 


38,088 




47.0C0 


U. K. f. o. 


2,565 


87,390 




102,000 


Liverpool 


1,661 




5,050 


20,200 


Hong Kong 


1,479 


54,280 




00.615 


U. K. f. o. 


1,453 


is 652 




50,000 


U. K. f. o. 


1,670 


50,080 




66,000 


U. K. f. o. 


1,827 




1,406 


1,480 


H ng Kong 


1,665 


57,105 




00,5no 


r. k. f. o. 


2,468 


83,109 




98, 5oo 


U. K. f. o. 


1,992 




6,512 


20,888 


Hong Kong 


l.Olil 




7,380 


23,616 


Hong Kong 


2,081 


65,950 




70,000 


U. K. t. o. 


1 827 




3,750 


11.812 


Hong Kong 


1,992 




2,050 


6055 


Hong Kong 


1,001 




9,472 


30,074 


Hong Kong 


1,899 


58,255 




50,000 


Liverpool 


2,072 


72, soil 




78,000 


V. K. f. o. 



* Also 11,016 cases salmon, value $44,000. 
t Also 10,564 cases salmon, value $47,500. 



Tacoma, Washington. 

The exports from Tacoma are not exclusively con- 
fined to wheat and flour. Long before a bushel of 
wheat was shipped from this port an industry sprung 
up at Tacoma which in subsequent years proved to be 
the most potent cause of the city's rapid develop- 
ment. This industry was the manufacture of lum- 
ber. It is estimated that the forests of which Tacoma 
is the lumbering center contain 1,500,000,000 feet of 
lumber. Of this 60 per cent, is fir, a wood more valu- 
able than pine and as durable as oak. A large por- 
tion of the remaining woods of this vast forest is red 
cedar. From this wood 



349 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 




f 

1 



DTO- BY FREN 



lh 



Wifi^&mL 



Pacific Avenue from 13th, Tacoma. 



PHOTO BY FRENCH 







Pacific Avenue from Nin 



there were manufactured in 

1893 over 125,000,000 shingles. The lumber industries 

doing business in Tacoma have an aggregate capital 

invested of $4,600,000 and they em ploy 1,235 men. The 

total output of the Tacoma sawmills in 1892 was 153,137,- 

S40 feet of lumber. Among the sawmills of Tacoma are 

two of the largest in the 

United States. These two 

mills alone shipped by water 

in 1S92 59,744,218 feet of 

lumber and 20,000,000 laths. 

The same causes which ; have combined to make 

Tacoma an important manufacturing city have also 

tended to make it one of the leading jobbing centers of 

Puget Sound. With the advantages of shipping facilities 

both by rail and by water and with cheap freight rates to 
photo, er French. ^ local a " nd distant points, Tacoma holds the key to the trade 

of the rich and boundless expanse of country surrounding 
it and stretching away far to the east. The success and 
rapid growth of Tacoma's wholesale trade almost surpasses 
belief. From a business of $2,500,000 in 1888 the trade of 
the city increased to $10,000,000 in 1890, and to over $18,000,- 
000 in 1893. This is a record that has never been equaled 
in the Union. There are today in Tacoma 107 firms doing 
a jobbing business. These houses employ 84 traveling 
salesmen and 2,544 other men. 

The extensive car shops, of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company are located in 
the suburban part of the city called Edison. These comprise a substantial group of 
buildings covering about 60 acres of land. The 
total cost of this immense plant was about 
$850,000. The monthly payroll of these shops 
amounts to over $40,000, and the manufactured g( 
product coming from them consists of engines, 
boilers, cars and everything connected with the 
operating of a railroad. During 1892 these shops 
turned out 200 patent stock cars, and 65 engines. 
Arrangements are now being made for manufac- 
turing here nearly all the passenger coaches used 




Eleventh Street, Tacoma. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 








C Street fkom Union Club, Tacoma. 



350 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Dry Dock, Tacoma. 




The Whitman School, Tacoma. 



by the company. The iron-working establishments 
represent $275,000 invested capital. They employ 260 
men and the value of their product is about $805,000. 

The public school system of Tacoma is an admir- 
able one The parsimonious policy of some com- 
1 munities in providing narrow halls and poorly venti- 
lated rooms has not prevailed in Tacoma. On the 
contrary, the city has large modern school buildings 
which present a fine architectural appearance. These 
buildings are furnished with every convenience for 
the comfort aud health of the pupils. Tacoma has 
closely followed the most approved methods of edu- 
cation from other cities. In 18S5 the school property 
of Tacoma was valued at $30,000, and the average daily attendance at the public 
schools at that time was 600. At the present time over photo ^ rHpMH 
5,500 pupils receive instruction in the 15 handsome and 
commodious school buildings of the city, and these build- 
ings are valued at $379,000. These buildings contain 
furniture worth '$45,000, and the grounds they occupy 
are worth $285,000. This makes the total valuation of 
all school property in the city $609,000. The Tacoma 
high school is an excellent institution, and its graduates 
enter college without additional preparation or study. 
The names of the different public schools and their respective cost are as follows : 
Bryant, $61,000 ; Central, $30,000 ; Emerson, $34^000 ; Edison, $12,000 ; Franklin, 
$27,000; Hawthorne, $31,000; Irving, $30,000; 
$12,500; Longfellow, $15,000; Lowell, $47,000; 
$10,000; Sherman, $28,000 ; Sheridan, $10,000 ; 
$32,000. 

The growth of the churches of Tacoma has kept pace 
with the growth of the other interests of the city. The first 
church organized in Tacoma was the St. Peters Episcopal, 
the congregation of which is still holding services in the 
quaint old church building with its detached wooden bell- 
tower erected in 1857. There are now 54 churches in Tacoma. 
They have an aggregate membership of 7,500. The Sunday schools and mission 
organizations fostered by the stronger churches will 
add almost as many members more. The Young Mens' 
Christian Association was organized in Tacoma in 1883. 
Since that time it has rendered valuable practical aid 
to hundreds of young men in the city. The association 
is now perfecting plans for the erection of a large 
building, which when completed will give the institu- 
tion the best equipment of any association on the coast. 
The shrewd business man is aware of the fact that 
banks always indicate accurately the financial condi- 
tion of a community in which they do business. Hence 
statistics of banks and banking of any community fur- IRV1NG 8CH00L| TAC0MA . 




Lincoln, 

Oakland, 

Whitman, 



Lowell School, Tacoma 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 




£'*3* 



Tacoma, Washington. 



351 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 




Church, tacon 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH 




School, tacoma 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH 



nish unquestioned statistics of the city's standing. The remark- 
able growth of Tacoma is shown by the volume of business trans- 
acted by its financial institutions. From comparative poverty of 
a few years ago, Tacoma has grown to be one of the great money 
centers of the West. There are now doing business here 20 banks, 
with a capital of $3,504,200, and whose surplus and undivided 
profits amount to $705,000. Of these banks seven are national, 
five state, six savings, and two are branches of foreign banks. 
The showing of these banks is as follows: Tacoma National, PRESB 

$200,000; Merchants National, $250,000; Pacific Na- 
tional, $200,000; Washington National, $500,000; Na- 
tional Bank of Commerce, $200,000 ; Citizens National, 
$100,000; Columbia National, $279,200; Traders Bank, 
$500,000 ; Fidelity Trust Company, $500,000 ; Commer- 
Wi\ ? ^ cial Bank, $200,000; Scandinavian Bank, $100,000 ; Ger- 

man American, $60,000 ; Tacoma Trust & Savings, 
$50,000 ; Union Savings, $100,000 ; Tacoma Building 
& Savings Association, $100,- 
000 ; State Savings, $75,000 ; 
Puget Sound Savings, $50,- 
000 ; Edison Savings, $50,000 ; Bank of British Colum- 
bia, [branch], $3,000,000; London & San Francisco, 
limited, [branch], $2,450,000 ; Metropolitan Savings, 
$ioo,coo. During the panic of last year, the Tacoma 
banks, like many other strong financial institutions of 
the country were called upon to meet several runs, and 
as a result some of the banks of the city were forced to 
suspend payment. Satisfactory steps have since been 
taken however to put these suspended banks in con- 
dition for reopening, and with the faith which the 
people of Tacoma show in their home banks, it is high- 
ly probable that the affairs of all the banks will be soon 
placed in such shape that they will all continue in 
business. 

Tacoma is in a good financial condition. Its credit 
is good, its bonds rank high in moneyed circles of the 
East, as is evidenced by the recent purchase of $1,750,- 
oco of Tacoma water bonds, at a premium by one East- 
ern capitalist. The city's indebt- 
edness is exceedingly low when 
the extensive public improvement which the city has made 
are duly considered. The following figures showing the 
assessed valuation of property in Tacoma at different periods 
during the past 12 years will prove interesting. In 1882 the 
total assessed value of property in Tacoma was $75,000. Five 
years later this had increased to $4,090,798. During the next 
three vears the influx of population and wealth caused an 
increase in property valuations of over 700 per cent., and in 1890 the assessed valu- 
ation of property amounted to $29,841,750. In January, 1893, the valuation of Tacoma 




Lincoln School, Tacoma. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 



J] 



f t 




:V" 



Bryant School, Tacoma 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 




School, Tacom 



352 



The Oresronian' s Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 





Central School, Tacoma. 



property as shown by the city's assessment roll, was 

$43,074,i47- 

Tacoma is now 'the only American competitor of San 
Francisco for the Asiatic trade. The Northern Pacific 
Steamship Company run two fast passenger steamers and 
mail steamers each month between Tacoma, Hong Kong, 
Shanghai and Yokohama. This company also owns a fleet 
of sailing vessels which ply between Tacoma and the Orient. 
The westward cargoes of these vessels consist of lumber, 
the franklin school tacoma. flour, salmon and general freight. The return cargoes from 
the Orient are made up of silks, rice, jutes, curios and pro- 
ducts of Chinese and Japanese skill. The Pacific Steamship Company runs a line 
of boats between Tacoma and San Francisco. Another line of steamers plies be- 
tween Tacoma and Alaska, aud the boats of the recently 
organized North Pacific Steamship Company run from Ta- 
coma to Vancouver, B. C, and from the latter port to Port- 
land, touching at Seattle and Port Townsend each way. 
In addition to the large fleet of ocean vessels which touch at 
Tacoma, numerous small craft ply between Tacoma and all 
points on Puget Sound. The custom's report of the Puget 
Sound collection district shows that the value of exports 
for the fiscal year ending June 1, 1893, was $ 5, 255, 966. Of 
this amount $3,321,511, or nearly 61^ per cent., was cred- 
ited to exports from Tacoma. In 1892 it was shown that 416 vessels, having a regis- 
tered toanage of 478,828, entered the port of Tacoma, as against 310 vessels of a 
tonnage of 384,295, which sailed iuto the harbor here in 1891. The imports to Ta- 
coma from China and Japan for the six months ending June 
30, 1893, aggregated in value $4,252,540. 

To its commerce Tacoma owes much of its greatness. 
It is here that the tracks of the Northern Pacific railroad 
first reach tide water. Here the ocean steamers and wheat 
ships which come ito Puget Sound reach the farthest point 
inland. It is at Tacoma that the riches of the East meet 
in exchange for the products of the West. The meeting 
here of the iron horse with the ocean greyhounds forms 
the shortest and most direct route between the Atlantic seaboard and the ports of 
Australia, India and the Orient. Forty years ago the prophetic finger of Thos. 
H. Benton pointed to this route as the American road to Asia. There is demon- 
strated today what the utterances of this far-seeing 
statesman intimated when he said that it would "revive 
upon its line all the wonders of which we have read 
and eclipse them, and that the wilderuess from the 
Mississippi to the Pacific would start into new life 
at its touch." Today the Asiatic trade is controlled 
to a great extent by England. An examination of 
the geographical location of Puget Sound, and a 
comparison of distances between it and Asia and be- 
tween Asia and Liverpool, will disclose the fact that 
this trade naturally belongs to the United States. ST ' J0SEPH ' S H0SPIT 




Hawthorne School, Tacoma. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 



, feffsdaafiEaasi si drifts 



Tacoma, Washington. 



353 



A 



A 



km-' 



I 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH. 




Puget Sound is 5,000 miles nearer Hong Kon» than is 
Liverpool, and by way of Tacoma, New York is brought 
1,400 miles nearer to Canton than is Liverpool. Australia, 
Oceanica and Siberia are thousands of miles nearer the state 
of Washington than they are to England. It is impossible 
to estimate the magnitude of the commerce that will some 
exposition building, tacoma. ^ & ^ s p r j n g U p between Puget Sound and the Orient. 

In 1893 the city of Tacoma purchased from a private corporation a system of 
water works and a complete electric light plant. This purchase was consummated at a 
cost of $1, 750,000. The city was bonded for this amount and it is a source of much 
gratification to its citizens that during one of the most wide-spread and severe busi- 
ness depressions the country has ever experienced, the bonds of Tacoma readily com- 
manded a premium in the financial 
centers of the East. The city now 
daily uses 6,000,000 gallons of water 
out of an available daily supply of 
9,000,000 gallons. The present sources ■..y^**. 
of supply are Spanaway lake and 
Clover creek. These are connected by a rectangular 
conduit — a flume 24 inches square, parts of which 
are now being replaced by a 22 inch stave pipe. The 
system embraces four dams having a combined out- 
flow of 6,500,000 gallons, and a storage capacity of 
1,400,000 gallons, and a reservoir with a capacity at a 
depth of 13 feet of about 1,780,000 gallons. Two 
pumping stations, with a capacity of 3,000,000 gallons 
per day, send the water to elevated parts of the city, 
of street mains and 245 fire hydrants. 

Tacoma is well protected from fire by a department that has achieved a reputation 
of being one of the best disciplined and most efficient organizations of its kind on 
the coast. The force consists of a chief, an assistant chief and 60 men. The appa- 
ratus and department property cost $147,790. It includes six steam fire engines, two 
chemicals, three hook and ladder trucks, four hose wagons and four supply wagons. 
The operating expenses of the department amount to about $90,000 a year. 

The Eureka Sandstone Company. — The most extensive stone quarry in 
Western Washington is located at Tenino and is owned by the Eureka Sandstone 
Company of Tacoma. It is with one exception the only blue sandstone quarry in 

Oregon or Washington. The crushing 
strength of this stone is 5,000 pounds to 
the square inch. All the stone from this 
quarry is quarried and cut by machinery, 
steam channelers, steam derricks, gang 
saws and other improved machinery 
being used for this purpose. The stone 
is sawed in all dimensions and of any 
desired thickness. The daily output, of 
the plant is about 1,500 cubic yards of 
sawed stone. This is taken out of a solid 
eureka sandstone co.-s works, TEN, N o. wall of rock over i oo feet high. It is 



Lake, Tacoma. 



The system includes 67 miles 




554 



The Oresoniaris Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



used in the erection of the finest structures of all the 
large cities of Western Washington and Oregon. The 
new Chamber of Commerce building of Portland, and 
a part of the Pierce county court house atTacoma, 
are built of this stone. 

John W. TaiT. — The Tacoma Business College 
and Normal Training School is one of the best known 
and most prominent of Washington's private edu- 
cational institutions. It is managed by Professor 
John W. Tait, an able and widely known instructor. 
The pupils attending this college come not only from 
Tacoma, but also from the smaller cities and rural 
districts of the state. 

The business course at this school includes in- 
struction in commercial law, book-keeping, penman- 
ship, actual business and office practice and com- 
mercial correspondence. The normal course is especially adapted to those who 
desire to become teachers. The English course prepares students for admission to 
Eastern universities. Besides these, elocution and shorthand are taught. The tui- 
tion fees are very moderate. Circulars explaining the systems taught at the col- 
lege will be sent by Professor Tait on application. 

The Tacoma School of Shorthand. — The Tacoma School of Shorthand and 
Typewriting is one of the few permanent institutions of its kind on the coast. The 
curriculum of the school embraces a 




Prof. J. w. Tait, Tacoma. 
(tacoma business college.) 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH 




thorough and systematic course in sten- 
ography, the system taught being based 
upon simple principles of brief phonetic 
writing which are easily mastered by the 
student. 

A course of three months, in this 
school qualifies the student to do satis- 
factory work as an amanuensis or sten- 
ographer. The terms of tuition and cir- 
culars will be sent, on application, by 
Mrs. A. C. McGiven, the principal of the 
school. This lady is widely known, not 
only as a teacher, but as a charming 
hostess. The school has night classes which pupils can attend without neglecting 
their business. Graduates of this school are assisted in securing positions. 

PuyalVnp, Washington. — Puyallup, located on the main line of the North- 
ern Pacific, nine miles east of Tacoma, and near the junction of the Seattle and 
Tacoma branch of the same road, is easily the banner city of the rich tributary 
hop and farming district from which it takes its name. Puyallup occupies a site 
on the banks of the Puyallup river, and is the banking and commercial center of 
one of the best parts of the state of Washington. 

Watered by the Puyallup and Carbon rivers, the Puyallup valley is unsurpassed 
in richness by any of the other famous valleys of the Northwest. It is 3 miles wide, 
and its length is about 20 miles. Practically every acre of this valley land is unex- 



TACOMA SCHOOL OF SHORTHAND. TACOW 



Puyallup, H 'ashington. 



;;-,.-, 




"■=nr 



First nat'l Bank Block and Opera House, Puyallup. 



celled for hop and fruit growing, and it is this 
valley which is today one of the greatest hop 
gardens of the world. 

Puyallup was first settled in 1861. It was not 
until 1889, when the wonderful development of the 
hop fields of this section made the establishment 
of a trade center here imperative, that Puyallup be- 
gan to make any substantial advancement in 
growth and material development. Since that 
time the growth of the place has been rapid, but 
by no means phenomenal when the many natural advantages of its location, its 
wonderfully rich tributary district, and last, but not least, the energy and pluck of 
its inhabitants are duly considered. Viewed from any other standpoint than that 
of Western progress, where cities are expected to grow if they ever get started in 
the right channel, the increase in population and wealth of Puyallup, during the 
past four years has been phenomenal, and in this time a city has sprung up where, 
before the era of progress began, nestled a small village of but little commercial 
importance. Since 1889 hopyards at the present site of 
Puyallup have been replaced by well paved streets and 
solid business blocks, and where farms were cultivated 
a few years back is now the site of the residences of the 
best people of a flourishing young city. 

The assessed valuation of the city property in Puy- 
allup today is $1,910,000, and the population is upwards 
of 2,000. The city is perfectly lighted bv r electricity, a 
good water-works system is maintained, and excellent 
protection is afforded against fire by a well trained fire 
department. The city has good schools, well supported 

Bank of Puyallup Building, Puyallup. , , , - ■,, ,, ... c 

churches, and has all the evidence 01 a prosperous 
and wide-awake community. 

Puyallup is especially favored in the matter of transportation facilities afforded 
its business men. The main line of the Northern Pacific passing this point fur- 
nishes direct connection between Puyallup and all points in Eastern Washington 
and Eastern Oregon, as well as with the East, while connection with Western Wash- 
ington, Western Oregon and California on the south is made by the same line. 
Puyallup also has direct connection with Seattle by rail. Eighteen passenger trains 
stop at Puyallup every day in the year, and in addition to this a proportionate num- 
ber of local and through freight trains also register at 
the city depot. This statement in itself is sufficient to PH0 ^ ev T^j*! 
establish Puyallup's claims as a prominent railroad /jr^P^p"^*- ^*&i 
center. This rapid and frequent train service over the ^JEE^l 
line passing Puyallup affords the best of shipping facili- 
ties to the place. Hops, the staple product, are shipped 
direct from Puyallup to all parts of the United States, 
while the perishable fruit and vegetable products of the 
tributary district are easily shipped from here to all 
the principal points of the Sound, where they find a — *^., 
ready sale. 

Residence, Ezra Meeker, Puyal 





356 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




IING BLOCK, PUYALLUP 



The leading public school building of Puyallup is a handsome structure, the 
construction of which involved an outlay of $9,000. The school is presided over by 

competent teachers, and the daily attendance is 
318 pupils. In addition to the excellent public 
school system of the city, Puyallup supports two 
other schools of a semi-private nature, which are 
doing excellent educational work. Seven relig- 
ious organizations own their own church build- 
ings at Puyallup. The Unitarian church has re- 
cently dedicated its vestry for free library and 
reading-room purposes. Residents and strangers 
alike are welcome at all times to the library, and 
they are offered here every facility for general reading and self-improvement. 
Already the library is in receipt of some 70 of the leading periodicals of Europe 
and America, and it is the hope of the leading spirits in this commendable enter- 
prise to have the library stocked with about 1,000 volumes of the standard works 
some time during the present year. 

Among the leading business houses of Tuyal- pi 
lup, the large general merchandise store of J. P. 
Stewart & Son easily takes the lead. This firm 
occupies its own spacious and elegant two-story 
brick building, 72 feet wide by no feet deep, which 
was erected at a cost of $27,000. The Puyallup 
Hardware Company, located in the First National 
Bank Building, Ezra Meeker & Co., leading hop- 
growers and merchants are also representative 
firms of the city who have done much to advance 
the general prosperity of Puyallup. One strong 
bank is located at Puyallup. 




Block. Puyallup. 



PHOTO. B> 



Among the many handsome and substantial 
buildings of Puyallup, the Spinning block, erected 
by Frank R. Spinning at a cost of $20,000, is worthy 
of special mention. The upper 33 rooms of this 
elegant structure are occupied as a well conducted 
family hotel, under the name of the Spinning 
House. Clean beds, well-kept apartments and an 
excellent table have earned for the Spinning House 
a high reputation, among the city people of Puyal- 
lup and transient guests alike. Five large rooms 
on the ground floor of the Spinning block are oc- 
cupied for store purposes. Other fine buildings 
of Puyallup are the Bank of Puyallup, the J. P. 
Stewart block, the First National Bank building 
and the Opera House, the latter of which has a 
seating capacity of 600. 
The one crop which has made famous the Puyallup valley and the city which is 
the commercial center of this wonderfully rich district is that of hops. In an able 
article on hops and hop culture, written by the Hon. Ezra Meeker and published in 
connection with the present article on Puyallup, will be found a great fund of infor- 




Central School, Puvallup 



Hops and their Culture. 



357 



mation on one of the most important industries of the great state of Washington. 
Jacob R. Meeker, the father of Ezra Meeker, was the pioneer hop-grower of the 
Puget vSound country and the latter gentleman is today regarded everywhere on the 
coast as one of the best authorities on the subject of hops in the United States. The 
raising of hops in this section is the leading industry for the one reason that hops 
have always paid better than any other crop. The highly productive soil of the 
lands of the Puyallup valley, together with the equable climate of this section, the 
abundant rainfall and the heavy dews all combine to make this one of the best fruit 
and vegetable-producing districts of the state. Vegetables and fruit from the Puy- 
allup valley can be placed in the Tacoma market in about half an hour after they 
are gathered, and in a little over an hour they can be placed on sale in the stores of 
Seattle. Berries of all kinds do well here, and berry raising in the valley is now a 
most profitable industry. Strawberries, under the warm sun of this section and in the 
rich, well watered soil attain a size here that seems almost incredible to those who 
have seen this fruit raised in other sections. Each hill of strawberry plants in the 
Puvallup valley is relied upon to yield a quart of fruit a season and the flavor of this 
delicate fruit is unsurpassed. In addition to the agricultural resources of the Puy- 
allup valley, the lumbering interests of the section form a most important industry. 
Near Puyallup are large forests of fine fir and cedar, together with an ample supply 
of timber suitable for sawing into the finest finishing woods. The output of the 
Hastie Lumber Company located at Puyallup for 1892 was 3,000,000 feet of lumber 
and 3,000,000 shingles. Stevenson Bros., located at the same place, turned out at their 
mill during 1892 1,500,000 feet of lumber. 

A creditable weekly paper, The Citizen, is published at Puyallup under the edi- 
torial charge of H. B. LeFevre. With good schools, wide-awake people and a per- 
fect climate, Puyallup is one of the most attractive places in Washington for a per- 
manent residence and with the growth of one of the richest sections of the state 
tributary, will come an increase in Puyallup's population and wealth that will always 
maintain for this point a place among the leading commercial centers of Western 
Washington. 

Hops and Tlieir Culture. — [ By E. Meeker, of Puyallup, Washington.] 
For centuries past hops have been used for brewing beer and ale and have always 
been esteemed the best material for the manufacture of the lighter beverages coming 
d u „™ =„ under the head of "malt liquors." In addition 
to their use by brewers, the tender shoots of the 
young hop plant have been used as an article of 
food, the surplus hop vines are fed to stock and the 
leaves and roots of the plant are valuable for tan- 
ning purposes. 

In olden times hops were much used for medi- 
cine. Of late years the use of hops in the medical 
profession, while not particularly discouraged, has 
not kept pace with the demand for other herbs for 
their corrective powers on the system, and the 
hop today is chiefly valuable for brewing purposes. 
The earliest mention of the cultivation of hops 
of which any accurate account of the crop was made 

P,C NEER HOP HOUSE, 8T»T^0F ~CTO N , PUYAU.UP. ^ g . ^ by pj.^ ^^ accouut ^ Q ^ ^^ Q^ 




358 The Oregonian's Handbook 01 the Pacific Northwest. 

Romans were acquainted with the virtue of lupulin or "hop dust." In the eighth and 
ninth centuries mention was made of the " hop gardens" in France and Germany, but 
it was not until the beginning of the 17th century that the cultivation of hops assumed 
sufficient importance to attract general attention in Europe. It has only been within 
a period covered by the life of the writer, between 1830 and the present time, that 
hop culture in the United States has been recognized as an important industry of the 
country. In 1S40, 6,000 bales of hops were produced in the United States. The 
product reached a total of 50,000 bales in i860. In 1870 the hop product of the 
country reached a total of 125,000 bales, and for the years 1890 and 1891 the annual 
yield reached the enormous quantity of 200,000 bales. It is worthy of note that one- 
fifth of the entire hop product of the country during the last two mentioned years 
was raised in the young state of Washington. 

The first hops known to have been grown in Oregon or Washington for commer- 
cial use were raised by my father, Jacob R. Meeker, on his farm in the Puyallup val- 
ley, about three miles from the site of the present flourishing city of Puyallup. 
This, if my memory serves me right, was in the year 1866. From a small planting 
among the trees in his young orchard the first crop, equivalent to one bale of 1S0 
pounds, was cured over the kitchen fire and was marketed in small sacks at Olympia. 
The purchaser of this crop was Chas. Wood, a small brewer of that city, who paid S5 

cents a pound. This crop was eclipsed 20 
years later by one of 50,000 bales, or in 
round numbers 9,000,000 pounds, but the 
price of hops has never been exceeded but 
once over what was received by my father 
for his first picking, and this was in the 
famous year 1882, when for a short period 
sales were made at J1.05 a pound, thus 
yielding to the hop grower a clear profit 
of nearly $2,000 per acre. The first crop 
raised in the Puyallup valley was followed the next season by a larger one which 
aggregated a few bales. This was cured in an outhouse which was subsequently 
remodeled into a primitive hop house. This old building is still standing near Puy- 
allup as a memento of the early attempts at hop raising in Washington. 

My first planting of hops as a field crop was made in 1S67. This resulted in a 
yield the first year of 17 bales or about 3,000 pounds. Gradually increasing the 
amount of ground each successive year planted to hops, by 1884 I had 170 acres in 
hops, from which I harvested and sold over 168 tons. This was an average yield of 
nearly a ton to the acre. The consumption of hops in the United States when my 
first yard was planted, a site that is now covered with the fine brick blocks of Puy- 
allup, was, quoting from memory, about the quantity which would be required in the 
manufacture of 6,000,000 barrels of beer. Notwithstanding the great temperance 
reform of later times the consumption of ale and beer in the United States now 
attains the enormous amount of 32,000,000 barrels every year, and the demand for 
these fermented drinks is steadily increasing at the rate of over 2,000,000 barrels a 
year. These figures will give the reader a faint conception of the extent and value 
of the brewing industry to the country and also of the importance which the culture 
of hops must attain here in the near future. Nearly one-half of the hops raised in 
the United States are from the Pacific coast, the greater part of the product being 
from Washington and Oregon. 




Hops and their Culture. 



359 



3 r '. : 



^ 






is; 







Hop Field between Tacoma and Seattle. 



The effect of the large plantings 
of hops in the newer fields of the 
coast has been to discourage in- 
creased planting in the older hop 
fields of the world. There has been 
an actual diminution of acreage 
planted to hops in England, and a 
neglect of the yards in many of the 
districts of the old world, and even 
on this side of the Atlantic, especi- 
ally in New York. The decrease in 
the acreage planted to hops in Eng- 
land alone, where actual statistics are given, was over 5,000 acres prior to 1890, 
since which time the former steady decline of hop raising has been arrested. 

In hop raising the yards of Washington have given some remarkable yields. In 
1891 I produced, harvested and sold over 5,000 pounds of choice hops from one acre 
of ground. Were it not for the fact that this statement can be verified by responsible 
living witnesses the writer would almost shrink from giving this publicity. I have 
never heard of this being equaled anywhere in the world, but several cases have 
come under my direct observation where the yield of 4,000 pounds has been har- 
vested from a single acre. It is average results in raising any crop that count for the 
most. Although I have not the advantage of exact statistics at my disposal, I know 
that the average yield of hops in the state as a whole has never been less than from 
1,600 to 1,700 pounds per acre, counting of course from one year to another. This 
showing is in sharp contrast to the yields of all the old hop-growing centers of Ger- 
many, England and the United States, where the average crop as shown by statistics 
does not exceed 600 pounds to the acre. 

The cost of the production of hops in the states of Washington and Oregon will 
compare favorably with the cost of raising this crop in any other part of the world. 
In Germany the cost of growing hops can no more be computed than can the cost of 
eggs marketed from the farm, for there hops are grown in small gardens, cultivated 
and packed by families owning their own 
ground and who do not even know the 
average annual yield, to say nothing of the 
cost of raising them until the crop is 
marketed after being partially dried in open 
lofts. In England the cost of raising hops 
is stated by conservative writers to be not far 
from an average of 20 cents per pound, 
counting the cost of tithes, rents, fertilizers, 
washing, spraying, etc. In New York the 
cost may be stated at about 14 cents a pound, 
while in Washington hops can be success- 
fully raised, as shown by careful experiments, at a cost of nine cents a pound. 
Thus it will be readily noted that the vantage ground in hop culture lies within 
the limits of the two favored states of the Northwest, at least so far as the cost of 
production is concerned. 

The cost of planting hops and stocking the yard with poles after the land has 
been made ready for the plow, is from $40 to $65 an acre. The cost of providing 



PHOTO BY 




Picking Hops, Puyallup. 



360 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

suitable buildings, hop-presses, boxes, etc., is about $60 an acre additional. The 
cost of starting a hopyard on a successful scale is thus seen to be from $ 100 to $120 
an acre. This, of course, is independent of the value of the land, which varies 
greatly according to quality of the soil and locality. The cost of hop land can be 
roughly stated, however, at from $40 to $300 per acre. 

In the older hop-growing districts of the United States and Europe a newly 
planted hopyard will yield nothing the first year, but half a crop the second sea- 
son, and not come into full bearing condition until the third year. From my own 
experience, gained by hard work in the fields of Washington, I can confidently state 
that we are sure here of at least half a crop the first year, planting in April and 
harvesting in October. This would mean at least an average of 800 pounds of 
hops the first season. From first plantings made in March 1 have harvested the 
following October a ton to the acre. The second year all the new plantings yield 
a full crop in Washington. 

The average life of a hopyard in the older districts of the world is not more 
than 12 years, and by some conservative observers is placed at even less than what 
I have quoted. In the deep alluvial soils of the best parts of Washington hopyards 
planted 20 years ago are yet strong and vigorous, and seem to have still a century 
of life before them. In certain favored spots in Europe where mild climate and 
deep soils are especially conducive to the best results of hop raising, are hop gar- 
dens 150 years old, and I see no reason for expecting any degeneration in the pres- 
ent hopyards of Washington during the lifetime of the oldest hopyards in the old 
w T orld. 

As I have before stated, the average cost of raising hops in this state, put up 
into bales ready for market, is about 9 cents a pound. This cost is distributed as 
follows : cultivating, 1 % cents ; picking and delivering to the kiln, 5 cents ; curing 
and baling, 1 ,!<< cents. Interest and deterioration of perishable property is included 
in cost of baling and curing. For three years past the hop fields of both Oregon 
and Washington have been attacked by the hop louse, and great ravages have 
resulted during the past two seasons from this pest, thus reducing the yield and 
lowering the quality of the product. Following the example of the English hop- 
growers, the farmers in this section, in many cases, immediately declared war on 
the hop louse, and they made extensive preparations for spraying the vines. The 
cost of spraying adds, on an average, about 1 cent a pound to the cost of raising the 
crop. The first year of spraying, two horse-power sprayers were brought over from 
England. These proved too heavy, cumbersome and expensive, and Yankee genius 
was called upon to perfect a machine that would do the work successfully. A 

machine was made here which can be manufactured at 
a third the cost of the English sprayer. It does more 
than twice the amount of work, and saves fully one-half 
the emulsion used in the old machine. The conse- 
quence is that the dismay and discouragement which 
met the hop-growers here on the first announcement 
that the hop louse had come to this part of the world 
to stay, has given way to one of cheerfulness and con- 
fidence, and today, instead of growers talking about re- 
ducing their acreage, they show their ability to compete 

Puyallup Roller Sprayer. Sold by Puyallup . , , . , , i • l „ J J - *: „„ * 

hardware co., puyallup. with this destroying agent by making large additions to 




Sumner, Washington. 361 

their hop fields, in both Oregon and Washington. In order to give the reader 
an intelligent idea of the magnitude of the preparations made here to fight the 
hop louse, it is only necessary to state that nearly 400 of these horse-power 
sprayers have been manufactured and sold here in addition to numerous hand 
sprayers, and 190 tons of quassia wood have been imported from South America with 
which to "dose" the lice should the pest appear here again. It has been demon- 
strated, beyond all question, that the crop here can be saved from the ravages of 
the pest, and this, too, as before stated, at a cost not exceeding 1 cent a pound for 
spraying. 

The net profit of any crop is, after all, the great absorbing question. It mat- 
ters not how large a yield of any crop the farmer can obtain from an acre of 
ground, if the crop does not pay he turns his attention to raising something else. 
The growing of hops has the reputation of being one of the most fluctuating pur 
suits connected with farming. Of late years there seems to have been more steadi- 
ness in the hop market (since the great high-priced year of 1882). Ever since the 
production of my second crop of hops I have had an abiding faith in the ultimate 
successful outcome of hop growing. Acting on this assumption, I have regularly 
increased my acreage in hops with each succeeding year, and I know that this will 
always continue to be one of the principal and profitable industries of the state of 
Washington. 

Henry Weinhard, the great Portland brewer, after having practically tested my 
second crop of hops, frankly told me their great intrinsic value, and showed his 
faith in their worth by purchasing his supply of hops for his brewery from me for 14 
consecutive years following. The hops grown in Washington and Oregon, when 
properly treated, i. e., when they are fully ripened and thoroughly cured at a low 
temperature, make the best "summer-use hops" in the world. It is this that has 
made it possible to build up the great export trade in these hops that followed their 
first introduction in the London market. As before stated, it is because of their 
keeping qualities that our hops have found such favor in England, and while the 
climate and soil have much to do in determining the quality of hops grown, yet 
without proper care in curing, the quality is much impaired, and sometimes, even, 
entirely ruined for first-class hops. 

With the completion of the Nicaragua canal, thus cheapening freights to the 
Old World, or with the lowering of the present rail rates, now abnormally high, to 
the Atlantic seaboard, the hop fields of Oregon and Washington, with concerted, 
intelligent action by the growers, are destined to prove a formidable rival to the old 
fields of Europe, and practically revolutionize the sale of hops. Even today the 
extent of the hop fields of the Northwest is constantly being increased, but with the 
lowering of freight charges on exports this industry would suddenly become one of 
the most important agricultural pursuits on the coast. 

Sumner, Washington. — Sumner, Pierce county, Washington, is a town of 
1,000 inhabitants as shown by the poll of 279 votes in the election of November, 1892. 
It is located on Stuck river, between which stream and the Puyallup river at this 
point only a few hundred yards of meadow land intervene. It is reached by the 
Northern Pacific Company's road which connects Tacoma with Seattle. The town is 
12 miles northeast of Tacoma, two miles north of the main line of the Northern 
Pacific at Meeker Junction and 29 miles south of Seattle. The products of a con- 
siderable part of the rich district of the Puj'allup and Stuck valleys find a market 
place at Sumner, and the place is a trading point of considerable importance. 



362 



The Oreffonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Hops furnish the great staple product of this sectiou, and a number of very large 
hop-growers make their headquarters at or near Sumner. The large acreage of the 
Puyallup and Stuck river valleys is annually being increased, both by the old growers 
of the section and by new comers. Sumner is essentially a hop town and evidence of 
this is seen in the patches of towering hop vines which are cultivated in the very 
yards surrounding Sumner's residences. Duriug 1892, i, 137 bales were shipped from 
Sumner, a very light aggregate shipment as compared with the total shipments of 
former years. This falling off in the number of bales handled at this point in 1S92 
was due directly to the ravages of the hop lice which invaded the hop fields of both 
Oregon and Washington during that year. Ivffective means for destroying this pest 
have now been devised, however, and hop lice in the future will not fare very sumptu- 
ously on the growing hops of the Northwest. 

Another important industry of the Puyallup and Stuck valleys is the growing of 
fruit and vegetables for the Tacoma and Seattle markets. The whole country is an 
ideal truck garden, and the fruits and vegetables grown here vie in size and quality 
with the best productions anywhere. The soil here is of unknown depths, it is well 
watered and it is easily cultivated. Strawberries grown in this section photographed 
side by side with the American dollar, outshine the coin of the realm in size, and 
their flavor is excellent. Sumner, owing to its proximity to both Seattle and Tacoma, 
and the means of communication afforded between these places and Sumner by 
means of the Northern Pacific trains, was choseu as a most available site for the 
location of the Whitworth College, which is now conducted at the latter point under 
their auspices. 

Whitworth College. — This is a college open to both sexes, and it is one of 
the best conducted educational institutions of the state. The curriculum of the 
school includes classical, scientific and business courses, as well as a preparatory 
department. Telegraphy, typewriting and shorthand are taught at the college, and 
special attention is also paid to a thorough instruction in vocal and instrumental 

music, as well as in elocution and art. The 
charges for tuition and board at the school are 
extremely moderate, and the attendance at the 
college is constantly increasing. 

The building occupied by Whitworth Col- 
lege is a fine structure, heated by steam, well 
furnished, and containing all modern appoint- 
ments and conveniences. The location of the 
school is particularly favorable. It is on the 
line of the Northern Pacific railroad, nearly 
midway between Tacoma and Seattle. The 
location is in one of the garden spots of Wash- 
ington, and all the surroundings of the school 
are healthful and pleasant. The purest and coldest water taken from the foothills of 
the Cascade Mountains is supplied for college use. 

Rev. Calvin M. Stewart, D. D., is president of Whitworth College, and Rev. A. 
T. Fox, B. L. B. D., is vice-president. Both of these gentlemen have had large ex- 
perience in educational work, and under their control the institution is rapidly 
coming to the front as one of the foremost colleges of the Northwest. Parents and 
guardians will do well to correspond with the officers of Whitworth College with 
reference to the education of their children of either sex. It is the intention of the 




Whitworth college, Sumneh. 



Kent, Washington. 363 

authorities of this college to provide facilities for an education here that will equal 
in every way the opportunities afforded by the best Eastern colleges, and at a mod- 
erate cost. 



The public schools of Sumner are conducted in a creditable structure. The 
system of public instruction at this point is efficient, and the youth of this growing 
town are afforded by the good public schools of Sumner and in the Whitworth 
College the means of obtaining a thorough education without being put to the 
necessity of leaving home. 

Kent, Washington. — The town of Kent, named after the leading hop cen- 
ter of Great Britain, is situated in King county, on the Puget Sound branch of the 
Northern Pacific railroad running between Tacoma and Seattle. It is but 16 miles 
by rail from Kent to Seattle on the north, and Tacoma is 25 miles distant by rail to 
the south. Kent is the principal trading point of the fertile White River valley, near 
the center of which the town is located. The land of this valley is especially adapted 
to hop culture, and over 3,000 acres of this land are today devoted to the cultivation 
of this staple product of Western Washington. 

The rapid development of the hop industry of the section now tributary to Kent 
some time since necessitated the establishment of a town of considerable importance 
at this point. For a considerable time after the town was laid out, the growth of 
Kent was extremely rapid, and the population of Kent increased within the short 
space of two months from 700 to 1,500. This growth was due to the luxuriant hop 
harvests, immunity from hop lice and good prices for the product of the hop fields, 
together with the efforts to push the town to the front. As an instance of the enor- 
mous profits which rewarded the hop growers of this section during the palmy days 
of the early history of the town the two following cases can be cited: One was where a 
single hop-grower sold over #14,000 worth of hops from seven acres of land, and the 
other where the hop yield of 1 2 1 acres in this same valley for a single season brought 
a return of $70,000. With the lower prices for hops now prevailing, and the expense 
incurred in fighting hop lice, which succeeded in gaining a foothold in this section, 
hop growing, while still a lucrative calling does not yield the profits of former years, 
when growers became rich out of a single season's crop. The tendency of this 
depreciation in prices for the staple product of this section has been to bring trade 
down to a normal basis at Kent, and where the population of the town was 1,500 a 
few years ago, it does not today exceed 1,000 people. 

The White River valley is adapted to raising all kinds of fruit and vegetables as 
well as are the rich lands of the Puyallup and Stuck valleys to the south. The sec- 
tion of which Kent is the trading center is rich in resources, and a good town will 
always be supported at this point. Kent now boasts of a $12,000 school house, three 
fine brick blocks and a good bank. It supports five churches and has a good system 
of public instruction. 

The King County Pair Association have laid out extensive grounds at Kent, 
including a one mile kite-shaped track. The stables in connection with the racing 
track contain 200 box stalls and all necessary equipments. It is hoped to make this 
one of the prominent racing centers of the state. 



364 



The (Jregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Chief Seattlf. 
'after whom seattle was 









Weattle, Washington. — Seattle, the metropolis of Washington, is located 
in King county, and on Elliot Bay, an indention in the east shore of Admiralty 
Inlet, the most important part of that great inland body 
photo, by la roche. of salt water known as Pnget Sound. The phenomenal 

and unprecedented growth of Seattle, combined with 
its beauty of location, and the marvelous progressive 
spirit which its people have always shown, afford inci- 
dents for a story unparalleled in the annals of American 
cities. 

The events connected with the early settlement of 
Seattle are but memorable records of the long and hard 
struggles of courageous, far seeing and ambitious men, 
who always showed what might be termed almost a sub- 
lime confidence in the future of the town they had found- 
ed. A notable feature connected with the growth of all 
the Sound cities is the spirit of loyalty to home inter- 
ests, which the people here have always shown. The 
people who live in Seattle are no exception to this rule. 
A Seattle man firmly believes that his city is destined 
some day to be one of the greatest centers of popula- 
tion and wealth on the coast, and it may be remarked 
here that it is this enthusiastic forecast of future possi- 
bilities which has been one of the most important factors 
in the growth of both Seattle and Tacoma. Seattle is an 
old settlement, but its substantial growth has all been 
made within a period of eight years, and in this short 
time a city has been built that in metropolitan appear- 
ance vies with San Francisco, and in push and enterprise 
does not lag behind even Chicago. 

Prior to £§84, Seattle was a comparatively un- 
known and isolated town enjoying a small trade 
with the sparsely settled parts of Washington bor- 
dering on the shores of Puget Sound. The history 
of Seattle dates back to the autumn of 1851, when 
A. A. Denny, C. D. Boren and the Terry brothers 
located on what is now known as Alki point, near 
the present site of the business district of the Queen 
City, as Seattle is called. In the month of Feb- 
ruary following, these men began to look around 
for desirable claims, and they finally selected sites on the shores of Elliot Bay, where 
Seattle now stands. This was the initial stage of Seattle's future greatness, and 
thus was the town born. The town was named after a powerful and friendly Indian 
chieftain, who with his tribe, lived just across the inlet from the new settlement. 
Soon after the location of the claims by the 
founders of Seattle, families began to settle 
around them, and in May, 1853, A. A. Denny 
and C. D. Boren filed the first plat of the 
townsite of Seattle. In 1S52, Henry L. Yesler 
had built a sawmill at this point, the first harbor, Seattle. 




4:fc 



First house, Seattle, built at Alki pom 
in 1851. 




Front and James Streets, Seattle, 1859. 




Seattle, Washington. 



365 




PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE. 



steam sawmill on the shores of Puget Sound, and soon after the filing of 
the first townsite plat, ships began to visit Seattle for the fine lumber which 
was sawed here. The small colony which settled 
here soon began to receive accessions to their 
ranks Among these early additions was Dr. H. 
A. Smith, an honored citizen of Seattle at the 
present time. During 1852 and 1853 the little 
band here suffered many privations. But few ves- 
sels visited the settlement during these years, and 
as a result provisions were scarce, and the prices 
asked for the staple articles of every-day con- 
sumption were fabulous. Salt pork sold as high 
as #45 a barrel, and flour brought $35. For a 
short time during this period of suffering, neither 
of these commodities could be obtained at any 
price. During these two years the pioneers of 
Seattle were hemmed in by impenetrable forests, 
they lacked all means of commuuicating with the 

outside world by water, and the general air of confidence in the future which the 
handful of men never failed to show, was in marked contrast to the loneliness of 
their position and the prospect for immediate relief. 

During 1855 and 1856 the Klickitat and 
Duwamish Indians caused much trouble in this 
part of the state. On January 26th of the latter 
year, the savages after murdering isolated set- 
tlers and burning a number of houses, landed 
in a large body on the western shores of Lake 
Washington. The people of Seattle sought 
safety in a stockade, where with the assistance 
of the government sloop of war, Decatur, 
anchored in the harbor at that time, they re- 
pelled the attack of the savage horde. The war 
with the relentless Indians continued, how- 
ever, until the fall of 1856, and during this 
period of savage warfare, every vestige of improvement in King county was 
obliterated. While peace reigned after this time, it was not until about i860 
that the people of this sparsely settled portion of the West fully recovered from the 
depredations committed by the Indians during the two years they were on the warpath. 
For the 10 years following the conflict with the Indians, Seattle's advancement 
was scarcely noticeable. The first important step in the commercial growth of the 
town was made in 1867, when the wagon road was com- 
pleted, which opened communication between Seattle 
and the rich part of Washington lying east of the Cas- 
cade Mountains. For the next eight years the people 
here followed along in the even tenor of their way, reach- 
ing out for trade wherever possible, and adding grad- 
ually to the wealth of the town. In 1875 an era of great __ 
activity in Seattle and the tributary coal districts was v ~ " >~ -^-^7-W^ 
inaugurated by the completion of 20 miles of the Seat- WATER FR0NT , SEATTLE 





366 



The Oregonians Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY 




PHOTO. BY LA ROCH 



tie & Walla Walla railroad, which 
tapped the rich coal mines, the 
product of which is now among 
the largest and most important 
outputs of coal on the coast. Soon 
after this the people of Seattle 
made strenuous efforts to induce 
the managements of other lines of 
railroads to build to this point. An 
immense sum of money was off- 
ered the Northern Pacific to make 
its western terminus here, but the 
effort miscarried for reasons which 
are well understood by everyone 
who has even a smattering knowl- 
front street, Seattle. edge of the early history of the 

Puget Sound cities. Denied proper transportation facilities with the interior by 
rail, the effort to build a city here for a time was an unequal one. A period was 
finally reached, however, where Seattle's im- 
portance as a commercial center demanded atten- 
tion from the railroads, and it is in the events 
which led up to making Seattle the great railroad jSr*^ 
center of Puget Sound, and which will be treated ds 
of in a succeeding chapter, that forms the most " 
important part of the city's history. 

On January 13, 1882, an event occurred in 
Seattle which indicated clearly the spirit of the 
people who had struggled to build a city at this 
point. For some months previous to that time 
many dastardly and open acts of violence had 
been committed by the vicious elements which 
had found lodgment here. At length the wrath 
of the people was fully aroused by a most cow- 
ardly murder which was committed on one of the main thoroughfares of the town. 
No time was wasted on making out commitment papers or in serving warrants. 
On the date mentioned above, the men who had committed this last deed of violence 

— James Sullivan, William Howard and Benja- 
min Payne— were lynched in the heart of the 
city without ceremony. This proved a lesson 
to wrongdoers, which had a most salutary effect, 
and it is, perhaps, not necessary to state that 
a city where the people thus plainly intimated 
that they would stand no trifling from law- 
breakers, enjoyed a long period of safety and 
^^URN ft '1 ; P ^fi* I security from the open acts of the vicious 

W^^tWM 1 ^ dement. 

Another period of disturbance commenced 
with the agitation against the employment of 
cheap Chinese labor, during 1885. This agita- 




Secono Street, Seattle. 





-eJifiil" n W , ' ; r — H---I '-'■'' 



Second Street, Seattle. 




Sen t tic, Washington. 



367 




PHOTO. BY I 






j?- Ir 'r fr ' ,~ * 






tion finally led to the well-remembered outbreak photo, bv la hoche 
at Rock Springs, Wyoming, in which much prop- 
erty of the Chinese was destroyed and in which 
many Chinamen were injured. The feeling against 
the employment of Chinese finally culminated in J 
the Chinese riots of February 7, 1S.S6, in that city. 
A large mob had collected for the express pur- 
pose of deporting all the Chinese in the city, and' 
in accordance with their preconceived plans of : 
ejectment, the mob took practical possession of 
the city and commenced the work of removing 

the Chinese from their houses. The local militia was called out to quell the dis- 
turbance, which they finally succeeded in doing after killing one of the mob and 
injuring a number of other lawbreakers. With the exception of the two cases noted 
above, Seattle has been singularly free from mob violence, and the people here have 
always been as law-abiding, and have shown as great respect for the mandates of 
the law, as have the people in any of the older-settled cities of the United States. 

Railroads and water lines of transportation 
do much to advance the interests of any com- 
munity. Under the head of "Railroads," in 
another part of this article, will be found a 
complete resume of the excellent transporta- 
tion facilities which Seattle now enjoys, and 
under this head will be given a history of the 
struggles which Seattle's people were com- 
pelled to make to secure for them the many ad- 
vantages they now enjoy in perfectly equipped 
railroad and steamship lines which now touch 
at this point. 

Following the completion of the railroad 
which tapped the rich coal mines back of 
Seattle, the town made steady and substantial growth as a manufacturing point. 
Sawmills, factories, and other industrial plants sprung up here along the water 
front, and following the construction of these manufacturing industries came fine 
business blocks, elegant private dwellings and hotels. People flocked to Seattle from 
all quarters, and the increase in population was rapid. The suburbs and outlying 
districts of the city underwent a transformation that converted dense forests into 
sightly gardens, and on these erstwhile timber lands handsome houses were erected, 
and the suburbs became the homes of hundreds 
of contented families. Soon outside capital began 
to be attracted to the place. Speculation was rife ; 
schemes involving the expenditure of millions 
were put into operation here, and, as a consequence, 

the real estate market assumed a stage of feverish xi'^p 1 '- ; 1 •4.^1^1115' %-P 
activity. No one will dispute that Seattle really 
enjoyed a boom, but that the city has not suffered 
in material wealth by the bursting of the bubble 

must be taken as evidence of the varied resources ■**■ 

which have built a city here, and of the latent THIRD street, Seattle. 






Seattle after the Fire, 1889. 
South from Second and James Streets. 




368 



The Oregoniari's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 






A Prominent Business Block, Seattle. 



PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE. 



photo, by la roche. strength of the conditions here for maintaining a 

. ._ ; city. On June 6, 1889, occurred the ever-memorable 

fire, which practically destroyed the entire business 
district of Seattle, burned up a mile of wharves, and 
involved a loss of over $10,000,000. The burnt dis- 
trict covered an area of 65 acres. The history of 
Chicago after the great fire, was repeated at Seattle. 
For a number of months after the holocaust in Seat- 
tle the business of the city was done under tents. 
During this period, however, plans were fully matured 
for rebuilding the city on a more extensive scale than 
before, streets and avenues were widened, and in less 
than 12 months after the city was leveled to the ground, many fine busi- 
ness blocks, of brick and stone, buildings that in architectural design and finish are 
not surpassed by any of the finest structures of Chicago, were ready for occupancy 
in Seattle, and the city was once more in the race for supremacy. Seattle's busi- 
ness streets are now built up solid with imposing blocks of brick, stone and iron ; 
the city has fine and commodious hotels within the corporate limits, and miles of 
well-paved streets, lined on each side with handsome private residences, and the 
city bears every aspect of a rich and prosperous commercial center and a great- 
shipping port. 

The following figures, compiled from sources of unquestioned authority, will 
show conclusively the wonderful advancement Seattle has made 
during the past 13 years. In [870 the United States official cen- 
sus gave Seattle a population of 1,107. The territorial census of 
[875 credited Seattle with 1,512 people. The government returns 
of the census of [880 found 3,533 souls within the corporate limits 
of the city. Three years later the territorial canvass showed that 
Seattle's population had increased to 6,645, an d m lSS 5 another 
canvass made by the territory gave Seattle a population of 9,786. 
In 1S87 Seattle, on the basis of the names in the city directory 
of that year, contained 12,167 people, and the city census of the 
year following found that the population had increased to 19,116. 
In [889 another census was taken by the territory which showed that 26,740 people 
found homes in Seattle. The official government census of 1890 made the city's 
population 42,837, and the directory of 1893 established Seattle's claim to 58,126 
people who lived within the limits of the city. 

Seattle is now as compactly built as are many of the large cities of the East. 
The two principal retail business streets, Front and Second, run parallel with the 
water front, and both these streets are lined with as fine a class of buildings as are 
found in any city of the Wist. These buildings are all modern in their appoint- 
ments and are equipped with fast-running elevators, arc lighted by electricity, and 
are heated by steam. Both of these streets bustle with life and they serve as arteries 
into which most of the traffic from other parts of the city naturally flows. One and 
one-half miles of warehouses and wharves extend along the water front. On the 
water front are also located a large number of leading jobbing houses of the city. 
The principal business houses of Seattle carry large stocks of goods and the trade 
which the city enjoys is large and on the most satisfactory of footings. 



An Office Building, Seattle. 



Sea ttle, 1 1 'ashing ton. 



369 



PHOTO, er LA nOCME. 




A number of suburban towns of vScattle, towns under separate municipal gov- 
ernments, are really a part of the city itself. Ballard, Kirklaud, Fremont and 
Latonia are all connected with Seattle by well equipped electric lines of road, and it 
is only a few minutes' ride to either of these places. 
At Ballard, on Salmon Bay, five miles distant from 
Seattle, are located shingle mills whose combined 
daily capacity is 2,000,000 shingles, while the sawmills 
at the same place have a capacity of 280,000 feet of 
lumber a day. Also located at Ballard are a steel mill 
and extensive yards for the construction of wooden 
vessels. Covering 'all of these outside points as well 
as all the outlying districts of Seattle is one of the 
most extensive and perfectly equipped rapid transit 
systems in the United States. The primitive horse 

car is entirely unknown on Seattle's streets. Thirteen K|NG C0UNTV C0URT H0U8E ' 8EATTLE - 

different cable and electric railway companies, with an aggregate capital stock of 
$7,470,000, have in operation at Seattle and in the suburbs 34 miles of cable road and 
65 miles of electric lines, making a total of 99 miles of street-car tracks covering the 
city and reaching out from this point. This mileage exceeds that of 23 cities in Un- 
united States which have a larger population than Seattle. The city is completely 
gridironed with a network of tracks, and the remotest suburban point is brought 
by means of these roads within a few minutes' ride of the business district of 
Seattle. Five of these lines run north of the city, four lines extend out south, 
and four lines of road run out to Take Washington, a fine body of fresh water to 
the east. Three of the city roads, the Madison Street, Union Trunk, and Seattle City 
Railway Companies own and maintain splendid parks which are much frequented by 
residents and visitors to the city. The Rainier Avenue electric line runs in a south- 
easterly direction and reaches out as far as the south end of Lake Washington. The 
West Street and North bind lines run from the business center of the city in a north- 
westerly direction along the shores of Elliot Bay l<> Ballard, $y 2 miles distant. The 
Grant Street line runs to the race track in South Seattle. The Green Lake road 
runs through Fremont and around tin- eastern side of Green Lake, which is four 
miles distant from the city. The Woodlawn Park line follows the same course and 
terminates on the western shore of Green Lake. The equipments of all these lines 
are of the very highest order and service is excellent, frequent and rapid trips 'being 
made between all points. The following is the capitalization, mileage and number 
of cars of the different street-railway systems of Seattle : 

s Front Street Cable Railway Company, 

capital $600,000, mileage 5, number of cars 16; 
( ■rant Street Electric Railway Company, capi- 
tal $200,000, mileage 7, number of cars 4 ; Green 
■pi Lake Electric Railway Company, capital 
$70,000, mileage 4 ',, number of cars 2 ; Madi- 
son Street Cable Railway Company, capital 
$750,000, mileage 7, number of cars 76 ; Rainier 

YE8LER AVENUE, TESHI PARK, SEATTLE. , . ' . , . , 

Avenue hlectnc Railway Company, capital 
$250,000, mileage 8, number of cars 4 ; North Seattle Cable Railway Company, capital 
$300,000, mileage 2 [uses front street cars] ; Rainier Power & Klectric Railway Com- 




370 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE. 



A well-known Corner, Seattle. 



pany, capital $500,000, mileage 6, number of ears 8 ; Seattle City Railway Company, 
(Cable), capital $1,000,000, mileage 5, number of cars 16; Seattle Consolidated Rail- 
way Company (Electric), capital $1,200,000, mileage 22^, num- 
ber of cars 30; South .Seattle Railway Company (Electric), 
capital $450,000, mileage 5, number of cars 2 ; Union Trunk 
Line (Electric and Cable), capital $1,000,000, mileage 11, num- 
ber of cars 18; West Seattle Cable Railway Company, capital 
$150,000 mileage 4, number of cars 4 ; West Street & North 
End Railway Company (Electric), capital $1,000,000, mileage 
10, number of cars 14. This makes a grand total of $7,470,000 
invested in Seattle street railways ; 99 miles in operation, on 
which 134 cars are used. 
In counection with the perfect railway systems of Seattle, something may be said 
regarding the site the city occupies. Elliot Bay, on the shores of which Seattle is 
located, has an area of over 20 square miles and furnishes safe anchorage for the largest 
of deep-water vessels. The city extends back from the bay over a rise of easy grades 
to Lake Washington, four miles distant. This lake is a magnificent body of fresh 
water over 20 miles in length and varying in width from 1)4 to 3 miles. The streets 
of the city extending east and west are graded through from Elliot Bay to Lake 
Washington, terminating on salt water on one end and reaching out to the fresh- 
water reservoir at the other. In the northern part of the city is Lake Union and 
beyond this latter body of water in the same direction is Green Lake, both of which 
while much smaller than Lake Washington, are equally as attractive as the larger 
body of water. 

Seattle is built on a series of terraces rising above the harbor to a considerable 
altitude. From the crest of the slope is a broad plateau which stretches eastward 
almost to Lake Washington. It is on the higher terraces and on this plateau that 
the best residences of the city are built. These homes are far removed from the busi- 
ness activity of the city below and from the sites which they occupy is commanded a 
view of magnificent scenery not offered to the residents of any city in the Union. 
Across the harbor from Seattle is seen the long stretch of the waters of Admiralty 
Inlet, beyond which rise the rugged and snow-capped peaks of the Olympic range of 
mountains. To the west the view is even more impressive than the panorama pre- 
sented to the vision of the sight-seer looking west. The tranquil waters of Lake 
Washington form a fitting foreground to the thickly wooded shores beyond, while 
far in the distance the eye follows the course of the Cascades for miles, one of the 
most important ranges of mountains on the continent. Surmounting this chain of 
mountains, in plain view of Seattle, is the snow-capped peak of Mt. Rainier, one of 
the monarchs of the Cascades, while to the 
north, 100 miles distant, rises in plain view the 
lofty peak of Mt. Baker, which is also covered 
with perennial snows. The effects of sunrise 
and sunset over the distant peaks seen from 
Seattle baffle description. Seattle itself and the 
country immediately surrounding form one of 
the most picturesque spots in America. The 
suburbs present at once a combination of wild 
and rugged mountain scenery, pastoral landscapes, dense forests and the rippling 
waves of both tide and fresh water. 




/ A 

Coal Bunkers. Seattle. 



Seattle, Washington. 



371 



Seattle offers many features of interest to the visitor. In addition to the enjoy - 
nieut of a ride on the numerous car lines of the city, a number of public parks are 
maintained in which are found great pyramidal trees, high bluffs and deep canyons 
and extensive and diversified views and vistas through thick forest foliage, the 
natural wilduess of the whole being softened by artificial walks, fountains and flower- 
beds. The parks owned by the city cover 64 acres while the private parks open to 
the public embrace 75 acres additional. Seattle is especially fortunate in having fine 
public buildings. The King county court house, located here, is a handsome stone 
structure of the Doric style of architecture, as shown by the illustration accompany- 
ing this article. Its cost was about $500,000. It is fitted with safes, vaults and other 
safeguards for the protection of public records. Seattle has also a fine Chamber of 
Commerce building, city hall, fine schools, elegant churches and other buildings, 
which will receive suitable mention under the proper headings in another part of this 
article. 

During the history of the King county bar, many brilliant and profound lawyers 
have been heard pleading before its tribu- 
nals, and today it occupies a high place in PH0T0 ' BV mo "^ 
estimation of the legal profession. Judge John 
J. McGilvra, one of the oldest and most dis- 
tinguished practitioners in Washington, is 
recognized as the father of the Seattle bar. 
Judge McGilvra was born in Livingston county, 
N. Y. , July II, 1827. He afterwards removed 
to Illinois, and was admitted to the bar in 
Chicago in 1S53. ^ n I ^ 1 ^ e was appointed 
United States attorney for the territory of 
Washington. After discharging the duties of 
the office for five years he declined a reappoint- 
ment. He was also city attorney of Seattle in 
1876-7. His greatest legal triumph was in in- 
ducing Congress to restore 5,000,000 acres of 
land for settlement, land which the Northern 
Pacific Railroad had forfeited. 

It is said that the character of the people 

residing in a city is indicated to a large extent 
by their homes. If this is true, Seattle pos- 
sesses man}' wealthy and cultured citizens, 
for the many elegant private residences which 
line its streets will compare favorably with the 
best homes in the fashionable residence section 
of any large city. The illustration of the resi- 

(•:-__;. dence of Mrs. Minnie Yesler, the widow of the 
late Henry L. Yesler, who during his lifetime, 

>£&&£& was onc °^ Seattle's foremost citizens, is a type 

of many of the best houses of the city. An 

illustration of Mrs. Yesler's elegant residence 

is shown in connection with the present article. 

residence, mrs. m. g. yesler, Seattle. In addition to the homes of the wealthy, Seattle 




Hon. J. J. McGilvra, Seattle. 




•*:J 



372 



The Oregoniari s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE. 




Offices, Board of 
Seattle. 



contains hundreds of neat and cosy cottages, occupied largely by the working classes, 
who enjoy in this Western city, comforts that are denied the laboring man in most 
of the cities of the East. 

Seattle, in keeping with its spirit of advancement, has the best of public school 
systems. The schools here are in charge of trained and able teachers. The facili- 
ties afforded here for obtaining a thorough and systematic 
education are unexcelled, and in the support of the public 
schools, the citizens of the city have always manifested a 
laudable progressive spirit and liberality. In 1887 the city 
owned but three school buildings, and the average daily 
attendance of scholars was about 2,000. Today 16 large 
school buildings are found to be barely adequate to hold 
the rapidly increasing school population. A large appro- 
priation has been made for the construction of additional 
buildings for school purposes, and it is expected that before 
the close of the present year the number of school buildings here will be increased 
to 20. The present value of the school property of Seattle now amounts to $756,000, 
divided as follows: buildings, $416,238; real 
estate, $300,000 ; furniture, $40,000. At the PH0T0 - Bv LA R0CHE- 
close of 1893, over 7000 pupils were in regular 
attendance at the Seattle public schools. In 
addition to teaching the elementary studies, 
music, drawing, languages and manual training 
are included in the curriculum of the public 
schools here, and in the high school course a 
thorough collegiate preparatory course is given. 
The names of the different public schools of 
Seattle, their cost and average attendance are 
as follows : 

Central, cost, 
cost, $61,950 ; attendance, 420 ; Denny, cost, $64,788.65; 
attendance, 996 ; Mercer, cost, $34,964 ; attendance, 712; 
Columbia, cost, $27,735; attendance, 570; T. T. Minor, 
cost, $23,750, attendance, 875 ; Rainier, cost, $35,774 ; 
attendance, 556 ; Olympic, cost, $6,158.88; attendance, 
235 ; Queen Anne, cost, $500 ; attendance, 40 ; Randell, 
cost, $500 ; attendance, 41 ; Green Lake, cost, $1,372 ; 
attendance, 42; Latonia, cost, $3,720; attendance, 190; 
Ross, cost, $964.45; attendance, 59; Salmon Bay, cost, 
$952 ; attendance, 65 ; B. F. Day, cost, $24,994 ; attend- 
ance, 348 ; Pacific, cost, $42,800; attendance, 40; Depot 
Street, Night and Senior Grammar have an attendance respectively of 69, 201 and 
291, making a total attendance of 6,877. 

In addition to the public school system, there are a number of important private 
institutions of learning located at this point. Among these private institutions are 
excellent Catholic parochial schools and seminaries, a Methodist university, and 
several academies. 

The University of Washington, located at Seattle, is situated on a beautiful tract 







South School, Seattle. 



1 -V; 



~-^— j 



PHOTO BY LA ROCHE. 



5,290; attendance, 1,227 ; South, 




Central School, Seattle. 



Seattle, Washington. 



373 



PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE. 




Denny School, Seattle. 



photo. BY I 



of land containing 10 acres, in the heart of the citj-. 
Three hundred pupils regularly attend the university, 
which ranks with the highest seats of learning in the 
country. By setting aside 10 per cent of the amount 
collected in fines and licenses the city has provided 
for a liberal library fund, which has already resulted 
in establishing a free library. The library now con- 
tains about 8,900 volumes, which, with the periodicals 
and fixtures, have involved an outlay of about $18,400. 
The income available for library purposes now amounts to about $1,200 a month. 

Seattle has a distinctly moral tone. The first church building erected in the 
town was a modest little structure, put up by the Methodist Episcopal denomina- 
tion, in 1855. As the city grew the erection of edifices for 
public worship kept pace with the increase in population , 
and today the city contains 52 church buildings, with a 
valuation of church property of $700,000. In addition to the 
regular churches, an organization of the Young Men's 
Christian Association is maintained here, with a member- 
ship of 500. The latter organization now occupies quarters 
which, with the ground it stands on, is valued at over 
$60,000. 

One of the most noted humanitarian institutions in 
Washington is located at Seattle, at 604 Columbia street, 
and also at Spokane. This is the Keeley Institute, where 
the most desperate cases of the liquor, morphine, opium, 
chloral, cigarette and tobacco cases are permanently cured 
in from three to five weeks' time by the administration of 
the famous double chloride of gold remedies. The Seattle 
and Spokane institutes are branches of the celebrated Keeley Institute, at Dwight, 
Illinois. All the medicines used come from the great Keeley laboratory at Dwight, 
and are administered by skilled physicians, trained for this particular work by Dr. 
Keeley himself. The great results obtained in the treatment of liquor and kindred 
habits by the chloride of gold, or Keeley cure, furnishes one of the marvels of the 
age. Of over 150,000 patients treated in the past eight years, less than 5 per cent 
have lapsed, and these delinquents have only fallen back to their old habit through 
deliberation, and not through any de- 
sire for stimulants. The Keeley work 
is the greatest temperance movement 
ever inaugurated. 

Seattle is amply supplied with the 
best of amusement facilities. In ad- 
dition to the cheaper places of resort, 
the city boasts of one of the finest 
and best appointed opera houses on 
the coast. This is the Seattle theater, 
which is under the management of 
Mr. John W. Hanna. This is one of the 
neatest and most thoroughly equip- 




Congregational Church, Seattle. 




Interior, Seattle Opera hou«e. 



374 



The Oreiionian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 




ped opera houses in the West. The building is situated on the corner of Third and 
Cherry streets. It has a frontage of 80 feet, and is five stories high. The architect- 
ural design is after the Italian-Renaissance style, which is carried out in buff pressed 
brick, with stone trimmings. The interior is elaborately decorated. The floors are 
of tile, the windows of stained glass, and the interior woodwork is all finished in 
quartered oak. The chairs in all parts of the house have leather seats and plush 
backs. The decorations of the proscenium arch, foyers, boxes and the fronts of both 
the balcony and gallery are done in a very artistic manner, and the colors used are 
all in harmony with the interior fittings of the theater. 

The stage is 80x40 feet in size, and is fitted with the most approved mechanical 
accessories. Mr. Hanna books the very best companies, and his efforts receive sub- 
stantial encouragement from the amusement-loving public of Seattle. 

Seattle has now reached a position from which, judg- 
ing by the growth of other cities, there can be no retro- 
gressive movement. The era of wild real estate specula- 
tion here is past and the city now depends on the de- 
velopment of the matchless resources of the tributary 
section for future advancement. Even during the dull 
period of the past two years Seattle has continued to in- 
crease in both population and wealth, and the city is now 

„.-.., , r mi 1 T. T. Minor School, Seattle. 

on a stronger footing than it ever was before. The number 

of buildings which have been erected here since the fire furnish satisfactory evidence 
of the substantial growth of the city during the past four years. From July 1, 1889, to 
July 1, 1893, 6,358 brick, stone and frame buildings were erected in Seattle at a cost of 
$13,892,450. Considerable activity in building is now noted in Seattle, especially in 
the jobbing district where the increased trade of the city makes the demand for 
additional quarters an imperative one. 

Many improvements of a public nature are now nearing completion in Seattle. 
Work on the most important of these improvements has not yet been inaugurated. 
This is the construction of a short ship canal to connect Puget Sound with Lake 
Washington. Congress has for a number of years past had this measure under 
advisement and it is believed that the government will soon make an appropriation 
for building this canal. When this great enterprise shall once have been carried to a 
successful termination Seattle can justly lay claim to having the finest harbor facilities 
in the world. Lake Washington has a shore line of over 100 miles, and it presents a 

sufficient area of surface to float all the ships that 
will ever visit the Pacific coast. With the com- 
pletion of this canal Seattle will possess the ad- 
vantage of a double harbor, the salt waters of 
Elliot Bay touching the city on the west and the 
deep fresh waters of Lake Washington on the east 
forming excellent ingress to that part of the city. 
The advantages of a fresh-water harbor for salt- 
water vessels are fully appreciated by all sea-far- 
ing men, and in the minds of men who engage in shipping, Seattle's claim for 
national supervision of the great work of diggiug this canal is one that demands 
the most earnest consideration of the government. 




-, 53" IT TCISI 
Day School f Fremont), Seattle. 



Seattle, Washington. 



.IT") 



SOME OF SEATTLE'S SCHOOLS. 





Pacific School. 



RAINIE H SCHOI I . 




Olvmpia School. 



FHOTO. By LA ROCHE. 





Columbia School. 



Mercer School. 



Seattle contains 90 miles of graded streets, 30 miles of which are planked. The 
average width of the streets is 66 feet, but some of the main thoroughfares are wider 
than this, some of the principal avenues being 86 feet wide. The width of sidewalks 
is from 8 to 12 feet, and in the principal business district most of the sidewalks are of 
stone. vSeattle is now expending over $200,000 in perfecting the sewerage system, 
and a large sum of money is also being expended in 
the opening and grading of new streets. 

Seattle, following the course pursued by other 
wide-awake cities, now owns and operates a fine 
water-works system. There has been expended on this 
plant to date the sum of $1,250,000. The supply of 
water is obtained from Lake Washington, on the shores 
of which reservoirs and pumping stations having a 
daily capacity of 10,000,000 gallons are located. The 
water, which is of the purest quality, is distributed 
through the city by means of 94 miles of pipes. r , nE DEPARTMENT headquarters, Seattle. 




376 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Engine house No. 



KOTO. BY BRAAS. 



Me&j 



photo, by braas. Just after the great fire of June 6, 1SS9, the citizens 

of Seattle commenced the work of reorganizing the city 
fire department. In tbe efficiency of its members and in 
appliances for fighting fire Seattle's fire department ranks 
with the best of the country. The paid department, which 
was created in 1890, occupies six handsome and commo- 
dious engine houses, and on the harbor is kept a fire boat 
to protect the heavy shipping interests along the water 
front. During 1892 the maintenance of this department cost 
$92,000. The total valuation of the property belonging to 
the fire department of the city is $299,452. The fire equip- 
ment is as follows : one fire boat, six steamers, six hose 
wagons, one hose carriage, one aerial truck, one hook and ladder, three chemical 
engines, one supply wagon. The total number of full-paid men on the force is 75. 

The lighting of the city at the present time is done by a private company who 
furnish an excellent service. Electricity is used for lighting purposes and arc or 
incandescent lamps are found on every corner in the city proper and in its suburbs. 
There are in use in Seattle 16,000 incandescent lamps of 16 candle power each and 
1,290 arc lamps of 2,000 candle power each. Of this num- 
ber 115 arc and 600 incandescent lamps are used for street 
lighting. 

The early railroad history of Seattle is replete with bit- 
ter disappointments, long and vexatious delays, antagonism 
and discrimination. These obstacles, however, were all in 
time surmounted, and this, too, without outside assistance, 
and the city with its unexcelled location and commercial 
importance, has forced every railroad, operating lines in 
Washington to enter Seattle and compete for a share of the patronage of the city. 

For 10 years Seattle practically lived upon the hope that the Northern Pacific 
would make this city its western terminus, but when the tracks of this road finalh' 
reached Puget Sound in 1883, it halted at Tacoma. This was a sore disappointment 
to Seattle, but with an enterprise seldom paralled, its people set to work to build a 
railroad themselves. This resulted in the construction of a short line of road, but 
before the system was completed it was absorbed by the Northern Pacific. In 1886 
the Northern Pacific completed its line across the Cascade Mountains which furnished 
direct couuection between Eastern Washington and the East 
with Puget Sound. At the same time the road made arrange- 
ments for entering Seattle by constructing a short line of road 
from the main line north to Stuck Junction, where connection 
was made direct for Seattle by a track which had been built by 
another company. This gave Seattle its first through transcon- 
tinental line of road. Following in the wake of the Northern 
Pacific other great railroad companies began to turn their eyes 
toward Seattle. The year 1893 witnessed the completion of 
the Great Northern railroad from St. Paul to Seattle, its west- 
ern deep-water terminus. This road opened up the vast agri- 
cultural belt lying in Washington east of the Cascades as well 
as the wonderfully rich mineral and timber belt west of the 

Snoqualmie Falls, near Seattle. J 




re Boat, Seattle. 




Seattle, Washing-ton. 377 

mountains, resources that have already added greatly to Seattle's prosperity. The 
Great Northern has already invested large sums of money in obtaining proper ter- 
minal facilities at Seattle and the company is also building a line of steamers to ply 
between Seattle and the Orient. 

The Canadian Pacific railroad gains an entrance to Seattle from Sumas, B. C, 
-over the Belliugham Bay & British Columbia railway to New Whatcom, and from 
this latter point over the Sound branch of the Great Northern. The Columbia & 
Puget Sound railroad connects Seattle with the rich coal-mining districts of Frank- 
lin, Black Diamond, Newcastle and Talbot and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern 
running through the rich agricultural district east of the city forms a connection at 
Snohomish with the line of the Everett & Monte Cristo railroad which extends 
from Everett on the lower Snohomish river into the great gold and silver-producing 
regions of Silver creek and Monte Cristo. The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern road 
also handles the hop product of the Snoqualmie valley, the output of the iron mines 
in Skagit county and is also the outlet 
for the rich coal mines of Gilman. It ,.._ _ rrr 

will be seen from the above statement TJ?(. *£-*^ 

that Seattle is already a railroad cen- <Cr -'-•.',££* 

ter of considerable importance. The 
city now has direct connection with 
the East by three lines of transconti- 
nental roads and direct communica- 
tion is afforded with Tacoma, Olym- 
pia, Portland, all Sound points and 
the towns of the interior by a network of branch lines of roads which now makes Se- 
attle the most important railroad center of the Puget Sound country. 

Seattle also has the best of transportation facilities by numerous lines of ocean 
and sound steamers which connect with all points reached by water. Large and fleet 
steamers ply regularly between Seattle and San Francisco, Victoria and Vancouver, 
B. C, and Portland. A line of steamships also operates between Seattle and the 
Alaska ports. Commencing some time during the present year the Great Northern 
Railway Company will operate a line of large passenger steamships between Seattle 
and China and Japan. Steamers, including side-wheel, stern-wheel and propeller, 
run from Seattle to all ports on Puget Sound, the service between the Queen City 
and the largest ports giving frequent trips and very fast time. Some 220 sailing ves- 
sels are now regularly engaged in the carrying trade between Seattle and outside 
ports and the export trade now reaches a large volume yearly. 

Passengers and tourists arriving in Seattle will find a perfect baggage and car- 
riage system operated by the Seattle Transfer Company. This company handles all 
the big excursions from the East, and also has messengers on board all incoming 
trains and boats to exchange checks with passengers and to see that baggage is for- 
warded to its destination without causing the owner the least inconvenience. The 
company operates 20 Gurney cabs, 10 hacks, 6 baggage wagons and 15 drays and 
trucks, and owns terminal facilities consisting of three large warehouses. 

Great cities are produced by the commerce they enjoy, and any place favorably 
located to command trade and enjoy exceptional facilities for handling a large job- 
bing and shipping business, has all the potency of greatness. Seattle's location 
is not only favorable for commanding a considerable share of the shipping trade 




Canoes Landing Se 



378 



The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 



which frequents the waters of Puget Sound, but the vast section of country tributary 
to the city has sources of natural wealth as great as they are diversified. It is esti- 
mated that the forests of Washington contain no less than 250,000,000,000 feet of mer- 
chantable timber. Of this timber belt a considerable part is directly within easy reach 
of Seattle, and the amount of timber found in the forests tributary will not be exhausted 
by constant sawing for scores of years in the future. Vast as are the extent of the 
timber resources of the country back of Seattle, the wealth to be derived from 
cutting this timber will doubtless hardly equal the money which will be obtained 
from the development of the great mineral resources of this same district. The coal 
mines of the Puget Sound basin are already a great source of wealth to Western Wash- 
ington. The largest and best developed coal fields in the state are in King county, 
of which Seattle is the judicial seat and the leading jobbing center. These fields 
cover an area of about 400 square miles. The total output of the King county coal 
mines, in 1892, reached the enormous total of 484,000 tons. Outside of the limited 
output of a few mines in Oregon and California, almost the entire supply of the 
Pacific coast comes from the mines of Washington, and a considerable part of this 
coal is shipped direct from Seattle. 

Over 1,500 tons of coal are received daily at the bunkers in Seattle, and the 
shipping of this coal gives steady employment to a large fleet of coasting vessels. 

A detailed and comprehensive description of the 
coal, mineral and timber wealth of Western Wash- 
ington will be found in another part of " The 
Handbook." 

Seattle is the distributing point and base of 
supplies for the great gold and silver-producing 
districts of Silver creek, Monte Cristo and Sno- 
qualmie. These mines are only partially develop- 
ed, but enough has already been done in these 
fields to show conclusively that they, in time, 
will rank among the most important mines in 
the West. Mining in these districts can only be carried on through the agency of 
expensive machinery, but the fact that thousands of dollars have already been 
expended on these properties, shows that the owners have every reason to believe 
that their investments are judiciously made. 

During 1892, 222 ocean steamships, of a gross tonnage of 280,580, visited Seattle, 
and during the same year 138 sailing vessels, of a gross tonnage of 103,768 anchored 
in the harbor in front of the city. In 1892 the imports received at Seattle, from 
ocean-carrying vessels, amounted to 67,297 tons, and the exports reached 208,333 
tons. During the same time Seattle shipped to ocean ports 43,151,000 feet of lum- 
ber, and 196,146 tons of local merchandise were handled at Seattle's docks and 
wharves. 

The volume of business handled by the railroads entering Seattle is great, and 
exclusive of the traffic of the Great Northern, which has not been completed a 
sufficient time to furnish reliable information on this subject, these roads forwarded, 
during the first four months of 1893, 313,435 tons of freight. This included 136,211 
tons of coal. In pro-rating the business handled by these roads for the entire 
year of 1893, fully 20 per cent should be added for the increased traffic of the 
Great Northern and the increased business of the other roads during the latter 
part of the year. 




Shipping at Port Blak 



Seattle, Washington. 



379 



PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE. 



The following information of the manufacturing and jobbing interests of Seat- 
tle is cumulative to the foregoing evidence of the city's commercial standing and of 
its wealth. 

The manufacture of lumber and shingles is, at the present time, the most impor- 
tant of the growing industries of Seattle. The increasing Eastern demand, together 
with the home consumption of Washington fir and cedar, taxes the mills of this 
city to their full running capacity, and hardly a month passes without noting the 
erection of a new lumber plant at this point. It is estimated that King county 
alone has 448,003 acres of standing timber, and that 60,000 acres only have been 
logged over up to the present time. There are now eight logging companies ope- 
rating in this county. The output of these camps in 1892 was 67,500,000 feet, the 
average value of which was $4 per thousand feet. These companies employ 482 men , 
and during 1892 their aggregate pay-roll amounted to $16 r, 000. 

Of the 32 sawmills and shingle plants located in King county, 21 are claimed by 
Seattle. These plants are valued at $1,201,110. The total output of these mills in 
1892, was as follows: 209,163,500 feet of lumber, 10,679,000 laths, and 405,630,000 
shingles. The 946 men employed in- these mills during the same year received in 
wages the sum of $520,000. The cut of these mills during 1893 and 1894, was and will 
be largely in excess of what it was in 1892. 
In June of last year the lumber and shingle 
plants of Seattle had a daily capacity of 
765,000 feet of lumber and 2,380,000 shingles. 
The following are representative mill and 
lumber firms of Seattle : 

The Newell Mill Company was estab- 
lished on a small scale in 1SS1, by George 
Newell, who arrived in Seattle 15 years ago, 
with only $8 in his possession. By strict 
attention to business details, however, he 

has, since that time managed to build up newell-b mill, Seattle. 

a large and valuable sawmill and sash and door factory. The sawmill has a 
capacity of 45,000 feet daily, and the sash and door factory is one of the largest 
in the state. The plant occupies 53 city lots, and includes a large boarding-house 
for the employes, and also a number of cottages. Mr. Newell is a thorough and 

practical business man, and 
he successfully manages the 
enterprise of which he is the 
head. Shipments are made 
by this company to local and 
foreign forts. 

A representative Wash- 
ington lumber firm having 
excellent facilities for hand- 
ling large Eastern orders and 
making prompt shipments, 
the Allen & Nelson Mill 
Company of Seattle. The 
company's plant is located 
at Monohan on Lake Samma- 




l mml I 




380 



The Oregonian 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



ish. A modern sawmill with a capacity for cutting 50,000 feet of lumber per day has 
just been completed and the mill is now running up to that output. The company 
owns a large tract of fine timber land adjacent to the lake from which logs are 
floated to the mill, thereby reducing the cost of lumber production to a minimum. 
Although this company does a large local business and also operates a retail yard at 
Snohomish, the bulk of its trade is done with Eastern buyers. This is one of the 
most important lumber firms of Seattle. 

The handling of the lumber business of Seattle is not by any means entirely in 

the hands of the old element, for a num- 



PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE. 




Sawmill, A. S. Kerry, Seattle. 



ber of bright and energetic young men 
are engaged in operating sawmills here. 
One of the most prominent of these is 
A. S. Kerry, proprietor of the perfectly 
equipped sawmill located at the foot of 
Charles street. This mill furnishes em- 
ployment to 60 men and has a daily ca- 
pacity of 60,000 feet of lumber. The 
manufactured product consists of all 
kinds of lumber, shingles, laths and 
mouldings. The plant is built on a wharf 
projecting into the Sound, thus enabling vessels to load direct from the mill and 
also facilitating the handling of logs. Consignments of lumber are shipped from 
this mill to all sections of the East and a large business is also done with local points. 
Among the important industrial plants at Seattle is the large wood-working 
factory owned and operated by the Holmes Lumber Company. The factory occupies 
an advantageous site on the shores of Lake Union. From it a dock projects into 
deep water, at which the steamboats that ply on the lake receive and discharge their 
cargoes. 

The Holmes Lumber Company manufacture sash, doors and mouldings, and all 
kinds of finishing lumber, counters, shelving, brackets, turning, etc. The company 
have built up a large outside business, and are prepared to fill large orders for 
shipment for which they have ample facilities. Marcus M. Holmes, the president of 
the company, has for some years been prominent in business and public life at 
Seattle. All business transacted by the company is attended to by Mr. Holmes 
in person. 

Among the other manufacturing establishments of Seattle are iron works worth 
$310,000, whose output for the year 1892 amounted to $657,000. In the manufacture 
of carriages and 
wagons there is 
$48,000 of capital 
invested, and the 
output of these 
plants is $96,000 a 
year, and they em- 
ploy regularly 
about 75 men. 
Planing mills, sep- -' 
arate from the lum- u „ „ „ 

Holmes Lumber Co., Seattle. 



PHOTO. BY LA ROCHE. 




SSWSJgg^aiEnfl! 




Seattle, Washington. 381 

ber industries, turn out work annually to the value of $1,600,000. In the 
16 establishments engaged in cigar manufacturing 65 men are employed and 
5,000,000 cigars, valued at $195,000, are turned out annually. The output of the 
Seattle furniture factories is valued at about $198,200. About $200,000 in capital is 
employed in the butchering business. This industry pays out about $72,000 a year in 
wages and the value of the annual output is about $1,145,813. 

Another great industry in Seattle and in the immediate suburbs is the manufac- 
ture of brick, tiling and pottery. A fine quality of potter's clay is found in the 
vicinity of the city. One large concern engaged in this business here employs 80 
men and is now turning out large quantities of terra cotta goods and ornamental 
pottery ware. There are also about 50 brick yards in and near the city. These 
industries employ 900 men and their output reaches about 120,000,000 brick per 
annum. The value of this annual product is over $1,400,000. 

Seattle's manufacturing enterprises, large and small, number 236. The aggre- 
gate capital invested in these plants is $5,110,000, and the value of the product in 
1893 [approximate] reached $11,942,000. 

While Seattle has for many years past been a great emporium for retail and 
jobbing trade, it may be stated that the wholesale business of the city has just 
begun to assume proportions of any considerable magnitude. The volume of the 
business transacted by the 95 jobbing houses of Seattle during 1893 has shown a most 
marked increase over the business of the previous three years. The aggregate cap- 
ital now employed in these houses is about $5,200,000. Their trade for 1893 was 
approximated at $16,500,000. The leading jobbing houses of the city are located on 
the water front where they are afforded unexcelled facilities for making and receiv- 
ing shipments, goods being landed at and shipped direct from their doors by either 
water or rail. 

The waters of Puget Sound, the rivers which empty into this inland body or 
water and the banks of the Pacific ocean off the Straits of Fuca abound in numerous 
varieties of the finest food fishes. In the Sound and in the rivers which flow into it 
large catches of salmon are made each year, and fishing for cod, halibut, herring 
and other fishes forms one of the leading industries of the Sound country at the 
present time. These fish are landed in Seattle a few hours after they are taken from 
the water, and from this point they are shipped for hundreds of miles inland. The 
total shipments of fish from Seattle during 1893 amounted to about 1,810,000 pounds. 
During the same year one cannery in operation on the Sound turned out a pack of 
nearly 25,000 cases. 

At West Seattle, which lies just across the bay from Seattle proper, a large grain 
elevator has been erected which has a capacity of 2,000,000 bushels of wheat. The 
largest sea-going vessels find easy anchorage alongside this warehouse, and ships are 
loaded direct from the elevator. This concern shipped about 1,300,000 bushels of 
wheat in 1S93. Owing to the inequalities of freight rates it has only been recently 
that the grain of Eastern Washington has sought an outlet at Seattle, but as rates by 
rail for grain shipments have been satisfactorily adjusted to favor Seattle the grain 
shipments from this port are rapidly increasing, and this is fast becoming one of 
the principal points of the coast for the handling of wheat in large quantities. 

The substantial basis upon which the business of a city is transacted is best evi- 
denced by the number and soundness of its finaucial institutions. There are in Seat- 
tle today 20 banks with an aggregate capital of $2,830,000. The individual banks of 
the city make the following showing : 



•As-2 



The Oresoniaifs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Dexter Hortou & Co. , capital, $200,000; First National, capital, $150,000, sur- 
plus, $150,000; undivided profits, $50,000; Puget Sound National, capital, $300,000; 
surplus, $60,000, undivided profits, $48,000; Boston National, capital, $300,000 ; sur- 
plus, $16,750; undivided profits, $45,000; Merchants National, capital $200,000 ; sur- 
plus, $24,000, undivided profits, $25,000; Commercial National, capital, $100,000, sur- 
plus, $10,500, undivided profits, $10,000 ; Seattle National, capital, $250,000, surplus, 
$6,000, undivided profits, $18, 4C0; Washington National, capital, $100,000, surplus, 
$20,000, undivided profits, $36,000 ; National Bank of Commerce, capital, $300,000, 
surplus, $12,500, undivided profits, $15,000; British Columbia [branch], capital, 
$3,000,000 (estimated); Guarantee Loan & Trust Co., capital, $200,000, surplus, $25,000, 
undivided profits, $10,900; Seattle Savings, capital, $50,000 ; Peoples Savings, capital, 
$100,000, surplus, $24,117, undivided profits, $20,000; Security Savings, capital, 
$50,000; Seattle Dime Savings, capital, $50,000; Washington Savings, capital, 
$100,000; Scandinavian American, capital, $75,000, surplus $6,000; North End, capi- 
tal, $50,000 ; Filkins Banking Company, capital, $55,000 ; Puget Sound Savings, capi- 
tal, $100,000, surplus, $3,600. 

Of these banks it will be noticed that eight are national, six are private com- 
mercial and six are savings banks. The number of savings banks in Seattle indicate 
a thrift and industry of the working people of the city that is commendable. 

The oldest bank in Seattle is that of Dexter Horton & Co. , founded in 1S70, and 
the most recently organized bank is the Security Savings, which began business 
June 1, 1892. On June 1, 1893, the total deposits in the Seattle banks were $7,354,367, 
an increase since June, 1888, of $3,810,367. 

That Seattle is one of the great financial centers of the West is shown by the 
statement of the business transacted through the clearing house by months for the 
year ending April 30, 1893. The clearances by months were as follows : 

May, 1892, $5,405,574.70; June, $5,110,598.67; July, $4,925,978.68; August, 
$5,460,124.25; September, $4,670,361.69; October, $4,614,844.55 ; November, $4,786,- 

878.32 ; December, $5,284,472.02 ; January, 1893, 
$4, 798,369.82 ; February, $3,923,712. 13 ; March, 
$5,016,136.93; April, $4,563,440.64. This made 
a total of $63,560,592.40 for the entire year. 
The above clearances are considerably greater 
than those of other cities with a population 
equal to that of Seattle. There has never been 
a bank failure in Seattle, and while the banks 
here are exceedingly liberal in supporting any 
enterprise that will materially benefit the city, 
on the whole they transact business on a safe 
and conservative basis. 

The banking house of Dexter Horton & Co. , 
has always stood at the head of the financial 
institutions of Washington. It was founded in 
iS7oby Dexter Horton and David Phillips with 
a capital of $50,000, and it remained a private 
bank until 1887, when it was incorporated as a 
state bank and the capital stock was increased 
to $200,000. At that time W. S. Ladd was 
president, A. A. Denny, vice-president and 




horton &. Co., Seattle. 



Scuttle, Washington. 383 

J. H. Hoyt, manager. In 1887 the latter gentleman resigned and N. II. Latimer 
was chosen manager in Mr. Hoyt's place. For 10 years this was the only bank in 
the city and it is today the only bank occupying its own building. This building is 
an imposing and costly structure, six stories in height, of a handsome architectural 
design and equipped with every modern convenience. 

The finances of the city are in an excellent condition. Its bonds command a 
premium in the money centers of the East, and its indebtedness is comparatively 
low, being limited by the charter to five per cent, of the total assessed valuation of 
city property, with an additional five per cent, if approved by the citizens. On 
January 1, 1S93, the iuterest-bearing debt of Seattle amounted to $3,117,730. Of this 
amount $520,180 was a floating debt, and the remainder was bonded. The following 
figures showing the assessed value of property in King county are interesting, 
especially when it is remembered that a few years ago the county was an almost un- 
broken wilderness, and that even today its vast resources are just beginning to be 
developed. The assessed value of property in the county as equalized by the state 
board in 1S92 was as follows: railroads, $1,248,056 ; personal property, $6,961,225 ; 
real estate, $39,801,571 ; improvements, $8,718,180, making a total of $56,720,036, of 
which $43,852,085 was the assessment of property located within the corporate 
limits of Seattle. This is a remarkable increase over the assessed valuation of 
property in the county in 1890, which then amounted to $26,431,455. 

The post office receipts show a corresponding increase. In 1885 there was re- 
ceived at the Seattle post office $14,076. In 1890 the receipts amounted to $77,298, 
and in 1892 the receipts footed up to $97,216. 

The Seattle Chamber of Commerce with a membership of 300 energetic business 
men has done much to advance the city's welfare. It makes itself a clearing house 
of information on Seattle and its resources, and any letters addressed to the 
Chamber regarding Seattle, or the country of which it is the chief commercial center, 
will be cheerfully and promptly answered. 

Of Seattle hotels, doubtless the Hotel Northern is the one best patronized by 
commercial men and tourists. It is located in the business heart of the city, con- 
veniently near all depots, docks, theaters and street-car lines. The appointments of 
the hotel are of the best. The rooms are large and richly furnished. The hotel is 
supplied with elevators, steam heat and all modern conveniences. The dining room 
is on the top floor. The superior service and excellent cuisine of this hostelry have 
won for it a wide popularity. 

The proprietors of the Hotel Northern, Messrs. Dodge & Smith, are well known 
in hotel and business circles. The senior member, Mr. John W. Dodge, was until 
recently the secretary of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Smith is known 
to the traveling public as the former steward of the Ebbitt House, Cincinnati, and 
of the Washington Park Club, Chicago. 

This ends a brief and summarized description of Seattle. That the future of 
the city is bright is not questioned by those who knosv anything of the possibilities 
for the future growth of the entire Puget Sound country. With the hidden stores 
of wealth in timber, coal, iron and other metals, in the agricultural stretches of the 
interior, and with the matchless opportunities for building up a great maritime 
trade, Seattle must always rank among the great cities of the coast, and there is every 
reason for believing that a few years hence will see here one of the great seaport 
cities of the United States. 



384 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




The illustrations of scenery, buildings and industrial plants in "The Handbook'* 
were made from original photographs, and while great credit is due the respective 
photographers for their artistic work in taking these views, some credit is also due 
Messrs. C. W. Parker & Co., of Seattle, dealers in photographic supplies, for the 
materials furnished, which allowed these excellent negatives to be taken. This firm 
furnishes nearly all the photographers in Washington with the material that enables 
them to turn out such excellent work, and the firm also carries a complete stock of 
cameras and amateur outfits. 

Ballard, Washington. — Ballard is in King county, Washington, five miles 
distant from Seattle. It is situated on the arm of Puget Sound known as Salmon 
Bay, and has a deep-water frontage one mile 
long, the depth of water along this front varying 
from 14 to 25 feet. In view of the great canal 
which is to connect Puget Sound with the fresh 
waters of Lake Washington, work on the con- 
struction of which will soon be commenced, Bal- 
lard may be appropriately styled the "Gate City." 
All vessels entering this canal must first pass 
through Ballard's harbor. The construction of 
the canal will materially deepen the water at Bal- 
lard's docks, and the completion of this great 
work will be of the most signal benefit to the 
city. Salmon Bay itself is completely landlock- 
ed, and it affords one of the safest harbors for the 
anchorage of shipping on the coast. A - E - PRETTV| MAr0R OF B * LLAR0 - 

Ballard enjoys the best of transportation facilities. In addition to its fine water 
approaches, it is on the main line of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern railroad, and 
is also passed by trains over the Sound division of the Great Northern. It is con- 
nected with Seattle direct by an electric road, which runs cars for passengers between 
the two points every 20 minutes during the day, and which runs freight cars as 
required. The franchise and right-of-way for another electric road to connect Bal- 
lard and Seattle have been granted, and this latter road will probably be in running 
order by the time this book goes to press. 

Although Ballard is but five miles distant from Seattle, it is more than a suburb 
of the city. Ballard is incorporated and has a present population of over 2,000. It 
is one of the most important manufacturing points in the state. Considerable ship 
building has been done at this point, and the fastest and best appointed sternwheel 
steamer in the world, the Bailey Gatzert, so well known in Pacific coast waters, was 
built here by the late Captain J. J. Holland, at a cost of $90,000. Among the large 
number of manufacturing establishments at Ballard, the following are particularly- 
prominent : the West Coast Manufacturing & Investment Company ; the Seattle 
Cedar Lumber Company ; the Stinson Lumber Company ; the Auld & Johnson and 
Fleming & Ayers lumber mills. The aggregate output of the lumber mills of Bal- 
lard, for 1892, amounted to 31,400,000 feet of lumber, and during the same time 192,- 
955,000 shingles were produced at the same place. 

Ballard is distinctively a progressive town. In 1890 the official census gave Bal- 
lard 1,178 inhabitants. It is suggestive of enterprise on the part of its citizens and 
its natural advantages, that during the past two generally dull years, the population of 



Ballard, Washington. 



385 




A Scene at Everett. 



which connects Everett 
road, seven miles in 



the place has nearly doubled. Ballard now has a good double water-works system, 
water for protection against fire being drawn from the bay, while clear mountain 
spring water, for domestic use is supplied here in ample quantity for all demands. 
Ballard has a fine schoolhouse, erected at a cost of $20,000, and the public schools 
here are presided over by good teachers. The city is lighted by electricity, has well 
stocked stores, and bears every evidence of prosperity. The present city officers, 
under whose fostering care Ballard's most substantial progress has been made, are : 
A. E. Pretty, mayor; John Keene, treasurer, and H. B. Pederson, assessor. 

Everett, Washington.— Everett is located in Snohomish county, Washing- 
ton, on a peninsula i l / 2 miles wide, lying between the salt waters of Puget Sound, 
and Port Gardner on the west and the Snohomish river 
on the east. It is one of the terminal points of the Great 
Northern railroad line on Puget Sound. The distance to 
Everett from St. Paul, the eastern terminus of the road, 
is 1,772 miles, about 130 miles shorter than the distance 
between St. Paul and Tacoma by the Northern Pacific. 
Everett is reached from the south by the Seattle & Mon- 
tana branch of the Great Northern, this latter line connect- 
ing Seattle, 33 miles distant on the south, with South 
Westminster, British Columbia, on the north. Everett is 
also the terminus of the Everett & Monte Cristo railroad, 
with the very rich Monte Cristo mines. An electric 
length, connects the western, or bay side of Everett, with the eastern, or Snohomish 
river side. This line affords rapid-transit facilities between the city and the barge 

works to the north and the paper mill at Lowell, two 
miles south of Everett. Several lines of steamers also 
ply regularly between Everett and Seattle and between 
Everett and all Sound ports. 

Everett was not in existence at the time the govern- 
ment census was taken in 1890, the townsite plat not 
having been filed until September, 1891. When incorpo- 
ration was effected in March, 1893, the population of the 
place was estimated at 5,200. This population was on a 
basis of 2^ persons for every male name in the careful- 
ly prepared directory of Everett issued by the well-known 
directory publishers, R. L. Polk & Co., in January of that year, and the estimate 
is believed to be both conservative and reliable. 

Everett is essentially a manufacturing town. The Pacific Steel Barge Company 
have a large plant at Everett for the manufacture of the whaleback steamships. 
They have $600,000 of invested capital and their plant here represents an outlay of 
$250,000. They are now employing about 200 
men. The Puget Sound Wire Nail & Steel 
Company, also located at this point, have a cap- 
ital of $400,000, and they have invested in their 
plant $300,000. The output of the nail works is 
one carload of nails a day. The Puget Sound 

Pulp & Paper Company of Everett, have a capi-l M 

tal of $500,000. They have in vested in their plant 
$400,000, and their plant is now kept running 




Docks and works, Everett. 




A Factory at Everett. 



386 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



day and night. In addition to the above important works, the Sumner Iron Works 
at Everett, have a capital of $25,000, and are doing a large local business, and the 
Puget Sound Reduction Company employ regularly about 125 men and are on a strong 
financial footing. The aggregate capital now invested in the different manufacturing 
industries at Everett reaches the grand total of $1,881,000. 

During the past two years a number of very fine buildings have been erected at 
Everett. Prominent among these fine structures maybe mentioned the Clark block, 
erected at a cost of $35,000; a public school building which cost $30,000; the Wiscon- 
sin block, the erection of which involved an outlay of $25,000 ; the Slack block, on 
which $25,000 was spent ; the Mohawk block, which represents an outlay of $25,000 ; 
the Hewitt block, which cost $20,000 ; the Swalwell block, at a cost of $30,000 ; the 
Craddock block and the Chamber of Commerce building, each of which cost $20,000. 
In addition to the buildings enumerated above, a large number of buildings have 
been erected in Everett during this same time at a cost of from $5,000 to $15,000, and 
in this same short period of two years Everett has emerged from the chrysalis state 
of a mere hamlet to its present important position as one of the most promising 
cities of the Puget Sound countrv. 



PHOTO. Br 
FRANK PERP.V. 







Snohomish, Washington.— The city of Snohomish is located in the rich 
valley of the Snohomish, through which flows the river of the same name, 38 miles 
north of Seattle by the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern rail- 
road, and 42 miles by the Great Northern. It is the judicial 
seat of Snohomish county and is the commercial center of a 
large district rich in natural resources. This section con- 
tains prominent features of interest both to the tourist and 
to the man looking for a home in the West, and it is one of 
the most fertile of the valleys watered by the many streams 
flowing down from the Cascade Mountains and emptying 
their waters into the main body of Puget Sound. 

The Snohomish river is formed by the junction of two 
turbulent streams, the Skykomish and the Snoqualmie, 
which, flowing down from the Cascades through narrow 
gorges and contracted valleys, finally merge into a single 
stream at a point 18 miles distant from the mouth of the 
Snohomish. The latter river is a navigable stream, lines 
of boats plying regularly between the city of Snohomish, 
Everett and other points on the river, and Seattle, Tacoma and other centers of pop- 
ulation of the Sound. Snohomish is situated on the river, about n miles above its 
mouth, and it is a point easily reached from Seattle and Tacoma by either boat or cars. 
The settlement of Snohomish antedates the establishment of most of the otlu r 
cities of the Sound country. The first house was erected on the site of the present 
city in 1N59 by E. C. Ferguson, the present mayor of Snohomish. Mr. Ferguson 
filed a homestead claim on the site on which the city was subsequently built. 
Shortly after settling here he opened a store and by some little effort he induced a 
few people to settle near him, thus early forming the nucleus of the present flourish- 
ing city. The growth of Snohomish is largely due to the energy and perseverance of 
Mr. Ferguson himself, who, during the entire history of the city, has been promi- 
nently identified with its enterprises and public improvements, and who is today the 
most prominent citizen of the place whose welfare he has so materially advanced. 



:^=s%- 



Oil Well. Snohomish County. 



Snohomish, Washington. 



387 




Mr. Ferguson was a leading spirit in the coterie 
of adventurous men who settled in Washington in 
the earl)' 50's. The names of these men are linked 
and interwoven with the history and development 
of the western part of Washington. In i860 and 
prior to that year, Mr. Ferguson was interested in 
building trails through the dense and impenetrable 
forests that separated the settlements of the Puget 
Sound country. He was the first man to take a 
train of pack horses over the Cascade Mountains. 
The route followed by Mr. Ferguson at that time 
was by way of Cady Pass, thence down the We- 
natchee river to the Columbia and up the latter 
stream to Lake Chelan. Mr. Ferguson has re- 
peatedly represented Snohomish county in the 
legislature, and has always been recognized as its 
leading citizen. Every movement tending to pro- 
mote the interests of Snohomish city and county 
has received material support from his hands. 

Mr. Ferguson is now president of the Snoho- 
mish Land Company, and he also holds the same 
office in the Snohomish National Bank. 

During the past three years Snohomish has 
made most substantial improvement. The popula- 
tion of the place today is about 3,500 and the trade 
which the city enjoys is on a most substantial 

basis. The business streets are compactly built up with a good class of buildings 
and the costly and beautiful private residences of the city attest the degree of prosper- 
ity which has attended the efforts of the 
citizens who occupy them. The county court 
house, high school and other public build- 
ings located at Snohomish are elegant and 
substantial structures that would be a credit 
to any of the larger cities of the Sound coun- 
try. The city passesses a fine water-works 
and electric light plant, gas works, telephone 
service, a well equipped fire department, 
one daily and two weekly newspapers, two 
banks, each capitalized for $50,000, commo- 
dious hotels and a good opera house. During 
the past four or five years the annual ex- 
penditures for building improvements at 
Snohomish have averaged a quarter of a million dollars. In addition to this, large 
sums of local capital have been spent during this time in building and equipping saw 
and shingle mills and other manufacturing industries located in the vicinity of the 
city, enterprises that now add greatly to the material wealth of Snohomish. 

The tracks of three important lines of railroad pass through Snohomish. These 
roads are, the main line of the Great Northern, the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 



Ferguson, Snohomish 




Residence, Hon. E. C Ferguson, Snohomish. 



388 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Giant Cedar near Snohomish. 
18 feet in diameter. 



now operated by the Northern Pacific and the recently com- 
pleted system of the Everett & Monte Cristo. The coun- 
try surrounding and tributary to Snohomish is rich in the 
fertility of its soil, in the extent of the forest growth of 
valuable timber and in deposits of coal and minerals. At 
the headwaters of the numerous creeks which feed the 
Skykomish and Stillaguamish rivers valuable mineral dis- 
coveries have been made which it is thought will ultima- 
tely lead to considerable mining development. 

An English and American syndicate is now spending 
several million dollars in development work in the famous 
Monte Cristo region located at the headwaters of the Sauk 
river in Snohomish county. Mining operations are also 
being carried on extensively in the Silver Creek district, 
which is drained by the Skykomish river. The entire 
mineral district which can be made tributary to Snohomish 
is now attracting considerable attention from practical min- 
ing men and the development of this rich section will do much to advance the in- 
terests of Snohomish. The Everett & Monte Cristo railroad, which now passes 
through the city and which has just been completed, opens up the entire mineral 
belt referred to above and the completion of this road has greatly facilitated the de- 
velopment of this district, which has heretofore been practically isolated owing to 
lack of opportunities afforded for getting the product of the mines to market. 

Six of the 48 shingle mills in the county are located at Snohomish and these 
mills are doing a good business. The constantly increasing demand for red cedar 
shingles in the East makes the industry of sawing shingles here of considerable im- 
portance at the present time, and the business is a profitable one. Two large sawmills 
are operated in the vicinity of Snohomish as are a number of other industrial plants. 
The farmers occupying the rich valley in the vicinity of Snohomish are prosperous 
and some very fine farms are seen in this section. The staple products of the valley 
are hops and fruit, although large quantities of hay are also raised here which owing 
to the proximity to a market, always commands a 
good price. The section of country near Snoho- 
mish is one of the most picturesque and attractive 
to tourists in Western Washington. A leading 
feature of interest in this section are the famous 
falls of the Snoqualmie river, which drop some 
26S feet over a sheer precipice. The country pre- 
sents all the contrast of hill and valley with 
their variegated coloring and sharp contrasts, and 
it is a part of the Sound country that is worth 
visiting by all tourists who come West to see a 
country that is some day to startle the world with 
a rapid and substantial growth consequent on the development of the varied material 
sources of wealth which have so long laid dormant here. 




Snohomish, 19 feet i 



Mt. Vernon, Washington. — Mt. Vernon, a rapidly growing town of 1,300 
inhabitants, is surrounded by the rich agricultural and timber section of Skagit 
county, of which it is the seat of justice. It is built upon both banks of the Skagit 



Mt. Vernon, Washington. 



389 




School House, mt. Vernon 



river, and is joined by a costly wagon bridge, and is 
an important station on the Sound branch of the Great 
Northern railroad. It is 79 miles north of Seattle by 
rail. The Skagit river, on which the town is located, is 
the largest stream in Washington north of the Colum- 
bia river. The Skagit finds its source in the heart of 
the Cascade Mountains, and flowing through the center 
of Skagit county, empties into that part of Puget Sound 
known as Saratoga Passage. The river is navigable for 
large boats for 75 miles from its mouth, and for a 
distance of 15 miles inland it is affected by the tides. 

Skagit county, of which Mt. Vernon is the principal trading point, covers an 
area of about 2,400 square miles, or 1,250,000 acres. It contains 55 townships, of 
which only 18 are surveyed. It is estimated that the 1,650 square miles of forests in 
the county contain nearly 20,000,000,000 feet of timber. About one-half of this 
forest belt occupies bottom land, which is capable of a high state of cultivation 
when cleared. In the county are about 200 square miles of low and high lands 
adapted to the highest state of cultivation, as well as rich marsh lands. A great 
part of the latter has been reclaimed by means of ditches and dikes. This land 
yields enormous crops, the average yield of oats here being 100 bushels to the acre. 
Hops yield an average of one and two-thirds tons, hay three tons, potatoes, 296 
bushels, onioDs, 500 bushels, mangel-wurzel beets, 1200 bushels, carrots, 1200 bushels 
and cabbage 18% tons to the acre. 

In the mountainous parts of the county are extensive and valuable deposits of 
coal and iron. The development of these latter resources is described at length in 
the coal-mining and mineral articles in another part of " The Handbook." 

The town of Mt. Vernon was founded in 1890, and keeping pace with the rapid 
development of the surrounding country, has within the past three years grown to be 
the principal trading and manufacturing point in the county. The principal in- 
dustries engaged in here at the present time are the manufacture of lumber and 
shingles. In the vicinity of the town extensive logging operations are carried on. 
Three shingle mills, in addition to a large sawmill with a daily capacity of 50,000 feet, 
are located at Mt. Vernon. These mills have a daily capacity of 250,000 shingles. The 
town itself presents an attractive appearance. Its streets are broad and well kept. 
It has an eight-room brick school building, several churches and many costly resi- 
dences. The streets are lighted by an electric light plant, which was erected at a 
cost of $19,000. This plant is equipped with one 45-arc machine and two incan- 
descent machines with a capacity of 350 lights each. 

The First National Bank of Mt. Vernon, organized March 5, 1891, is now one of 
the soundest financial institutions in Washington. It is closely connected with the 
banking houses of Dexter Horton & Co., of Seattle, and 
Ladd SiTilton, of Portland. Mr. Wm. M. Ladd, of the latter 
bank, is one of the stockholders of the First National at 
Mt. Vernon. Since its organization, this bank has remained 
under the same management. The capital stock of the 
bank is $50,000, the surplus and undivided profits on March 
1, 1893 were $12,434, and the individual deposits subject to 
check at the same time were $124,615. The officers are as 







■OTH 



Fi RSi Nation 



;hd 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



MM 






*m 






follows : Geo. D. McLean, president ; F. R. Van Tuye, vice-president : C. S. Moody, 

cashier. The directors are G. D. McLean, P. Halloran, F. R. Van Tuye and C. S. 

Moody. 

JLa Conner, Waslimg'ton. — La Conner, the trading and shipping point for 

the most fertile agricultural district in Western Washington, is located 70 miles 

distant from Seattle, by water, on that part of 
the shore of Puget Sound known as Saratoga 
Passage, which also sometimes goes under the 
name of Skagit Bay. A daily steamboat ser- 
vice connects La Conner with Seattle and other 
Sound points, and stages run daily between La 
Conner and Whitney, a station on the line of 
the Seattle & Northern railroad, four milesdis- 
tant, as well as to Mt. Vernon, the countv seat, 

View of la Conner . > _ - 

where rail connection is made with the bound 
branch of the Great Northern. The distance between La Conner and Mt. Vernon, 
by stage, is 10 miles. 

La Conner was founded in 1869, and was incorporated as a city in 1883. It now 
claims a population of 800, and is a thriving and prosperous town enjoying, as it 
does, a large and steady trade with the adjacent rich farming country. Near La Con- 
ner the Skagit river divides into a number of arms, or estuaries, forming the largest 
delta of any river of the Puget Sound basin. This delta is diked with mud walls 
two or three feet in height, and this section forming the cream of an agricultural 
belt of the lands bordering on Puget Sound, is thickly settled by prosperous farmers, 
whose chief products are oats, hay and cattle. The 75,000 acres comprising the 
Skagit delta and bordering on the Swiuanish Indian reservation fiats, are directly 
tributary to La Conner. The productions of this wonderful belt of agricultural land 
are said to represent in volume the products of 200,000 acres of the best land any- 
where else in the state. As an instance of the wonderful fertility of this land, it can 
be stated that oats yield here over 125 bushels to the acre. Nearly the entire pro- 
ducts of the farms here find an outlet at La Conner, and this point, outside of the 
large commercial centers, is one of the most important shipping ports of the Sound. 
The average annual yield of the country tributary to La Conner is about 1,500,000 
bushels of oats, 12,000 tons of hay, and over 500,000 pounds of hops. La Conner is 
founded on a basis of the solid prosperity of the 
country adjacent, and its prospects for continued 
prosperity are absolutely assured. The govern- 
ment has made a $25,000 appropriation for the 
commencement of preliminary work in deepening 
and enlarging the channel which separates Fidalgo 
island from the mainland. When this channel 
is made navigable it will greatly shorten the dis- 
tance between Bellingham Bay and Tacoma and 
Seattle, and boats on this route, after the com- 
pletion of the channel, will all stop at La Conner, 
as the latter point will lie on the direct course 
between Bellingham Bay and Seattle. 

La Conner has a number of substantial brick and wooden business blocks, a 
fine electric light plant, a weekly newspaper, a bank, and a sawmill with a daily 




School, La Conner 



Anacortes, Washington. 391 

capacity of 20,000 feet of lumber. The town also contains a handsome eight-room 
school house, a town hall, several churches, and just beyond the town limits arc 
large and well laid-out fair grounds, which contain a fast one-half mile course. 

The district in the vicinity of La Conner furnishes one of the best locations in 
the Northwest for a seed farm, and the one owned and operated by A. G. Tilling- 
hast, at La Conner, is now widely known throughout the entire Pacific Northwest 
for the superior quality of the seeds it produces. The seeds grown on this farm are 
of a much higher vitality and make more vigorous plants than the Eastern-grown 
seeds. Mr. Tillinghast commenced business in 1885, and since that date has built 
up a large wholesale and retail seed trade. He ships tons of seeds to the East, 
and transacts a retail business by the means of catalogues, which he mails on appli- 
cation to any address. 

Sedro, Washington. — Sedro, an important lumbering town in Skagit county, 
is situated 68 miles north of Seattle, and 22 miles east of Anacortes. It is on the 
Skagit river, one of the largest navigable streams in Washington. The town is the 
junction of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, Seattle & Northern, and Fairhaven 
& Southern railroads. The last-named road connects with the coal mines at Jen- 
nings, and the Seattle & Northern is operated between Anacortes and Hamilton, a 
distance of 35 miles. 

Sedro now claims a population of 600. It contains a large hotel, a four-room 
school house, two churches, a bank, and a saw and shingle mill with a daily capacity 
of 20,000 feet of lumber and 100,000 shingles. The town presents an attractive 
appearance with its wide streets, which are thoroughly lighted after nightfall by 
electricity. The sidewalks are wide, and the townsite is laid out on a liberal plan. 
But a few miles distant from Sedro are the foothills of the Cascade Mountains, and 
in the vicinity of the town are found excellent hunting and fishing. 

Anacortes, Washington. — Lying directly opposite the Straits of Fuca and 
separated from Bellingham Bay by a short stretch of land-locked water, is Fidalgo 
Island, which at low tide is a peninsula surrounded on three sides by excellent har- 
bors. Situated on the north shore of this island is Anacortes, a rising young trading 
point, and the site of considerable manufacturing enterprises. The town was founded 
in January, 1890. Anacortes owes its existence as a town to men of great wealth and 
influence. Its rapid growth was due primarily to the wild wave of speculation which 
swept over certain parts of the Northwest in 1N90. The town has now emerged from 
the boom stage of its existence into a state of dependence for its support 011 the 
legitimate trade of a rich tributary section. The wild hopes of the early promoters 
of the townsite here have been far from realized. Anacortes is not today of the 
importance that its promoters hoped it would be. Some of its projected enterprises 
have lagged, its business is slow and its natural growth has been somewhat retarded 
by the causes which are the outgrowth of any " busted boom." Anacortes, however, 
occupies exceptional natural advantages of location. Its harbor is easily accessible 
at all times by the deepest vessels. This harbor is free from storms, and the country 
back of Anacortes is one of matchless resources. These advantages backed by capital 
will insure the town a prosperous existence, and Anacortes today can not be regarded 
as one of the dead boom towns of the West. 

Anacortes is now the terminus of the .Seattle & Northern railroad, which runs 
east for a distance of 40 miles to Hamilton. At the latter point are located the large 
coal mines owned by the Oregon Improvement Company. At Burlington this road 



392 



The Oregoniari s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



connects with the Puget Sound branch of the Great Northern railway, and at Wooley 
it forms a junction with the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern railroad, with its Pacific 
coast terminus at Seattle. In addition to excellent railroad connections, Anacortes 
has the advantage of numerous steamer lines which pass this point daily. These 
lines connect Anacortes with Tacoma, Seattle, Port Townsend ; Victoria and Van- 
couver, British Columbia ; New Whatcom and Fairhaven, on Bellingham Bay, and 
all Sound points. 

Anacortes claims a population of 1,200. It is compactly built, the principal busi- 
ness structures being of brick. Among the substantial buildings of the town are a 
$34,000 school house, a palatial hotel, an opera house and three handsome church 
edifices. The people here have the advantages of a fine water-works system, a well- 
equipped electric light plant, a volunteer fire department and a line of electric street 
railway. Among the industrial plants of Anacortes are three sawmills, two sash and 
door factories, a brick yard and a fish-packing establishment. As a summer resort, 
Anacortes is not excelled by any point on Puget Sound. Here there is a happy bleud- 
ing of marine and landscape scenery which, combined with romantic nooks in the 
vicinity and the mild and salubrious climate, makes the town an ideal spot in which 
to pass a summer's vacation. 



Bellingham Bay and the North Puget Sound Country.— A glance 
at any map of the state of Washington will show that Bellingham Bay is the most 
northerly, land-locked harbor on the Pacific coast boundary of the United States. 
This large inlet is formed by a peninsula extending out into the waters of Puget 
Sound on the north, and by Lummi Island on the south. Between this peninsula 
and Lummi Island is a deep channel, marked on the maps as Hale's Passage, which 
affords a wide and perfectly safe entrance to the bay inside. Bellingham Bay is an 
ideal harbor of refuge. This large inlet is practical!}' entirely land-locked, the high 

hills surrounding it on all sides 
serving as a perfect protection 
against all high winds. The sur- 
face of the bay itself is always 
as smooth as are the waters of 
any large inland lake. The 
shores of the bay for a distance 
of five miles are suitable for 
dockage purposes, and there is 
a sufficient depth of water along 
this entire stretch of shore line 
to float the largest vessels. The 
hackneyed expression of a har- 
bor's "capacity to float the 
navies of the world " is not 
lacking in significance when 
used in connection with Belling- 
ham Bay, and it is conceded by 
all old Puget Sound navigators 
that this is one of the best har- 
bors of the coast. 




Bellingham Bay and North Puget Sound Country, Washington. 



393 




mt. Baker, from North fork, Nooks 



All the surroundings of Bellingham Bay are attractive. The land washed by the 
waters of the bay is indented in the shape of a semi-circle, or perhaps better 
described as a horseshoe. This land maintains a general level for some distance back 
from the shore line. Back of this level stretch 
there is a general rise in the surface of the land 
for a distance of perhaps one mile, at which point 
an elevation of about 200 feet is attained. Beyond 
the summit of this elevation, the land slopes gradu- 
ally downwards as far away as the foothills of the 
Cascade Mountains. The evergreen forests of fir, 
cedar and hemlock, with the perennial snows of 
the lofty Cascade Mountains to the west in sharp 
contrast with the placid waters of Bellingham Bay 
in the foreground, form a picture that claims the attention of even the tourist who is 
surfeited with scenery and scenic effects of landscape. 

Before the era of railroad development in the West, three unimportant villages 
were located on the shores of Bellingham Bay. These were Whatcom, at one time 
a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sehome and Bellingham. In the early 
history of this section, the great advantages of the harbor were but illy appreciated, 
the latent resources of the country back of the harbor were unknown, and the popu- 
lation of these hamlets was too small to allow these points to detract in the least 
from the importance of the better settled portion of the Puget Sound country. In 
1889, the Tacoma capitalist, Nelson Bennett, becoming fully convinced of the 
advantages of the shores of Bellingham Bay for future great development, formed 

with others, the Fairhaven Land Com- 
pany. This company at once formu- 
lated a liberal plan of development 
work, they cleared away the forests 
skirting the shores of the bay and 
located the present city of Fairhaven. 
As the population of the section in- 
creased, a consolidation between the 
old towns of Whatcom and Sehome 
was effected, under the corporate name 
of New Whatcom, and today this 
; latter city and Fairhaven, with a com- 
, bined population of 15,000 covers the 
entire semi-circle, forming the shore 
line of the bay. 

Both Skagit and Whatcom counties find the natural outlet for their products at 
Bellingham Bay. Both of these counties contain most valuable deposits of coal, 
iron, the base and precious metals and stone. The stone taken out of the quarries 
of this section is conceded to rank as high for building purposes, as any stone 
quarried in the United States, and large quantities of this stone are now shipped to 
all parts of the coast. Added to this hidden wealth are vast forests of the finest 
merchantable timber and rich deposits of alluvial soil, adapted to the highest state 
of cultivation. The timber belt lying within a radius of 30 miles of the harbor, and 
easily reached by both rail and water, contains unnumbered millions of feet of fir 




Bridge, Baker River, 



394 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY FRENCH 

•-. gags 




and cedar, as well as other valuable woods, which are yet practically untouched, 
although the logging interests of this section are second in importance to those of 
no other part of the Puget Sound country. Giant trees are found in these forests, 
and even the large timber is sound to the core. One mighty giant of the forest 

towers for several hundred feet above the waters 
of Lake Whatcom, that is strikingly typical of the 
big trees of this section. This tree is 44 feet in 
circumference at the base, and its rise heavenward 
is truly majestic. A single log 20 feet in length, 
taken out of the forests back of Bellingham Bay, 
scaled 11,125 feet of lumber. On a single stump 
in this same forest, 172 persons were photographed 
not long since. These tales almost rival the 
stories of the giant red woods of California, but 
they are statements easily susceptible of verifica- 
tion, and they are not doubted by those who have 
baker river, near mt. baker. had the pleasure of an inspection of the virgin 

forests of Western Washington. 

In its coal deposits alone, the district tributary to Bellingham Bay contains re- 
sources that in time will rival those of even Pennsylvania itself. In Whatcom and 
Skagit counties are found the largest and most valuable deposits of coal on the 
Pacific Coast. The presence of bituminous coal in the state was made known to the 
world by the opening of the old Sehome mine located on Bellingham Bay. This 
mine has long since been abandoned, as better and more extensive deposits of the 
black diamond have been uncovered in this section. Two of the great developed 
coal mines of the Bellingham Bay country are the Fairhaven mine, owned by Fair- 
haven capitalists, and the Blue Canyon mine, on the eastern shore of Lake Whatcom, 
eight miles distant from tide water. This latter mine is nearer the shores of navig- 
able salt water than are any of the other mines of the Puget Sound basin. The Fair- 
haven mine is located 20 miles southeast of Fairhaven. This mine contains several 
veins, varying in width from 7 to 30. feet. These veins lay across a high elevation, 
and as the tunnels run along the "strike," the coal is run out of the mines by gravity 
alone at a very light expense. Careful experimenting has demonstrated the coking 
qualities of this coal to be of the very highest standard, as shown by the following 
table of comparison between this coal and the product of the celebrated Counels- 
ville product. Connelsville coal, carbon, 59.6; Fairhaven coal, carbon, 60.70: 
Connelsville coal, volatile matter, 30.0; Fairhaven coal, volatile matter, 29.00; Con- 
nelsville coal, ash, 8.3 ; Fairhaven coal, ash, 9.10; Connelsville coal, sulphur, 0.8; 
Fairhaven coal, sulphur, 0.6; Connelsville coal, moisture, 1.3; Fairhaven coal, 
moisture, 0.35 ; Connelsville coke, carbon, 87.6 ; Fairhaven coke, carbon, 87.8 ; Con- 
nelsville coke, volatile matter, 0.5 ; Fairhaven coke, volatile matter, 0.0; Connels- 
ville coke, ash, II.O ; Fairhaven coke, ash, 11. 2; Connelsville coke, sulphur, 0.8 ; 
Fairhaven coke, sulphur, 0.6; Connelsville coke, moisture, 0.1 ; Fairhaven coke, 
moisture, 0.3. 

Tlie superintendent of the Tacoma Coal Company, an unprejudiced and unbi- 
ased authority on this subject, makes the following statement, in a written report 
which he made to the stockholders of the Fairhaven mine: " I would say this in 
regard to your coal : I have been making coke for 20 years from almost all the coal 



Bellingham Bay and North Puget Sound Country, Washington. 



395 



in the United States. I have never found any coal superior to yours for coking, 
if properly handled." The Great Northern Railroad Company is part owner in the 
Fairhaven mine, and now uses this coal in its locomotives. The shipment of the 
coal is made over the Skagit Valley branch of the Great Northern. 

The Blue Canyon coal mine is also a very valuable property, both owing to the 
quality of its product and to the accessibility of the mine to deep water. The out- 
put of this mine is shipped to large coal-bunkers located on the water front adjoin- 
ing Fairhaven. Part of this coal is shipped over the railroad owned by the coal 
company, and the rest over the line of the Fairhaven & New Whatcom electric rail- 
way connecting Bellingham Bay with Lake Whatcom. The Blue Canyon coal is 
unusually free from phosphorus and sulphur, it is good for steaming purposes, and 
also for making gas. Following is the average of several analyses made of this coal : 
volatile matter, 32.19; fixed carbon, 60.81 ; ash, 6; moisture, 1. 

In close proximity to these deposits of fine coking coal are extensive croppings 
of iron ore. If development work establishes the commercial value of this ore, as 
every indication now points that it will, Bellingham Bay will some day be the center 
of one of the greatest smelting districts in the United States. Fuel for reduction 
is obtained in inexhaustible quantities, at the lowest possible cost, the shipping 
facilities are more than ample for handling the product of the smelters, and the 
great demand now being made for iron and steel in all parts of the West will make 
a demand for this product here that will justify the establishment of smelting plants 
on the most extensive scale in this district. 

Silver and gold ledges have been located by prospectors, both in Skagit and 
Whatcom counties. The future construction of railroad lines will make these depos- 
its of great commercial value. Graphite, asbestos, sulphur and copper have also 
been unearthed in the Skagit valley within a distance of 30 miles of Bellingham Bay, 
but they have not been worked. 

Just south of Fairhaven, on Chuckanut Bay, is located the great Chuckanut 
stone quarry. The stone mined in this quarry is a dark gray sandstone, of even 

grain and susceptible of great beauty of finish. 
It hardens rapidly after having been exposed 
to the air, and it makes a handsome and dur- 
able building material. A great demand exists 
at the present time for this stone throughout 
both Washington and British Columbia. Some 
of the finest buildings in the Bellingham Bay 
country have been constructed of this stone, 
as well as some of the finest structures of other 
cities of the state. The fine new court house 
located at Olympia, one of the handsomest 
pieces of architecture in the state, was built 
of this stone. At Roche Harbor, on San Juan 
Islands, 30 miles southwest of Fairhaven, are 
the largest lime works on the coast, and valu- 
able deposits of lime rock have been discovered at points nearer to Bellingham Bay. 
Although the mineral and forest wealth of W'hatcom and Skagit counties, will 
perhaps always prove the principal source of revenue in this favored part of the 
state, thousands of acres of fine agricultural land are found within the limits of 



PHOTO. BY B. B. OOBBS. 




Lake Whatco 



396 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



these counties. The statement is authoritively made that this section contains no 
less than 600,000 acres of farming land. Every acre of the small percentage of this 
arable portion which is now under cultivation is yielding handsome returns. A 
great part of the best farming laud of these two counties is located in the Nook- 
sack valley, which is now traversed by the lines of three great railway systems, the 

Great Northern, the Northern Pacific, and the 
Canadian Pacific. Oats furnish one of the most 
valuable crops of the farms of this section. The 
average yield of oats to the acre here runs from 
60 to even as high as 125 bushels. Barley also 
does well on this land, yields of from 50 to 75 
bushels to the acre being common crops. Hops 
are raised as well here as in the best favored sec- 
tions of Puyallup valley. A common yield of hops 
in this district is about 2,000 pounds to the acre, 
and hop culture here has proved a highly remun- 
erative calling. In raising potatoes the farmers of 
Whatcom county are easily awarded the palm. 
Crops of 700 bushels to the acre do not astonish 
the natives here, and a yield of less than 400 
bushels to the acre is hardly deemed worth dig- 
ging. The growth of the cities located on the 
shores of Bellingham Bay has made truck gardening on the adjacent farming lands a 
most profitabe industry, and with the increased demands for vegetables in the pop- 
ulated centers here the value of all of this highly fertile land is rapidly increasing. 




Lumber Camp on Lake Whatcom 



Faii'liaven, Washington. — Fairhaven is a type of the young cities of the 
West which have attained prominence as commercial and populous centers as a 
direct result of advantages of location and the spirit of enterprise which dominates 
the growth of all modern cities. A few years ago the present site of Fairhaven was 
unoccupied by a population which could even have claimed for 



PHOTO. BY E. 



'^B&R 






Gateway to Bellingham Bay. 




Fairhaven, Washington. 397 

the place the pretensions of a village. At the present writing Fairhaven is an im- 
portant railroad and banking center ; it boasts of the finest hotel in Western 
Washington outside of Tacoma and Seattle ; its main business streets are lined with 
buildings that would be a credit to the principal thoroughfares of Portland, and the 
city is the home of some of the wealthiest and best known people of the state. 

Fairhaven has a history, and like the history of the individual who has risen 
from obscurity to a position of wealth and importance, the historical sketch of the 
city's progress is not without interest. The life of Fairhaven dates from 1889, when 
Nelson Bennett, the Tacoma millionaire who cut the famous Stampede tunnel through 
the backbone of the Cascade range of mountains for the Northern Pacific, purchased 
the present site of the city. Mr. Bennett became a rich man owing to his thorough 
mastery of business propositions. He early foresaw the growth of Tacoma and 
profited by this foresight in numerous purchases of Tacoma realty which appreciated 




w 



View of Bellingham bay, Looking East. mt. Baker 
The Sisters" in the Distance. 



in value as the city attained promi- 
nence. He successfully solved the diffi- 
cult problem of piercing the rugged chain of the Cascades in making a pathway for the 
iron horse from the sagebrush districts of Eastern Washington to a tide-water connec- 
tion on Puget Sound, and with the same foresight which he evidenced in his other busi- 
ness investments, Mr. Bennett was the first man to realize fully the advantages of the 
shores of Bellingham Bay as a prospective site for the establishment of a city of 
large population and commercial importance and the development of Fairhaven dur- 
ing the past few years has realized fully the reliability of the forecast made by Mr. 
Bennett when he first carefully looked over the ground some four years since. 

The present site of Fairhaven in 1889 was owned by an old settler named Dan 
Harris. Mr. Harris was a living example of the " wait and gain " policy of the men 
who have grown rich by real estate investments in the far West. He had neither the 
money nor the disposition to improve his real estate holdings, but he had the utmost 
confidence in what the future had in store for the land on which he had squatted. 
When Nelson Bennett first made the old man an offer of $50,000 for the piece of 
property on Bellingham Bay on which Harris had so long banked his hopes for future 



398 



The Oregoniari s Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest. 



riches, the old Bellingham settler positively refused to sell. When Bennett supple- 
mented this princely offer with one of $100,000 for the same property, Harris C00II3' 
pocketed the check for this amount and retired to the life of ease which the fortune 
assured him. Like many others who have had sudden fortune forced upon them 
after a life of privation and hardship, Harris lived but a few months to enjoy his 
hastily-acquired riches, and with his death closed the epoch which classed the Bell- 
ingham Bay section with the unimportant parts of the state of Washington. 

Immediately after acquiring possession of the land on which Fairhaven has since 
been built, Mr. Bennett formed a syndicate composed of millionaires and commenced 
active work in clearing the site which the new city was to occupy. In May, 1S89, a 
small army of men was employed by the company in cutting trees, building docks, 



PHOTO. BY E. 




Chuckanut Bay, Looking No 



Sandstone Quarries to the Right 



opening the coal mines adjacent and in railroad grading. The line of the Fairhaven 
& Southern railroad was pushed out from Fairhaven toward the Skagit river, in 
which section some of the richest coal deposits of the state are located. Rolling 
stock was hastily secured for this line, arrangements were made for the establish- 
ment of the best steamboat connection between Fairhaven and all other Sound ports 
and this place soon became one of the most important transportation points of the 
Sound district. Fairhaven today has the best of railroad connection with all parts of 
the coast both north and south, it has the choice of several transcontinental lines 
for reaching the East and it is a large shipping point for vessels of deep-water draught. 
Fairhaven, located on Bellingham Bay, fully described in an article published 
in connection with this article, has a harbor of splendid proportions carrying a suffi- 
cient depth of water to float the largest vessels, easily accessible and perfectly shel- 
tered. The site of the city itself is especially adapted for the upbuilding of a city. 
The grades of the main streets while easy are sufficient to afford perfect drainage. 
Add to this magnificent scenery, a wealth of country tributary sufficient to build here 
a city of the dimensions of Portland or San Francisco, and the advantages in favor of 
Fairhaven for future growth and rapid development are not surpassed by those of any 
other city located on the salt waters of Puget Sound. 



Fairhaven, Washington. 



399 



PHOTO. BY E. A. HEGG. 



The entire two miles of water-front at Fairbaven affords a sufficient depth of 
water to float ships of any tonnage, and it affords the best of locations for wharves, 
sawmills, foundries 
and other manu- 
facturing plants. 
A large number of 
factories now line 
the water-front 
here and, as shown 
by the accompany- 
ing illustrations of 
Fairbaven 's har- 
bor, the city has 
excellent harbor 
facilities. Fair- 
haven has perfect 
railroad connec- 
tions. It is located 
on the Fairhaven 
& Southern branch 
of the Great Nor- 
thern railroad. 
Connection is 
formed between 
Fairhaven and Se- 
attle on the south 
by the Seattle & 

Montana branch of the Great Northern system and with New Westminster, in British 
Columbia, on the north, where close connection is made with the Canadian Pacific by 
the New Westminster & Southern branch of the same great system. It is given 
out as the ultimate purpose of the management of the Great Northern to make 
Fairhaven its official terminus on Puget Sound. With this end in view, the 
company has already acquired title to a large lot of very valuable land in and 
around this city. The company owns some of the most valuable water frontage at 
Fairhaven and they are also largely interested in some of the best paying coal 

mines located near the city. 
The United States terminus of 
the Canadian Pacific on the 
Pacific coast is already officially 
established at New Whatcom, a 
city also located on Bellingham 
Bay and whose interests are 
closely allied with those of Fair- 
haven and whose corporate lim- 
its adjoin the present limits of 
Fairhaven. Connection is also 
made with the Northern Paci- 
fic's Seattle, Lake Shore & 
Eastern branch at Sedro via the 




Island Scene nea 




400 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 





i'Iii 'iiiiHWiiiillflmiMl 



Lake Samish, Faii 



Fairhaven & Southern railroad. Fair- 
haven has direct connection with her 
sister city, New Whatcom by the 
Fairhaven & New Whatcom electric 
road. Cars run over this line be- 
tween the two cities every 15 minutes 
during the day and until late at night, 
and this is today one of the best equip- 
ped and best operated lines of electric 
road on the coast. 







-_t" 



LARRABEE AVE. SCHOOL, FAIRHAVEN. 



Fairhaven now boasts of miles of well graded streets, good sidewalks are laid all 
over the city and every attention has been paid to other public improvements here. 
The city has a water supply that furnishes water of unequaled purity for domestic 
purposes and in inexhaustible quantities. The water is 
conducted into the city from Lake Paddcn through a 12- 
inch steel main and is distributed throughout Fairhaven 
by means of lateral mains respectively 10, 8, 6 and 4 in- 
ches in diameter. This lake is located two miles from 
Fairhaven, and as the elevation of its waters is 41S feet 
above the main business street of the city, sufficient pres- 
sure is afforded in the mains at Fairhaven to furnish an 
ample protection against fire. The city is well lighted by 
both gas and electricity. The Fairhaven Electric Light & Motor Company operates 
two engines of a combined horse power of 225. Two American arc dynamos run by 
these engines keep up no 2,000-candle power arc lamps, and tw 7 o No. 20 Edison 
incandescent dynamos, operated in connection with this same plant, have a capacity 
of 2,000 16-candle power incandescent lamps. The Bellingham Bay Gas Company 
supplies a fine quality of gas to both the cities of Fairhaven and New Whatcom at a 

reasonable price. Fairhaven has the best of 
public school facilities. It has several hand- 
some and commodious school houses, and the 
schools here are presided over by competent 
instructors. The Hotel Fairhaven, erected at a 
cost of $150,000, is one of the handsomest and 
best conducted hotels on the coast. The build- 
ing is 4*4 stories high, surmounted by a cupola. 
It is constructed entirely of brick and stone, 
and it is one of the most striking pieces of 
architecture in the state. The gray sandstone 
used in the construction of this building was 
taken out of the Fairhaven quarries. The in- 
terior finish of the hotel is in antique and red 
oak and California redwood. The hotel con- 
tains magnificent suites of apartments, it is 
fitted with every modern appointment, and it is 
conducted in the same lavish style as is noted in The Palace, of San Francisco, 
The Portland, of Portland, or The Tacoma, at the "City of Destiny." 

A number of very large manufacturing plants are located at Fairhaven. W. A. 




HOTEL FAIRHAVEN. FAIRHAVEN. 



New Whatcom, Washington. 



401 



Woodin's lumber mill here turned out 13,500,000 shingles during 1892, and during 
the same year the mill manufactured 13,500,000 feet of lumber. The output of the 





Water Power, fairhaven Land Co.'S Mm 



mill will be largely increased the present year. In 
the shipment of coal Fairhaven is one of the most 
important points on Puget Sound. The coal bunkers of the Blue Canyon Coal Com- 
pany, immediately adjoining Fairhaven, handle immense quantities of the black 
diamond, and ships and steamers are constantly taking in coal at these bunkers. 
The Fairhaven Foundry & Machine Company's plant, erected at Fairhaven at a 
cost of $75,000, is an enterprise of considerable importance to the entire Bellingham 
Bay section. The plant consists of several buildings, foundry, machine shop and 
boiler room. The plant occupies a piece of ground 200 x 200 feet in size, and is fitted 
with all modern appliances. 

Fairhaven has a number of very 
strong banks. Four banks are located 
here, all on the best of financial footings. 
These are the Fairhaven National, The 
First National, The Citizens, and the 
Bank of Fairhaven. Fairhaven as a 
money and trading center, as a shipping 
point and a railroad center of promi- 
nence, has attained a position that more 
than assures the city's future. The Fair- 
haven Land Company here will furnish 
all desired information on Fairhaven. 




Bay Mill, Fairhaven 



!N"ew Wliateom, Washington. — New Whatcom is the principal city of 
Whatcom countv. It is located on Bellingham Bay, and is a place of considerable 
importance as a trade center and shipping port. New Whatcom is the result of the 
combination of the two old towns of Sehome and Whatcom. With the development 



402 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY B. B. OOBBS. 



of the section bordering on Bellingham Bay the two old settlements of Whatcom and 
Sehome practically grew together, and when the time was reached where the limits of 

one town touch- 
ed the limits of PH0T0 ' BV B ' "• D0BBS 
the other, the 
question of an- 
nexation was 
broached, and 
annexation of 
population and 
business inter- 
ests was the re- 
sult under the 
corporate name 
of New What- 
com. The com- 
bined popula- 
tion of the old 

towns of Whatcom and Sehome, as shown by the official census of 1890 was 7,000. 
The population of New Whatcom has largely increased since that time, and this city 
today in population and commercial standing ranks third among the cities located 
on the shores of Puget Sound. 

Whatcom county, of which New Whatcom is the seat of justice, is the largest 
county of the state located west of the Cascade Mountains. It has all the diver- 
photo. Br b. b. oobbs. sified resources of a fertile soil, thousands of 

acres of forest containing the best timber, rich 
veins of coal, varying from 3 to 12 feet in width, 
fine quarries of the best building stone, and the 
waters which ^wash the western shores of the 





new Whatcom Harbor- From Co 



Ship at Dock, New Whatcom. 



l^r^F? 






""- ' * "^ * -■'. 1 


1 V|5i' 


Pi 


■mm A 

Residence, Hugh Eudi 


1 '-^'''rfvih 

iioge, new Whatcom. 



Photo, by b. b dob 



county teem with the best of the salt-water 
food fishes. Bellingham Bay, on which New 
Whatcom is located, has an area of 50 square 
miles, and the water at the city's docks is deep 
enough to float any large sea-going vessel. New 
Whatcom is a shipping port of great import- 
ance, and it is also a railroad center of promi- 
nence. It is the official United States terminus 
of the Canadian Pacific railroad, the trains of 
which reach the city over the line of the Bell- 
ingham Bay & British Columbia branch of the 




ven & new Whatcom Electric Railway. 



New Whatcom, Washington. 



403 




nd car House, fairhaven 4 new Whatcom 
Electric Railway, New Whatcom. 




Canadian Pacific system. This road connects 
New Whatcom with Vancouver, British Col- 
umbia, direct. New Whatcom is also on the 
line of the Fairhaven & Southern railroad, 
which connects with the Seattle & Montana 
railroad line on the south, and with the West- 
minster & Southern railroad on the north. 
The three last mentioned roads all form a part 
of the Great Northern system, which now runs 
through trains between St. Paul on the east, and 
New Whatcom, Fairhaven and other Sound 
cities on the west. In addition to rail con- 
nection with all parts of the United States, 

New Whatcom has also the advantage of communication with all Sound ports by 
a number of lines of passenger steamers. Rapid-transit facilities are afforded between 
New Whatcom and Fairhaven by the Fairhaven & New Whatcom Electric Railway 
line. This same line also affords connection with Lake Whatcom and with the 
outlying suburbs. Frequent trips are made over this road between New Whatcom 

and Fairhaven during the day, as well as until 
late at night. The president of the line is Mr. 
Hugh Eldridge, one of the most successful 
young business men of Western Washington. 
The construction and equipment of the road 
call for the favorable indorsement of all those 
who have had the benefit of a ride in its cars. 
The service it renders its patrons in easy and 
rapid transit, is so perfect that complaints of 
the inefficiency of the line have never been 
made to the management, a distinction in favor 
of the company operating the road that is in 
sharp contrast to the abuse usually heaped upon 
companies operating rapid-transit lines. The company operating this line now 
owns 15 miles of road, and it is its intention to increase this mileage as the growth 
of the city and suburbs requires extensions of the present complete system. Three 
lines of road are now operated under this system. One of these connects Fairhaven 
and New Whatcom, another line runs from the 
heart of the city of New Whatcom out to the court 
house, and the third line connects New Whatcom 
and Lake Whatcom. Over the road running be- 
tween the city and the lake, in addition to the 
passenger traffic, a large freight business is done 
in hauling the product of the Blue Canyon coal 
mine to the bunkers located on Bellingham Bay. 

Among the many fine public buildings at New 
Whatcom, the court house erected at a cost of 
$100,000, the city hall and the handsome brick 
school houses, the latter of which cost from $15,000 
upwards, are worthy of special mention. These C0UNTY C0URT H0USE| NEW WHATC0M . 



MOTO. BY B. 







wf****!- 



Blue Canyon Coal Bunkers, New Whatcoiw 



B. B. DOBBS 




404 



The Oregoniarf s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY 
B. B. DOBBS, 




buildings, as well as many of the finest business blocks of the city, 

are built either entirely or in part with trimmings of the famous 

blue sandstone of the Chuckanut quarries, located on Chuckanut 

Bay, just south of Fairhaven. This stone is shipped largely to 

British Columbia, and has found its way even as far 

south as Portland. The stone trimmings and arches 

of the new Presbyterian church of Portland, one of 

the finest church edifices of the coast, are from the 

Chuckanut quarries, as is also the stone used in the 

construction of Portland's postoffice. 

New Whatcom has the purest of water-supply. 
Water for use in the city is taken from Lake What- 
com, a beautiful sheet of water located three miles 
east of the city. This lake is fed by mountain springs 
' .-^|/v J and by the melting glaciers of the eastern part of 

the county. The lake is 13 miles in length, and 

City Hall, new Whatcom. j ^ © 

from one-half to two miles wide, and varies in depth 
from 200 to 500 feet, thus assuring an inexhaustible supply of the purest water for 
all time at New Whatcom. The elevation of the lake is 318 feet above tidewater 
level. The hydrants in New Whatcom carry con- 
stantly a pressure of 90 pounds to the square inch, 
a sufficient pressure to throw a stream of water 
175 feet through a one- inch nozzle. The pressure 
in the city's mains alone furnishes a most ample 
protection against fire. Lake Whatcom is one of 
the most charming resorts near Puget Sound. It 
is easily reached from New Whatcom by the 
electric road. The waters of the lake abound 
with lake trout of the black spotted variety, fish 
that weigh all the way from one to six pounds 
each. They are gamy and highly palatable. A 
good hotel is now conducted on the shores of Lake 
Whatcom for the accommodation of tourists, and 
the lake is becoming more popular as a summer 
resort each successive year. 

In the matter of street improvements New 
Whatcom is fully abreast of the times. The 



PHOTO. BY B. B. DOBBS. 





' u u[HH 



1 • iftxrx. 



1 School, New Whatcom. 



is u% 







Bellingham Bay National Bank Building, Ney 



city now contains many miles of well-planked side- 
walks and streets, and this work of street im- 
provement has never been allowed to lag here, 
even during the dullest periods of the city's history. 
Two engines of 250 horse-power capacity each, 
furnish the power for running the dynamos of the 
city's electric light plant. This plant has a capac- 
ity of 300 arc lights and 1,000 incandescent lights. 
The city has also the advantage of a good quality 
of gas for illuminating purposes supplied by a 
local company. New Whatcom is the seat of con- 
whatcom. siderable manufacturing activity. The largest mill 



New Whatcom, Washington. 



405 




Cornwall Mill, new Whatcom. 



ill the city is the Cornwall mill, owned by the 
Bellingham Bay Improvement Company. 
This is conveniently located on the water 
front, and is connected by switches with the 
Great Northern and Bellingham Bay & Brit- 
ish Columbia railroads. The mill company 
enjoys the best of transportation facilities 
both by rail and by water. This mill is fit- 
ted with the latest and best improved ma- 
chinery and is under the management of the 
veteran lumberman, Mr. George E. Atkinson, 
a gentleman who stands deservedly high in 
all parts of the coast. The output of the Cornwall mill for 1892 was 41,600,000 feet 
of lumber. This was the fourth largest output of any mill in Washington during 
that year. The three mills showing a larger output than the Cornwall mill during 
that time were those owned by the Port Blakely Mill Company, 70,647,000 feet ; the 

Tacoma Mill Company, 62,931,214 feet ; and 
the St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company, 
47,706,726 feet. In addition to the Cornwall 
mill, three other large milling plants are 
located at New Whatcom. These are the 
mills of the Fairhaven Land Company, Miller 
& Bridenstine, Meridian Mill Company and 
W. E. McDonald. The total output of the 
New Whatcom lumber mills for 1892 was 
57,010,000 feet. The aggregate output of 
the eight shingle mills located here during 
the same year was 72,660,000 shingles. 

During the spring of 1S93 propositions 
from experienced men to locate woolen 
mills at New Whatcom received the favor- 
able consideration of the people here. A 
bonus of $15,000 was quickly raised to secure the establishment of this extensive 
plant, and the citizens of New Whatcom now entertain the ambition that the output 
of woolen goods will soon be second in importance in the line of manufactures here 
to those of the present great output of lumber at this point. 

The business streets of New Whatcom oc- 
cupy level ground adjacent to the bay in front. 
The residence portion of the city is on gently 
sloping ground, affording perfect views of the 
bay and surrounding country. From the win- 
dows of the many fine private residences crown- 
ing these slopes the eye can wander across the 
broad expanse of the waters of Bellingham Bay 
as far away as the snow-capped peaks of the 
Olympic range of mountains to the west, while 
to the east can be seen the towering expanse 
of Mt. Baker, one of the most striking peaks 
in scenic effects of the entire Cascade range. 




Whatcom Creek falls, new Whatcom. 






«* 



■T. 



W 



m. 



"2 r 



iiitill 



« ! » t 



Ifitl 



jOTgp 



m 



Roth Block, new Whatcom. 



406 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



r^TjtH, 










Victor Block, New Whatcom. 



photo, by b. b. dobbs. New Whatcom has a good hotel, and with 

the many attractions of the city, this is 
rapidly becoming one of the most frequented 
points by tourists in the Northwest. The 
Bellingham, the leading hotel here is con- 
ducted by its owner, Mr. John H. Stenger, an 
experienced hotel man. The tables of the 
Bellingham are always loaded with the 
choicest of game and fish, and the house 
is deservedly popular with the traveling 
public. 

Foremost in the ranks of those whose 
energy and whose unwavering confidence 
in New Whatcom's future have done much to advance the city's interests, is Frank N. 
Barney. This gentleman's foresight has enabled him not only to make profitable 
investments for himself at this point, but 
also as a reliable investment and real estate 
agent he has been able to invest his cus- 
tomers' money where it has brought large 
individual returns to the investors. Mr. 
Barney enjoys the entire respect of all those 
who have ever had business dealings with 
him. He is familiar with real estate values 
in the entire Bellingham Bay section. He is 
quick to anticipate an appreciation of values 
in city or suburban property, and he is al- 
ways glad to furnish any information by 
mail, or in person, to those who are desir- 
ous of investigating the advantages of property here with a view of either a per- 
manent residence or for investment only. 




Hotel Bellingham. New Whatcom. 



tL ■ 



Blaine, Washington. — Blaine, named after the illustrious American 
statesman, is located in the extreme northwestern part of the state of Washington, 
on the boundary line between the United States and British Columbia. The inlet 
from Puget Sound, on which Blaine is located, although really a part of Semiah- 
moo Bay, is known as Drayton Harbor. This is a large and land-locked body of 
water, capable of affording anchorage to a large fleet of vessels. 
Blaine is directly opposite the Straits of Fuca. The line from 
the entrance to the straits from the ocean to Blaine's wharves 
is practically a perfectly straight one, and so free from ob- 
structions to navigation is the entrance to Semiahmoo Bay, 
that vessels frequently sail from the ocean direct to the wharves 
of Blaine without the aid of a tug. 

Blaine has been made a port of entry. From its location 
it is the last point in the United States that vessels sailing north 
into the waters along the shores of British Columbia can touch at, and this has 
made Blaine quite an important seaport town for the large number of vessels en- 
in the Alaska trade. In addition to the importance of the town from a 




Public School 



Blaine, Washington. 



407 



maritime standpoint, it is a railroad point of some prominence. The two divisions 
of the Great Northern railway, the New Westminster & Southern, and the Fairhaven 
& Southern effect a junction at this point. 

The manufacturing industries of Blaine include three large sawmills and several 
shingle mills. The Point Roberts cannery, located on Semiahmoo spit, directly 
opposite Blaine across the harbor, is a very important industry at this point. A full 
description of the working of this great salmon-canning plant, fully illustrated with 
scenes typical of the fishing interests here will be found published in connection 
with the present article. The leading exports from Blaine are lumber, salmon, 
oysters and clams, fruit and vegetables. The latent resources of the section tribu- 
tary to the town are mines of coal, iron, copper, lime, and several ledges of fine sand- 
stone have been discovered in this district. 

Blaine is a flourishing town of about 2,500 population, and it is one of the promi- 
nent centers of population located on the shores of Puget Sound, in the North- 
western part of Washington. 

On the Canadian side, just across the boundary line between the United States 
and British Columbia at Blaine, Washington, is the popular and well known hotel, 
known as the St. Leonard. This hotel is conducted by J. B. Atkinson. The house en- 
joys an enviable reputation for its well kept apartments and its first-class table. 
Tourists will find excellent opportunities for the use of the gun and rod in close 
proximity to the St. Leonard. The popular manager of the St. Leonard enters fully 
into the spirit of the sports of his guests and he caters to their every comfort. 




The Point Robei'ts Canning; Company. — Among the great indus- 
tries of the Pacific Northwest the canning of salmon takes high rank and it is yearly 
increasing in import- 
ance. It was for many 
years believed that the 
Columbia river sal- 
mon, known as the 
chinook. was superior 
to any fish running up 
the rivers of the Pacific 
coast. Latterly, how- 
ever, the variety of 
this palatable fish 
known as "sockeye," 
which makes its fresh- 
water haunts in the 
Fraser river, in British 
Columbia, has rapidly 
gained in repute with 
consumers untd it is 
now recognized as 

standing in full equality with the Columbia river salmon, and it is by many English 
and Australian consumers even preferred to that famous fish on account of its 
deeper tinted flesh. 

Recognizing the excellence of the "sockeye," or Fraser river salmon, and 




Roberts Canning Co.'s (drysdale's) Salmon Trap. 



408 



The Oregoniarfs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO BY . 



satisfied that it must continue to grow in public esteem, Mr. Daniel Drysdale estab- 
lished a salmon cannery on Semiahmoo peninsula, opposite Blaine, on the north- 
western boundary of the United States in 1891. He incorporated the Point Roberts 

Canning Company in 1892, remaining presi- 
dent and general manager of the concern. 
Mr. Drysdale is the pioneer American can- 
ner of Fraser river salmon and it is his 
intention to thoroughly introduce his brand 
into the United States, 
believing as he does 
that it will continue to 
grow in popularity and 
stand comparison with 
the leading brands of 
the Columbia river. 
In England, Australia 
aud other British col- 
onies, this fish is al- 
ready well known, 
where it is in great 
demand and is highly 
esteemed by epicures 
and bon-vivants. In a 
few localities it has the 
proud distinction of 
having ousted its great 
rival from the first place, as is proved by the fact that it already commands a 
higher price in some markets than does the Columbia river canned salmon. 
Mr. Drysdale's belief has always been that salmon are of better quality when 
taken from deep salt water on their annual spawning migrations up to the 
Fraser than they are when caught in the fresh waters of the river. He therefore 
established his traps in the Gulf of Georgia and his daily catch from the briny 
waters here is taken to the cannery alive and in prime condition. Experts admit that 
the salt-water-caught fish are of superior grade, and Mr. Drysdale is reaping the 
benefits of his correct judgment and foresight. 

The "sockeye" variety of salmon has a deep red and rich appearing flesh, firm 
and fat, and it improves by canning. The oil contained in the fish gives it a rich 
flavor, keeps the meat moist and palatable and preserves its excellent quality in all 
climates. This has been an important factor in establishing and maintaining its repu- 
tation. Today the Point Roberts Canning Company finds a ready market for its 
pack in England and Australia and Mr. Drysdale expects with increased facilities for 
canning to introduce the fish into the United States markets in full faith that it will 
meet with the same acclaim and recognition it has won from connoisseurs abroad. 

The company's cannery now contains all the latest improvements for canning 
and the closest daily supervision is exercised to see that only the best fish are packed 
by the best and cleanliest methods. About 15,000 fish are packed daily during the 
season and the catch at times runs as high as 30,000. A cold-storage warehouse forms 
part of the plant of the company and the fish are kept here in perfect condition for 




Catching Salmon, Po 



Port Townsend, Washington. 



409 



canning. There is no 
doubt but that the facts 
referred to above as to 
quality of the pack and 
the care exercised in 
maintaining the reputa- 
tion of the brand will in 
the near future render it 
necessary for the Point 
Roberts Canning Com- 
pany to double their 
packing facilities to meet 
American and foreign de- 
mand for their product. 
Two brands of equal 
grade, but with different 
labels to avoid complica- 
tions are now put up by 
the company. These are 
the Scroll brand for for- 




Roberts Canning Co.'s (drysdale's) Salmon Trap. 



eign and the Medallion for the American trade. 

Port Townsend, Washington. — Port Townsend, on the bay of the same 
name, is located on the eastern side of Quimper peninsula, and is on the shores of 
the eastern extremity of the Straits of Fuca. Its position at the head of Admiralty 
inlet, the main channel of Puget Sound through which vessels sail to and from the 
wharves of Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia, has earned for it the title of the "Key 
City. ' ' Port Townsend is the United States port of entry for the Puget Sound dis- 
trict, and it may be stated in this connection that it is one of the leading ports of 
entry on the coast. The harbor in front of the city is highly commended by mari- 
ners as being easily accessible at all times, as being perfectly sheltered, and as afford- 
ing safe anchorage for vessels during the severest of storms. 

Port Townsend is one of the oldest established towns 
in the state of Washington. Until 1888 the town was 
prosperous, its merchants carrying large stocks of goods, 
and its trade being heavy and of a most satisfactory na- 
ture, but the population of the place before that time 
was small, Since 1888 Port Townsend has made a 
wonderful increase in population, the city has spread 
out to treble its former size, many fine public and 
private buildings have been erected, and while the gen- 
eral depression which has been seriously felt at this 
point during the past two years has greatly retarded 
the growth anticipated here, Port Townsend is still one of the large cities on 
the shores of Puget Sound, and it is in the line of advancement which will some 
day make it one of the prominent centers of population of the coast. 

Shipping to the extent of over 2,500,000 tons is annually entered and cleared at 
the Port Townsend custom-house. The city has now connection with San Fran- 
cisco by the line of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company's steamers, and transfers 




S. Custom house, Port Townsend. 



410 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Court House, PortTownsend 



are made at Port Towiisend by this line for Alaska ports. Daily 
steamers ply between Port Townsend and Victoria, British 
Columbia, as well as between Port Townsend and the prin- 
cipal ports of Puget Sound. A line runs from this place to 
the points located on the Straits of Fuca as far west as Neah 
Bay. During the halcyon days of Port Townsend's boom, the 
Oregon Improvement Company was liberally subsidized by the 
city to build a line of railroad from this place to Olympia, 
with an ultimate extension to Portland. Thirty miles of this 
road were built, reaching as far south as Ouillcene, and this 
line is now operated by the Port Townsend & Southern Rail- 
way Company. The company hopes to get its financial affairs 
so shaped in the near future that it will be possible for them to extend this road to 
Olympia. Port Townsend is the judicial seat of Jefferson county. 

During the past few years some very fine buildings have been erected at Port 
Townsend. The magnificent custom-house building, standing on the high bluff 
back of the main business part of the city, is con- 
structed entirely of stone taken out of local quarries, 
and its erection involved an outlay of $250,000. The 
Central public school building was erected at a cost of 
$70,000, and the construction of the fine city hall cost 
$50,000. A number of very fine three, four and five- 
story stone and brick business blocks line the main 
thoroughfare. A number of important manufacturing 
plants are located at Port Townsend, chief among which 
are extensive nail works now being successfully operated 
here. The city claims a population of about 5,000, and 
its finances are in a healthy condition. 




Public School, Port Townseso. 



Port Angeles, Washington. — Port Angeles, as the first port of approach 
on the American side for ships entering the Straits of Fuca, occupies much the same 
position in relation to the Northwestern coast of the United States as Victoria does 
to the province of British Columbia. The harbors at Port Angeles and Victoria 
afford ships visiting Puget Sound the first safe and easy anchorage after entering the 
straits from the ocean. 

The origin of Port Angeles is historic. It was selected by the government as 
a government reserve during Lincoln's administration and a townsite was laid out 
here at the time. It is significant in this connection that Port Angeles was the only 
townsite ever platted by the United States government with the exception of the 
national capital, Washington, D. C. The motives which led to the passing of the act 
setting aside the townsite of Port Angeles as a government reserve can only be con- 
jectured at the present time. It is assumed, however, by those who are thoroughly 
familiar with the location of Port Angeles that the motive of the government in 
passing the act was a recognition of the many advantages of Port Angeles as a point 
for offensive and defensive operations to keep in check the large English interests 
in Canada should Great Britain have espoused the cause of the Confederacy, which 
then seemed probable. Three thousand acres were included in this reserve. The 
provisions governing the act making this a reservation were such, however, that any 
American citizen was allowed to locate a homesite 100x140 feet on this reserve, 



Buckley, Washington. 411 

provided he cleared the land, built a cabin and actually resided on the site he 
located. These rights have been extensively used and as a result of this liberality 
some 1,500 squatters' cabins are now scattered over this reservation. 

The long natural spit which encircles the harbor at Port Angeles has been wholly 
reserved for national purposes. On this spit the Ediz Point lighthouse was erected 
and this is now maintained by the government. The oval basin lying between the 
spit and the shore line is the harbor of Port Angeles. This harbor is perfectly pro- 
tected against rough seas, and its total area is about nine acres. 

Port Angeles is now a port of entry and a large number of vessels are now 
annually entered and cleared from this place. The town is distant from Victoria but 
17 miles, and the establishment of an international ferry is now contemplated 
between the two points. 

A vast stride in the advancement of Port Angeles was made early in 1893 by the 
raising of a bonus of $350,000 to secure the construction of the Everett, Port Angeles 
& Pacific railroad. By means of this road to Port Ludlow and a ferry which will be 
established to cross the waters of the Sound from this latter point, the water route 
being 21 miles in length, Port Angeles will be connected direct with the Great North- 
ern and Northern Pacific systems of roads at Everett, Washington, on the mainland 
proper of the Puget Sound section. 

The present population of Port Angeles is about 5,000. It is the chief city as 
well as the judicial seat of Clallam county, and has the advantages of an excellent 
electric light and water-works plant. It is surrounded by a rich section of country 
and, with the completion of the railroad system terminating here, will become one 
of the leading cities on the shores of Puget Sound. 

Orting, Washington. — Orting is an important station on the Northern 
Pacific railroad, 18 miles east of Tacoma. The Tacoma, Orting & Southeastern rail- 
road runs from this point to the lumbering regions of the Muck and Sucotash val- 
leys. The town is the center of a rich farming district, where the raising of hops is 
extensively carried on. The main street is on a direct line with Mt. Rainier and it is 
here that the incomparable peak reveals itself in its full glory. 

Orting has a bank, three churches, an excellent public school, several hotels, 
and two saw and shingle mills. One and one-quarter 
miles distant from the town is a beautiful spot where, 
surrounded by pastoral scenes, 100 veterans of the Union 
army pass their declining years. It is here that the 

Washington State Soldiers' Home is located. The build- i'^^^^^^^'^t^ 
ings of the home occupy the center of a grassy plat. J^*gJum£t' 1 VJLlliii^- 
The structures occupied by the home consist of two ^SfflM?'? ^7P^?!'nT'T 1 
large main buildings, a hospital, several neat cottages, ^ljE?pS^lf?^ y*^ 
the handsome residence of the commandant, and a num- 
ber of smaller buildings. The site of the home covers STATE S0 '• DIE, ' S, H0ME ' 0RT ' NG ' 
an area of 183 acres. The home has accommodations for 160 inmates, and it is a 
model institution in every respect. 

Buckley, Washington. — The important lumbering center of Buckley is 
picturesquely situated in a heavy forest near the foothills of the Cascade Moun- 
tains, on the Northern Pacific railroad, 31 miles east of Tacoma. Forty miles east 
of Buckley the railroad passes through the great Stampede tunnel, and from that 
point descends the eastern slope of the Cascades into Eastern Washington. 




412 



The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 



Flowing through Buckley is the White river, a turbulent mountain stream, that 
rises among the enormous glaciers of Mount Rainier. Along this stream is splendid 

trout fishing. Many charming views of 



PHOTO. BY Sll 












mountain and river scenery are obtained 
from its banks. Buckley is now a town 
of 1,400 inhabitants. It is attractively 
laid out, with broad streets, nearly all of 
which are planked. Most of the build- 
ings on the main business street are sub- 
stantial two-story brick structures. The 
public school is a handsome eight-room 
frame building, surrounded by a neat 
lawn. The streets, as well as nearly all 
the business blocks and residences, are 
lighted by electricity. The town has a 
fine system of water works, which cost 
about $13,000. The supply of water for 
city use is obtained from White river. 
On the 5th of May, 1892, Buckley was nearly completely destroyed by fire. In 
rebuilding the town the energetic citizens 
replaced many of the frame buildings with 
brick blocks, and they adopted every pre- 
cautionary measure to prevent a repetition 
of the disaster. In the immediate vicinity 
of Buckley the raising Of hops is an im- 
portant and growing industry. The soil of 
the lands near the town is especially adapted 
to hop culture. It does not differ from the soil of the lauds in the famous Puyallup 
valley near Tacoma. 

Buckley is one of the most important of the smaller lumbering towns of Wash- 
ington. Its close proximity to the mountains makes it an advantageous point from 
which to ship lumber to the treeless prairies of Eastern Washington. There are 
located here three sawmills. These mills, when running, furnish employment to over 
200 men. One of these mills is one of the most perfectly equipped sawmills in Wash- 
ington. This mill was built in the fall of 1S93 and is owned by the Buckley Lumber 
Company. It is equipped with new engines and boilers of the most approved pat- 
tern and with a new set of Alice machinery and band saws. It is supplied with a 

complete set of planing 
machinery. Adjoining 
the mill is a dry-kiln with 
a capacity of 25,000 feet a 
day. The mill employs 
60 men and has a capac- 
ity of 80,000 feet of lum- 
ber per day. The officers 
of the compauy are as fol- 
lows : W. P. Sargeant, 
president ; W. L. Barth- 
olomew, vice-president ; 



Street Scene, Buckley. 



PHOTO. BY FOSEIDE. 




Logging, Buckley 



Ellensburgh, Washington. 



413 




S. L. Sargeant, treasurer and E. L.Jacobs, secretary. Mr. W. P. Sargeant for some 
years took a prominent part in public life in Minnesota. He is now contemplating 
establishing a branch yard at Minneapolis. The Buckley Lumber Company now 
have branch yards at North Yakima, Washington and Athena, Oregon. It is pre- 
pared to fill orders for all sizes and quantities of fir, spruce, cedar and cottonwood 
lumber, lath, pickets, shingles and mouldings. 

Roslyn, Washington. — Roslyn, the largest coal-mining town on the Pacific 
slope, is located in Kittitas county, on a branch of the Northern Pacific railroad, 
four miles north of CleElum, on the main line. Cle- 
Elum is 101 miles east of Tacoma, and 28 miles north- 
west of Ellensburgh. 

The celebrated coal mines of the Northern Pacific, 
among the great mines of Washington, are located at 
Roslyn. Of the 3,500 people residing in the town, over 
1,000 are employed in the company's mines here. The 
miners receive good wages, which has enabled nearlv ^-ton block of coal, shipped from roslyn, 

,,,-., ., . , ' r Wash., to world's fair. 

all of them to occupy their own nouses, many of 

which are attractive cottages, furnished in a comfortable manner. Roslyn contains 

a large number of retail stores, a bank, several churches and a large four-room 

school house. The daily attendance at the public school here averages about 325 

scholars. 

Located at Roslyn is a large wood-working plant owned and operated by Mr. 
Charles S. Adam. This gentleman arrived in Roslyn when the town contained 
only three tents and commenced work at his trade. In the following years Mr. 
Adam became connected with every enterprise tending to promote the interests of 
Roslyn, and from a small beginning he has managed to build up a large sash, door 
and moulding factory, the output of which is now in great demand at Roslyn, and 
in the immediate vicinity. 

Another large establishment at Roslyn, is the Roslyn Brewing Company. This 
company commenced the work of erecting a brewery in October, 1892, and in the 
following December, they placed upon the market their 
first brew of beer. The excellence of this beverage soon 
caused it to attain a wide-spread popularity in Kittitas 
county trade. Since that time the brewery has managed 
to build up an extensive and profitable business in Roslyn 
and the neighboring towns. At the present time there is 
more of this beer sold at Roslyn and CleElum than anv 
other brand. The buildings occupied by the brewing plant 
cost about $S,ooo, and they are owned by Mr. Ernest 
Durawachter and Henry Racar, the principal stockholders 

Public School, Roslyn. of the Company. 

Ellen sbnrgli, Washington. — Ellensburgh is situated a few miles distant 
from the foothills of the Cascade Mountains in the fertile valley of the Yakima 
river. It is the judicial seat of Kittitas county and has a present population of about 
1,200. It is on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, 126 miles east of 
Tacoma and 273 miles west of Spokane. It is a rich and thriving center of trade 
and is one of the important inland cities of the state. 



PHOTO. BY OSCAR JAMES. 



m¥w*a 




414 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Public School, Ellensburgh. 



The first settlement at the present site of 
Ellensburgh was not made through any knowledge 
of the richness of the surrounding country, but for 
the reason that this was the most available site for 
the location of a store and trading post on the then 
existing stage route through Eastern Washington. 
In 187 1 John A. Shoudy opened a store at this 
point aud the small settlement that subsequently 
sprung up around his store was at a later period 
christened Ellensburgh. The growth of the primi- 
tive town was slow, and in 1886 its total population 
was only 520. In the latter year it was incorporated 
as a town, however, and it then began to attract 
attention among the growing settlements of the state. 

The completion of the line of the Northern Pacific to this point infused a new 
life into the town, and with the coming of the iron horse the population began to 
rapidly increase and outside capital began to seek investment here. About the time, 
however, that the place was fairly on its feet and the prospects for business and rapid 
growth were most encouraging, Ellensburgh was almost entirely swept out of exis- 
tence by the great fire of July 4, 18S9. Outside capital was offered the people here for 
rebuilding the town, and plans were at once formulated for a resurrection of the city 
on a more extensive basis than it had occupied before. The streets were widened 
and evenly laid out, fire limits were established within which no wooden buildings 
were allowed and every provision was made for the important city that was to spring 
up at this point. Many blocks of fine brick and stone buildings were erected. There 
is today a notable absence of wooden buildiugs in Ellensburgh and theclaim is made 
that the city today contains more brick buildings in proportion to its population 
than any city in the West. 

The location of Ellensburgh is a favorable one. It occupies a position near the 
geographical center of the state. It occupies a site in a rich valley 25 miles in length, 
the soil of which possesses a wonderful fertility. Farming here on an extensive scale 
is only practicable by the aid of irrigation, but water for irrigation purposes can 
easily be obtained in any desired quantity. Small fruits and vegetables do particu- 
larly well on this land. Large quantities of hay, principally timothy, are annually 
shipped from Ellensburgh and 
this hay brings from $10 to $15 
a ton. Three crops of alfalfa 
are cut on the lands of this val- 
ley each season. 

The educational facilities 
of Ellensburgh are of the high- 
est order. The public school 
is taught in a fine brick build- 
ing which was erected at a cost 
of $50,000. In addition to the 
excellent public schools, Ellens- 
burgh is the seat of the Wash- 
ington State Normal School, 



C. PRICE, ARC 




State Normal School, Ellensburgh. 



Bllensburgh, Washington. 



415 




E. C. Price, Ellensburgh. 

I1TECT, WASHINGTON STATE NORMA 



which occupies an imposing brick and stoue structure of modern design. It contains 
15 large class rooms and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 400 people. The 
location of this state institution at EllensburgY*. 
is a source of great gratification to its citizens and 
doubly so because Mr. Eugene C. Price, a local 
architect, was awarded the contract for drawing 
the design of the building and superintending its 
erection. Mr. Price learned the building trade at 
The Dalles, Oregon, and subsequently in carrying 
out large contracts in that state and in Washing- 
ton, he acquired a thorough knowledge of archi- 
tectural designing, which knowledge was greatly 
improved by a long course of study. Mr. Price 
arrived in Ellensburgh in 1888, and in the follow- 
ing vear, just after the great fire, his services were 
in great demand in the city of his adoption. The 
attractive appearance of Ellensburgh is largely 
due to his plans and suggestions, which were , 
carefully followed out in the rebuilding of the city. 

The city of Ellensburgh owns its own electric light plant, which was constructed 
at a cost of $50,000. The sum of $50,000 was also expended on the fine water-works 
system of the city, which is owned by a private corporation. The five flouring mills 
established at this point have a daily capacity of 350 barrels of flour. Ellensburgh 
is the end of a division of the Northern Pacific railroad, and the company has 
erected here a roundhouse and large repair shops, which furnish steady employ- 
ment to a number of men. In addition to the flouring mills, a sash and door fac- 
tory, and a sawmill are kept constantly running at this point. 

Surrounding Ellensburgh, and directly tributary to the city, is a highly pro- 
ductive farming district, which is rapidly being filled with a desirable class of set- 
tlers. In addition to this farming wealth, however, Ellensburgh is the seat of con- 
siderable mining activity. Thirty miles distant from the city are the famous pla- 
cer and quartz mines of the Swauk, Pechastin and other mining districts. The 
Swauk placers are very rich in both gold dust and nuggets. In this district pock- 
ets are frequently found containing from $1,000 to $3,000 each in native gold. The 
Swauk placers are now the most productive placers in Washington, and when the 
primitive methods of mining now in use here are superseded by improved hydraulic 
machinery the output of the district will be greatly increased. The Pechastin dis- 
trict contains, in addition to valuable placers, a number of fine quartz ledges on 
which extensive development work has already been done. The entire output of 
these several mining centers is brought to Ellensburgh, thus making this point the 
clearing-house for a vast amount of wealth. The furnishing of outfits and supplies 
for the miners is au important part of the trade enjoyed by Ellensburgh. 

In the vicinity of Ellensburgh are also extensive deposits of iron ore, which 
are made all the more valuable by the existence in close proximity to them of almost 
inexhaustible beds of coal, the finest fluxing lime, and an unlimited supply of char- 
coal timber. The carbonate of lime found here analyzes 85 per cent chloride of 
lime, and it makes a fine hydraulic cement. Another mineral resource of the dis- 
trict lies in the enormous deposits of graphite found near Ellensburgh. These 



416 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



gate it. It was the effort to 
flows through this part of 
quired of the hand of man to 



deposits can be traced for miles. The value of these deposits has not, as yet, been 
determined, as they have not been worked up to the present writing. Near the 
rich coal drifts, within five miles of Ellensburgh, is a 12-foot vein of fire clay and 
"blue joint," which could be used for making Dresden china. Large deposits of 
clay also exist in this district from which excellent sewer-pipe, terra cotta and 
pottery can be made. The mineral wealth of the country tributary to Ellensburgh 
is susceptible of great development, and this, in time, will furnish one of the prin- 
cipal sources of revenue to this rapidly growing city. 

North. Yakima, Washington.— North Yakima, the chief commercial 
center of the great section of Washington lying between the Cascade Mountains 
on the west and the Columbia river on the east, is located in one of the fertile val- 
leys of the Yakima river. It is a station on the main line of the Northern Pacific, 
164 miles east of Tacoma, and 242 miles west of Spokane. 

North Yakima is one of the most attractive cities in the state of Washington. 
The site occupied by the city was, but a few years since, a sagebrush waste. Nature, 
however, provided here a fertile soil and furnished from the great reservoir of the 
Cascade Mountains to the west plenty of water to irri- 

control the water which 
the state alone that was re- 
make this section highly 
fertile. Vast sums of money 
have already been spent in 
perfecting the irrigating sys- 
tems centering at North 
Yakima, and many miles of 
great irrigating ditches today 
carry water to all parts of 
the Yakima jvalley, and the 
country immediately sur- 
rounding North Yakima is 
made up of fertile meadows, fine hopyards and well-kept orchards. 

The broad streets of North Yakima are lined on either side with beautiful shade 
trees, and along the sides of these streets flow streams of living water which are kept 
full during 9 or 10 months of the year. The profusion of trees, shrubbery, flower- 
beds and well-cared-for lawns, combine to make this a city of surpassing beauty and 
attractiveness. 

The climate of this part of the state is not without the extremes of heat and 
cold, and yet the days during the hottest part of the summer are not uncomfortable, 
and the rigor of winter in the Middle Western states is altogether avoided here. On 
the broad plateau of Washington, on which North Yakima is located, the air is dry 
and bracing, and this is one of the healthiest localities on the coast. The long, dry 
summers are made pleasant by the cool breezes which sweep down from the Cascade 
Mountains, and the autumns are unsurpassed even in California. The rainfall in this 
part of the state is light, but the swift-flowing streams of water which course through 
every street furnish sufficient moisture for irrigating purposes, and throughout the 
long, dry summers at North Yakima the lawns and gardens of the city present the 
bright, green verdure of spring. 




Lake Kitchelas - 



North Yakima. 




North Yakima, Washington. 417 

The valleys which converge at North Yakima photo, by e. e. james. 
are the Wenas, Natchez, Cowychee and Ahtan- - 
urn. The streams which flow through these 
valleys have their source in the Cascade Moun- %Qg& : Jg£g& 
tains, and they empty into the Yakima river. 
The four tributary streams of the Yakima river, 
near North Yakima, flow through valleys vary- 
ing in width, respectively, from i to 3 miles, 
and about 20 miles in length. The Yakima 
river, the main water-course of this part of the natchez rh 

state, carries a large volume of water during 

the entire year, and it furnishes a source of supply for irrigating purposes that is 
easily made available. 

All farming and gardening in the section surrounding North Yakima is done by 
means of irrigation. Hundreds of thousands of acres of land here are being re- 
claimed and made highly productive by means of irrigation. The great irrigating 
ditches with their laterals spread out in every direction in this part of the state. 
North Yakima is the headquarters of a number of large irrigating companies, which 
are now engaged in perfecting great irrigating systems here. Vast sums of money 
are regularly expended in this work. When all the irrigating ditches now outlined 
in this system are completed, the entire section of country extending from North 
Yakima on the west, to the Columbia river, 90 miles distant to the east, will be con- 
verted into rich farms, which can be made as highly productive as any farming land 
on the coast. 

About four miles south of North Yakima, the valley in which the city is located 
is encircled by a range of mountains, through which flows 
HI at Union Gap, the Yakima river. From this point the stream 

/'R enters a broad plain. On one side of the river this plain is oc- 

Y f ^ cupied by the Yakima, Klickitat and other tribes of Indians, 

,-* L - N'tet^s, and forms the Simcoe Indian Reservation. The reservation is 
-*^ ^i ; /^^\ naturally well watered by the Toppenish and Satas rivers. The 
"*::',..' ' ' r / p-j waters from these streams spread out over the low lands adja- 
cent, making rich grazing meadows for the cattle and horses 
of the Indians. The valuable lands comprised in the reserva- 
tion will some day be thrown open to settlement, and it will 
all then contribute directly to North Yakima's wealth and 

Columbia School, north yakima. . 

prosperity. 

The population inhabiting the country tributary to North Yakima are engaged 
principally in the pursuits of agriculture, horticulture and stock raising. Ten or 
fifteen acres of the land in the vicinity of the city, if carefully tilled, will easily sup- 
port a family, and a man owning 50 acres of land here is considered well off. In the 
district are about 3,000 acres which are devoted to the cultivation of hops which do 
exceedingly well here. It is worthy of note that this is the only district in the 
world where hops are grown by means of irrigation. With the most careful cultiva- 
tion and good care an acre of this land will yield annually about 2,000 pounds of 
hops, and as the average cost of picking, curing and baling this crop is about 8}4 
cents a pound, and as the average selling, price of hops for 15 years past has been iS 
cents a pound, it will be perceived that hop raising here is attended with the most 



418 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




profitable results. During the eight years that hops have been cultivated in the Yakima 
district, vines have never suffered from the pest known as the hop louse. Occasion- 
ally it appears on the vines in the early spring, but it invariably disappears with the 
advent of hot, dry weather of the early summer months, and hop-growers here have 
never been compelled to resort to spraying as a means of destroying hop lice. Dur- 
ing the present year [1894] it is estimated that this section will produce at least 20,000 
bales of hops. 

Another leading occupation of the farmers here is fruit growing on an extensive 
scale. All kinds of fruit indigenous to the temperate zone do 
well here. The orchards of this section annually yield large 
quantities of the finest quality of peaches, pears, grapes, apples 
and quinces, and the smaller varieties of fruits such as straw- 
berries, blackberries, raspberries, currants, etc., do equally as 
well as the larger fruits. All kinds of grain are grown as well 
here as in any part of the West, but the farmers of this sec- 
tion have found that other crops yield better returns, and for 
this reason they have turned their principal attention to 
central school, north yakima other pursuits than grain raising. 

The Yakima country is a splendid grazing section, and pastured on the fine 
bunchgrass lands of Yakima county are thousands of horses, cattle and sheep. The 
county is also rich in minerals. Placer mining has been carried on to some extent 
in the county for many years past, and in the vicinity of North Yakima are a number 
of quartz ledges that will probably prove valuable when developed. Wide coal 
measures of a high grade of lignite coal extend through the county and as far east as the 
Columbia river. Marble, limestone and clay and iron are among the leading miner- 
als found to exist in large quantities in the section tributary to North Yakima. The 
mines here are yet practically undeveloped, but better transportation facilities and an 
increased population will do much to encourage the opening of the rich mines that 
have laid so long with their latent stores of wealth. 

North Yakima itself is a typical prosperous Western city. It contains today a 
population of 3,000 which is enterprising and alert. Most of the people who have 
settled here came from the East and the Central West. The city presents a busy 
appearance, and its stores, warehouses and elevators all do a large business. There 
is not at the present writing a vacant store or office in 
the city, and the large number of farmers from the 
surrounding country who regularly come here to do 
their trading impart a particularly lively appearance 
to the streets. The city at the present time may be 
said to depend solely for its support on the rich agri- 
cultural belt surrounding it. The city is making con- 
stant and rapid advancement, however, and the people 
here look for the place to double its population during 
the next five years. 

North Yakima affords its youth the best of edu- 
cational advantages. In the two large brick public 
schools of the place 13 teachers are employed and the 
total enrollment of pupils daily is about 550. In ad- 
dition to the public schools, the place supports a private 




Lawrence, Nor 



The Yakima Valley, Washington. 



419 



academy and a Catholic parochial school. In Yakima county outside of the 
city, 3,000 pupils attend 33 schools. The county school property is today valued 
at over $100,000. The perfection of the excellent public school system of 
Yakima county is largely due to the efforts of Prof. J. G. Lawrence, who is now fill- 
ing a second term as county superintendent of schools. Prof. Lawrence, who is also 
a member of the state board of education, has been actively engaged in school work 
for 20 years past. Before commencing his work as an instructor, Prof. Lawrence 
attended the State Normal School at Carbondale, Illinois, and subsequently he was 
engaged for a number of years in educational work in Kansas and Illinois. He came 
to North Yakima in 1888. For two years Prof. Lawrence was principal of the public 
schools at North Yakima, a position he resigned when he was elected to the important 
office he now holds. 

There are two national banks at North Yakima with a combined capital of $150,- 
000. The city also boasts of a fine electric light plant, a complete water- works system 
and an efficient fire department, equipped with the best of apparatus for fighting fire. 
The business streets are lined with many fine business blocks, and scattered over the 
city are many costly and elegant private residences. 

The near completion of the canal of the Northern Pacific, Yakima and Kittitas 
Irrigation Company, 35 miles long, will open to settlement 65,000 acres of land in 
this part of the state. The other irrigating systems of great magnitude are those of 
the Prosser Falls and Priest Rapids Canal Company, known as the Leadbetter Ditch, 
which is 80 miles long and will reclaim over 100,000 acres, the canal of the Yakima 
Improvement and Irrigating Company, which was completed last year and irrigates 
about 12,000 acres, the Selah Valley Irrigation Company's ditch, covering 27,000 
acres, besides numerous smaller ditches, which will reclaim for cultivation nearly 
all the land lying in the valley of the Yakima river. The settlement of this vast dis- 
trict, which has so long remained unoccupied, will lead to a rapid increase in the 
population and wealth of North Yakima, and it is not unreasonable to hope that this 
will become in time one of the most important inland cities of the Pacific Northwest 
embraced in the limits of the great states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho. 

Tlie Yakima Valley. — This part of the state of Washington is now attracting 
wide-spread attention on account of the efforts being made to reclaim a large part 
of its arid land by means of irrigation. A few years ago a barren and uninviting 
sagebrush waste greeted the eye of the traveler journeying through this part of the 
state. Today a large portion of this land is highly cultivated and some of the finest 
farms and orchards in Washington are found in the Yakima valley. 

Winding its way through the 
Yakima valley .to the Columbia 
river is the Yakima river, a large 
stream which finds its source in 
the perennial snows of the Cascade 
Mountains. This river drains a 
watershed of[about 2,500 square 
miles and its entire basin is nearly 
200 miles in length. The western 
part of this basin in pre-historic 
ages consisted of four great lakes 
enclosed by mountain ranges, now 



PHOTO. BY CARPENTER, TACOMA. 












SUNNYSIDE CANA 



420 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



cut through by the Yakima river. In some great convulsion of nature the water of 
these lakes was drained off and the heavy luxuriant vegetation along the shores of 
these great bodies of water withered and passed away from lack of moisture. The 
beds of the old lakes remained for unknown centuries a dusty desert covered by 
sagebrush and scattered tufts of bunchgrass. 

About the year i860 a small itinerant body of nieu driving their flocks before 
them, reached the Yakima valley. They sought here a means of livelihood in a 
region that had always been deemed worthless for agricultural purposes. It did not 
take these pioneers long to discover, however, that the soil of this valley was remark- 
ably rich, and where it was possible to get water to it, it could be made to blossom as 
the rose. Sheep raising at that time, however, was an extremely profitable indus- 
try in these parts, and for a number of years this was the principal calling followed 
by the early settlers of the valley. Among the people who formed the second tide 
of immigration to the Yakima valley were practical farmers, who at once commenced 
the work of digging irrigation ditches through the valley. These men set out or- 
chards, planted hop yards and they commenced the work of farming on a small 
but a profitable scale. The success which attended the efforts of these farmers 
soon attracted the attention of capital to this part of the state. Something over 
$2,500,000 is now being expended in building canals and lateral ditches through 

this part of the state. This great irrigation 
system when completed will redeem over 300,000 
acres of land in the Yakima valley. All of this 
irrigated land is highly productive, and being 
fe cleared ready for the plow in its native state, 
it offers excellent opportunities for the atten- 
tion of the husbandman. 

In 1892, the Northern Pacific, Yakima and 
Kittitas Irrigation Company built what is known 
as the Sunnyside canal. This canal waters 
65,000 acres of land. In December, 1891, work 
was begun on the Leadbetter system of canals, 
the first work being done on the Yakima & 
Kennewick line, which has since been disposed of to the Yakima Improvement & 
Irrigation Company of Kennewick. 

In June, 1892, construction work was begun on the Columbia and Yakima 
canal. This canal is practically finished 
at the present writing. It is the longest 
canal in the Northwest, its length being 
about 60 miles. The canal takes its water 
supply from the Yakima river at Prosser 
falls, and running parallel with the river 
through costly flumes and rock work, at 
the end of 20 miles reaches Kiona. At 
the latter place it crosses the river at an 
altitude of 167 feet in a five-foot steel 
pipe, thence it flows southeasterly for 
another 20 miles, when it emerges out 
upon the broad, level plains of the Col- 
umbia, where it waters 27,000 acres of 




Flood Gate, Sunnyside Canal, Yakima Valley. 



photo, by E. 




head Flume 1, leadbetter Ditch, Yakima Cou 



The Yakima Valley, Washington. 



421 




tter Ditch, near kennewick. 



the most fertile soil imaginable. This section is des- photo, by e. 
tined to become one solid fruit and hop farm, as the 
climate here is more particularly adapted to these 
industries than is even the rest of Yakima county. 
The "Chinook " winds which follow up the Columbia 
river from the Japan current, temper the cold of the 
winters to almost Southern California mildness, and 
usher in the springtime from two to three weeks 
earlier than it arrives in the upper Yakima valley, 
only 50 miles away. Kennewick, on the Columbia, is 
almost 1,000 feet lower than North Yakima, being less 
than 300 feet above sea level. ( 

This mildness of climate and early spring insure 
the farmer against losses from late frosts and make the raising of peaches and prunes 
as certain as that of the hardier varieties of fruits. These conditions also give them 

the control of the early market in 
Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane and Port- 
land. In 1893, five months from the 
time of the clearing of the sagebrush 
from the land, a farmer in this locality 
picked 1,200 pounds of hops to the 
acre, equal to a gross return of $225 
per acre, or a net profit of $125 per 
acre. This for a first year's crop, dur- 
ing a year when, owing to unfavorable 
weather, almost all hops planted in 
other localities failed to produce any 
first year's crop, is a remarkable show- 
ing. This region is also especially 
adapted to the raising of the Tokay 
grape, which is the best for green shipment. Fruit rates to the great non-fruit-pro- 
ducing portions of the United States are from a quarter to a half as much as they are 
from California, besides a differ- 
ence in time of from two to 
five days in getting the fruit to 

market. These advantages __. 

greatly increase Yakima fruit- 
producers' profits and allow the 
fruit to ripen on the trees in- 
stead of in transit, thus improv- 
ing the quality greatly. Here 
two or three transcontinental 
lines of railroad, the Northern, 
Union and Great Northern, all 
traversing or connected with 
this locality by the broad, open 
highway of the Columbia river, 
which according to the reports 
of government engfitieers, car- 

» I "■"" LEAOBETTER DlTCH, SECTION OF DlTCH ABOVE FLUME NO. ? 




Leaobetter Ditch, Lower 
Flume no. 1. 




/7/c Oreeoaian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



rii-s more water al The I >al K-s, hundreds of miles above its mouth ami above one of 
its largest tributaries, the Willamette, than the Mississippi does at New Orleans. 
The Government is now removing the obstructions, and in a few years the river will 
be open t<> the Bea. 

'riic Columbia & Yakima Irrigation Company was in [893 merged intothe Prosser 
Palls & I'm. 1 Rapids Canal Company, which is now building tin- canal larger, and 
tin- line crossing tin- Yakima rivei in the great pipe is but a small branch of the sys- 
tem which will watei ail i>i the valley oi the Columbia from opposite Wallula i" Priest 
rapids, a distance of almost too miles. The policy <>i these companies is most 
Liberal to watei users and especially to those who have settled upon the government 
lands, and development and improvement an- the order of the day. 

" Irrigation is King," and the time 

is not far distant when the cities of the 

Northwest will feel the reviving in- 
fluences of the great principalities of 
^ m ^ m ^^^^^f t ''"" wonderfully productive lands which 

are being reclaimed by this means, 
other canal entei prises will ultimately 
bring into cultivation all the valley 
land lying between North Yakima 
and the Columbia 1 iver. 

The Yakima country is broken by 
low mountain ranges running in an 
easterly and westerly direction, Be- 
tween these ranges is a succession of 
small valleys which finally end in the 

broad Yakima prairie, 60 miles in 

length and from to 10 15 miles in width. 

The Yakima river, alter leaving the 

high peaks Of the Cascades, follows a 
tortUOUS COUrse for some distance and then entcisa wide expanse of Valley land 

known as the Kittitas hasin. in this valley is located Ellensburgh, a prosperous 
town of 1,500 inhabitants. The stream from here descends rapidly and finally, 50 
miles below Bllensburgh, emerges from a scries of canyons into the broad ami beau- 
tiful valley, in the ceutei of which is located the prosperous city of North Yakima. 
Immediately beyond this valley, through a gap in the enclosing mountains, is the 
Yakima Indian reservation. Beyond this reservation the rivei follows a winding 

course through the rich Yakima ptairie, which extends to the Columbia tivct. The 
principal town of this pait ol the valley is Kcniicwick. 

The Yakima river is fed by the Kittitas, Katches, CleElum, Tannum, Natch* . 
Tieton and Uitanum rivers. The Yakima river carries a sufficient volume of water 
to irrigate the entire lands of the valley through which it Hows, and ifnecessai 5 . water 
can be resorted to, tins supply can be largely increased i>\ saving the 
fiood waters. The natural reservoirs an- found in the basins of lakes Cle- 
Blutn, Catches, Kitchelas and Tannum. The combined surface area of these 
lakes is o\ er v ■ square miles. They could he made to store sufficient water to irrigate 

an :11c. 1 twice as large as that embraced in the Yakima valley. A large part Of the 







.•Mill M'., M 

■ 

PLUME, III PEST WIDE, S ri(T DEEP. 



/ he i ■'/ mi i i alley t n ■'/"","'"". 



Irrigation in I bi i val lej li carried on bj means of ditches built by thi farn 
eithei individual!) 01 In partnership Then ditcbei an from t to 15 milei In 
Length, and they irrigate from (o to 1 00 acres eacb Th< fall of thi Yakima 
and its tributariea ia aufficient to bring watei Into the ditchea without thi building 
oi dam 1 Baal oi the town oi Yal ima, In thi Moxee valli y, arc 1 wo arti 
reapectivelj 185 and 125 feet deep, whit b have a combined flow oi 1 (5 feel a econd 
'iif waters oi these wells an uaed, fo gatlon purpoai 

Tii. irrigation projecta now undei ■■■■■< y in the valley embraci lyatema oi canala 
and lateral ditchea < tending from a poini on th( Natchez river, to abovi North 
Yakima, to the Columbia river, a diatanci oi aboui toomilea. Two hundred mil* 
oi n 1.1 in 1 anal ba v< already been built between theai pointa. 

All oi iIh Yakima valli y from thi town oi North Yal ima down to th< mouth 
.,1 ih. M .1 la a uperioi fruil countrj Thi toil la oi great depth and ricbnei 
and when 1 1 1 1 well watt red, ita producing powera an wondi rful Poui 01 fivi cropa oi 
alfalfa an raiaed from thi ami ground bi n ■ on in the valli y an alfalfa 

field over two yeare old will yield from 6 to 10 ton a to thi acn Thi coal oi rail 
ing and cutting thia crop < 15 a ton Atthi preaenl writing, alfalfa aella 

In the valley foi (6.00 pei ton taking thi lowi it yield oi al tona to thi acre, thia 
would li ave a tiei profit to thi raiai 1 oi alfalfa hi n oi ,? 17 50 an ai r< 

The aoil of thi Yakima valley i perfect for hop culturi Thi yield of hopa pet 
,-K H hi 11 averagei r, 900 pounds Land that ia carefully cultivated will yield from 

too po la Thi coat oi raiaing a crop oi bopa in th< valley and gi 

thi crop to market ia from : ■ to to centa a pound Thi 1 eragi prici received 
for hopa ia about 18 centa a pound. Thia leavi 1 net profit to thi hop gi ow< i of thia 
pari oi the atate oi $1 11 pel ai re 1 bia n gion produced 1 • 000 ball 1 oi bopa In 1893 
; 1 ti« 1 it ia eatimated thai thi crop oi 1894 will 1 ceed 13,000 balea Thi bop lou 1 
which ia auch a peal in moat oi thi old hop diatricta oi thi United States 

: 1 1 1 < 1 ESurope, has never dom any damagi In thi Yakima valley, Thi ateady, bright 
dry heat of thi aummei montha hen effectual! di troya thi peal wbi n It dot 

appi :M'. 

• 1 the hop 1 ii' in .1 1 fruit growing ia thi moal Important and rcmunera 
tivi buaineaa in the Yakima valli Thia region produces moal all oi thi aemi trop 
leal arietiea oi fruits, including peachea, pears, cherries, prunes, all varieties oi 
; .i api a, o< 1 i-ii in. 1 and api ii oi 
All the fruil grown In thi 
r, oi a aupi rioi quality, and ia 
widely noted foi its fini 1 oloi and 
delii ious fiavoi , A not i< eable 1 bing 
aboui 1 he on bards of 1 hi Yal ima 
valley ia 1 heir 1 lean and regulai 
ih. a lmoal any oi 1 hi many 
largi on hard toi 1 hia ai • 1 ion tnighl 
1,. elected foi illustrai ion in a 
atalogui , so perfect are 
tii. 11 foi in , and ■'- hi avily laden 
with ii mi are thi tr< 1 a. 1 be - ii lea 

oi Tacoma leattle and Spokane an distant from the principal points of the Yakima 
valley only about eight hours' ride by rail, and thesi markets are accessibli 

freighl rates to them f"i thi oi Yakima valli fruit. 




424 



The Oregoniari 's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY CARPENTER, TACOIV 



As ail illustration of how profitable fruit growing can be made in the Yakima 
valley, the following facts are taken from sworn statements made by farmers residing 
near North Yakima. An orchard of 10 acres here netted its owner $3,000 in 1892. 
One-half acre of this produced in a season 4,000 pounds of Catawba and Delaware 
grapes, which sold for $250. In 1891 five acres of land produced $300 worth of melons, 
$200 worth of potatoes, $100 worth of grapes, $100 worth of onions, $100 worth of 
strawberries, alfalfa enough to keep a horse a year and sufficient garden produce to 
last two families for the same time. One Alexander peach tree here produced during 
the season of 1893 2,000 pounds of peaches which sold for $52. 

The expense of grubbing sagebrush land and preparing it for an irrigated 
orchard, including the digging of small lateral ditches to distribute the water supply, 
can be estimated at about $10 per acre. The cost of trees and planting in peaches, 
prunes and apples is about $7 for young trees and $8 for labor per acre. 

In the Yakima valley, land, under ditch, with a perpetual water right, costs from 
$40 to $60 an acre. A settler here can, therefore, estimate that 10 acres of orchard 
planted in young trees and supplied with water from irrigating ditches will cost 
about $700. Ten acres more planted in alfalfa and other crops will make a farm suf- 
ficiently large to support a family in comfort, and from a farm of this size which has 
been cultivated for three years or more an income can be derived of from $2,500 
to $3,000 a year. 

Prosser, Washington. — This recently established town is rapidly becoming 
one of the most important distributing and manufacturing points in the great Yak- 
ima valley. It is located on the 
main line of the Northern Pacific 
railroad, 41 miles west of Pasco 
and 50 miles east of North Yakima. 
The latter place has, within a few 
years, grown from a dozen houses 
to a prosperous city of 4,000 in- 
habitants. This growth is due 
solely to irrigation. The land at 
Prosser is identical with that at 
North Yakima. The country trib- 
utary to Prosser embraces hun- 
dreds of thousands of acres of land 
on which hops, most all the semi- 
tropical fruits, cotton, tobacco, and 
cereals of all kinds can be profitably raised. The fertility of this soil is shown by 
the statement that five crops of alfalfa are successfully raised here annually. 

Of the numerous irrigation projects for redeeming all of the arid land east of 
North Yakima, several are now Hearing completion. The remarkable fecundity of 
the soil of this valley, the crops it produces, and the means by which it is irrigated, 
are fully described in an article on the Yakima valley published in this work. 

Between North Yakima and the Columbia river, a distance of 90 miles, there 
will, in all probability, be but one important town, and this will be Prosser. This 
atter town is now the trading center of the exceptionally fertile part of the valley 
known as the Sunnyside country. This section is watered by the great canal of the 
North Pacific, Yakima & Kittitas Irrigation Company. The canal redeems 65,000 




IIGATING, NEAR PROSSER 



Pasco, Washington. 425 

acres of land that is absolutely worthless without irrigation, and converts it into 
hop yards, orchards and gardeus. Ten acres of this land, if carefully cultivated, will 
net from $1,500 to $3,000 a year. 

The agricultural resources of the country tributary to Prosser will doubtless 
make it a town of 4,000 or 5,000 inhabitants. It has only been within the last three 
years that the Yakima valley has attracted wide-spread attention. It may be said 
to be but yet in its infancy. It is rapidly settling up, and the acreage of cultivated 
land in it is more than trebling each year. In 1S92 the hop crop of the country adja- 
cent to North Yakima was 5,000 bales. The following year the same section pro- 
duced 15,000 bales, and 35,000 bales is considered a conservative estimate of the crop 
for this year. A discerning mind will see that Prosser, with as great and equally as 
rich an acreage of irrigated land as that tributary to North Yakima, will become one 
of the prosperous agricultural towns of Washington. At this point the Yakima 
river dashes down a rocky incline, forming a series of beautiful cascades, known as 
Prosser falls. The water power of these falls is estimated at 3,000 horse. This 
power can all be utilized for manufacturing purposes. A syndicate is now expend- 
ing $150,000 in developing and utilizing this splendid water power. It now turns 
the wheels of a flouring mill with a capacity of 80 barrels daily. Of the 3,000 horse 
power here, 1,000 is controlled by Fred. R. Reed. This gentleman is the manager 
of the syndicate owning the towusite of Prosser. He has published several pamph- 
lets descriptive of Prosser and the Yakima valley, which he will mail to any address 
on application. 

Pasco, Washington. — Situated on the eastern bank of the Columbia river 
at a point one mile from where that stream is crossed by the main line of the North- 
ern Pacific is the town of Pasco, the seat of Franklin county. It is the end of a pas- 
senger and freight division of the Northern Pacific, and it is here that a branch 
leaves the main line, crosses the Snake river at Aiusworth, a few miles to the south, 
and connects with the Union Pacific and the Hunt line of roads for Walla Walla, 
Waitsburg, Dayton and intermediate points to the east and Pendleton aDd all points 
on the Union Pacific to the west. Pasco is 146 miles from Spokane, and the distance 
from this point to Tacoma is 254 miles. 

Pasco contains about 400 people. It has a public school, two hotels, a brewery 
and 12 stores. The immediate site which the town occupies in its present shape is 
not an inviting one. The surrounding country consists of a broad, level stretch of 
arid land. This sagebrush waste, like other parts of Eastern Washington, needs but 
irrigation, however, to transform it into a garden spot. The soil here is a decom- 
posed volcanic ash which in itself is a great fertilizer, and under the action of water 
this is the most productive land in the state. 

It is the hope of the residents of this section that at no distant date the country 
immediately surrounding Pasco will be made up of fine farms, well-kept orchards 
and gardens. The land here can be easily watered by means of artesian wells or 
from irrigating ditches. Already through the primitive means of irrigation adopted 
here there has sprung up here and there over the country little oases of fine gar- 
dens, the green verdure of which contrasts strangely with the leaden color of the 
surrounding sagebrush land. All of this land can be redeemed by water, and at a 
comparatively small expense, as the supply of water here for irrigating purposes is 
easily obtained, and the supply is inexhaustible. 



426 



The Oregonian's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 




School house, 



Even the apparent wastes of sagebrush.land here possess a value. This land is 
covered in places with self-curing bunchgrass which retains its nutritious qualities 
throughout the winter. Cattle turned out on this land feed on the bunchgrass 
here throughout the year without attention. There are today 15,000 head of stock 
in Franklin county, and stockraising is the chief industry of the county at the 
present time. 

Ritzville, Washington. — Ritzville, the county seat of Adams, is a thriving 
ing town of about 500 population. It is located on the main line of the Nor- 
thern Pacific railroad, 64 miles west of Spokane, the leading city of Eastern 
Washington. 

Ritzville is the banking, trading and shipping point for a large area of agricul- 
tural and grazing country that is well settled. The land in 
the vicinity of the town yields large crops of wheat, barley, rye 
and oats. In some sections of Adams county horticulture is 
receiving considerable attention. In the county is still a large 
amount of unoccupied land which is open to settlement and 
which can be made highly productive. Farming in this part 
of the state is successfully carried on without the aid of irri- 
gation. Good water for domestic use is obtained by sinking 
artesian wells to an average depth of about 80 feet. Much of 
the land of the county would produce perhaps greatly increased 
yields if water were carried to it, and as the supply from the 
artesian wells of this section is iuexhaustible there is no reason why the arid portions 
of the county should not be well watered 
from this source in the near future. 

Ritzville's future growth depends on 
the settlement of the surrounding rich 
farming lands. The town at the present 
time contains a $25,000 brick court house, 
a handsome school building which cost 
$13,000, a flouring mill with a daily capac- 
ity of 50 barrels and a bank which occupies 
a substantial brick building in the busi- 
ness center. The place enjoys consider- 
able trade and the solid basis on which the town is built can be appreciated from the 
statement that this trade is annually increasing in volume. 

Sprague, Washington. — Situated in the southeastern corner of Lincoln 

county, on the border of 
the great wheat-produc- 
ing belt of the Big Bend 
of the Columbia river, is 
the prosperous and grow- 
ing city of Sprague. In 
addition to being the 
commercial center and 
seat of justice of Lincoln 
county, Sprague is also 
the headquarters of the 




Cattle Ro 




' " " 



General View of Spraguf. 



Sprague, Washington. 



427 




i 



NEAR SPRAGUE. 



PHOTO. BY MCIN 



Idaho Division of the main line of the 
Northern Pacific railroad. At this point 
the company have established extensive 
repair and machine shops, round houses 
and several miles of side-tracks. The 
payroll of the railroad company at 
Sprague now amounts to $30,000 a month. 

All this money is spent at Sprague, thus insuring the merchants a steady and never- 
failing revenue, and forming an important item in the trade of this important point. 

Surrounding Sprague, and tributary to the place, are over 85,000 acres of the now 
famous wheat fields of the Big Bend country. This land, together with the rich 
lands of the famous Palouse belt, yield more wheat to the acre than any other grain- 
producing belt of America. In this country a failure of crops has never been re- 
corded, and since the soil was first tilled in the Big Bend country, the average yield 
of wheat here has been from 25 to 40 bushels per acre. Nearly all the farmers who 
occupy the rich agricultural lands in the vicinity of Sprague, are in a prosperous con- 
dition, as is evidenced by their comfortable homes, the large granaries, windmills, 
great barns and other costly improvements noted on their 
farms. With the large monthly payroll of the railroad 
company, and with a large trade from one of the richest 
tributary districts in the Northwest, Sprague's prosperity 
has been as lasting as it has been substantial, and this has 
long been considered one of the most promising cities 
of Eastern Washington. 

Sprague is inhabited by an enterprising and cultivated 
people, who have the utmost confidence in the city's future. 
The town was founded by the Northern Pacific Railroad 
Company in 1882. In December of the following year, the 
territorial legislature passed an act creating the new county 
of Lincoln. Sprague was incorporated and made the county 
seat. Geo. S. Brooke, who organized the first city government, was elected the first 
mayor of Sprague and the present incumbent of this office, is a member of the his- 
toric Brooke family of Maryland, a family who 
have been residents of that state since 1650. Mr. 
Brooke, the subject of this sketch, was born in 
Dubuque, in 1855, an( i graduated with honors 
from Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa in 1872. 
In 1874 ne came to Portland where, during his eight 
years' residence in the leading city of the Northwest, 
he was connected with the well-known firm of 
Allen & Lewis, and for four years he was general 
passenger agent of the Oregon Railway & Naviga- 
tion Company. Mr. Brooke came to Sprague in 
18S2 and established the banking house of Fair- 
weather & Brooke, which continued in business 
until succeeded by the First National Bank of 
Sprague in July, 1886. Mr. Brooke became cashier 
of the latter bank on its organization, and in 1891 




Lincoln County Court House, Sprague 



HOTO. BV MClNNIS. 




Hon. Geo. S. Brooke, Mayor, Sprague. 



428 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



he was elected to the responsible position of president of the bank, an office he still 
holds. In 1889 the gentleman organized the Sprague Water Company, of which he 
was elected president. This company has given the people of Sprague an abundant 
supply of the purest and best water. Mr. Brooke has always taken an active and 
leading part in the organization of all enterprises tending in any way to the promo- 
tion of the best interests of Sprague. He is now serving his fourth term as mayor 
of the city, having been elected to the office for three times in succession. He has 
the full confidence of those who know him, and he is one of the most respected citi- 
zens of Eastern Washington. 

Sprague now claims a population of over 1,500. The city is attractively laid out 
with broad, graded streets, well kept sidewalks and fine shade trees. The municipal 
authorities have shown commendable enterprise in following the example of larger 
centers of population, and the city now owns and operates its own electric light 
plant, and an extensive water-works system which is of more than ample capacity to 
supply a much larger population than is now centered here. 

The educational facilities of Sprague are superior to those enjoyed by most 
cities of the same population. In addition to an excellent public school, Sprague 
possesses a large Catholic seminary and several private schools. Every township of 
Lincoln county is supplied with a small public school house. Including the schools 
maintained in the incorporated towns, 112 public schools are maintained in the county. 
The average daily attendance at these schools is 3,600, and they are liberally sup- 
ported. 

The present excellent condition of the public schools of Lincoln county 

is due to the efforts of Mr. H. N. Martin, the 
county superintendent of schools, who has 
successfully endeavored to employ only experi- 
enced teachers. It has been through the efforts 
of Mr. Martin that a number of new schools in the 
county have been established. Mr. Martin is a 
native of Ohio. He attended the Normal School 
of West Virginia, and subsequently read law and 
taught school in his native state. In 1890 he came 
west and located at Sprague, where he was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1891. When Mr. Martin was 
24 years of age, he was elected county superin- 
tendent of schools for Lincoln county, and he is 
now filling his second term in that important 
office. In addition to performing the duties of his 
official position, Mr. Martin also devotes consider- 
able time to attending to his large law practice. 

Sprague possesses a well-edited daily newspaper as well as an excellent weekly 
publication. Established at this point are a brewery, a flour mill with a daily 
capacity of 150 barrels, and an extensive wood-working establishment. The Lincoln 
county court house at this point, is a large, commodious brick'structure with hand- 
somely appointed offices. The style of architecture of the city, while not imposing, 
is of the solid, tasty order, and the leading business houses as a rule occupy fine 
brick buildings of modern design and finish. 




i, Sprague, School Superii 
Lincoln County. 



Sprague, Washington. 



429 



PHOTO. BY MC I 



The following sketches of public officials of Lincoln county will illustrate the 
rapid advancement of men of worth and ability to positions of honor aud trust in the 
newly settled sections of the West. 

Judge Wallace Mount. — The judicial tribunals of Washington are in many 
instances presided over and adorned by young men 
whose professional attainments and sterling integ- 
rity have received the early and well merited rec- 
ognition of their fellow citizens. Wallace Mount, 
judge of the superior court of Lincoln county, was 
but 30 years of age when he was promoted to the 
bench. Judge Mount, who is known throughout 
Washington as an able jurist and an accomplished 
student, was born in Clackamas county, Oregon, 
in 1859. After graduating from the University 
of Oregon in 1S83, he commenced the study of law 

in the offices of 
Williams, Ded- 
man & Thomp- 
son, at Port- 
land, and in 
1885 he was 

admitted to the bar. One year later he removed 
to Sprague. where he practiced his profession until 
1888, when he was elected county attorney. In 
1889 he was elected superior judge and was re- 
elected to the same office in 1892 without opposition. 
James B. Gray.— A splendid illustration of 
what a man may accomplish in a few years in Lin- 
coln county is shown by the successful career of 
James B. Gray, the clerk of the superior court. 
Mr. Gray left his birthplace in Dubuque county, 
Iowa, in 1S78, and after 10 years of business expe- 
rience in Cali- 





Judge Wallace Mount, Sprague. 



Hon. James B. Gray, Sprague. 

fornia and Illi- 
nois, he finally arrived at Tacoma in 1888, with 
but $100 in his possession. From Tacoma Mr. 
Gray went to Waterville, in Douglas county, where 
for one year he was engaged in the land business. 
He then removed to Davenport, in Lincoln coun- 
ty, where for four years he managed the mort- 
gage loan business of Mr. C. C. May, the well- 
known banker. From time to time Mr. Gray in- 
vested small sums of money in property situated 
near Davenport, and the rapid increase in the val- 
ue of this realty has netted him over $30,000 in 
the past four years. Mr. Gray was elected clerk 
of the superior court of Lincoln county in the fall 
election of 1892. 

T. P. Donahue.— Mr. T. P. Donahue, who for 



PHOTO. BY MC I 




Hon. T. P. Donahue, Sprague, Sheriff Lincoln County 



430 The Oregoniarf s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

many years was known to the traveling public as one of the rnost genial and cour- 
teous passenger conductors on the lines of the International and Great Northern 
railroad in Texas and the Northern Pacific in Washington, is now the sheriff of 
Lincoln county. Mr. Donahue was born in Northfield, Washington county, Ver- 
mont. He removed from the place of his birth at an early age to Indiana. Ou attain- 
ing his majority he moved to California and subsequently to Texas. In 1882 Mr. 
Donahue arrived in Spokane, where he was immediately appointed passenger con- 
ductor on the Northern Pacific. Four years later he resigned this position and 
settled at Davenport, where he was engaged in buying grain. Without solicitation 
on his part, Mr. Donahue received the nomination for sheriff, to which office he was 
elected by an overwhelming majority in 1893. 

Clieney, Washington. — Cheney, the gateway to the broad wheat fields of 
the famous Big Bend country of the Columbia river, is located on the main line of 
the Northern Pacific railroad, 16 miles west of Spokane. It is also the terminus of 
the Central Washington branch of the same road. This latter line runs west from 
Cheney for a distance of 108 miles, through the heart of the Big Bend country, ter- 
minating at Coulee City. 

Cheney contains today a population of about 1,000. It is attractively situated 
on a rolling plain, and is surrounded by a fringe of timber. Its broad and well 
improved streets are lined with a substantial class of buildings. Among the fine 
structures of the town are the handsome and costly brick structure occupied by the 
First National Bank of Cheney, the building of the Bank of Cheney, and the Cheney 
hotel. The two banks of Cheney rank among the solid financial institutions of the 
state. They have a paid-up capital of $50,000 each. The hotel at Cheney would 
be an ornament to a town of much larger population. The State Normal School, 
which now occupies a fine building at Cheney is permanently located at this point. 
Among the industrial plants of Cheney are several wood-working establishments 
and a flouring mill with a capacity of 80 barrels a day. A large brickyard in the 
vicinity of the town turns out several hundred thousand brick a year. The enter- 
prise of the citizens of Cheney is shown by the fine water-works system here. This 
plant cost $50,000. It is connected with a reservoir that has a holding capacity of 
400,000 gallons. Cheney is well lighted by electricity supplied by a complete plant 
equipped at a cost of $20,000. 

The merchants of Cheney do a large business with the adjacent farming country, 
which is justly called the garden spot of Washington. Ten miles w r est of Cheney 
is Medical Lake, one of the most remarkable bodies of water on the continent, and 
which is fully described in a subsequent article. But seven miles east of Cheney is 
the edge of the famous Palouse country, one of the great wheat-producing sections 
of the world. With its advantageous location, Cheney will always remain one of the 
prosperous inland towns of the state of Washington. 

The man who has built up Cheney is Hon. D. F. Percival, the head of the two 
banks here, the mayor of the town, and the owner of large tracts of valuable land 
in the immediate vicinity. Mr. Percival has repeatedly been honored with public 
office by his fellow-citizens, and he is today one of the most respected residents of 
Eastern Washington. 

Spokane, Washington. — Situated near the eastern border of the great 
basin of the Columbia river is the important city of Spokane, the inland metropolis 



Spokane, Washington. 



431 



of the Pacific Northwest, and one 'of the most enterprising centers of population 
on the coast. The commanding location of this city, and the remarkable diversity 
of the resources of its 60,000 square miles of tributary country, have made it a place 
of metropolitan importance, with distinctive features of its own possessed by no 
other city in the West. 

The early history of Spokane, unlike that of most Western cities, is devoid of 
sensational events. It is but the story of the struggles, hopes and disappointments of 
a score or more of intrepid pioneers. Among this number were a few discerning 




CRNTILEVER BRIDGE. ACROSS 



falls. ''^SES?* 



inen who came to the present site of the city firm in the belief that the completion 
of the Northern Pacific railroad across the continent would witness a rush of immi- 
gration to the fertile sections of Eastern Washington that would rapidly increase the 
population and importance of the then territory. These men also saw that with the 
great water power afforded by the falls of the Spokane river, and with its favorable 
location for holding the trade of a vast tributary basin, Spokane would become, in 
time, one of the leading centers of population of Eastern Washington. Spokane 
was already destined to be a city before the townsite was platted, and the growth of 
this place during the past decade is a tribute to the spirit of the West which stops at 
nothing when there is anything to be accomplished by effort, and to the people of 
Spokane, who have never lost hope in the future of their city. 



43:2 The Oregoniaifs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

The expectations of the early settlers on the present site of Spokane have been 
more than realized. The broad, rolling plains of the Big Bend and Palouse sections 
are now dotted with the homes of thousands of prosperous farmers, the rugged 
mountain ranges of the Coeur d'Alene, Kootenay, Colville and Okanogon mining 
districts now annually add millions of dollars of wealth to the coffers of the nation, 
the broad stretches of grazing land in the fertile country west of Spokane now sup- 
port thousands of head of cattle, horses and sheep, and all of this rich tributary 
belt to this city is now tapped by as complete a system of railroads as has been per- 
fected in any part of the coast. Spokane's population, in 1870, was 100 or more. 
Spokane, today, is a magnificent city of 35,000 people. This is the history of Spo- 
kane's rise from obscurity to wealth and importance, and it is a chronicle of events 
that has marked an epoch in Western city building. 

The famous military highway known as the Mullan road, connecting Fort Walla 
Walla on the west with Fort Benton, at the head of navigation on the Missouri, on the 
east, passed within a short distance of the present site of Spokane. This great thor- 
oughfare between the years i860 and 18S1 was the only highway for travel between 
Montana and Washington and Oregon. Of the thousands of pioneers who journeyed 
over the Mullan road, many tarried to admire the wild rapids and mighty falls of 
the Spokane river. A few of these adventurous spirits, impressed with the romantic 
beauty of the falls and possessing a vague idea that the surging and foaming waters 
might at some distant date in the future be utilized for manufacturing pur- 
poses, ended their journey here. The earliest of these settlers on the present site of 
Spokane were Benjamin Downing and Wm. Scranton. In 1873 J. N. Glover pur- 
chased the claims of the settlers who had preceded him here. Mr. Glover paid in all 
the sum of $4,000 for the site which Spokane now occupies. In the following year 
H. T. Crowley came to the settlement and established here an Indian mission school, 
many years before the Jesuit Fathers had founded a mission near the point where the 
Cceur d'Alene river empties into the lake of the same name. The "Old Mission " 
established by Father Joset in 1846 is still standing in a good state of preservation. 
In addition to the natural beauty of its surroundings and the sacredness which reli- 
gion bestows on the spot, there are other stirring events in the history of the " Old 
Mission " which make the site especially cherished in the minds of all old settlers 
in the Northwest. Beneath its moss-covered roof have rested Generals Sherman and 
Sheridan and Isaac Stevens, Washington's pioneer governor. The priests of the 
mission labored long and earnestly for the moral and material advancement of the 
Indians of Eastern Washington. In spite, however of the pacific advice of the 
" blackgowns," as the reverend fathers were called, the tribes of the Spokane, 
Pend d'Oreille, Palouse and Cceur d'Alene Indians banded 
together in a mighty confederation for the repulfe of the 
EBim&t gold-seekers and other settlers who were invading their 
domains. A detachment of United States soldiers under 
the command of Colonel Steptoe, was sent to quell the out- 
break. The Indians learned of this move and, with the cun- 
ning of their race, prepared an ambuscade into which the 

Loon lake, near Spokane. . . « , .- • * .- ^^. r- . , j 

unsuspecting troops rode to their death. I his ngnt occurred 
on the 16th day of May, 1858, and the scene of action was on the Snake river in 
what is now the best settled portion of Eastern Washington. 

After this first repulse the Government commenced an active campaign against 
the hostiles uuder the direction of Colonel George Wright. On the 1st of Septem- 




Spokane, Washington. 



433 




Riverside Avenue, Spok 



photo. 8Y I 



ber, Colonel Wright engaged the savages in 
battle at Medical Lake, and completely routed 
them without the loss of a single soldier. Six 
days later the troops again encountered the In- 
dians and, in a fight which lasted seven hours, 
drove them a distance of 14 miles. This de- 
cisive victory ended the war and a few weeks 
later the warriors came in from the hills to 
which they had taken flight and gave tokens 
of perpetual peace. The leading instigators of 
the war were summarily executed on the 
banks of a pretty little brook within the pres- 
ent city limits of Spokane. It was from this incident that the stream received the 
gruesome name of Hangman creek. 

It was at the " Old Mission " that Colonel Wright made his terms with the 
Indians after he had conquered the confederated tribes. Father Joset, in charge of 
the mission, had endeavored to prevent the Cceur d'Aleues from taking part in the 
threatened war. The reverend father succeeded in quieting the tribe, and he then 

started for Vancouver Barracks, Washington, to 
confer with the general in charge of the troops 
ITliJIoi "SS&SKs* there. During his absence the Cceur d'Alenes, 

free from his restraining influence donned their 
war paint and joined the hostiles. It was at 
a later period than this, however, that the un- 
selfish work of the Catholic priest bore fruit. 
In 1877 the Nez Perces Indians made war on 
the whites. In all the towns and settlements 
of the Palouse country and at the little hamlet 
of Spokane Falls consternation took the place 
of the peace and happiness among the inhabi- 
tants. During the height of the excitement it 
bus.ness center, Spokane. was run]ored that the Cceurd'Alene Indians had 

taken the warpath. It is hard for any one who has never lived in a small outpost of 
civilization surrounded by hostile savages to realize the consternation that a rumor 
of this kind carried with it. There arose before the pioneers of Eastern Washington 
at that time visions of torture by fire, slaughtered infants and outraged womanhood. 
Of all fiendish cruelty, that concocted in the brain of the blood-thirsty savage is the 
worst. The excitement subsided, however, when it was learned definitely that the 
Cceur d'Alene Indians would not take the warpath. After careful consultation they 
had decided to remain true to the teachings of the 
Jesuit Fathers. Under the guidance of these mis- 
sionaries they have since advanced rapidly towards 
civilization and they are today the most enlight- 
ened and prosperous tribe of Indians in Eastern 
Washington. They occupy a reservation on the 
beautiful shores of Lake Cceur d'Alene. They 
have finely cultivated farms, fine wagons, stock, 
and even carriages and good houses. Old Chief Sal- 
tice, the leader of the tribe during the troublesome 















Scene, Spokane. 



434 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




times of 1877, is now frequently seen walking the streets of Spokane in as digni- 
fied and quiet a manner as any law-abiding citizen, He dresses in good taste. He 
is a man of both ability and wealth and the confidence reposed in him by his own 
people is no greater than is the respect which is shown him by his pale-faced 
brother. 

The Indian outbreak of 1877, and the great conflagration of 1S89 were the 
exciting periods of Spokane's existence. Spokane's advancement has been as steady 
as it has been free from disturbances of the public peace, and it has always enjoyed 
the distinction of being one of the best governed cities of the West. 

In i878, General Sherman with an escort of cavalry made the journey from 
Walla Walla to Spokane. At the earnest solicitation of the few inhabitants of the 

village at that time, he established a military 

photo, bv maxwell. p Qst QjjQogyr d'Alene lake, near the point 

where the Spokane river leaves this great 
body of water. This post is now known 
as Fort Sherman. In the same year another 
important event was recorded in Spokane's 
history. In that year Messrs. A. M. Cannon 
and J. J. Browne, the leaders in Spokane's 
subsequent prosperity, purchased a one-half 
interest in the townsite here, owned at that 
time by J. N. Glover. It is to the energy 
and public spirit of these three pioneers , 
all now prominent bankers of that city, 
that Spokane owes much of its present 
greatness, and it is these men who perhaps 
today stand the highest in the confidence of the people of this flourishing city. 

Until 1880 Spokane's growth was slow. In that year the place did not contain 
to exceed 200 people. An impetus was given to the growth of the place however 
by the reorganization of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and the promised 
early completion of their line to Spokane. In 1881 the first cars over this road 
reached Spokane from Wallula Junction, but it was not until the summer of 1883 
that the road was completed to a transconti- 
nental connection. From the time of the com- 
pletion of the Northern Pacific, the growth of 
Spokane was phenomenal. In 1885 the town 
contained 3000 people. A careful census made 
in June, 1887, gave the city a population of 
7,000. Two years later, based on a showing 
made in the city directory, Spokane contained 
a population of 22,000. The city directory of 
1893 contained 13,267 names. Basing the popu- 
lation at that time on a ratio of two and one- 
half people in the community for each name 
in the directory, and this is recognized as a 
most conservative estimate, Spokane contained a population in 1893 of 33,167. 

A potent factor in the growth of Spokane was the discovery of enormous 
deposits of lead and silver ores in the Cceur d'Alene mountains in what is so well 



RSIOE AVENUE, SPOKANE. 




verside Avenue, Spokane. 



Spokane, Washington. 435 

known to the world as the Coeur d'Alene mining district. The development of the 
rich mines in this district was of the greatest importance to Spokane. The city at 
once became the principal source of supply for these mines and it was at Spokaue 
that the main travel from the Northern and Uuion Pacific diverged for the mining 
district. The people who made fortunes in the mines, built themselves palatial 
homes in Spokane. They invested largely in property 
there, and it was Spokane which profited most by the de- 
velopment of the mining district. From the advertisement jL; 
received through the opening of this mining belt thousands ,/^f^ 
of people journeyed across the continent to cast their for- <'"'•'•;■• 
tunes with those of Spokane. The surplus population of ..;. •. 
the city poured into the rich agricultural districts of the IMl: . '/ 
Bend and Palouse countries, all tributary to Spokane and fsS^i '-*-■ ' " "'■■ 
the settlement of these rich lands made this part of Eastern 
Washington one of the best tilled sections of the West. 

In the Palouse and Big Bend sections were thousands 
of acres of virgin soil ready for the plow. The soil on A business block, spokane. 
all this land is deep and it produces enormous crops 

of all kinds of cereals as well as being especially adapted to fruit culture. From 
these lands are now annually harvested 20,000,000 bushels of grain. Even with this 
showing the country as yet is but partially settled and there is enough unoccupied 
land here today to furnish homes for thousands of families, in a country where crops 
never fail and where the climate is without extremes of either intense cold or tor- 
rid heat. 

The mineral resources of the country tributary to Spokane are but partial^ 
developed. In the articles on the Cceur d'Alene, Colville, Kootenay and other min- 
ing districts appearing in other parts of " The Handbook " will be found interesting 
statistics of the mineral wealth of these sections. These districts comprise the best 
part of Western mineral belts, and they contain today the largest deposits of galena- 
silver-bearing ore in the world. Another source of wealth to Spokane is the vast 
forests of Eastern Washington, which are yet standing in their virgin state. It is 
estimated by competent lumbermen who have examined into the subject that the 
forests of Eastern Washington contain no less than 
50,000,000,000 feet of standing timber, a source of wealth 
that will some day support a great industry in this section. 
North of Spokane and extending nearly to the interna- 
tional boundary line is the fertile Colville valley. The 90,000 
acres of meadow land in this valley are capable of produc- 
ing annually 225,000 tons of hay. In addition to this the 
ri.S'j|v. adjacent bunchgrass lands yield bountiful crops of cereals, 
■^^^^J|]|5"^— " fruits and vegetables. In the hills lining the valley are de- 
veloped and dividend-paying mines. In these hills are also 
auditorium, Spokane. lar5?e deposits of the most durable of building stone. The 

mining districts of which Spokane is the trading center annually produce about 
$10,000,000 in wealth. In the Cceur d'Alene district alone when the mines are all 
being operated, the payroll aggregates $3,000,000 per annum. 

One of the most important districts tributary to Spokane is the Okanogan coun- 
try. This lies far to the north of the city and is rich in both gold and silver 






436 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY I 




A Spokane Residence. 



deposits. This district commences at Lake Chelan, the most beautiful of American 
lakes, and extends to the mighty glaciers of the Cascade Mountains. It contains a 
number of flourishing towns, and its deposits of mineral wealth are inexhaustible. 
Lying northeast of the Okanogan country, in British Columbia, is West Kuotenay 
with its romantic Alpine lake, along the shores of which are great ledges of high- 
grade galena ore. From its surface-showing, West Kootenay is the richest silver 
district in the world. The district also contains heavy deposits of gold-bearing quartz, 

a large part of which is free milling, and 
great beds of gold-bearing gravel from which 
thousands of ounces of the yellow metal 
have already been washed. It is something 
of an anomaly that nearly all the inhabi- 
tants of West Kootenay situated in the Brit- 
ish possessions are American citizeus. Most 
of these men started for the mines from Spo- 
kane, and most of the money they make in 
the diggings is spent in Spokane. The city 
is the supply center for most of this vast 
mineral district to the north, the trade with 
which amounts to thousands of dollars an- 
nually. 
It is worthy of note in this connection that no rival city shares with Spokane 
the trade of this vast district. Tacoma and Seattle, to the west of the Cascade range 
of mountains on the shores of Puget Sound, are the nearest cities of any size west of 
Spokane, while to the east the nearest populated centers of any commercial impor- 
tance are Helena and Butte, distant about 380 miles. 

On a quiet Sunday evening, August 4, 1889, occurred the great fire, which in less 
than two hours destroyed the entire business district of Spokane. This holocaust 
wiped out of existence 450 buildings and it entailed a direct loss of $5,000,000. The 
insurance on the property of the burned district amounted to $2,600,000. The spirit 
of Spokane's people was shown by their action before the embers of the great fire 
had cooled. The work of clearing away the debris was at once commenced by the 
property owners, and in less than one year after the destruction of the city a grander 
one had risen on the ashes of the burned district. The public and private improve- 
ments made during this time of recuperation were on the most handsome scale. 
Business blocks were erected that had no superiors in the largest cities of the conti- 
nent. The rich men built palatial homes and the structures put up for the accomo- 
dation of public business would be the pride of any city on the continent. There are 
homes in Spokane today that represent the expenditure of amounts ranging all the 
way from $25,000 to $150,000 each, and the business district is as compactly and as 
handsomely built as are any of the best streets of Chicago. 

Spokane is today one of the most attractive of Western cities. It is symmetri- 
cally laid out and contains many beautifully arranged parks and public squares. The 
streets in the residence portion of the city are 75 feet wide, while the business 
thoroughfares are 100 feet wide, with 16-foot sidewalks. Looking down Riverside 
avenue, in the city, the eye beholds an imposing array of five and seven-story build- 
ings constructed of granite and pressed brick. The Granite block, the Spokane 
National Bank's one-story $90,000 Grecian building, constructed of Tennessee mar- 



Spokane, Washington. 



437 




flilliS3I 




ble, the Rookery, Hyde, Jamison, Eagle, Traders, Voegler, First National Bank and 

other buildiugs on this street, are monuments of architectural art. At the end of 

Riverside Avenue is The Review building occupied 

by Spokane's ably edited and well-managed morning 

paper. This stately edifice is seven stories in height 

and is surmounted by an artistic tower or front which 

rises heavenward for five additional stories. The 

Review building is a distinguishing landmark in 

Spokane for miles distant, and it is one of the great 

newspaper buildings of the West. 

Sprague, Main, Front and First are business streets 
which run parallel to Riverside Avenue. These 
streets are lined with imposing buildings. Of the in- 
tersecting streets, Howard, Stevens and Monroe are 
compactly built up with business blocks that are not 
inferior to those which line the other main streets of 
the city. 

In the center of Spokane are the mighty falls 
and picturesque cascades of the Spokane river. This 
swift-flowing stream is the outlet of the Cceur d'Alene 
Lake. In its course to the Columbia it winds through 
long stretches of level prairie land, plunging down 
the rocky inclines of narrow canyons and great ra- 
vines. Along its course are many charming views 

of landscape scenery. Twenty-five miles above review building, spokane. 

Spokane the river has a fall of 42 feet. Around this fall the flourishing little town 
of Post Falls, Idaho, has sprung up. At Spokane the river falls, in a distance of 
about one-half mile, 130 feet. This is divided into two main falls. The fall at the 
upper cataract is 60 feet while the lower one has a fall of 70 feet. It is to the great 
power afforded by these falls that Spokane owes its birth. The development of 
this power has been a most potent factor in the growth of the city, and were this 
entire power utilized for manufacturing purposes which it must be some day, Spo- 
kane would easily be a city of 200,000 population. The amount of water power 
now available within the city limits of Spokane, at extreme low water, is 30,000 
horse. Of this vast power 20,000 horse is controlled by the Washington Water 

Power Company, and 10,000 horse by the Spokane 
Water Power Company. Of the great power here 
but 3,500 horse is now in use. The falls of the 
Spokane river, at Spokane, furnish one of the 
greatest water powers in America. 

The power of the falls here is easily controlled. 
The river is entirely free from ice in winter, im- 
provements are easily made at the falls, and the 
river-bed being of basaltic-rock formation is not 
subject to abrasion, as is the case in other 
great falls of the continent. The magnitude of the power afforded by the falls 
at Spokane can be appreciated when it is stated that the famous St. Anthony falls, 
at Minneapolis, furnish 10,000 horse-power less than is furnished by the river at 




Post Falls, Spok 



438 



The Oregonian' s Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 




N. Y. Brewer 



GORKOW, SPOKANE. 



Spokane. At the foot of the lower fall at Spokane, on the property of the Wash- 
ington Water Power Company, is the large $200,000 plant of the Edison Electric 
Illuminating Company. This is one of the greatest water-power stations for the gener- 
ation of electricity in the world. From a dam 500 feet distant, water is delivered 
through two steel penstocks, each seven feet in diameter, to the first floor of the 
station here, which is 70 feet below the level of the dam. On this floor is 
one of the best hydraulic equipments in the Union. Here are located 12 pairs of 

wheels, 6 being used in each pen- 
stock. The dynamos are arranged 
on the second floor, and are driven 
by a system of direct and almost 
perpendicular belting. Electricity 
is transmitted from this plant to 
all parts of Spokane. It is used 
here for a large variety of pur- 
poses. Perhaps no other city in 
the world uses electricity for so 
many purposes as does Spokane. 
Every printing press in the city, 
an extensive brewery, with a ca- 
pacity of 450 barrels per day, nu- 
merous passenger elevators, elec- 
tric stoves and fans, sawmills, wood saws, several manufacturing plants, and 
all the street cars here are run by electric power. The Edison plant also lights the 
city, 550 arc and 10,000 incandescent lamps being used. 

The cheapness at which this power is supplied and its easy adaptability to all 
purposes for which power is required, is a most important factor in the economical 
operation of machinery in Spokane. It minimizes the cost of manufacturing at this 
point, and as the city progresses, and as the adjacent country becomes more developed 
it should be the means of encouraging the establishment of many industrial plants 
at this point. 

The water power at Spokane now turns the wheels of three large flouring mills, 
with a combined daily capacity of 1,900 barrels. There are also four iron-working 
plants and several wood-working establishments which are run by this same power. 
Of the vast power lying idle here, there is now 10,000- 
horse power developed to a point where it is available for 
use at a moment's notice. The cheapness of this power 
can be appreciated when it is stated that a barrel of flour 
can be made in Spokane for a fraction of over 1 cent. A horse 
power sold here for $ 10 per annum, v/ill grind, in a year, 
900 barrels of flour. In manufacturing flour by steam, the 
cost of fuel alone is 7 cents a barrel. In every line of 
manufacturing a proportionate saving is made by the mills 

, „ , . , r ,. Second congregational Church, 

using water power at Spokane over the cost of operating spokane. 

the same mills elsewhere by steam. 

Aside from their commercial value, the falls at Spokane possess every scenic 
beaut}-. They have been admired by thousands of tourists with wonder and admi- 
ration. The Spokane river, in its course through the city of the same name, is divided 




Spokane, Washing-ton. 4.">!) 

by rocky islands into five separate channels. Where it is first divided it plunges 
wildly downward forming a series of rapids below. Here it tumbles over the rocks 
in a series of beautiful falls. After uniting, the water makes a final plunge of 70 feet. 
Spanning nearly the center of this last great fall is the Monroe-street steel cantilever 
bridge. From the surface of this bridge is obtained a most delightful view of the 
seething waters below. The water here first flows over the apron of a dam, and 
then dashes down a precipitous and rocky incline, finally falling into a deep basin 
where it is constantly churned to foam. This boiling caldron of white, with its 
rainbow-tinted spray and the green waters beyond it, forms one of the most enchant- 
ing of views. 

The extensive and admirably equipped rapid-transit system of Spokane is ope- 
rated by 500 horse power, furnished by the Edison station. The street-car facilities 
of Spokane are equal, if not superior, to those of any city of the same size in the 
world. A network of street-railway tracks reaches out in all directions from the busi- 
ness center. These lines connect with the most remote of the outlying suburbs. 
The system consists of 41 miles of electric lines, 3 miles of cable road, 2 miles of 
motor track, and 65 cars of the most modern equipment. 

The Spokane Cable Railway ascends Monroe street to a bluff 300 feet high lying 
in the southern part of the city. The slope at the top of the bluff is covered with 
elegant residences which cost all the way from $10,000 to $80,000 each. These fine 
homes, together with the fine business blocks in the heart of the city, prove con- 
clusively that the men who made their money in Spokane did 
not seek outside points for investments, but showed their faith I 

in their home city by putting their money back in the place tjgj] 

where they had made it. The Spokane & Montrose Railway A . . , V - ^ 
Company, with a capital stock of $50,000, operates an electric .'.'. fEJJJ ! 

line 3X miles in length, running from Riverside avenue to Mj^il i >W?A ».';: ;*;,;;'■. 
Cook's Addition and Montrose Park. Both of these addition 
are dotted with costly homes and are beautiful tracts of land 
occupying the highlands south of the business center of the Bryant school, spokane. 
city. The City Park Transit Company, capitalized for $250,000, 

operates seven miles of electric road. The cars of this company run to Ledgerwood 
Park, one of Spokane's most attractive suburbs. 

Spokane's most important suburb is the town of Hillyard, where are located the 
extensive shops of the Great Northern railroad. There are 300 men employed in the 
shops at Hillyard. It is reached by an electric street railway. The towusite is under 
the sole control of Messrs. Carrittee& Grinnell, a prominent Spokane real estate, loan 
and investment firm. This firm will cheerfully answer inquiries about Hillyard. It 
also makes a specialty of attending to business for non-residents and has a large 
clientage throughout the United States. 

Ross Park, a residence suburb occupying a romantic position near the river and 
three miles distant from Riverside avenue, is reached by the cars of the Ross Park 
Electric Railway Company. This company has a capital stock of $125,000, and it 
operates nine miles of electric road. The Arlington Heights Motor Railway Com- 
pany, with a capital of $50,000, operates an electric line two miles in length. The 
Spokane Street Railway Company's system is the largest in the city. This company 
has a trackage of 22 miles through the business streets and residence portions of the 
city. It is operated entirely by electricity. The capital stock of the company is 




440 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

^500,000. One of the lines operated by this company runs to the suburban town of 
Hillyard. It is at this point that the Great Northern Railroad Company has estab- 
lished extensive shops. The Washington Water Power Company, in addition to own- 
ing 20,000 of the available 30,000 horse power afforded by the falls of the river at this 
point, also controls the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, the Spokane Street 
Railway Company, the Spokane Cable Railway Company, the Spokane Electric 
Railway Company, the Ross Park Street Railway Company and the Arlington 
Heights Motor Company. 

In journeying to Spokane and other points in Eastern Washington the early set- 
tlers traveled over the Mullan road in canvas-covered wagons or on the backs of 
cayuse ponies. A remarkable change in reaching Spokane has been effected since 
the first vanguard of civilization invaded its precincts. The " prairie schooner" is 
now a reminiscence. The great Mullan road with its historic 
traditions is now broken into romantic country highways 
connecting towns and villages. The long line of ox teams 
that once daily left Spokane laden with merchandise are 
now things of the past. Important lines of railroad now 
radiate from Spokane in all directions, and but few parts of 
the accessible tributary territory are today without thebene- 
n. p. r. r. station, spokane, fit of direct rail connection with all parts of the United 

States. 

The important trunk lines now reaching Spokane are the Northern Pacific, Union 
Pacific and Great Northern. Recognizing the importance of Spokane as a natural 
distributing center, the Northern Pacific has built several important branch lines into 
the surrounding country from this city. These lines are the Spokane & Palouse, 
which runs southeast from Spokane to Juliaetta, Idaho, 123 miles distant ; the Cen- 
tral Washington, running from Spokane to Coulee City, in the Big Bend country, a 
distance of 125 miles; the Spokane & Idaho, which connects Spokane with the 
famous Cceur d'Alene mining belt; the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, which runs 
west from Spokane to Davenport, in the heart of the Big Bend country, 50 miles 
distant. The Spokane & Palouse branch extends through the celebrated Palouse 
country, one of the finest wheat-growing sections of the West. In Whitman county 
alone, through which this road runs, there are 701,261 acres of improved laud and 
taxable property, which is assessed at $19,500,000. Of the 123 miles of this branch 
115 miles extends through a succession of almost unbroken wheat fields. The 
remarkable fertility of the soil of this part of Washington is attested by the average 
yield of 30 bushels of wheat to the acre in 1893. From the Palouse country Spokane 
derives much of its jobbing trade. The Central Washington branch of the Northern 
Pacific runs through the heart of the great wheat-producing section of the Big Bend 
country. From Coulee City, the western terminus of this road, stages run to the 
rich mining districts of the Okanogan. Part of the route between Spokane and the 
Cceur d'Alene mines, by way of the Northern Pacific, is made by boat on Lake Cceur 
d'Alene, a beautiful mountain-walled body of water 60 miles in length. The Coeur 
d'Alene mines are also reached from Spokane by a branch of the Union Pacific which 
makes direct all-rail connection. The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, operated by the 
Northern Pacific, is the direct route from Spokane to Davenport, in the center of the 
Big Bend country. 

A line of railroad that has opened up a vast area of country tributary to Spokane 




Spokane, Washington. 441 

is the Spokane & Northern. This road runs north from Spokane through the fertile 
Colville valley to Fort Sheperd, an old Hudson's Bay Company's post, situated 
immediately north of the international boundary line. From Fort Sheperd the road 
continues to Nelson on Kootenay Lake, under the name of the Nelson & Fort Shep- 
erd railroad. At the American town of Northport the Spokane & Northern now 
makes daily connection with the line of boats running on 
the Columbia river and through the Arrow Lakes to Ravel- 
stoke, a station on the Canadian Pacific railway. This 
steamboat service and its connections practically gives Spo- 
kane a fourth transcontinental line. It is but a question of 
time when the Canadian Pacific will run its cars direct to 
Spokaue. This company is now building a branch line to 

" r ° „ . FRANKLIN SCHOOL, SPOKANE. 

the Slocan Mining District near Kootenay Lake. This 

branch will eventually reach Nelson, connecting there with the Nelson & Fort Sheperd 

railroad. 

The Union Pacific reached Spokane in 1890, and in the summer of 1893, the 
Great Northern railroad commenced running its trains into the city. Spokane is 
today one of the largest and most important railroad centers west of the Rocky 
« Mountains. Owing to its extensive system of railroads, 

j life with its favorable geographical location, making it the com- 

■■^^%3jd^j, mon distributing center for 60,000 square miles of territory, 

;; < -yij^lil, Spokane is now an important jobbing center, whose trade ag- 

fo'-'iffil*' gregates millions of dollars annually. With the advent of the 
Great Northern to Spokane, there came a readjustment of 
freight rates on the transcontinental lines reaching this point, 
Bancroft school, Spokane. w hi c h has been of the most signal benefit to the jobbing trade 
of the city. These concessions placed Spokane, so far as railroad rates were con- 
cerned, on an equality with the large terminal cities of the West. 

Like nearly all the large cities of the continent, Spokane did not escape the ef- 
fects of the disastrous business panic of 1893. Owing to a lack of confidence 
shown by depositors, several banks at this point were compelled to temporarily close 
their doors. The assets of these suspended banks were all however, far in excess of 
their liabilities. Most of them have now resumed, and it is a safe assertion that all 
the banks which had trouble here will either resume business or liquidate in full. 
The banks of Spokane with their capital, surplus and undivided profits are as fol- 
lows : Browne National, capital, $roo,ooo, undivided profits, $35,000 ; Old National, 
capital, $250,000; Traders National, capital, $200,000, surplus and undivided profits, 
$100,000; Exchange National, capital, $250,000, surplus and undivided profits, $45>" 
000; Washington National, capital, $250,000; A. M. Murphy Co., [private bankers], 
capital, $25, 000; First National, capital, $250, 000, surplus and undivided profits, $52, 000; 
Citizens National, capital, $150 000 ; Bank of Spokane Falls, capital, $150,000, sur- 
plus, $125,000 ; Commercial Savings, capital, $50,000; Spokane Savings, capital, 
$100,000, surplus, $32,000; Washington Savings, capital, $50,000. 

Of the prominent citizens of Spokane, none have been more actively identified 
with the welfare of the city than L. C. Dillman. No public enterprise which has 
benefitted Spokane has ever been undertaken without the material aid of this gentle- 
man. Mr. Dillman is the senior member of one of the most prominent real estate 




44^ 



The Oregonian' 1 s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




and investment broker firms of the city. He is a 
director in the Washington National bank, president 
of the Pacific Bullion Mining Company, director in 
the Spokane Hydraulic Mining Company, and gen- 
eral manager and treasurer of the St. Paul Land and 
Improvement Company, a corporation owning large 
tracts of land in the city and in Eastern Washington. 

Mr. Dillman is a native of Louisville, Kentucky, 
and is now 38 years of age. He has donated with- 
out any compensation, valuable tracts upon which to 
locate industrial plants. The aggregate value of these 
donations is not less than $75,000. He has an ex- 
tensive acquaintance with prominent capitalists 
throughout the United States, and is the accredited 
representative of interests aggregating in value, 
|3,ooo,ooo. 

The school census of 1893 showed that there are 
now 4,610 white children between the ages of five 
and twenty-one years in Spokane. Of this number, 3,280 pupils are now enrolled 
in the public schools of the city. 

The first building occupied for school purposes was a small frame structure 
erected in 1878. The demands of the city soon called for larger school quar- 
ters, and several frame and brick school houses were erected here a few years later. 
Then came the great fire of 1889. In rebuilding the city the old frame structures 
were supplanted by massive modern school buildings of handsome architectural 
design. The citizens of the city, from the time of the establishment of the first 
school here, have made every effort to improve the educational system of Spokane. 
There are now 10 large and handsome brick and stone public 
school buildings in the city. These buildings are artistic 
monuments to a progressive and intellectual community. An 
observing writer has said that the typical American is found 
in the West, and that in no other section of the Union are 
American institutions more cherished. It is doubtless true 
that in no other sections do parents more earnestly desire the 
education of their children. The percentage of illiteracy is 
less in the Pacific Northwest than in any other section of 
country of equal size in the world. 

The public school property of Spokane consists of realty valued at $188,000, and 
improvements that have cost $336,500. The cost of the different schools of the city, 
exclusive of the grounds they occupy, is as follows : High school, $150,000 ; Irving, 
$30,000; Bryant, $30,000; Bancroft, $29,000; Franklin, $30,000; Lincoln, $25,000; 
Edison, $30,000; Longfellow, $7,500; Emerson, $3,000; Lakeview, $2,000. 

The high school, with its artistic clock tower, occupies the center of a large 
square, the grounds of which are tastefully arranged in walks and flower beds. It is 
finished throughout in oak, and it contains, in addition to a number of large, well- 
lighted classrooms, a laboratory, library, gymnasium, and an assembly hall, with 
500 opera chairs. Sixty-four teachers are employed in the public schools here. Of 
the excellent private educational institutions in Spokane, the most prominent are the 




Lincoln School, Spok 



Spokane, Washington. 



443 



Jenkins University, the Spokane College, the Gonnaga College, 
conducted by Jesuit Fathers, a Catholic seminary, and a busi- 
ness college. 

In 1880 a missionary journeyed overland to Spokane and 
induced the citizens here to subscribe to a fund for the erec- 
tion of a church. Since the establishment of this pioneer 
house of worship, the churches of Spokane have rapidly mul- 
tiplied, until there are now 43 religious organizations in the city. 



■\ 



High School, Spokane 



PHOTO. BY MAXWEL 



Among the notable public buildings in Spokane is a city 
hall. This is a handsome building, constructed of pressed 
brick and granite at a cost of $100,000. It is finished entirely 

in oak. The court house, now nearing completion here, will cost, when completed, 
about $200,000. 

The Spokane bar is held in high estimation throughout the country. It num- 
bers among its members brilliant and eloquent orators, accomplished students and 
trained counsellors versed in the intricacies of the law. The fame of the most tal- 
ented of these gentlemen is not confined to Spokane and its judicial tribunals, but 
extends to and beyond the borders of the Spokane bar. Samuel C. Hyde is a dis- 
tinguished member of the Spokane 
bar. As farmer, soldier and lawyer, 
his career has been a long and honor- 
able one. His intellectual attain- 
ments, striking individuality and 
legal triumphs have won for him a 
position in the foremost ranks of 
Washington lawyers. 

Mr. Hyde was born April 22, 1842, 
in the old historic town of Fort Ticon- 
deroga, New York. At an early age 
he removed with his parents to a then 
remote wilderness near Oshkosh, Wis- 
consin. It was here he grew to man- 
hood, at work clearing the dense for- 
ests that surrounded his father's house. 
The war broke out, and Mr. Hyde 
went to the front, where he served as 
a private soldier in the 17th regiment 
of Wisconsin volunteer infantry. He 
subsequently graduated from the law 
school of the Iowa State University. He practiced his profession at Rock Rapids, 
Iowa, for seven years, then removed to Puget Sound, and in 1879 arrived at Spokane. 
In 1880 Mr. Hyde was elected prosecuting attorney for the northeast district of Wash- 
ington, and was re-elected for three consecutive terms. He is now in active prac- 
tice at the bar. 




Hon. S. C. Hyde Spokane. 



Of the successful lawyers and brilliant orators of Washington, no one is better 
known than Thomas C. Griffitts. 



444 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



HOTO. BY MAXWEL 




Born in Carthage, 111., December 5, 1857, he 
grew up in the sterling society of that part of 
Illinois which Lincoln and Douglass were, in the 
early part of his life, making their battle-ground. 
As a member of the constitutional convention of 
Washington, as vice-president of the National 
Association of Democratic Clubs for the state and 
as Washington's first democratic candidate for 
Congress, Mr. Griffitts became widely known. In 
order that he might more assiduously prosecute 
his profession, he retired from politics. Although 
not a criminal lawyer, he possesses the remarkable 
record of havingd^efended and secured the acquittal 
of 22 men accused of murder in the first degree. 
He is now engaged in attending to his large prac- 

HON T. C. GRIFFITTS, SPOKANE ^ CC ' 

The enterprise of the city and its progress are reflected in the advancement of its 
citizens, and for this reason biographical sketches are in a measure an indication of 
what integrity and ability can accomplish in certain communities. 

Among the young men of Spokane who have 
been honored by their fellow citizens is Arthur D. 
Jones, councilman from the fifth ward. Mr. Jones 
was born in Cass county, Michigan, in 1859. . At 
the age of 11 years he removed to Iowa and later 
he attended the Iowa State University. After com- 
pleting his education he taught school in Minnesota 
for two years when he removed to Chicago, where 
for five years he occupied a responsible position in 
the employ of The Chicago Daily News. Mr. 
Jones on account of ill health, removed to Spokane 
in 1887. In 1891 he was elected Alderman and in 
1892 was re-elected to the same position. He is 
now the senior member of the prominent real 
estate and insurance firm of A. D. Jones & Co. 

Since the great conflagration of 1889, Spokane has maintained a paid fire depart- 
ment which in point of discipline and efficiency now ranks with the best fire depart- 
ments in the Union. The Spokane Fire Department's property is valued at $90,000. 
The force consists of 45 officers and men. The apparatus is classified as follows : 
three engines, two hose carriages, two hose wagons, two chemical engines, one 
serial truck and a hook and ladder truck. The cost of maintaining the department 
is estimated at $70,000 a year. 

Another well-conducted and disciplined branch of the municipal government is 
the police department. It consists of a chief, four offices and 22 patrolmen. 

The finances of Spokane have been ably and economically administered as is 
evidenced by the low tax rate here of 10 mills. The total bonded indebtedness of 
the city is $1,200,000. In the building of a great city in less than six years large 




Arthur D. Jones, Esq., Spok 



Spokane, Washington. 



445 



HOTO BY MAXWELL- 




HON. J. F. LEGHOR 



civic expenses were necessarily incurred. Of the city's indebtedness $500,000 was 
for a water-works system and $750,000 was used in building bridges and other public 
improvements. The taxable wealth of Spokane well justified this expenditure. 
According to the assessment roll of 1893 the assessment valuation of property in 
Spokane was $28,776,083. To this should be added 
$1,110,390, the assessed valuation of property in 
additions to Spokane lying outside of the munic- 
ipal limits. These assessment figures were fur- 
nished by county assessor, J. F. Leghorn. The 
election of this gentleman to a position of honor 
and trust is an illustration of the possibilities for 
advancement in the West of young men of ability 
and worth. Mr. Leghorn was born in 186S in 
Clouis, County Monaghan, Ireland. He finished 
his education at the Royal College of Surgeons, 
Dublin and then came to America, arriving at 
Portland in 1884. He there secured a position with 
a large tobacco firm and remained in its employ un- 
til 1889. His business duties called him to Spo- 
kane where he subsequently opened a wholesale 
tobacco house under the firm name of Leghorn 

Bros. This business burned out in 1890, when he was appointed clerk of the Probate 
Court. In November, 1892, he was elected assessor on the Republican ticket by an 
overwhelming majority. 

The Spokane water-works system represents an outlay of $750,000. It consists of 
a pumping station with a developed water power of 2,500 horse, 30 miles of street 
mains, and 200 fire hydrants. The water supply is pumped from the Spokane river 
five miles northeast of the city. This water comes from the snowshed of the Coeur 
d'Alene Mountains and is of the purest and clearest quality. 

Spokane is a healthy city. Its death rate in 1893 was only 11.03 P er thousand. 
The dry, invigorating atmosphere and mountain breezes of Eastern Washington are 
especially helpful to the relaxed system. The long delightful summers are followed 
by the finest autumnal weather, often extending into December. Then follows a 
short winter, with occasional heavy falls of snow, but with few extremely cold 
days. In this connection it is well to call attention to the peculiar climatic condi- 
tions of the state of Washington. In this state a change of altitude, often within a 
distance of a few miles, secures a greater change of climate than is noted in a change 
of distance of 400 or 500 miles on the Atlantic side of the continent. Owing to the 
warm influence of the Japan current Western Washington has a long rainy season. 
The Cascade range of mountains acts as a barrier to the moist winds from the ocean. 
On the eastern side of this range instead of rain in mid-winter there is snow. The 
humidity of the atmosphere in Eastern Washington is much less than it is on the 
western side of the mountains. In Eastern Washington, too, many climatic differ- 
ences are noted in different localities. In the Columbia and Snake river valleys, for 
instance, which are from 200 to 1,500 feet below the level of the bordering country, 
every variety of semi-tropical fruit, except oranges and lemons, is grown to perfec- 
tion. A change from the semi-tropical conditions of these valleys to the temperate 
zone of the Big Bend country, is one of the noticeable features of this section. The 




440 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

difference in elevation between these two sections is not greater than 1,500 feet. It 
is the diversified resources of the tributary country that have already contributed so 
largely to the growth of Spokane, and it is the development of these resources which 
promise the most for the future city. 

All inquiries relating to Spokane realty and the resources of the adjacent coun- 
try will be answered by Walter Hughson & Co., a leading real estate and investment 
firm of the city. This firm consisting of Mr. Hughson and Frederick E. Elrnendorf, 
controls large interests here. Included in the property controlled by them are the 
Arlington Heights Additions. This attractively situated property is reached in a few 
minutes from the business center of the city by the cars of the Arlington Heights 
motor line. 

Medical J^ake, Washington. — Around the shores of the Great Medicine 
Lake as Medical Lake was called by the Indians, camped the sick and the afflicted 

members of the Colville and Cceur d'Alene 
tribes of Indians long before the white man 
invaded this part of Washington. To this little 
lake, nestling beneath a granite cliff at the edge 
of the Big Bend country, came the Indians from 
the tribal lands many suns distant. To them 
it was a sacred spot furnished by the Great 

State Insane Asylum, medical Lake. , . * . ,,,.,, , 

Spirit for the benefit of the sick and debilitated 
who found renewed vigor by bathing in its waters. 

The healing and curative properties of the waters of Medical Lake have given 
it a wide-spread reputation, and it is not, infrequently referred to as the "Modern 
Pool of Siloam." The density of this water is as great as is that of Great Salt Lake 
in Utah. The least rubbing of the surface of the body touched by the water imme- 
diately produces a lather equal to that produced by the best soap. Medical Lake salt 
evaporated from the waters of the lake now finds a sale in all parts of the United 
States. It imparts to water in which it is dissolved the properties of the waters of 
Medical Lake itself. During the summer months thousands of tourists and invalids 
visit the lake, and excursion trains are run tri-weekly during the season between 
Medical Lake and the neighboring city of Spokane. 

In 1872 Mr. A. LeFevre, a native of France, visited the lake and pre-empted a 
claim of 160 acres of land along its shores. For years he had been afflicted with par- 
alysis of the right arm caused by rheumatism. Noticing one day some sheep that 
had the scab plunging into the lake his curiosity was excited. An inspection a few 
days later of these same sheep led to the discovery that the scab had entirely disap- 
peared. Mr. LeFevre at once determined to apply a little of the water to his arm. 
To his great surprise the blood soon began to circulate naturally in the afflicted 
member. A few weeks later the last trace of the former paralysis disappeared and 
today Mr. LeFevre, who is a highly respected and wealthy citizen of Medical Lake, 
emphasises the story of his cure by gesticulating with the very arm of which for 
years he was denied the use. 

Rapid settlement followed Mr. LeFevre's location at Medical Lake. It at once 
became a great resort for invalids. On the east bank of the lake has since sprung up 
an attractive and prosperous town which bears the name of the lake on which it 
is located. The town of Medical Lake contains today about 1,000 people. It is in 
Spokane county, 20 miles west of Spokane by the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern 



The Big Bend Country, Washington. 447 

branch of the Northern Pacific, and 10 miles west of Cheney by the Central Wash- 
ington branch of the same road. Immediately west of Medical Lake and occupying 
a commanding and picturesque location on the summit of a high hill overlooking the 
placid waters of the lake is the Eastern Washington Hospital for the insane. A short 
distance from the immense structure occupied by the asylum are great granite quar- 
ries. Stone from these quarries is in great demand in Washington, and the quarrying 
of this stone is Medical Lake's most important industry. 

The Big: Bend Country. — The largest subdivision of agricultural land in 
the state of Washington lies near its geographical center, and is known as the Big 
Bend country. The northern, western and part of the southern boundary of this 
section is formed by the Columbia river, which describes an irregular half circle here 
from which the section it encircles derives its name, Big Bend. To the east the Big 
Bend country is bounded by the rich Palouse wheat belt, which stretches away to 
the east into the state of Idaho. 

The Big Bend country includes the counties of Douglas, Lincoln, Adams and 
Franklin, which together have an area of 9,300 square miles, or nearly 6,000,000 
acres. The northern portion of the Big Bend country, or about one-third of its 
total area requires no irrigation to produce good crops of grain and vegetables. The 
southern portion at the present time is principally utilized for stock raising, farming 
here without the aid of irrigation being an uncertain calling. This southern part of 
the country however, invariably produces a good growth of bunchgrass each season, 
which being self-curing, offers the best of food for cattle and horses during even the 
most protracted of winters. 

The surface of the Big Bend country is generally less hilly and rolling than are 
the agricultural lauds of any other parts of the state. There is but little surface 
water on this vast area, but water is easily obtained by digging or boring to a depth 
of about 50 feet. The soil here is similar to that all over this section, being decom- 
posed volcanic rock [a fertilizer in itself.] In the northern half of the country how- 
ever, the soil does not approach the ashy appearance noted in the soil of the south- 
ern part. This is owing to a greater rainfall in the north, and also to the mixing of 
a vegetable mould formed from years of decay of the rank grasses which have 
covered this section. 

It is stated by leading chemists that the soil here will prove the most lasting, and 
stand more continued cultivation than any other soil in the world. Before this time 
a lack of proper railroad facilities has greatly retarded the growth of this fertile part 
of Washington. This however are now obviated. There are today two transcontinental 
lines of road, the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific passing over this coun- 
try. The country is also crossed by two branches of the latter road, the Washing- 
ton Central and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern. These roads furnish ample 
transportation facilities for the needs of the country at the present time, but on its 
fuller development, it will tax these systems to their full capacity to haul its pro- 
ducts to market. 

Situated on the broad plateau of Eastern Washington, and at an elevation ot 
over 2,000 feet above sea level, the Big Bend country is free from the blighting 
effects of the hot winds, and although occupying a higher elevation than any other 
part of the farming section of the state, this section is singularly free from frosts 
during either the time of growing or maturing crops. Early or late frosts never de- 
stroy tender vegetable plants or fruit in this part of the state. 



448 The Oregoniarfs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

A disadvantage this section long labored under was the impression which for 
some unaccountable reason was widespread, that crops would only grow well here at 
irregular intervals on account of a supposed deficiency of moisture here to insure 
the proper maturing of vegetation. After a practical trial of nine years, this feeling 
of prejudice, for such it has proved to be, has been entirely dispelled. During all 
this time there has not been a single failure of crops recorded in the Big Bend coun- 
try, and it has been shown that this is one of the most productive sections of the 
state. The crop from the farms here each season would seem phenomenal to the 
farmers of the Middle and other Western states. The staple crops of the Big Bend 
country are wheat, oats, barley and corn, yielding respectively 25, 50, 70 and 30 
bushels per acre, and upwards. It has only been recently that the farmers of this 
section have turned their attention to fruit growing, but now may be seen thriving 
young orchards of apples, pears, cherries and plums. The smaller fruits including 
berries, all do well here. The principal centers of population of the country furnish 
a good market for fruit, and fruit growing has already been shown to be one of the 
most profitable industries of the husbandman. 

In Douglas county alone there are still open to settlement 800,000 acres of gov- 
erment land (land needing no irrigation), and Lincoln county offers 250,000 acres 
more of governent and railroad land. The best sections of the Big Bend are of 
course in the vicinity of the principal towns of this section. This favored section 
may be said to commence at Reardon, and extends west through Mondovi, Daven- 
port, Wilbur, Almira, Coulee City and Waterville. The latter is a thriving town, 50 

miles from a railroad. The town pos- 
sesses electric lights and other modern 
public improvements. The country sur- 
rounding Waterville produces over 1 ,000,- 
000 bushels of grain annually, a portion 
of which finds a market in the great min- 
ing regions to the north. The Big Bend 
Country is rapidly filling up, and each 
year witnesses an increase of over 100 per 
cent in the acreage sown to grain here. 
horse *N D MULE ranch, davenport. It ig a c()untr y of practically no extremes 

in heat or cold. During the spring, summer and autumn the weather here is de- 
lightful, the temperature, even during mid-summer, seldom registering above 85 , 
while the nights are alw r ays cool and pleasant. The winters are comparatively 
mild, with heavy falls of snow at times. Sunstrokes, electrical storms and cyclones 
are unknown here. The harvest seasons are free from showers, and in consequence 
the grain harvested here is of a beautiful light yellow color, which recommends 
it especially to buyers. 

An ordinary team of horses can easily break the virgin soil of the Big Bend 
country, and a good crop of oats or wheat can be raised on this land the first season. 
There is still plenty of government land in this part of the state, perhaps a little 
remote from settlements, but in the line of projected railroads. This land is as good 
as the best that is now under cultivation. The seeker for a home in the West will 
find here a chance to obtain some of the finest grain-producing land in the West, 
and it is this part of the state which offers exceptional opportunities for settlement 
at the present time. 




Pasco, Washington. 



449 




Threshing Gr 



Davenport, "Washington. — At the gateway of the 6,000,000 acres of rich 
agricultural land comprising what is known as the Big Bend country of the Columbia 
river, is the prosperous town of Davenport. It is a station on the Central Wash- 
ington railroad, a line operated by the North- 
ern Pacific, and is 45 miles west of Cheney. 

Before the advent of the white settler in 
this part of the West, the present site of Da- 
venport was the over-night camping ground 
on the Indian trail to Western Washington. 
The spring at this point, which today pours 
out its steady volume of the purest water, re- 
freshed many of the savage tribes in their long 
journeys across the buuchgrass lands of this part of the state, and this, with other 
advantages which the site enjoys, made this one of the most popular stopping places 
for the Indian hordes in the West. 

In 1879 Charles C. May, at the present time Davenport's foremost citizen, while 
engaged on a government survey in Eastern Washington, became impressed with 
the belief that the Big Bend country would some day be- 
come a great and well settled farming section. As an ex- 
periment of the fertility of the soil of this part of the state, 
he selected a claim and sowed 40 acres of this land to 
wheat. This was the first attempt to till the virgin soil of 
the Big Bend. When the crop of these few acres was har- 
vested a showing of 40 bushels of wheat to the acre was 
made. It has only been within the past six years that im- 
mense quantities of grain have begun to be shipped from 
the Big Bend country. Each succeeding year, since 1879, 
has witnessed an increase of 100 per cent in the acreage 
sown to grain in this section, and the crop of 1893 was at 
least four times as great as that harvested here in any pre- 
vious year. Fruit raising is also carried on very successful- 
ly in this part of the state, and especially in the vicinity of 
Davenport. Apples, pears, apricots and cherries seem to 
grow as well as these varieties of fruit do in any part of 
Washington. Peaches are grown on the sandy lands bor- 
dering on the Columbia river, but this fruit does not do 
well on the plateau back from this great stream. Currants, 
raspberries, gooseberries and strawberries give large yields 
here. Fifteen acres of strawberries, near Davenport, pro- 
duced 35,000 quarts in 1893. This entire crop found a ready market at Spokane. 
About 350,000 acres of the rich lands of the Big Bend country are directly trib- 
utary to Davenport, but beyond this district the trade of this important town ex- 
tends for many miles up the Columbia river. 

Davenport was founded in 1SS2, by John Nichols. Eight years later the town 
was incorporated. Davenport now claims a population of 800. It possesses the 
advantages of an excllent public school, with an enrollment of 160 scholars. There 
are also established at this point a flouring mill with a daily capacity of 150 barrels, 
two weekly newspapers, a well conducted hotel, a national bank, and a number of 
very important business houses. 




Hawk River falls near Davenpor 
(height of Falls, 60 Feet.) 




450 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

photo ev a. h albrecht. The Big Bend National Bank, of 

Davenport, was established in 1879. It 
has a capital stock of $50,000, and a sur- 
plus and undivided profits amounting to 
$60,000. During the financial panic of 
1893, when bank after bank suspended 
payment, the Big Bend Bank not only 
rendered assistance to other banks, but 
also continued to make loans at a time 
when most of the financial institutions 
of the country refused to discount the 
very best of negotiable securities. The 
Big Bend National Bank enjoys the busi- 
ness and confidence of the people who live even as far remote from Davenport 
as the Okanogon mining district. It is considered, in financial circles, as one of 
the strongest banks in Washington. The officers of the bank are as follows : Dr. 
N. Fred. Essig, president ; D. M. Drumheller, vice-president ; C. C. May, cashier, 
and A. F. Lambert, assistant cashier. 

About 12 miles from Davenport is the Egypt mining district, where some devel- 
opment work is now being done. The ore from this district assays from $40 to $100 
in silver and $8 in gold. Extensive marble quarries are being worked 22 miles from 
Davenport. Another resource of this tributary district, though perhaps of doubt- 
ful value at the present time, lies in the opal fields, some six miles distant from 
the town. Experts have pronounced the opals found here to be of an excellent 
quality, and if they can only retain their lustre and color, the mining of these 
gems will, in time prove of considerable value to the district in which the mines 
are located. 

Wilbur, Washington.— Wilbur is an important station on the Central 
Washington branch of the Northern Pacific, 74 miles west of Cheney and 90 miles 
west of Spokane by this line of road. It is lo- 
cated in Lincoln county, in the heart of the _*.__„,_ = _^ 

great wheat belt of the Big Bend of the Colum- w . „- • ^™^^. __.:. 
bia river. Wilbur is the trading point for a 5?JiC * 'S^Wf^^t&S&Z' """ 
large and prosperous farming community. &*£* ."■= ~ ' . gj-- Jra ^' t" J ~ 
The principal pursuits followed by the farmers 

here are the raising of grain, fruit and live View op W|lbur 

stock. The same conditions exist here for the 

successful pursuits of diversified farming as are found in the sections of rich coun- 
try tributary to Sprague, Cheney, Davenport and other important trade centers of 
the state and which are fully described in the articles on these respective localities. 

Wilbur contains a population of about 500. It has a flouring mill with a daily 
capacity of about 100 barrels of flour, a bank, public school house and a well-edited 
weekly newspaper. 

Coulee City, Washington. — Coulee City is the terminus of the Central 
Washington branch of the Northern Pacific railroad. It is located in Douglas 
county, 124 miles west of Spokane by the line of road, and 108 miles west of Cheney, 
where the Central Washington connects with the main line. It is from Coulee City 



Lake Chelan, Washington. 



451 




STREET-SCENE— 



that the supplies for Water- 
ville and other smaller places 
in the Big Bend country are 
freighted by team. Stages 
run daily from Coulee City 
to Waterville, a distance of 
45 miles, and connection is 
made at the latter point with 
stages for the Okanogan 
mining district as well as 
with stages for Wenatchee coulee city. 

and points on the Colum- 
bia river. The country immediately surrounding Coulee City is rocky and barren 
and is not adapted to agricultural purposes. The town owes what importance it pos- 
sesses to the fact that it is the outfitting and freighting point for a fertile and well 
cultivated part of the Big Bend country some miles distant. 

Lake Chelan. — Lying immediately beyond the broad, rolling plains of Doug- 
las county and the Columbia river, is Lake Chelan, the most beautiful of Western 
lakes. It nestles among the mighty mountains of the Cas- 
cades at an elevation of 900 feet above sea level. The lake 
is 72 miles in length and from two to four miles in width. 
ft?.. Its surface comprises an area of over 900 square miles and 
it is navigable for large steamers its entire length. For 
beautiful and varied scenery, the country surrounding Lake 
Chelan cannot be surpassed. 

The lake is fed by streams having their source among 
the mighty glaciers of the higher ranges of the Cascades. 
It is drained by a foaming river which flows south for three 
miles and empties into the Columbia. This stream bears the name of the lake 
which is its source of supply. Before emptying into the Columbia, the Chelan 
river cuts its way through a narrow and tortuous canyon. In its course through the 
defile it is a mass of foam and spray. At the mouth of the canyon it plunges down 
over ledges of rock in a series of cascades, forming what is known as the Chelan 
falls. It has been estimated by hydraulic engineers that with the use of the lake as 
a reservoir, the Chelan river would afford a power of 18,000 horse. The extent of the 
power which could be derived from this stream can be appreciated from 
the statement that in its short course of three miles the fall of the river 
is 300 feet, 

Lake Chelan is one of the deepest lakes in the world. During 1892 
the United States Geological Survey sounded it to a depth of nearly 1,200 
feet without reaching bottom. How much deeper the water is than this 
can only be conjectured. Lake Tahoe, in the Sierra Nevada Monntaius, 
now ranks as the deepest lake in the United States. Its greatest depth 
is 1,645 feet. Of European lakes there are but two deeper than Tahoe. 
These are Lake Maggiore and Lake Lago di Como, in Italy. Lake 

°° a ' J Cedar falls, lake 

Chelan certainly ranks as one of the deepest lakes in the world and chelan. 
future soundings may entitle it even to the first position in deep fresh-water bodies. 
For a distance of 12 miles from its lower end Lake Chelan is surrounded by low, 




v-'- 



Lake Chelan. 




4-52 



The Oregoniari 's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 




CRANE'S FALLS, LAKE CHELAN 



undulating and bunchgrass-covered hills. The lake then bends almost at right angles 
and from this point along its course the country becomes more mountainous and the 
scenery from its surface grander and more picturesque. The 
mountains rise here from the waters' edge for thousands of feet 
stretching back from the line of vegetation to where the great 
glaciers of snow and ice are found. The surface of these glaciers 
melts in summer, but the main body of glaciers high up in the 
mountains are never affected by the summer heat. A number of 
beautiful cascades and water falls can be seen from the lake, prin- 
cipally from its western shores. These falls leap from heights of 
hundreds of feet, falling in spray into the deep waters below. 
The upper 35 or 40 miles of the lake comprise what is probably 
the finest mountain-girt stretch of water in the United States. 

At the head of Lake Chelan is Castle Rock, the most prominent landmark on 
its shores. Towering to a height of 10,500 feet, its slender peak resembles a huge 
needle pushing its way upwards through the dark green of the heavily-wooded hills 
below. For miles down the lake this enormous shaft can be 
seen rising high above the neighboring peaks. One of the most 
awe-inspiring sights of the lake is the rocky wall which extends 
for a distance of 10 miles along the shore, its bold and craggy 
face unbroken save here and there by some silvery stream 
which dashes down hundreds of feet over its perpendicular 
face. Along the shore line of the lake and immediately back 
of it are deep and dark gorges, pyramidical crags, castellated 
and turreted cliffs, lofty precipices, gigantic domes and numer- 
ous sparkling trout streams. The scenes along this lake present 
a panorama of ever-changing beauty. A writer has said that 
there is no more beautiful or purer body of water in the world 
than Lake Chelan and the scenery along its banks and pre- 
cipitous walls excels the scenes of Switzerland, which many Americans annually 
cross the Atlantic to view and extol. 

The largest streams emptying into Lake Chelan are Railroad creek and Stehekin 
river. About 10 miles up Railroad creek there is a vertical fall of 1,600 feet, and 
above this fall is another 900 feet. Above this second fall is a 
beautiful little lake which nestles among high mountain peaks, 
below which are immense glaciers 100 miles or more in extent. 
The Stehekin river is a much larger stream than is Railroad creek, 
and numerous tributary streams empty into it. Rainbow creek 
enters the Stehekin about two miles above the lake. Near the 
mouth of Rainbow creek is a fall 300 feet high, which goes by 
the name the river bears. Forty miles above the foot of the lake 
Bridal Veil falls drops into it, making a last vertical plunge of 75 
feet to the placid waters of the lake below. Following this stream 
up for 1,000 feet the traveler comes to Crane Lake, a clear crystal 
sheet of water, three miles long and surrounded by rugged moun- 
tains green with dense forests of fir, pine and cedar. 

Lake Chelan is not in the beaten track of tourists. It is remote from railroads 
and is reached only by stage from Coulee City, the terminus of the Central Washing- 




Castle Rock, Lake Chelan. 




1 ow Falls Lake 
Chelan. 




The Colville Valley, Washington. 453 

ton branch of the Northern Pacific or by boat and stage from Wenatchee, a station 
on the line of the Great Northern railroad. 

Tlie Colville Valley, AVasliing-ton. — Forty miles north of Spokane and 
lying on the summit of the divide between the Spokane and Colville valleys is Loon 
Lake, a beautiful sheet of water four miles long. ... ,- "**»" 

The south and west walls of this lake are walled in ^ % ^v-ijr* 

by high mountains. Extending north from the lake 
to Kettle Falls on the Columbia river is a fertile val- 
ley varying in width from i to 10 miles. This valley, 
the greatest in Eastern Washington, is perfectly irri- 
gated by nature. Through its center flows the Col- 
ville river, a deep, narrow stream fringed with a 
growth of thick, matted brush. The vallev is enclosed 
on each side by granite-ribbed and densely timbered ScENE ' C0LV,LLE RlVEn AT KETTLE FALLS - 
hills from the springs of which hundreds of brooklets trickle down the hillside to 
the river below. 

The soil of the Colville valley is a rich, black loam. From 4 to 16 feet of this 
mould lies over a solid floor of bedrock through which the water cannot escape. 
There are not less than 90,000 acres of meadow land in the Colville valley and the 
valleys tributary to it. On account of the close proximity of this valley to market 
the raising of hay on the lands here is an important and profitable business. The 
demand for hay in the neighboring mining districts and cities is in excess of the sup- 
ply, and as a consequence good prices can always be obtained for it. The average 
yield of timothy hay per acre in this valley is 2 X / Z tons. The meadow lands of the 
valley are capable of producing annually 225,000 tons of hay. In addition to the hay 
cut from the meadows the adjacent bench lands produce bountiful crops of oats, bar- 
ley, wheat and vegetables. 

At the upper end of the Colville valley is the Colville Indian reservation. One- 
half of the 2,800,000 acres of this reservation are now open to settlement. It was in 
this part of the valley that the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading post in 
the early years of the present century. In 1839 Father Demers, a Jesuit missionary, 
visited the Colville Indians. Five years later St. Paul's Mission was founded on the 
banks of the Columbia river where the mighty waters leap over the rocks, forming 
what is now known as Kettle falls. 

In 1890 the Spokane Falls & Northern railroad was built north from Spokane 
through the valley to the international boundary line. Along this line are the flour- 
ishing towns of Springdale, Chewelah, Sherwood, Colville, Kettle Falls, Marcus and 
Meyers Falls. At the latter place the water power afforded by the falls here was first 
used by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1816 to run a flouring mill. On the site of this 
old mill a large mill has been erected with a daily capacity of 100 barrels of flour. 
The river here in a distance of three-eighths of a mile falls 135 feet. 

Beyond the valley and before the international boundary is reached are the new 
towns of Little Dalles, Northport, Pend d' Oreille and Boundary City. At Little 
Dalles the Columbia river, in flowing over huge masses of submerged rocks, forms a 
series of wild rapids, which are an effective barrier to navigation. This town is the 
trading center of a rich gold-mining district, the ore from which is shipped to North- 
port, where it is reduced in a pyrites smelter. The town of Pend d'Oreille is situated 
at the confluence of the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille rivers. The latter stream 



454 The Oregonian 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

rises in the mountains surrounding Butte, Montana, where it is known as Silver Bow 
creek. Before it reaches Lake Pend d'Oreille, it is successively known as the Deer 
Lodge, Hell Gate, Missoula and Clarks Fork of the Columbia. 

Journeying westward through the Colville country a succession of charming 
landscape views greet the eye. Leaving Spokane the railroad runs through a pine 
forest broken here and there by huge masses of basaltic rock, until Loon Lake is 
reached The line skirts one side of the lake and descends from this point into the 
Colville valley. The transition from the unproductive and rock-strewn land of the 
Spokane valley to the fertile and picturesque Colville valley is as sudden as it is refresh- 
ing. The meadows with their luxuriant growth of green grass, the alder, birch and 
cottonwood-fringed river, the herds of cattle grazing on the bench lands and the neat 

homes that dot the valley form a pastoral scene which 
%. suggests to the mind all the elements of plenty and con- 
tentment. After leaving Colville, one of the oldest set- 
**&^^J?&>& tlements in Washington, the line crosses a country which 
-^r^^ gradually becomes more rocky and more undulating. 
Finally the railroad winds around a high and granite- 
studded hill and then there breaks upon the vision of the 

Kettle Falls. Columbia River. ■ 1 j -l 1 i j c • i_ j 

astonished beholder a panorama of surpassing beauty and 
grandeur. It is here that the broad plateau of Eastern Washington ends. It ends 
not in mountains or river banks, but in a sheer perpendicular precipice, 1,500 feet be- 
low the summit of which is the valley of the Columbia river. Far down the valley 
from the top of the plateau the snake-like course of the Columbia can be seen as it 
wends its way to the distant ocean. 

The mineral resources of the Colville country are as great, if not greater than its 
agricultural wealth. The mountains that line the valley on either side contain enor- 
mous deposits of galena ore. In the vicinity of Colville are the Old Dominion and 
Bonanza mines, both long known as bonanza properties. Of the numerous other 
mines in the Colville district, the most valuable and best developed are the Silver 
Lake, Dandy, Excelsior, Tenderfoot, Eagle, Dead Medicine, Daisy, Silver Crown and 
Young America. 

With the exception of the famous ledges of San Juan Islands there are no exten- 
sive ledges of limestone of a superior quality in Washington outside of the Colville 
country. In the southern end of the Colville valley are several large lime kilns 
owned by Spokaue capitalists. Near Meyers Falls there is another large deposit 
of limestone which is burned for local use. In the same vicinity there is a vein of 
clay, 60 feet thick from which a superior quality of brick is made. Of building stone 
the Colville country contains an inexaustible quantity of the best and most durable 
varieties. Much of the granite and marble in the massive buildings of Spokane 
came from this locality. 

Beyond the northern end of the Colville country proper are several rich mining 
districts locally known under a variety of names. Of these districts the Boundary, 
Metaline and Northport are the richest aud most prominent. 

There is still much vacant land ready for occupancy in the Colville country. 
With its great diversity of resources, its splendid water powers, its equable climate 
and its excellent rail facilities, it is rapidly becoming one of the most prosperous 
sections of Washington. 



Walla Walla, Washington. 



455 



Colville, Washington. — Colville, the seat of justice of Stevens county, 
is an important station on the line of the Spokane Falls & Northern railroad, 88 
miles north of Spokane. It is picturesquely located in the north end of the Colville 
valley, a fine body of land of about 50 square miles in extent. 

The country tributary to Colville is rich in timber and minerals and much of 
this land is the most productive in the state. The Colville valley produces large 
crops of grain and timothy hay. It is well watered by mountain streams through 
its entire extent and unlike some other parts of Washington, this section requires no 
irrigation to insure abundant crops. This is an excellent dairy and stock section. 
Fruit does well here and some of the finest orchards in Northern Idaho are found in 
the vicinity of Colville. The products of the Colville valley find a good market at 
Spokane and in the great mining districts adjacent. 

The mountains on either side of the Colville valley are rich in gold, silver, cop- 
per, galena and iron. Immense quarries of marble and sandstone are also found 
here. All these mineral resources are being rapidly developed and the constant pros- 
pecting that is being done here is regularly opening up new mining districts. Within 
six miles of Colville is situated the Old Diminion mine, a very valuable property 
which since the time it was first opened has turned out over $250, 000 worth of silver 
ore. The Bonanza and a number of smaller silver mines in the vicinity of the town 
have also been large producers and the working of these properties has done much 
to add to the solid wealth of the place. 

In the Colville and neighboring valleys are still large areas of unsettled land 
suitable for the highest state of cultivation. This land is valuable for agricultuie 
fruit culture or grazing purposes. Colville occupies a commanding position in the 
midst of a section rich in the diversified resources of agriculture, fruit growing, stock 
raising, timber and mining. Its present population is about 900 and it is the most 
important town in Washington north of Spokane. It has a bank, a good public 
school, two weekly newspapers, a small smelter and several churches. The disaster 
which has overtaken the silver-producing territories of the United States has in a 
measure affected Colville's prosperity, but the backing of the town is good and the 
present temporary depression will only have the effect to spur the people here to 
renewed effort, and with the settlement of the tributary district Colville will continue 
to make the same steady advancement that has been made here during the few 
years past. 

Walla Walla, Washington. — Walla Walla is the second city in population 
and commercial importance in Eastern Washington, Spokane alone being ahead of it. 
It is the seat of justice of Walla Walla county, one 
of the oldest settled and today one of the most 
productive parts of the Northwest. The county 
is justly famous for its annual large production of 
wheat and fruit. Walla Walla itself is a modern 
citv of about 7,000 population. It occupies a most 
attractive site in the Walla Walla valley, a section 
that is perfectly watered and the soil of which is 
as productive as is any of the best land on the coast. 

Walla Walla is especially favored in the matter 
of transportation facilities. It is only a daylight 
run from Walla Walla to either Portland, Spokane, 



PHOTO. BY GREENWOOD. 




Street Scene, Walla walla. 



456 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



HkS 




'JfOi 
4 t r 'll^T?' 


^!^'||ffi 


K«-;.d^w?**| 



Court House and Hall of Records, 
Walla Walla. 



Seattle, or Tacoma, and the city is reached either over the lines of the Union Pacific, 
Northern Pacific, or the Oregon & Washington Territory Railroad Companies. Sur- 
rounded as the city is by a productive and highly prosperous section of country, 
the growth of Walla Walla has been the result of the demand of the country itself 
for a large commercial center at this point. Walla Walla was never boomed, and 
yet there is perhaps more wealth represented here in proportion to population than 
at any other inland city of the coast. 

The approach to Walla Walla by rail from either direction, is intended to give 
the traveler a favorable impression of the country he is passing through. There is 

an enviable spirit of rivalry shown between the different 
farmers of the fertile lands in this section of the state, 
and in the vicinity of Walla Walla are farms that are 
not only highly productive, but which are also made as 
highly attractive as constant care can make them. The 
farmers here avail themselves of the generous use of 
the latest improved machinery, special high grades of 
horses have been encouraged for farm use, the finest 
breeds of cattle and sheep have received especial atten- 
tion, and the buildings occupied by the rural classes 
are made neat and attractive from an architectural 
standpoint, and the}' are comfortably and in many cases, even elegantly furnished. 
Walla Walla is a city typical of Western push and energy. Its main business 
blocks are of brick and granite, two and three stories in height and of a modern 
style of architecture. The streets cf the city are all wide and well kept, they are 
well shaded, and the many fine lawns seen in front of the private residences speaks 
much for the good taste and thrift of the inhabitants. Rising above the tops of the 
great poplars which shade the main streets are the spires of 13 churches. The 
denominations represented are the Baptist, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Chris- 
tian, Episcopal, Methodist, Lutheran, United Brethren, Catholic and Seventh-Day 
Adventist. The educational advantages of the city are of the highest order. The 
public schools are conducted in two large brick buildings, one of which was recently 
erected at a cost of $40,000. The number of pupils in attendance at the public 
schools here during the past year was 1,000. The grades of stud}', under the pub- 
lic system of instruction, range from the primary up to and 
including the high school. In addition to the fine public 
schools, Walla Walla is the seat of Whitman College, which is 
conducted under the auspices of the Congregational church. 
This institution affords a full collegiate course of study, and is 
liberally patronized. St. Patrick's school for boys, and a 
Catholic convent for girls, are also located at this point, as 
well as a business college and an academy of fine arts. The 
Seventh-Day Adventists have a fine college building in course 
of erection at Walla Walla. This will be a union college of 
that denomination for the states of the Pacific Northwest. 

Prominent among the business houses of Walla Walla are the banks. The five 
banks established here enjoy a standing in financial circles that is not surpassed 
by any moneyed institutions of the coast. The business houses carry large stocks, 
and Walla Walla, like Portland, does business principally with home capital. While 
not a great manufacturing center, Walla Walla boasts of three roller-process flouring 




.,,,, 



~r=~ ^«w**v. r w 



Paine School, walla walla. 



Walla Walla, Washington. 



•io'i 




Opera House, walla walla 



BY GREENWOOD. 



mills, two planing mills, a foundry and an agricultural implement manufactory. 
These several industries together furnish employment to a considerable number of 
men, and they are all conservatively and ably managed. 

Walla Walla is especially proud of the excellent transportation facilities enjoyed. 
The rival lines of the Union and Northern Pacific furnish easy means for the Walla 
Walla merchant to ship his goods from the large Eastern 
markets, and the}- also afford equally advantageous facili- 
ties for shipping the great wheat and farm products of the 
tributary section to tidewater at Puget Sound or to Port- 
land. The Oregon & Washington Territory railroad, which 
taps the best part of Eastern Washington and Eastern 
Oregon as far south as Pendleton, and passing through 
Walla W 7 alla, has done much to advance the interests of 
the latter city. These three lines of road furnish, at the 
present time, ample transportation facilities for the section of country of which Walla 
Walla is the commercial center. 

Walla Walla furnishes its citizens with all the benefits of a free library, an opera 
house with a seating capacity of 600, a handsome court house, a city hall, and a well 
appointed and ably conducted hospital. The Odd Fellows' Temple here is one of 
the most imposing buildings of the city. The press is represented by The Union- 
Journal, an ably edited daily publication, which handles as- 
sociated press dispatches, and The Daily Statesman , one of 
the best known papers of the state. The city is lighted 
both by gas and electricity, it has a fine street railway line, 
efficient water works, and a well organized and thoroughly 
equipped fire department. 

Adjoining the municipal limits of the city on the west is 
Fort W T alla Walla, a government military reserve which oc- 
cupies a fine piece of land one mile square. This fort was 
first established here in 1856. It now contains five troops 
of the fourth cavaly. The grounds and buildings of the post 
are >ept in the best of order, and it is one of the most 
interesting features of Walla Walla's many attractions. About $500,000 are annually 
expended by the government in the support of this post, and most of this money is 
of course spent in Walla Walla. 

The state penitentiary, located at Walla Walla, is said to be one of the best con- 
ducted penal institutions in the United States. The grounds connected with the 
penitentiary are 155 acres in extent. They adjoin the limits 
of Walla Walla. The penitentiary building itself has a 
capacity for 500 convicts. The present number of convicts 
con ined here is about 450. To furnish employment for 
thesi inmates a mill containing 70 looms and other ma- 
chinery necessary for making jute bags has been provided 
by the state at a cost of $155,000. In addition to the jute 
plan . a large number of convicts are employed in the 
bricl yard connected with the institution, while those of the 
conv cts who do not find work in the jute mill and brick 
yard are employed in various capacities around and in the 







ARTMENT HEADQUARTERS, 
WALLA WALLA. 



HOTO. BY GREENWOOD. 




NTRANCE TO PENITENTIARY 
WALLA WALLA. 




458 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

penitentiary. The jute mill has a capacity of 4,000 bags a day, and the number of 
men employed in the mill is about 300. The bags are manufactured from the raw- 
material and find a ready sale among the 
farmers at the price of 6% cents each. The 
cost of maintaining the penitentiary to the 
.;. > MyS^r^^^jj^j^FySTtftstiB^t-g state for the fiscal year 1892 was in excess of 

|268,ooo. 

Walla Walla is reputed to be one of the 

Penitentiary Walla Walla 

wealthiest cities in the United States in 
proportion to population. The assessed value of property in the city subject to taxa- 
tion in 1892 was $3,106,290. The article on Walla Walla county, of which Walla 
Walla is the trading and banking center, will afford much valuable information on 
the basis of the city's prosperity. . 

Walla Walla County, Washington. — The boundary lines of Walla 
Walla county are the Snake river on the north, the state of Oregon on the south, 
Columbia county on the east and the Columbia river en the west. The county has 
an area of about 1,200 square miles and it is one of the oldest and most thickly set- 
tled sections of the state. 

With the exception of a narrow strip on the western* border, Walla Walla county 
is a solid body of rich, rolling agricultural land. The rainfall in this part of the 
state is sufficient to insure abundant crops and no irrigation is necessary here, exce] t 
perhaps on rare occasions and on the lightest soils, and then only on such crops as 
vegetables and other garden products. Wheat is the staple product of the county. 
The yield of wheat here is from 25 to 50 bushels per acre, and other cereals do equally 
as well. Walla Walla valley, in this county, about 30 miles square, is rapidly gain- 
ing fame as a favored fruit-producing belt. Large quantities of apples, pears, plums, 
peaches, cherries, prunes, grapes, strawberries, blackberries and other small fruits are 
annually shipped from the valley. These shipments are made principally in carload 
lots, and the leading market is found in the East. The following statement of the 
product of four acres of land in this valley and its value during 1892 will be of inter- 
est in this connection. This land is owned by a well-known resident of Walla Walla. 
The showing was as stated below : 16,000 pounds strawberries at 6 cents, $960 ; 500 
pounds raspberries at 7 cents, $35; 1,000 pounds blackberries at 8 cents, $80 ; 4,000 
pounds cherries at 7 cents, $280 ; 7,500 pounds prunes, one-half at 3 and one-half at 
5 cents, $300; 2,000 pounds apples at 2 cents, $40; 500 pounds pears at 3 cents, $15. 
The total value of the product of this little piece for a single year is thus shown to 
have been $1,710, which can be taken as an indication of the value of the land o.'this 
part of the state for fruit-growing purposes. 

One advantage fruit growers of Walla Walla valley have over the fruit producers 
of other parts of the Northwest is that they can get their fruit to the market about a 
month earlier than the growers in other parts of Oregon and Washington can. Fruits 
ripen in the Walla Walla valley about the time that California fruits of the same 
variety first put in their appearance in this market. 

The value of farming lands in the vicinity of Walla Walla and Waitsburg, the 
leading centers of population in the county, varies from $50 to $100 per acre. Large 
quantities of land adapted to the highest state of cultivation and near railroad lines, 
can be purchased in this county for from $5 to $20 an acre. An important industry 



Waitsburg, Washington. 459 

in the county at the present time is the raising of fine stock, including horses, cattle 
and sheep. During 1892 the agricultural products of the county made the following 
showing : wheat, 3,696,937 bushels ; barley, 687,609 bushels ; oats, 120,240 bushels ; 
corn, 49,000 bushels ; rye, 25,362 bushels; timothy, 4, 132 tons; alfalfa, 6,700 tons. 
The population of the county today is about 15,000 and the wealth of the county, as 
shown by the assessment rolls, is in the neighborhood of $12,000,000. 

Waitsburg, Washington. — Waitsburg, in Walla Walla county, is one of 
the most progressive towns in Eastern Washington. It is attractively situated in the 
heart of the Touchet valley, 18 miles northeast of Walla Walla, and 273 miles east 
of Portland. Two competing lines of railroad, the Union Pacific and the Oregon & 
Washington Territory line, the latter having the closest traffic arrangements with 
the Northern Pacific, have done much to advance the interests of Waitsburg. The 
place now contains a population of about 1,000 and the business done here is on a 
most satisfactory basis. 

Good public highways connect Waitsburg with a thickly settled and productive 
farming country. The Touchet valley, of which Waitsburg is the commercial and 
trading center, varies in width from one to five miles and is about 30 miles in length. 
The lands of this valley arc especially adapted to the production of wheat and other 
grains as well as fruits and vegetables. The Touchet river runs the entire length of 
the valley. This stream by a fall develops sufficient power at Waitsburg to run a 
number of large factories. At the present writing, however, this power is only 
utilized to run a flouring mill with a daily capacity of 180 barrels. Waitsburg stands 
ready to donate the free use of water power to any manufacturing enterprises of 
merit that will locate here. Located as the town is, in the midst of a country that 
produces an abundance of raw material for manufacturing purposes, the advantages 
offered here to manufacturers will probably not long be neglected. 

Waitsburg boasts of one of the most attractive public school buildings in Wash- 
ington. It is a two-story brick having eight large and well ventilated rooms and was 
erected at a cost of $16,000. The average number of 
pupils in attendance at this school during 1892 was 250. 
Six teachers are employed in the schools and an excel- 
lent system of instruction is adopted. The Waitsburg ,', i '*f?itp|j' ii'\, ''.f 
Academy, under the auspices of the United Presbyterian ^M^^V^^*^*^- 
church located at this point enjoys a large attendance '-*M> *''/> jE#^r 
from both Washington and Oregon. The course of study - W> "'"W'.i 'vii 
at the academy is designed to fit its graduates for entrance 1 1 f |%J :ytr j»»l J; j|\ ( . 
to the best American colleges. Waitsburg has just com- . ffrf^l iV k ksfrrjlWr 1 
pleted an excellent system of water works. It is a gravity -*7'.v A-*~~- 1. .ftr" 
plant, the water being obtained from the Coppei river, a 

" ' ° . School Building, Waitsburg. 

pure, mountain stream three miles distant. A well-trained 

and perfectlv equipped fire department is maintained here and the city is well 
lighted by electricity and contains every modern improvement found in any pro- 
gressive town of this size. 

Waitsburg supports six church organizations, four of which, the Presbyterian, 
United Presbyterian, Christian and Methodist, have buildings of their own. The 
town maintains a free library. A company of the Washington National Guard has 
been organized at this point and this company is well drilled for efficient service. 




460 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




All Hues of business are prosperous. There is one national bank here, two weekly 
papers, The Times and The Democratic Banner, one first-class hotel and two well- 
stocked livery stables. 

Waitsburg, like Walla Walla, depends for its prosperity on the richest of tribu- 
tary countries. Crops in this part of Washington are never known to fail and the 
satisfactory growth the place has made in the past is doubtless nothing more than 
will be realized in the future as the population of the tributary section increases. 

One of Waitsburg's most prosperous, enterpris- 
ing and public-spirited citizens is the present 
mayor, Mr. J. H. Morrow. Mr. Morrow is a native 
of Missouri, having been born in that state in 1S53. 
He received his education in the public schools 
and McGee College, Missouri, and in 1874 he em- 
igrated to California, where he taught school for 
three years, when he removed to Walla Walla. 
At the latter place Mr. Morrow held the position 
of principal of the Baker Public School until he 
decided to engage in the general merchandise bus- 
iness in Waitsburg. Mr. Morrow is now the suc- 
cessful manager of the J. H. Morrow Mercantile 
Company, one of the largest general merchandise 
hon. j. h. morrow, waitsburg. stores in Walla Walla county. 

Mr. Morrow has always taken a prominent part in every enterprise designed to 
promote the interests of his own town and surrounding community. As mayor of 
Waitsburg he has shown himself a conservative yet efficient officer. 

One of the largest general merchandise stores in Walla Walla county is that of 
the S. W. Smith Company, at Waitsburg. This successful firm carries a stock of 
goods valued at $40,000 and enjoys a trade that already extends over a section of 
country comprised within a radius of 20 miles of Waitsburg. Mr. L. B. Haberly 
until recently of Portland, Oregon, is at the head of the company, and through his 
efficient management the already large volume of business enjoyed by the firm is 
rapidly increasing. 

Dayton, Washington.— Dayton, the judicial seat of Columbia county, 
Washington, is situated between the forks of the Touchet and Padit rivers. It is a 
prosperous point of about 2,300 population, and is the trading 
and shipping center for one of the best productive sections of 
Eastern Washington. It is the terminus of the Dayton branch 
of the Union Pacific railroad system. This system of roads 
covers the best part of Eastern Washington and Northern 
Idaho, and has direct connection with the main line at Pen- 
dleton by means of the Washington division of this road. In 
addition, Dayton is also the terminus of the Washington & 
Columbia River railroad [the Hunt line], which has direct con- 
nection with both the Union and Northern Pacific systems at 
Hunt's Junction. These two roads may be classed as competing 
thus enjoys the best of transcontinental facilities. 

Columbia county produces on an average 2,000,000 bushels ot wheat per year. 




lines, and Dayton 



Dayton, Washington. 



461 




Public School, Dayton. 



More than one-half of this product is either ground into flour at Dayton or is 
shipped from this point. In addition to the heavy wheat shipments, Dayton also 
ships annually, large quantities of rye, barley and corn. Like the other favorably 
located points of Eastern Washington, Dayton's trade is steady and of a stable 
nature, and the merchants generally are in a prosperous condition. 

The Touchet river at Dayton develops a considerable horse power. The water 
here rushes down a declivity with great force, the fall being 70 feet to the mile. Two 
large flouring mills, one with a capacity of 250 barrels and the other of 50 barrels 
capacity a day, a brewery, a foundry and a planing mill are run by the power gener- 
ated by the Touchet river at Dayton. This power is capable of very full develop- 
ment, and by the expenditure of a little money, this could be made one of the most 
available water powers in the state. 

Dayton is an attractive town. Its main business street, which is broad, is well 
built up with imposing brick buildings, some of which are two and three stories in 
height. The residence streets are well shaded, and are 
graced with some very attractive private homes. An 
imposing structure in the town is the brick and stone 
court house. This building occupies a site on an en- 
tire block on the main street. The building and 
grounds represent to the taxpayers of Columbia county, 
an outlay of $50,000. The grounds surrounding the court 
house are well kept, and this is one of the most attractive 
features of the city. In Dayton are three public school 

buildings, one large central structure, and two smaller edifices. The average daily at- 
tendance at these schools in 1892 was 450. Nine teachers preside over the various de- 
partments in the main building, and the grades of instruction adopted are equal to 
those of the best public schools of the state. The town supports a free library 
that would be a credit to a city of twice its size. A thousand or more volumes of 
standard literature, tbe leading periodicals, together with a 
number of leading daily papers are kept on file here. The 
library is in charge of a salaried librarian, and its affairs are 
carefully managed. Of the religious organizations in Dayton, 
the Presbyterian, two Methodist, Congregational, Christian, 
Baptist, United Brethren and Catholic orders own church 
buildings. The press of the town is represented by The Col- 
umbia Chronicle, The Courier and The Inlander, three well 
supported weekly publications. The people of Dayton have 
baptist church, dayton. the advantage of a neat little brick opera house with a seating 

capacity of 400. The city has an excellent gravity system of 
water works, a well trained and perfectly equipped fire department, and an arc and 
incandescent electric light plant. 

The business interests of Dayton are looked after by an enterprising lot of men. 
In the city are a number of stores which carry stocks of goods ranging in value from 
$25,000 to $60,000. Two national banks are located here and the financial institu- 
tions do a large business with the city and surrounding country. Dayton also con- 
tains one strictly first-class hotel, several smaller hostelries, and a number of good 
livery stables. 

The assessed valuation of all property in Dayton in 1892 was $1,000,000. This 
has long been regarded as one of the most solid and most prosperous points of East- 




■462 



The Oregunian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY HESTER 



em Washington, and by virtue of location alone it will always remain the principal 
distributing center for a large and highly productive farming section. 

Dr. M. Pietrzycki, the mayor of Dayton, is one of the most eminent physicians 
and surgeons in Eastern Washington. Born in Galicia, Austria, in 1843, the doctor 

obtained his education as an apothecary 
and chemist in his native country, and 
came to the United States in 1866. Two 
years later he received an appointment 
to the German Hospital in San Francisco, 
California, soon after which he attended 
the Pacific [now Cooper] Medical College, 
from which institution he was graduated 
in 1872. The following spring Dr. Piet- 
rzycki went to Stockton, California, to 
engage in the practice of his profession. 
In 1873 he removed to Rio Vista in 
Solano county, where he became promi- 
nently identified with many enterprises 
that had for their object the upbuilding 
of the town and community in which he 
lived. In 1879 Dr. Pietrzycki removed to 
Portland, Oregon, and the following year 
to Dayton, Washington, where he has 
since resided. The doctor's pronounced 
success as a physician and surgeon, and 
his public spirit shown at all times as a 




Hon. M. Pietrzycki, M. D., Dayton. 



citizen, have been manifested in appreciation on 
the part of the people by his election to anumber 
of positions of honor. During the raging small- 
pox epidemic of i88r, which he succeeded in 
quickly controlling, Dr. Pietryzcki was the health 
officer for Dayton and Columbia county. Later 
he was elected president of the Eastern Wash- 
ington Medical Society, and vice-president of the 
Washington State Medical Society. Dr. Pietrzycki 
now holds the honorable position of mayor of Day- 
ton, Washington. He has ever taken a prominent 
part in the promotion of Dayton's welfare, and is 
the possessor of a few thousand acres of land in 
Columbia county employed for agricultural and 
stock-raising purposes. 

Perhaps the most elegantly furnished offices 
in Dayton are those of George B. Baker, who is 
engaged in the real estate, loan, insurance and 
abstract business. This enterprising gentleman has 
been located in Dayton for more than 10 years, and 




Offices, Geo. B. Baker, Dayton. 




Pomeroy, Washington. 463 

he is conversant with the values of laud throughout Columbia county. According to 
his statement, lauds especially adapted to the raising of wheat, fruit or stock can be 
purchased for from $20 to #50 per acre, the distance of this land from Dayton being 
from two to six miles. Mr. Baker is considered eminently reliable, and any commu- 
nications addressed to him concerning the advantages of Columbia couuty will 
receive prompt and careful attention. The illustration published in connection with 
the present article is a correct representation of the elegant offices of Mr. Baker. 

Pomeroy, Washington. — Pomeroy, the county seat of Garfield, is situated 
iu the narrow valley of the Pataha, at the end of the Pomeroy branch of the Union 
Pacific, 322 miles east of Portland. It has a population of about 1,000, and occupy- 
ing a position near the geographical center of the county, is the trading center and 
shipping point for one of the greatest wheat-producing centers of Eastern Wash- 
ington. 

Garfield county has an area of about 1,000 square miles, and a population approxi- 
mating 5,000. Its average annual wheat crop shows the remarkable yield of 2,000,000 
bushels. At least three-fourths of the land of the county 
is adapted to agricultural purposes. The surface is gen- 
erally hilly, being slightly rolling from Pomeroy on the 
south, north to the banks of the Snake river. The great 
water course of the Snake is for 60 miles of its distance 
the boundary line of Garfield county, which is situated 
in the extreme southeastern portion of Washington. 
When the river is opened for unobstructed navigation 
to the sea by the improvements around the obstructions 
at the cascades and the dalles, Pomeroy and Garfield 

county will have a magnificent water outlet to Portland and the Pacific ocean, as it 
will then be possible for boats to ascend from the sea as far inland as Lewiston, Idaho. 

That part of Garfield county, which is generally described as mountainous and too 
rugged for cultivation is admirably adapted for grazing and stock-raising purposes, 
pursuits that now claim considerable attention from the farmers of this section. As the 
area of tilled land increases, however, the limits of the stock raiser naturally diminish. 
Stock raising is fast becoming here, as elsewhere in the west, oue of the diversi- 
fied interests connected with successful farming, and as the sole occupation of a 
large number of men it does not occupy the position that it did in the early history 
of the state. 

Pomeroy, from its central location and from the prestige it naturally enjoys as 
the county seat, is an important town of Eastern Washington. It is now enjoying a 
rapid growth. The municipal authorities have always shown an enterprising spirit 
in the matter of public improvements. Its fine water-works plant, its perfect sys- 
tem of electric lighting, its well drilled fire department, its fine business blocks and 
tasty residences stamp Pomeroy as a thriving center of population of the true West- 
ern type. Its public schools are up to the standard aimed for in the largest commu- 
nities. More than 250 scholars are in daily attendance at these schools. Six teach- 
ers are employed in these schools, which are graded from the primary to the 
advanced grammar course. The moral tone of the people is in keeping with the 
general progress of the place. The Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, 
Congregational and Catholic denominations own church buildings and are liberally 
supported. Two weekly newspapers, The East Washingtonian and The Washington 



404 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest. 



Independent, are published here. Pomeroy boasts of one of the best drilled military 
companies in the state. The town has a good hall for public gatherings, and all 
lines of business are well represented. The financial interests of Pomeroy are looked 
after by two strong local banks. The place has two hotels, and travelers find accom- 
modations here for seeing the country in three well stocked livery stables. 

The Pataha valley, in which Pomeroy is located, is about three-fourths of a mile 
wide and about 40 miles long. It is watered by the Pataha river, which furnishes 
an abundant power at Pomeroy for operating two large roller-process flouring mills 
and a planing mill. This valley is to Pomeroy what the Willamete valley is to 
Portland, and in this little stretch of rich land are found some of the best culti- 
vated farms of the state. 



Colfax, Washington. — But a short distance east of the geographical center 
of Whitman county, which embraces all but a small portion of the rich lands of what 
is known as the Palouse country, is the prosperous town of Colfax, the county seat. 
Colfax is located at the confluence of the north and south branches of the Palouse 
river. It is the trading center of one of the richest sections of country of the coast, 
and it is today one of the chief commercial centers of Eastern Washington. 

Fifteen years ago one small store and two or three small houses occupied the 
site on which the present flourishing little city is built. Since that time a popula- 
tion of 2,500 people has been built up at this point, the surrounding country has 
been cut up into rich farms, fine orchards and garden patches, and the city and 

country surrounding it are in a 
most prosperous condition. In 1870 
Mr. James A. Perkins, a gentleman 
who has since become prominent 
in state affairs by reason of the 
active part he has always taken in 
advancing its interests, clearly 
foresaw the advantages of location 
which a city built at the present 
site of Colfax must enjoy. With 
a faith in his judgment, which, 
coupled with his energy and abil- 
ity, has since made him one of the 
wealthy men of Eastern Washing- 
ton, he settled here, and with the 
help of others commenced to build 
a city. Following Mr. Perkins 
came other able men, many of 
whom today are prominent leaders 
in the state's finances and politics, 
and with the rapid settlement of the 
surrounding country, which begun about that time, Colfax rapidly grew and pros- 
pered, and for many years past it has been a rich center of trade and the chief bank- 
ing center of the great wheat-producing belt of the Palouse section. 

Colfax is confined within narrow limits, the little valley in which it is located 
being scarcely more than 1,000 feet wide. Rising on either side of this valley are 




..;<: 



Colfax, Washington. 



465 




^■■UUILJI. , . 








Interior, Whitman County Court House, Col 



hills which attain an average elevation 
of about 200 feet. On top of these ele- 
vations stretch away for miles in all 
directions the rich plateau lands of the 
Palouse country, lands which have aston- 
ished the world with their wonderful pro- 
ductive powers. The main business 
street of the town is almost one mile in 
length. Along this street, outside of 
the business center, are the fine resi- 
dences of the well-to-do people of Colfax, 
while the two or three streets on each 
side of the main thoroughfare are well 
builtup with a substantial class of houses. 
The general topography of the site which 
Colfax occupies is such as to allow the 
erection here of some of the prettiest 

villa residences in the state. These fine homes occupy high sites reached, 
however, by easy grades, and they, with the surrounding well-kept yards, form 
some of the most attractive features of the city. The business blocks are attractive 
pieces of architecture, and they are well built, brick and stone predominating. The 
center of the city is compactly built. The buildings of the place, which tower 
above the other structures, and which are especially worthy of note, owing to their 
cost and elegance of construction, are the new high school, an elegant piece of arch- 
itecture, an illustration of which is published in connection with the present article, 
and which cost $30,000 ; the Whitman county court house, which was erected at a 
cost of $173,000, a view of which is also published in "The Handbook;" the Sis- 
ters' hospital, which, when completed, 
will have cost $45,000, and an un- 
finished hotel building that is to cost 
about $50,000. Colfax, as before 
stated, is a wealthy center of trade. 
It practically holds the best part of 
the trade of the Palouse section, and 
it is at this point that the principal 
banking business and shipping of this 
rich district is handled. The town is 
on the main line of the Washington 
division of the Union Pacific, 394 
miles east of Portland, and it is also 
the terminus of the Moscow branch 
of the same system. From 1,000,000 
to 1,500,000 bushels of wheat are an- 
nually shipped from this point, in 
addition to large shipments of rye, 
oats, barley and other farm products. 
Four large warehouses and one grain 
elevator are located here. That Col- 
high school, colfax fax is a large distributing and supply 




466 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

center is shown by the statement that about $500,000 worth of agricultural imple- 
ments are annually sold at this point. In addition to the sale of farm implements, 
the five large general merchandise stores located here enjoy sales aggregating over 
$500,000 more. Three banks are established at Colfax. These banks have a combined 
capital of about $400,000, and deposits averaging about the amount of the capital 
invested. The assessed valuation of taxable property in Colfax is about $1,250,000. 

The most important manufacturing industries of Colfax are a roller-process 
flouring mill with a daily capacity of 75 barrels, and two sawmills whose combined 
daily capacity is 45,000 feet of lumber. The flouring mill is operated by water power 
furnished at this point by the Palouse river. It is claimed that at a comparatively 
small expenditure, the entire volume of water carried by the Palouse river at this 
point could be used to furnish power for running manufacturing and other industries. 
This stream at the present time is of the utmost importance to the industrial 
progress of the city. Over 5,000,000 feet of logs are annually floated down the 
stream to the mills at Colfax, and the sawing of this timber is a source of consider- 
able revenue to the community. 

Colfax has the advantage of good electric lights, which are supplied by two 
well equipped plants. The place is supplied with an excellent and abundant supply 
of water by an efficient water-works plant, and the sanitary condition of the city is 
in the best possible condition. The city's water supply is obtained from a large res- 
ervoir, which is located at a sufficient elevation to maintain a strong pressure in the 
city mains at all times. This with a well drilled fire department, insures protection 
against fire. The demands for educational opportunities are met by four school 

buildings in charge of competent teachers. Three of 

these buildings are used for public school purposes, 

while the fourth is occupied by a thoroughly equipped 

college, which is conducted under the patronage of the 

Baptist church. The elegant new high school building 

here was completed in 1892, at a cost of $30,000, and it is 

a credit to the city. The various schools of the city have 

a daily attendance of about 600 pupils. Colfax supports 

martha Washington rock, near seven churches, most of which own attractive edifices 

C0LFAX - in which to worship. The denominations represented 

here are the United Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, 

Congregational, Christian, Episcopal and Catholic. 

Three newspapers are published at Colfax. The Daily Commoner, The Weekly 
Gazette and The Weekly Advocate, The place is supplied with a number of hotels, 
which furnish good accommodations. Located here are between 150 and 200 busi- 
ness houses, and an air of prosperity pervades the entire community. Colfax is 
prosperous because the place relies for support on a country that must always re- 
main prosperous, and if a section that contains one person today, where ten people 
could easily be supported, makes any advancement, which it certainly must do, 
Colfax must continue to increase in population and wealth with the growth of this 
tributary section. 

Stephen J. Chaowick. — The present head of the municipal government of 
Colfax is Stephen J. Chadwick, the present able mayor. Mr. Chadwick is a young 
attorney, who has already won signal success in his chosen profession. He is the 
son of Hon. S. F. Chadwick, ex-governor of the state of Oregon. He read law in 




Garfield, Washington. 467 

the office of his father, and began the practice of his profession at Colfax, in 1885, in 
partnership with Mark A. Fullerton, with whom he is still associated. Mr. Chad- 
wick has now been mayor of Colfax for two terms, and it has been his constant 
effort while in office to do all in his power to further his adopted city's interests. 

Whitman County, Washington. — Comprised in Whitman county is an 
area of land consisting of over 2,000 square miles, or i,2So,ooo acres. At least seven- 
eighths of this land is susceptible of cultivation. It comprises a vast variety of soil, 
all of a rich nature, however, and these lands will produce wonderful large yields 
of wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, timothy, alfalfa, all kiuds of grasses and garden 
products, as well as countless varieties of fruits. The barley raised in the Palouse 
country equals the best Canadian product, which enjoys a world-wide reputation, 
and thousands of bushels of barley raised here are now annually shipped east for 
brewing purposes. 

Wheat is the great staple product of the county. The yearly product of this crop 
is from 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 bushels. The county, in addition to the immense 
quantities of wheat handled here, also annually exports all the staple products raised 
on the soil of any part of Washington, the principal markets for these products being 
the Cceur d'Alene mines and points along the line of the Northern Pacific as far east 
as Helena, Montana. 

Whitman is not behind any other county in the state in its fruit products. 
Apples, pears, plums, prunes, grapes, peaches, nectarines and apricots grow here to 
the best possible advantage. By careful experiments it has been found that the cli- 
mate and soil of Whitman county are especially adapted to the successful raising of 
hops, tobacco and peanuts, products not usually raised successfully in the northern 
temperate zone. Stock raising (including horses, cattle and sheep, as well as hogs) is 
one of the staple industries of the farmers of this section. The various kinds of 
bunchgrass found in inexhaustible quantities on the rolling lands of the county fur- 
nish an available and abundant supply of food throughout the year. The farmers of 
Whitman county own more sheep and export more wool than any other county in the 
state. The population of the county today is about 30,000, and the assessed valuation 
is $18,535,460. The county is divided into 143 school districts. It claims 21 banks, 
15 flouring mills, and has about 300 miles of self-supporting railroads. Although this 
is today one of the richest counties of Eastern Washington, there is still room here 
for the homes of thousands of additional people, and this will at some time in the 
near future be one of the most thickly settled portions of the West. 

Garfield, Washington. — Garfield, in Whitman county, is located at the 
intersection of the Washington division of the Union Pacific and the Spokane & 
Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific railroads. It thus photo by demorest. 
enjoys all the advantages of competitive railway rates 
over rival lines of road for the transportation of the 

large quantities of wheat which are annually handled t, $&£ W\ ', 'i 

at this point. The wheat product of the section of 
country immediately tributary to Garfield amounts to 
about 400,000 bushels annually. This country has been 
rapidly filling up during the past few years, and in the 
vicinity of the town are some of the largest and best kept 
farms of the state. 

Public School, Garfield. 




468 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

The population of Garfield is now about 800. The business interests of the place 
are in a prosperous condition. In addition to a strong local bank, the town contains 
a number of large general merchandise stores, which carry stocks of goods equal to 
those carried by many of the large houses of the leading centers of population of the 
state. In the business center of the town are a number of good brick buildings. 
The most prominent structure in the town, however, is the public school, which was 
erected at a cost of about $15,000. The people take much pride in their perfect public 
school system. The schools are conducted by five teachers and the average daily 
attendance of scholars is about 200. Garfield contains a roller- process flouring mill 
with a daily capacity of 50 barrels, and one sash and door factory. During the past 
year the municipal authorities voted bonds for the erection of a water-works plant to 
cost $20,000. An electric light plant has recently been completed here and the town 
is well lighted. The Garfield Enterprise , a weekly paper, is published at this point. 
Church buildings are owned here by the Methodist, Baptist, Christian and Seventh 
Day Adventist denominations. 

The assessed valuation of property in Garfield in 1892 was $300,000. The loca- 
tion of the town in nearly the center of Whitman county and in the heart of the 
great Palouse wheat-producing belt is unexcelled. The transportation facilities of 
the town are good. Good roads lead out in all directions and the character of the 
country is such that it will continue to support an increased population with each 
succeeding year. This is one of the most interesting parts of Eastern Washington, 
and the development of the resources of this section will in time make it one of the 
most prosperous and thickly settled portions of the coast. 

Farmington, Washington. — Farmington is a small town with a popula- 
tion of about 500. It is located on the Washington division of the Union Pacific 
railroad, 28 miles north of Colfax, the county seat, and is also the end of a short 
branch road of the Spokane & Palouse system, which is operated by the Northern 
Pacific. The sole dependence of the town for support is on the rich and product- 
ive farming country by which it is surrounded. 

Located at Farmington is a 75-barrel flouring mill. The town supports two 
weekly newspapers, The Journal and The Forum, and a number of large business 
houses are established here. Four teachers are employed in the public schools, 
which have an average daily attendance of about 125 scholars. The Congregational, 
Methodist and Seventh-Day Adventist denominations own church buildings at Farm- 
ington. The town has an excellent system of electric lights. One good hotel and 
two livery stables are maintained here. Farmington is an important shipping point, 
and several grain warehouses and one elevator are required to handle the large 
quantities of grain which regularly seek this point for shipment. At one time 
Farmington was even a more important town than it is today, the completion of 
the railroad beyond this point having built up a town at Tekoa, some miles 
east. The country in the vicinity of Farmington, however, is all rich, and the 
shipment of the products of this section and the regular trade which the district 
furnishes, will always support a flourishing little town at this site. 

Oakesdale, "Washington. — But little more than a year ago the town of Oakes- 
dale was visited by a conflagration that wiped out almost the entire business portion 
of the place. Undaunted enterprise, however, on the part of the leading citizens 
here has resulted in the erection of substantial brick blocks on the site of the 



Tekoa, Washington. 



469 



PHOTO. BY I 




S^ ; fflSsi^^^ 



Three Prominent Corners .- Oake&pale Wash"'-^- 



burned district, and as a result the town today presents an appearance of solidity 
and prosperity, with a population of 1,200, where before the fire it had that cheap- 
ness which a lot of wooden buildings hastily erected always imparts. 

The causes which have contributed the most to the rapid growth of Oakesdale 
during the past few years are, first, the location of the town in a rich section of 
of farming country; and, second, the per- 
fection of the transportation systems 
which reach Oakesdale and which allow 
these products to be hauled to market 
from this point at reasonable freight 
rates. About 800,000 bushels 
of wheat are annually ship- 
ped from this point, the pro- 
duct of a rich part of the 
Palo use grain -producing 
belt. The town enjoys the 
advantages afforded by two 
competing lines of railroad, 

the Spokane & Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific and the Washington 
division of the Union Pacific. These lines intersect each other at this point. The 
distance from Oakesdale to Portland, by the Union Pacific, is 375 miles, and by the 
same line it is 46 miles to Spokane. 

Oakesdale has a large flouring mill, with a capacity of 150 barrels a day, a plan- 
ing mill, and a foundry and brick plant. The town has a good system of electric 
lights, and $20,000 in bonds has recently been voted here for city water works. The 
financial standing of the place is shown by the statement that three banks flourish 
here. One weekly newspaper, The Sun, is published in Oakesdale, and the paper 
gives evidence of being well supported. 

As shown by the illustration published in connection with the present article, 
Oakesdale has a neatly designed public school building, which was recently erected 
at a cost of $15,000. The number of scholars daily enrolled in this school is about 
250. The school is graded, and is in charge of six teachers 
photo by f l lemon assigned to the different departments. A handsome brick 

church building is owned here by the Presbyterians, while 
the Methodists and United Brethren also own neat houses 
of worship at this point. Oakesdale has two hotels, one of 
which is conducted in a large brick building. The as- 
sessed valuation of all property here, in 1892, was $600,000, 
which can be taken as evidence of the solid wealth of a 
town that now ranks well with the prosperous inland towns 
of the state. 






.''-/-SO 



^ 



Public School, oakesdale. 



Tekoa, Washington. — Four years ago but one store and a single house occu- 
pied the site on which the town of Tekoa now stands. This is today one of the most pros- 
perous little towns in Eastern Washington, and contains a population of about 850. 
The town is located on the Washington division of the Union Pacific railroad, 433 
miles east of Portland and 50 miles south of Spokane. It is also the junction of the 
Washington division and the Cceur d'Alene branch, of the same road, and is the end 
of a division on this important system. The roundhouse and car shops of two divi- 



470 The Oregonian 's Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest. 

sions are located here. The railroad regularly disburses at Tekoa from $S,ooo to 
$10,000 a month. This is one of the most popular towns among railroad men in the 
state, and a considerable part of the revenue of the town is derived from the money 
spent here by the railroad employees. 

Tckoa is situated in the center of one of the richest portions of the famous 
Palouse wheat-producing belt. The warehouses and elevator established here regu- 
larly handle from 200,000 to 300,000 bushels of wheat a year, which can be taken as 
evidence of the great productive powers of this section. The growth of the town 
has all been made since 1890. Almost every line of business is now represented 
here, and on the main thoroughfare are many fine one and two-story brick buildings. 
The town supports two strong banks, two weekly newspapers, The Globe and J*he 
Blade, aud the leading business houses are on a very strong financial footing. In 
the matter of public improvements the town has not lagged behind any other town 
iu the state of equal size. The city sold bonds to the amount of {13,000 for water- 
works and electric lighting purposes. Tekoa now boasts of a perfect water-works 
and electric light plant. The water for city use is pumped from an artesian well to a 
reservoir located at a considerable elevation above the town. The town authorities 
expended $3,000 in the purchase of suitable apparatus for fighting fire, and this with 
a well-drilled volunteer fire department together with an ample supply of water 
under a strong pressure, is deemed an ample safeguard against a conflagration in the 
future at this point. 

The educational advantages enjoyed by the youth of Tekoa are considered 
remarkably good for a town of this size. In addition to the advantages furnished by 
the $8,000 public school building recently erected here, the enterprise and liberality 
of the citizens have resulted in the establishment of a large Catholic academy at this 
point. This latter school is largely attended and well supported. The public school 
is in charge of four teachers and the average daily attendance is about 200. The Bap- 
tist and Congregational denominations own church buildings here. Tekoa has but 
one hotel. 

The country tributary to Tekoa is essentially a wheat-growing section although 
considerable attention has been paid here of late to fruit culture. The climate in this 
part of the state is especially favorable for successful fruit growing as is also the char- 
acter of the soil here. Within two miles of Tekoa are the limits of the Cceur d'Alene 
Indian reservation. This reservation is occupied by a large, prosperous and wealthy 
tribe of Indians. These Indians have fallen into the ways of the white man and own 
large and well-stocked farms, good houses and in many cases even blooded stock 
and fine carriages. Tekoa is their principal banking and trading point. Tributary 
to Tekoa is a large part of the rich Cceur d'Alene mining section. A large part of 
the supplies for these mines is shipped direct from this point, and the trade of this 
section is an important factor in Tckoa's prosperity. No inland point in the state 
has made a better showing during the past few years than has been noted in Tekoa 
and this prosperity is of the solid order which promises much for the future iu an 
increase of wealth and population at this point. 

Palouse, Washington. — Palouse, which takes its name from what is prob- 
ably the most wonderful wheat-producing section of country in the world, is one of 
the most prosperous inland centers of poulation in the state. Palouse dates its birth 
from the settlement which was made here in 1873, at which time the site of the present 
prosperous city was occupied by a single family. Today it contains about 1,700 popu- 



Palouse, Washington. 



471 




A Street Scene, Palouse. 



lation. It has finely graded streets and well 
laid sidewalks, its buildings are modern in 
architecture and appointments, and it boasts 
of modern improvements that would be a 
credit to a place of much larger population. 
In 1888, the business portion of the town 
was almost entirely wiped out by a fire. 
Since that time substantial brick and stone 
buildings have taken the place of the old 
wooden structures, and the main street for 
a distance of three or more blocks is now 
lined with as good a class of buildings as are found in any city of equal size on the 
coast. Fire limits were established immediately after the fire, and now nothing but 
brick and stone are allowed in the central part of the city. 

Palouse is perfectly sheltered on all sides by towering hills. The sides of these 
are not too steep to furnish sites for the erection of attractive residences. These 
residences are in many instances graced with well kept terraces, the surrounding 
yards are planted in fruit trees, and they are reached by winding approaches, which 
add to the picturesqueness of the scene. Palouse is situated very much as Colfax is, 
which is fully described elsewhere in "The Handbook." 
The town is located in the eastern part of Whitman county, 
on the banks of the Palouse river, and it is in one of the 
best portions of the rich Palouse district. It is on the 
Spokane & Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific. Its 
nearest large commercial and banking center is Spokane, 
which is 68 miles to the north. To the west, north and 
south of the town extend the rich rolling hills of the Palouse 
wheat belt, while extending for 60 miles away to the east is 
a great basin varying in width from 5 to 20 miles. This 
basin terminates at the Cceur d' Alene Mountains, and on the north and south it is 
enclosed by high ranges of rugged and densely timbered buttes. At the mouth of 
this basin stands Palouse, its natural supply point. The timber cut along the banks 
of the Palouse river, which runs through the basin, has made Palouse the principal 
lumbering center of Eastern Washington. One large lumber mill at this point with 
a daily capacity of 50,000 feet per day, is kept constantly busy supplying the demand 
for lumber throughout the Palouse country. In 1892 this mill manufactured more 
than 10,000,000 feet of lumber and exclusive of those employed in the logging camps 
back, this industry gave steady employment to more than 100 men. 

The Palouse river before reaching the town of the same name is largely in- 
creased in volume by a great num- 
ber of small streams which empty 
into it. At Palouse a large water 
power is developed by this stream. 
This power is utilized at the present 
time by a flouring mill which has a 
daily capacity of 75 barrels. There 
is sufficient power developed here to 
run a large number of factories, and LUMBER MANUFACTUR1NG , PALOIJ se. 




Public School, palouse. 







472 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



the people here hope to see considerable manufacturing development at no distant 
date in the future. 

Palouse now has a splendid system of water works, sewerage and electric lights. 
The town is protected against fire by a well-organized volunteer fire department which 
comprises two hose and hook and ladder companies. Occupying a high eminence 
overlooking the town is a well arranged public school building which was completed 
in 1892 at a cost of $20,000. The school here is taught by eight teachers. It is 
graded up to and including the grammar department. The number of scholars 
enrolled at the school during the first term of 1893 was 325. In addition to the pub- 
lic school a good Catholic school is also maintained here. This latter educational 
institution gives instruction in all the common branches as well as in music, painting 
and drawing. 

The religious tone of the community at Palouse is in keeping with the desires of 
the most devout Christian. The denominations of the Cumberland Presbyterian, 
Baptist, two Methodist, Episcopal, Church of Christ and Roman Catholic have strong 
organizations here and own church buildings. The town supports two weekly news- 
papers, The News and The Republican. It also contains three banks, two first-class 
hotels and a number of livery stables. The various mercantile pursuits, trades and 
professions are well represented here. 

Enough has already been said in ' ' The Handbook " of the great productive pow- 
ers of the Palouse wheat belt. It is only necessary to add in connection with the 
present article on the town of Palouse that a vast area of this rich section is directly 
tributary to Palouse. During 1892 550,000 bushels of wheat were shipped through 
the warehouses and elevators at Palouse. In addition to grain growing this is a 
fine fruit country. The climate here is exceedingly healthful, and with rich soil, 
good transportation facilities and attractive surroundings this is one of the most invit- 
ing sections of Eastern Washington. 

Pullman, Washington. — One of the most promising towns of Eastern 
Washington is Pullman, located in one of the best parts of the fertile Palouse dis- 
trict. But little more than 
three years ago a fierce con- 
flagration swept away the 
Smain business portion of the 
i hrf zt- J I iraM " town. Pullman then had a 

population of not more than 
600. Immediately after the 
fire the growth of the town 
seemed to receive a fresh im- 
petus, and large one and 
two-story brick blocks, with 
many modern city improve- 
ments are today the result ot 
a determined spirit shown 
by the enterprising people 
at this point. 

Within less than four years Pullman's population has increased from 600 to 
2,000, and evidences of a future growth here are today stronger than they ever were 
before. 




Street, Pullman. 



Pullman, Washington. 



473 




loading Wheat, Pul 



Pullman's location is not far from the geographical center of the famous Palouse 
-wheat belt. Its railroad facilities are probably superior to those of any other point 
in the Palouse country. The Union 
Pacific, Spokane & Palouse and Lew- 
iston extension of the Northern Pacific 
railroad, radiate in four different di- 
rections from Pullman. Surrounding 
Pullman is a beautiful country of 
many diversified resources, and the 
soil here is all rich '' Palouse " land. 
Wheat is the chief product of this 
section, but the farmers here are now 
coming to realize that there is profit 
in diversified crops. It was on a farm 
near Pullman that 101 bushels of 
■wheat were grown on one acre in 1890. 
Pullman claims to be the largest grain- 
shipping point in the state of Wash- 
ington. Here are the statistics of the shipments from this point for 1891 : 
wheat, 1, 4S2,oco bushels ; barley, 421,000 bushels ; flax, 311,000 bushels; oats, 180,- 
000 bushels. All kinds of fruits and vegetables yield bountiful crops here, and the 
country surrounding the town is among the richest in the state. 

As before stated, the business blocks of Pullman are substantial brick struct- 
ures, while the residences are tastily designed frame buildings. The town presents 
a clean and inviting appearance. The improvements of Pullman have been made 

on a broad and liberal scale, the people having 
had confidence in the future growth of their town. 
During the past year a handsome brick city hall 
and a brick opera house, which will accommodate 
from 800 to 1,000 people, have been added to the 
city's improvements. The artesian wells of Pull- 
man, of which there are 11, are less than 100 feet 
deep, and cost about $500 each. The water- works 
system owned by the town is supplied from one 
of these wells, which discharges about 1,000 gal- 
lons per minute. The water from these wells pos- 
sesses medicinal properties, and their free use is 
recommended for kidney and stomach troubles. 
Pullman is also provided with electric lights and 
an efficient fire department. The town supports 
two banks, which do business on a solid financial 
basis. Two weekly newspapers, The Herald and 
The Tribune, are published at this point. All 
lines of business are fully represented in the town. 
Pullman has three good hotels and as many livery 
stables, and the place is fully as popular with the 
traveling public as is any town in the state. 

Pullman has every reason to boast of her 
artesian well. Pullman. educational advantages. The town is, in fact, 





474 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY L. TAYLOR 




City Hall, Pul 



the educational center of Eastern Washington. The State Agricultural College 
and School of Science, the largest endowed institution of the state, located 

here, was opened in the fall of 1891, and in the following 
year, 1892, 300 pupils were in attendance. The present 
buildings occupied by the school are only temporary. 
The last legislature appropriated $120,000 for the erec- 
tion and maintenance of permanent buildings here. 
These fine edifices are now in course of construction, 
and when finished they will be models of modern archi- 
tecture. The college is both a national and a state in- 
stitution. From the government the school is 
assured the receipts from the sale of 190,000 
acres of land, which cannot be sold for less 
than $10 per acre. The interest from the 
fund thus created is to be permanently used 
for the maintenance of the school. In addi- 
tion to this liberal endowment, the school will 
receive from the national government $15,000 
per annum for experiments in agriculture, and 
$25,000 for the benefit of mechanical arts and 
agriculture. The institution is open to both 
young men and young women. The curric- 
ulum and discipline pursued are necessarily up to the standard of the very best 
institutions of the kind in the United States. The college owns a valuable tract of 
220 acres of land at Pullman, which is to be used for farm and garden purposes, 
lawns and campus. The college buildings are located on a commanding eminence 
overlooking the city and surrounding country. The endowment and assured income 
of the college are sufficient to maintain a magnificent equipment for practical exper- 
imental work. Tuition and rent are free for all students who are residents of the 
state. 

In addition to the state school, Pullman is the seat of a military college. This 
is a private institution. The discipline at this school is military, while the course of 
study adopted is similar to that of other colleges. 

The public high school of Pullman, 
erected in 1892, at a cost of $30,000, is one 
of the best designed structures in the 
state. A full corps of efficient teachers is 
employed in the public schools of the city, 
and the average daily attendance of schol- 
ars at the public schools here is 350. 

Seven strong religious organizations 
have neatly constructed churches at 
Pullman. These are the Presbyterian, 
Congregational, Christian, Methodist, 
Baptist, Episcopal and Catholic. 

Pullman is situated 85 miles south of 
Spokane, andj4l3 miles west of Portland. 
It has every advantage of location, and is 
destined to become a city of from 8,000 to 




Public School, Pullman. 



Colton and Uniontown, Washington, and Genesee, Idaho. 47-5 

io,ooo people. Its business men are prosperous and are fully alive to their opportu- 
nities for advancement. A notable and praiseworthy feature of the conduct of affairs 
here is that the citizens work as one man for the upbuilding of their favored city. 
With all the marks of enterprise noted here, as shown by the many municipal 
improvements, the entire bonded indebtednes of Pullman does not exceed $30,000, 
while the assessed valuation of the town is about $800,000. Pullman is one of the 
most prosperous and progressive towns in Eastern Washington, and its future growth 
is as fully assured as is its ability to maintain its present important position as the 
chief commercial center of a very rich section of country. 

Colton and Uniontown, Washington, and Genesee, Idaho.— 

The Spokane and Palouse division of the Northern Pacific intersects the Moscow 
branch of the Union Pacific at Pullman, and from this latter point it extends south- 
ward through a most fertile portion of the Palouse farming country. On the route 
of the road through this section lie the towns of Colton and Uniontown, in Whitman 
county, Washington, and Genesee in Latah county, Idaho, the latter point being the 
terminus of the road. 

All of these towns are deserving of more than a passing notice owing to the 
thrift and enterprise of each. The character of the country traversed by the Spokane 
& Palouse on this end of the road is similar to that of the Palouse belt in general. 
The landscape is attractive, the surface being of a general rolling nature and the land 
here is equally as productive as are any of the best sections of this part of the state. 
While wheat raising claims the principal part of the attention of the farmers of this 
section, stock raising is also an important industry here. At Genesee extensive stock- 
yards have been established and large quantities of live stock are annually shipped 
from this point. 

Colton is the first town on the line of the Spokane & Palouse south of Pullman, 
the distance between the two points being 17 miles. The 
population of the place is about 500. About 250,000 bush- 
els of wheat are annually shipped from this point. The 
town supports a weekly newspaper, The News-Letter, a 
small flouring mill and a number of well-conducted business 
houses are established here. The town also boasts of a fine 
public school building which cost $10,000. The Catholic 
church has just completed at Colton a handsome brick con- 
vent at a cost of $25,000. The churches represented in the 
town are the Presbyterian, Methodist and Catholic. The public school, colton. 

town contains one hotel and two livery stables. 

Uniontown, three miles south of Colton, has about the same population as 
Colton. The population of Uniontown consists principally of a well-to-do Ger- 
man class of people, as is also that of the country in the immediate vicinity. 
Uniontown has one bank, two weekly newspapers, The Washington Journal and The 
Washington Homestead, the latter being devoted to the interests of farmers and 
stockmen, All lines of business are well represented here. The town has a brewery 
with a capacity of 15 barrels a day, which is the sole manufacturing industry of the 
place. A good system of water works has been constructed here. A new public 
school building has just been completed at Uniontown at a cost of $7,000. The 
Catholics have a convent here with a daily attendance of about 125 scholars. The 




476 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



churches represented are of the Catholic and Congregational orders. The town claims 
two hotels and an equal number of livery stables. 

The annual wheat shipments from Uniontown aggregate about 300,000 bushels. 
Lewistou and the Snake river country are reached from this point by stage, the dis- 
tance between Uniontown and Uewiston being 12 miles. 

Ten miles south of Uniontown is the town of Genesee, Idaho. This place, as 
before stated, is the terminus of the railroad. It is the largest of the three towns 
south of Pullman, on the line of the road, its population being about 800. About 
500,000 bushels of wheat are annually shipped from this point, while the live stock 
shipments from Genesee are greater than they are from either Colton or Uniontown. 
Genesee has two banks and a weekly newspaper, The News. The town has a good 
system of electric lights. About 200 scholars are in daily attendance at the public 
schools. The religious organizations at Genesee are the Presbyterian, Methodist, 
Baptist and Catholic. 

In all of the three towns described above are brick blocks, and each town con- 
tains a number of attractive residences. All of these places are surrounded by a 
very rich section of farming country, and the business of each is in a most healthy 
condition. 

Ratlldrum, Idalio. — Rathdrum, the seat of justice of Kootenai county, is 
situated a few miles from the Washington state line in that part of Idaho which, 
owing to its geographical contrast with the southern portion, is commonly known as 
the '' Panhandle" of Idaho. The town is an important trading station on the main 
line of the Northern Pacific and is 30 miles east of Spokane. In addition to the 
large retail business done at this point, Rathdrum enjoys a large trade more or less 
ot a jobbing character with the rich tributary mineral and agricultural country. The 
place is also a manufacturing town of some importance. Two sawmills are located 
here, the output of which is consumed in the immediate locality and in the neigh- 
boring towns. The largest of these 
mills is operated by A. W. Post. 
This mill has a capacity of 10,000 
feet of lumber a day, which is ship- 
ped to points in the Kootenai 
country and which also finds a 
large sale at Rathdrum. Surround- 
ing and near the mill of Mr. Post 
is a section and a quarter of laud 
which is the property of the owner 
of the mill. A part of this land 
is covered with timber from which the mill is supplied, and the balance, comprising 
about 200 acres, is now in a high state of cultivation. Mr. Post came to Rathdrum 
in 1882 and he is now serving his fourth term here as justice of the peace. 

The land in the vicinity of Rathdrum is very productive and yields large crops 
of wheat, oats, barley and hay. The growing of small fruits and vegetables for the 
Spokane market is a remunerative branch of the farming industry of this section. 
Although the chief dependence of Rathdrum for support at the present time is on 
the timber and agricultural resources of the country adjacent, it is not improbable 
that the recent discoveries of gold a few miles distant from this place may result 
in making this quite an important mining center. 



PHOTO. BY BERTRAND, SPOK 




BONNER'S FERRY. 



Hope, Idaho. 



477 



Following the example of uearly all the enterprising cities of the Pacific Coast 
Rathdrum now possesses an excellent water-works system. The town supports a 
well-couducted public school, a weekly newspaper, a bank, a large hotel, a brewery 
and several fine business blocks line the main street. The present population of 
Rathdrum is about 400. Near this point are numerous small lakes and mountain 
streams which are well stocked with trout and in the uplands of the immediate 
vicinity large game is plentiful. During the summer and fall seasons this is one of 
the most attractive sections of Idaho and tourists will find here one of the best coun- 
tries for recreation and pleasure on the coast. 




Lake Pend D'Oreille. 



Hope, Idalio. — The site which the town of Hope occupies overlooks the 
broad waters of the beautiful Pend d'Oreille Lake, one of the finest bodies of fresh 
water on the coast. It is the end of two divisions of 
the Northern Pacific, the Rocky Mountain and Idaho, 
and it is at this point that the change from " Moun- 
tain " to "Pacific" time is made. The town is located f 
on the main line of the Northern Pacific, 84 miles 
cast of Spokane and 173 miles west of Missoula and it 
contains today a population of about 500. 

At Hope are established large division round 
houses and repair shops of the Northern Pacific. The 
railroad company regularly disburses at this point over 
$25,000 a month. Although the town is typical of railroad life it is in addition a sum- 
mer resort of considerable prominence. It occupies a terraced site on the north 
shore of Lake Pend d'Oreille, a magnificent sheet of water 65 miles in length and 
over 15 miles wide. The lake is encompassed by spurs of the Bitter Root range of 
mountains. In many places the mountains rise out of the lake itself, the waters 
washing their perpendicular sides which extend below the surface for unknown 
depths. Adding to the general beauty of the lake is an 
irregular shore line which consists of numerous bays and 
inlets, many of which extend for miles inland from the 
main body of water. Rising above the surface of the 
lake are four attractive islands which are great centers of 
attraction for tourists. Located at different points on the 
shore line are a number of small villages which are easilv 
reached by a regular line of small steamers plying on 
the lake and by sail boats. Pend d'Oreille Lake is fed 
principally by the waters of the Clark's Fork river, which 
empties into the lake a few miles distant from Hope. The outlet of the lake is the 
Pend d'Oreille river which finally finds its way to the broad Columbia, the great 
water-course of the West. 

Hope is fast growing in popularity as a summer resort. Established at this point 
are several good hotels and anchored in front of the town during the summer season 
are a large number of sail and row boats for the accommodation of tourists. In 
addition to the pleasure afforded by a row or a sail on the placid waters of one of the 
most attractive of inland bodies of fresh water, this lake is full of trout and other 
gamy fish. In the mountains back of Hope is plenty of game to attract the atten- 
tion of the sportsman, and the excitement of a deer or mountain lion hunt in these 




vm -' 



Scene on pend o' Oreille River. 



478 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



fastnesses is hardly equaled by the chase of the tiger in the jungles of the tropic* of 
the old world. 

Considerable prospecting is constantly being done iu the vicinity of Hope, and 
valuable mineral discoveries have already been made in the Black Tail and Lake 
View districts, which are located from 15 to 20 miles to the south. The ores found in 
these districts are principally galena, carbonates, pyrites of copper and black sul- 
phides. Assays of these have shown as high as 787 ounces of silver to the ton. It is 
the general belief among practical mining men who have carefully examined into the 
merits of these mines that the general averages of the ores found and the width of 
the veins and ledges will warrant mining operations being carried on here on an 
extensive scale with profit, in the near future. 

The citizens and business men of Hope are en- 
terprising and they take a deep interest in all mat- 
ters tending to promote the welfare of their town. 
One of the most prominent and most highly respected 
men of Hope is Dr. Talleyrand Martin, who is now 
engaged in conducting a drug store here, in addition 
to which he is interested in several other enterprises. 
Dr. Martin was born in Cayuga county, New York, 
September 2, 1821. On reaching manhood he went 
to Ohio, where he graduated from the Cleveland Col- 
lege in the class of 1848. He resided in the East 
for some years after that time, when he moved West, 
finally settling in Hope in 1S88. The ancestors of 
Dr. Martin came to America in 1635, and their de- 
scendents have figured conspicuously in the history of 

Dh. Talleyrand Martin, hope. o r j j 

the United States. 

The Coeur d'Alene Country, Idaho. — Lying among high and rugged 
mountain ranges, broken here and there by narrow valleys and deep canyons through 
which flow foaming mountain streams, is the famous Coeur d'Alene country of 
Northern Idaho, with its numerous mining camps and its vast stores of precious 
metals. 

This famous mineral region comprises that part of Shoshone county lying west 
of the Bitter Root Mountains and north of the range which separates the St. Joseph 
from the Coeur d'Alene river and extending as far east as the line of Kootenai 
county. The district is heavily timbered, being covered with pine, tamarack and 
cedar, and it is crossed by numerous mountain streams which afford unlimited water 
power for running the machinery of any number of mining and lumbering plants 
that might be located here. 

While the old Mullan road, built ^..4s v 
in the early 6o's, leads through the "ZgftS^ 
heart of the Coeur d'Alenes, and pas- ^3 




sess within a stone's throw of the pres- 
ent town of Wardner, the heart of the 
silver-producing district, no people 
were attracted to this section until the 
discovery of gold on the North Fork 
of Coeur d'Alene river in the fall of 







Lake Cceur d'Alene. 



The Cceur d'Alene Country, Idaho. 479 

1882. Prior to that time thousands of people had passed through the Cceur d'Alenes 
over the famous Mullau road referred to above. This great military highway run- 
ning from Fort Benton, at the head of navigation on the Missouri river, to Fort 
Walla Walla, in Washington, traversed almost the entire length of the Coeur d'Alene 
country. The pioneers who followed ^this pathway to the West did not prospect 
the country they crossed, and for many years it remained an unexplored and unin- 
habited wilderness. 

In the fall of 1882 a venturesome miner, seeking for placer diggings, on his way 
over the Bitter Root range of mountains, discovered pay dirt in the heart of 
the Cceur d'Alenes. This man was A. J. Pritchard, who first discovered gold 
in this region, and it was on the creek which now bears his name that he first 
found pay dirt. It requires at times but a wild and exaggerated rumor to work up a 
mining excitement, and the winter following the discovery of gold here by Pritchard 
witnessed a stampede to the vicinity of Pritchard creek that was only equaled by the 
rush of gold seekers to the California gold fields in 1S48 and 1849. Notwithstanding 
the fact that the leading trails into the Coeur d'Alenes were covered with 20 feet of 
snow, hundreds of men walked into the promised new eldorado during that winter. 
As a result of this foolish stampede there was much suffering in camp during the winter. 
Some died of hunger and cold, and even the men possessed of money could not at all 
times purchase either a meal or a bed in the camp. The country contained plenty 
of gold, but the mines have required capital and much labor to work them. The 
first stampede to the Cceur d'Alenes was a failure, the winter following the rush the 
country was practically deserted, and it remained for the discoveries of a later period 
to establish its wealth. 

After the main body of men had departed a few experienced miners carefully 
prospected the hills in the vicinity of the deserted camp for gold prospects. Among 
these was John Cartin, who, in the spring of 1884, discovered a vein of rich galena 
ore near where the town of Wallace now stands. He subsequently sold this location 
for 135,000. This is now the famous Tiger mine, valued at about $1,000,000. Other 
rich discoveries were made here and a few years after the first rush, the Cceur d'Alenes 
again began to attract the attention of the world as a promising field for future min- 
ing operations. Towns sprung up all over the district. With the town of Murray on 
one side of the divide, where the rich gold properties were located, and the towns of 
Wallace and Wardner on the other side, the seat of the great silver belt, the country 
soon began to be the seat of the greatest mining activity. Capital flowed in freely from 
the East, the new mines were opened, railroad lines projected and built, and the 
country entered on an era of prosperity which finally resulted in making it one of 
the greatest mining camps of the West. 

One of the later of the big discoveries in the Cceur d'Alenes was that of the rich 
Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines. This last discovery was of such magnitude and rich- 
ness as to awaken the interest of Montana capitalists in the country. As a result, a 
few rich men of Montana constructed a narrow-gauge railroad from Mission Land- 
ing, at the head of navigation on the Coeur d'Alene river, to Wardner, which had 
been built up near the rich properties of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan. In 1887 the 
Bunker Hill and Sullivan properties were sold to Portland capitalists and these mines 
and other rich properties in the vicinity soon became the seat of the most active 
operations in the Cceur d'Alene district. 

The Cceur d'Alene district is divided into a gold, and a silver and lead-producing 
belt. The gold belt is situated in that portion of the country traversed by the North 




480 The Oregoniah 's Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 

fork of the Cceur d'Alene river and its tributaries, Eagle, Pritchard and Beaver 
creeks, and it extends east to the range of the Bitter Root Mountains. There are 

extensive placer deposits in these gulches through which 
flow the above named streams. The mountains on either 
side of the gulches are covered with deposits of gravel, 
which in some instances reach a depth of 130 feet. This 
gravel is known locally as "old wash." It probably 
formed the beds of prehistoric river channels. It is rich 
in placer gold, but it is difficult and expensive to work 

STEAMER GEORG.E OAKES, LAKE CCEUR D'ALENE. Qwing {q fa elevation &nd the neC eSSity Of COIlStrUCtitlg 

long flumes and ditches to get water to it. Water has bten brought to work these 
gravel deposits by several rich companies and hydraulic mining is now successfully 
carried on in this region. Since the first discovery of gold here in 1S82, the placer 
mines of the Cceur d'Alenes have yielded $2, 500,000 in gold. 

In the gold belt of the Cceur d'Alenes are many valuable quartz gold mines, some 
of which have been extensively worked. There are now three stamp mills and 
several arastras engaged in crushing and treating the ores from these mines. It is 
estimated that quartz properties here annually produce $150, oco in gold bullion. 
This output would be largely increased if the district had the advantages of trans- 
portation by rail, which are now denied the mine owners of this section. A project 
is now being considered for connecting the gold belt of the Cceur d'Alenes with one 
of the transcontinental lines of road by rail, and when this is accomplished many 
rich gold properties now lying idle in this section will become very productive mines. 

Lying south of the gold belt in the Cceur d'Alenes, and principally on the south 
fork of the Cceur d'Alene river and its tributaries, are the great developed silver 
and lead-producing mines of the Cceur d'Alenes. The principal mines of the silver 
belt are the Bunker Hill and Sullivan, Last Chance, Tiger, Poorman, Badger. Gem, 
Custer, Black Bear, Morning, Granite, Sierra Nevada and Stem winder. There are 
11 concentrators connected with these mines, of an average capacity each of 100 
tons a day. The daily output of the mines, when being worked, is estimated at 
298 tons of concentrates. The Bunker Hill and Sullivan lead with a daily output of 
65 tons, the Poorman follows with 45 tons, with the Badger third on the list with a 
daily output of 35 tons. The smallest producer of the silver properties is the Black 
Bear, which turns out but 5 tons of concentrates a day. The average yield from the 
ore of these mines is about 30 ounces in silver and 60 per cent lead per ton of con- 
centrates. This would make the daily output of the mines here about 8,940 ounces 
of silver and 357,600 pounds of lead. When in operation these mines furnish emploj T - 
ment to 3,000 men. The average wages paid these men run about $3 per da}-, mak- 
ing the daily payroll of these properties foot up to about $9,000, or an annual outlay 
for wages of about $3,000,000. 

The above statistics apply to mines when in operation. At this writing, owing 
to the depression in the price of silver and lead, all the mines of the Cceur d'Alenes 
producing these metals are lying idle. During 1892 the mines of the Cceur d'Alenes 
produced 11,000 ounces of gold, worth $237,390, and 1,195,904 ounces of silver, with a 
coinage value of $1 ,546,184. During that year labor troubles caused a large reduction in 
the output of silver and lead in this district. In July, 1892, several men were killed 
by striking miners, and one mill and concentrator were destroyed by giant powder. 
The mine owners of the Cceur d'Alenes appealed to the federal government for pro- 



The Coeur d'Alene Country, Idaho. 



481 



tection, and martial law was established and continued in force until the middle of 
November of the same year. In the conflict the striking miners were victorious, 
and they remained at work until the mines were closed by the owners in the summer 
of 1893. 

Those operating the mines of the Coeur d'Alenes have experienced many draw- 
backs, and they have had many obstacles to overcome. First of these troubles was 
the inaccessibility of the district, which was remedied, however, at a later period by 
the construction of the two lines of the Union and Northern Pacific railroads through 
this section. Then followed several disastrous conflicts between the miners and the 
mine owners. The trouble finally culminated in silver reaching a price at which its 
mining was no longer profitable. There are few, if any, greater silver and lead-pro- 
ducing districts in the world than is that of the Coeur d'Alenes. The future of this 
region depends entirely upon the value lead and silver may attain. With silver at 
83 cents and lead at $3. So, the mines of the Coeur d'Alenes can be operated without 
loss. These prices, however, would leave no margin of profit to the owners of mines 
of average grade, mines in which the silver runs from 27 to 29 ounces per ton and 
the lead averages 57 percent. At the prices and averages named above, after deduct- 
ing the usual 10 per cent on lead and 5 per 
cent on silver for loss in treatment, the 
silver per ton would be worth $21 and the 
lead $39, thus making the total value of a 
ton of the concentrates $60. The freight 
and smelter charges per ton will average 
about $26. This leaves a balance of $34 per 
ton for the mine owner, except when the 
concentrates run more than 10 per cent in 
zinc. From this $34 the mine owner must 
meet all working expenses of the mine, in- 
cluding wages, interest on capital invested 
and loss caused by breakage. It can thus 
readily be seen that operating the great 
silver-producing properties of the Coeur d'Alenes is not a profitable industry at the 
present low price of silver in the markets of the world. 

The Coeur d'Alene district, apart from its mineral-producing possibilites, is a 
sportsman's paradise. The streams here abound in the gamiest of fish and the 
mountains are full of game. In the hills, remote from the settlements of the district, 
are countless numbers of deer and bear that have never heard the report of a gun. 
In any of the swift-flowing streams here the casting of a fly brings numerous speckled 
trout to the surface. This country is much frequented by pleasure s'eekers during the 
summer and fall months, and it is gradually becoming one of the most popular resorts 
of the West. 

Two railroads now run parallel with each other through the center of the Coeur 
d'Alene country. A branch of the Union Pacific leaves the Washington division at 
Tekoa and runs through the Coeur d'Alenes as far as Mullan. The Northern Pacific 
cuts clear through the district, the initial points of this road being Missoula and 
Spokane. All of this route is by rail except a short stretch of 50 miles on Coeur 
d'Alene Lake which is crossed by steamer. After leaving the main line at Missoula, 
the Northern Pacific runs its branch to the old Jesuit mission on the Coeur d'Alene 




Old Mission Landing, 



4M 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




^ : JL+ 



ND LAKE CCEUR 



river. From the latter point boats run down the stream seven miles to the lake of 
the same name, and thence 47 miles to the town of Cceur d' Alene, where connection 
is made by cars for Spokane. 

The whole Cceur d' Alene district is of the picturesque order. Along the rail- 
roads running through this section are foaming rivers, precipitous and overhanging 

cliffs, deep and dark canyons, high forest- 
covered mountains and narrow valleys. It is 
in these mountain-enclosed valleys, with scarce- 
ly sufficient area for a broad street, that the 
towns of the district are located. The princi- 
pal towns of the section are Wardner, Wallace, 
Murray, Burke, Gem, Osborne and Mullan. 
After leaving the last of these towns, Wardner, 
the traveler journeying westward through the 
Cceur d'Alenes reaches Mission Landing, where 
still stands the old mission church erected 
by the Jesuit Fathers many years ago. Neai this point the wild and romantic 
grandeur of the mountains is broken by a charming vista of forest-inclosed river and 
a mountain-walled lake. 

Cceur d' Alene Lake is one of the most beautiful and picturesque sheets of water 
in the Northwest. It is 60 miles long and of an average width of but two and one- 
half miles. It is surrounded by low wooded hills which gradually rise in height 
until, in the background, mountains 8,000 or 9,000 feet greet the eye. The scenery 
all along this lake is of the grandest order. Two important streams empty into this 
lake. These are the St. Joseph and Cceur d'Alene rivers. The latter is navigable 
for a distance of seven miles above its mouth. The St. Joseph river is navigable for 
a much greater distance. It runs through a beautiful farming country and taps a 
splendid timber district. 

The Cceur d'Alene Indian reservation borders the lake for several miles. It 
embraces a large area of the richest farming land, and is occupied by one of the most 
intelligent and most advanced Indian tribes of the continent. At the foot of the lake 
is located Fort Sherman, garrisoned with about 400 soldiers. Near Fort Sherman and 
30 miles distant by rail from Spokane is located the attractive little city of Cceur d' 
Alene. The country surrounding this beautiful alpine lake is remarkable in its 
diversity of contour, its beauty and its grandeur. The rugged mountain peaks that 
lie far beyond the gently sloping hills that enclose the limpid waters of the lake are 
divided by enormous canyons thousands of feet deep. The country is one that 
appeals with irresistible force to one of a romantic nature, and it is justly regarded 
by tourists as one of the most attractive parts of the United States. 



WardneTj Idalio. — Wardner is a picturesque mining town occupying a site 
extending along Milo gulch for a distance of nearly two miles. The town commences 
at the point where the gulch opens into the South fork of the Cceur d'Alene river, 
and ends near the famous Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines, two of the best known 
properties of the Cceur d'Alene mining district. 

It was the discovery of these two mines in 1886 that led to the establishment of a 
town at Wardner. The main street of the town runs along what was once an old 
trail leading up the center of the gulch and it is on this thoroughfare that nearly all 



Wallace, Idaho. 



483 






the buildings of Wardner are erected. In the narrow gulch which the town occupies 
there is barely room for a single street. Some of the houses are perched high up on 
the side of the mountain, which slopes down to a point near the center of the main 
street. 

The population of Wardner is about 1,000. It is 101 miles east of Spokane and 
145 miles west of Missoula. It is reached by the lines of the Union Pacific and the 
Northern Pacific railroads. The features of Wardner that 
attract attention are its school houses, its churches, its fine 

electric light plant and water-works system, weekly news- -v-33 £ 

paper, its good hotels and its large retail stores. f .-'_, 

In the vicinity of Wardner are five large, developed 
mines and a hundred or more prospects which are tributary 
to it. The greatest of these mines are the Bunker Hill and 
Sullivan, two of the largest silver and lead-producers in the 
United States. These mines are located on the sides of the 
gulch in which the town is situated, one on either side of 

the gulch. The concentrator of these mines has a capacity bunker hill and sullivan mines, 
of 700 tons per day. The ore is conveyed from the mines to wardner. 

the concentrator a distance of nearly three miles, by means of iron buckets suspended 
from a cable. The other four large mines of Wardner are all good producers of rich 
silver-galena ore when in operation. These are the Last Chance, with a concentrator 
which has a daily capacity of 150 tons, the Stemwinder, with a 100-ton concentrator, 
the Tyler and the Sierra Nevada. 

Wallace, Itlalio. — Wallace is located in a beautiful valley at the junction of 
the Canyon, Nine Mile and Placer creeks, with the South fork of the Cceur 
d'Alene river. 

Five narrow and deep canyons here open into the small and level valley which is 
occupied by the townsite. It is up these canyons that some of the great silver and 

lead mines of the Cceur d'Alenes are lo- 











jfc& 



cated. Wallace is located on the Cceur 
d'Alene branch of the Northern Pacific. 
Between this point and Mission Landing 
on the Cceur d'Alene river the company 
operates a narrow-gauge railroad. The 
distance between Wallace and Mission is 
25 miles. Boats connect with the cars at 
Mission for Cceur d'Alene City, from 
which latter point cars run to Spokane. 
Wallace is also a station on the Mullan 
branch of the Union Pacific. Both of 
these lines parallel each other touching 
at nearly all the camps of the silver and 
lead-producing belt. Branches of both 
roads leave the main lines at Wallace 

View of Wallace. , L t. 1 J /-v 

and run to Burke and Gem. 
The population of Wallace is about 1,200. It contains a number of handsome 
residences and substantial brick business blocks. The streets are wide, are lined with 
good sidewalks and are lighted by electricity. A supply of pure, mountain water is 



484 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Church. Wallace. 



conveyed in pipes to the town from the neighboring creeks. 
Fire hydrants are conveniently located on the main streets, 
and a volunteer fire department equipped with good appa- 
ratus guarantees the town against fire. The Methodist and 
Episcopal denominations have houses of worship here. The 
school facilities of Wallace are of the first order, there being 
established here two well conducted and largely attended 
public schools. 



A feature of Wallace is the Providence Miners' Union 
Hospital, which occupies a large three-story brick structure with a handsome mansard 
roof. The future of Wallace, like that of other mining camps of the Cceur d'Alcnes, 
whollv depends on the price of silver and lead. With silver at 90 cents and lead $4 
the mines here can be profitably worked. Near Wallace are a number of mines that have 
already added hundreds of thousands of dollars to the wealth of the nation. Among 
these mines is the Granite, owned by a Portland syndicate. The output of this mine 
averages $23,000 per mouth when the price of silver is above 90 cents. Seven miles 
northeast of Wallace is the Custer, another rich mine. The ore from this mine is con- 
veyed by cable tramway to a 200-ton concentrator located three miles south of the mine 
shaft. This property is supplied with the best of machinery and during its palmy days 
yielded large regular returns to its owners. In Nine Mile Canyon near Wallace is a 
a group of claims consisting of the Black Cloud, California, Monarch and Panhandle, 
all of which would under favorable conditions become dividend-paying mines. 



Burke, Idalio. — Burke is located on Canyon creek, eight miles north of Wal- 
lace. It is reached from the latter place by spurs of the Union Pacific and Northern 
Pacific railroads. The population of the town is about 
700. It has a good hotel, water works, fire department 
and a public school. 







^wf" 



Tiger Mine, Bur 



Immediately surrounding Burke is a rich mineralized 
area, very little of which has been explored or developed. 
Burke owes its birth to the discovery near this point of 
the now famous Tiger and Poorman mines. In 1 883-' 84 
a stampede took place to the placer fields of the North 
fork of the Cceur d'Alene river. The miners, on arriv- 
ing at their destination, found that the richness of these 

fields did not reach their expectations, and as a result many of the early comers left 
the country at once. Among those who remained was John Carten, an old Montana 
miner, who knew the value of a good prospect when he saw it. On his prospecting 
tours he reached farther out into the mountains than the other prospectors, and in 
the spring of 1884 he discovered a vein of rich galena ore on Canyon creek. This 
was the first location of a quartz ledge in the Cceur d'Alenes. Carten subsequently 
sold his discovery here for $35,000, and it is now known as the Tiger mine. 

It cost $200,000 to open the Tiger mine and erect a concentrator on the property. 
All of this money was expended before a ton of ore was shipped from the mine. 
The concentrator here has a daily capacity of 130 tons. The mine produces 35 tons 
of concentrates a day, which average 39 ounces in silver and 30 per cent. lead. 



Mullan, Idaho. 



485 




< 






The Poorman mine was located soon after the 
discovery of the Tiger. A large sum was also ex- 
pended in developing the former mine and in equip- 
ping it with machinery and in building a concentra- 
tor on the property. The daily output of this mine is 
45 tons of concentrates. This ore is of the same 
average richness as is that of the Tiger. These two 
mines are among the best producing properties of 

,,„ -, , . . i , , /*t*i* *.: Poorman Mine, Burke. 

the Cceur d'Alenes and the town of Burke is practi- 
cally supported from their operation. 

Osborne, Idaho. —Osborne is an attractive little town of the Cceur d'Alenes, 
and is located on the South Fork of the Cceur d' Alene river. It is 107 miles east of Spo- 
kane and 139 miles west of Missoula by the line of the Cceur d'Alene branch of the 
Northern Pacific. It is also a station on the Mullan branch of the Union Pacific. 
The town contains a population of about 300. It is the diverging point from the rail- 
road for the stage line connecting with Murray, in the heart of the gold belt. 

Osborne has an excellent system of public schools for a place of its size, a church 
and several handsome residences. The townsite occupies 320 acres. The town is 
practically mountain-enclosed. Like every important town of the Cceur d'Alenes, 
Osborne is the center of a rich mineral district. The three large mines here are the 
Mineral Point, St. Elmo and Killbuck, all of which adjoin each other on the same 
ledge on Mount Perenthesis. Other claims near Osborne, all of which are silver and 
lead properties, are the Nellie, Knickerbocker, Daisy, Comet and War Eagle. 

Gem, Idaho.— Located in Canyon creek, four miles from Wallace, is the town 
of Gem, one of the most important mining camps of the Cceur d'Alenes. Like all 
the towns of this section, Gem is located in a narrow valley surrounded by high 
mountains, far up on the sides of which, and overlooking the town hundreds of feet 
below, are the houses of the Gem and other rich mines here. 

Gem is reached by the Northern Pacific and Union 
Pacific railroads. Its population now is about 500. 
The mines located in the immediate vicinity of Gem 
are the San Francisco, Granite, Black Bear, the Gem, 
and the Formosa group. These mines when in opera- 
tion furnish employment to over 300 men and they 
have a capacity of 80 tons of concentrates a day. 
Concentrators have been built on the Gem, Granite 
and San Francisco mines. The ore from these mines 
averages 30 ounces in silver and 50 per cent lead to 
the ton. It is by the operation of these mines that 
the town of Gem depends wholly for existence. When 
the mines here are shut down the camp is practically deserted. When the mines are 
in full operation, however, this is one of the most active and most prosperous towns of 
the Cceur d'Alene district 

Mullan, Idaho.— This important mining center of the Cceur d'Alenes is located 
on the Cceur d'Alene branch of the Northern Pacific, 112 miles east of Spokane, and 
128 miles west of Missoula. It is also the terminus of the Mullan branch of the 
Union Pacific. 




Gem Mine ano Concentrator, Gem 



486 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest. 

Nature has not only deposited enormous mineral wealth in the immediate vicin- 
ity of Mullan, but it has made the site of the town a romantic and attractive loca- 
tion. The town is built on the south fork of the Coaur d'Alene river, in a small 
valley of less than 40 acres in extent. Surrounding this valley are high and rugged 
peaks presenting almost every phase of wild mountain scenery. The little town of 
500 people is the one bright spot in the center of the green rock-studded mountains 
that surround it. 

Mullan was settled in 1884, and it was named in honor of that intrepid and tal- 
ented pioneer, John Mullan, the builder of the great Mullan road through this sec- 
tion. Mullan is a progressive town. It contains a $3,000 school house, a handsome 
Catholic cathedral, and a well constructed town hall. The lines of industry of the 
town are represented by a sawmill, a shingle plant and a planing mill. The water 
for use in the town is conveyed from a mountain stream by a flume to a reservoir 
located 257 feet above the streets of the town. The gravity pressure of this water in 
the hydrants is sufficient to throw a stream to considerable more than cover any 
building in the place. This, with a well drilled volunteer fire department here, is 
an absolute safeguard against fire. Mullan is lighted by about 350 incandescent 
lamps. 

In the immediate vicinity of Mullan is the Chloride Hill group of mines. This 
group consists of the Morning, Evening and Night Grouse, Gettysburg, You Like, 
Lucretia, Independence and other valuable properties. Among the other promising 
mines and claims near the town are the Little Giant group on Silver creek, the Cen- 
tral on Boulder gulch, the Paymaster, Keno, Jersey, Little Chip and Bullion on Hunter 
gulch, the Daisy, Missoula and Black Diamond. The two largest and best known mines 
here are the Gold Hunter and the Morning. The Gold Hunter was discovered by 
J. D. Hunter, in 1885. The mining district around Mullan is known as the Hunter 
district, named in honor of the discoverer of the Gold Hunter. The Gold Hunter 
is now owned by St. Paul capitalists. It has a daily output of about 100 tons of 
ore. The concentrator connected with this mine has a daily capacity of 100 tons 
per day. 

The Morning mine here was purchased for $12,000, and it is now valued at 
$1,000,000. It is one of the best developed mines in the Cceur d' Alenes. The con- 
centrator of this mine has a daily capacity of 100 tons. 

The You Like is another good mine on which a large body of rich ore has been 
uncovered. It is operated by a stock company with a capital of $1, 000,000. All the 
mines of this district are of average grade and yield about 30 ounces in silver and 58 
per cent lead to the ton of concentrates. 

Murray, Idalio. — Situated in a narrow valley, in the heart of the gold belt 
of the Cceur d' Alenes, is the town of Murray, the seat of justice of Shoshone county. 
Six miles from Murray, Pritchard creek, on which it is built, forms a junction with 
the north fork of the Cceur d'Alene river. It was at this point that A. J. Pritchard 
first discovered gold in the Cceur d' Alenes, in 1882. Since the country was first 
opened to settlement Murray has remained the chief town and supply point for the 
" North End," a term designating the gold districts bordering on Pritchard and Bea- 
ver creeks and their tributaries. Murray, at the present time, is without railroad 
connection. It is reached by stage from Osborne, a station on the Union and North- 
ern Pacific, 18 miles to the south. The lack of transportation facilities has been a 
serious impediment to the development of the many rich quartz mines in the vicinity 



Murray, Idaho. 487 

of Murray. For this reason the exceptionally rich gold district of Bald Mountain , 
at the head of Eagle creek, has never been worked. In 1893 hundreds of miners, 
who had been thrown out of employment by the closing down of the silver-produc- 
ing properties of the Cceur d'Aleues turned their attention to placer mining along 
Pritchard creek and its tributaries. These men made good wages at this work, thus 
demonstrating the richness of the district. Pritchard creek empties into the North 
Fork about two miles above the mouth of Beaver creek. It runs for about 13 miles 
through the gulch containing the placer deposits which first attracted attention to 
the Cceur d' Alenes. The mountains on either side of this and other gulches are 
covered with what is called "old wash," being heavy deposits of gravel in which 
large quantities of gold are found. This " wash " was either a prehistoric river bed 
or the track of a moraine. As great a depth of gravel as 150 feet has been found 
here. Over $2,500,000 in gold has already been taken from this ground by labor 
on the rimrock and shallow gravel by parties of men working with primitive imple- 
ments. The attention of capital and labor is now being largely directed toward 
Murray district, and the waters of the neighboring lakes and rivers are being con- 
ducted to such points along this " old wash" as will allow the placer ground here 
to be fully tested and developed. It was not until 
then that a successful attempt was made to reach 
bedrock of these gravel deposits which are recog- 
nized by all mining men to be exceedingly rich in 
gold. A syndicate of capitalists is now working this 
ground with the latest hydraulic appliances and 
after the most approved methods of placer mining. 
One company has constructed an extensive bedrock 
flume along one of the sides of Eagle creek, which 
is a tributary of Pritchard. Another company has 
under consideration the building of a bedrock flume 
eight miles in length along the main channel of 

_ . - - , „ J.I • MOTHER LODE MILL, MURRAY. 

Pritchard creek. These and other enterprises now 

under way have done much to make Murray a prosperous and important mining town. 

The town of Murray itself is an attractive place, surrounded by romantic moun- 
tain scenery. It is built in a gulch, from which steep timber- covered mountains 
rise to a height of over 3,000 feet. One principal street runs through the town, on 
which the business houses front. The remainder of the narrow valley here in which 
the town is built is occupied by residences, some of which are crowded well up on 
the mountain side. Like other progressive mining camps, Murray possesses excel- 
lent school facilities, several churches, and good hotel accommodations. It now 
claims a population of about 1,200. The discovery of the placer mines here was 
followed later by the finding of lodes from which the gold originally came. There 
are now several good paying quartz mines in the vicinity of Murray. One of the 
best known of these is the Mother Lode, on which a 10-stamp mill has been located. 
This mine has already produced about $275,000. Other good properties here are 
the Golden Chest, with a 10-stamp mill, the Golden King, also with a 10-stamp 
mill, the Idaho, with a 20-stamp mill, and the Fay Templeton, with a 25-foot Hunt- 
ington mill. 

The Buckeye group of mines, at the head of Dream gulch, are paying gold pro- 
ducers, as are the Occident and Treasure Box, adjoining the Mother Lode. It now 
requires large capital to work the placer mines of Murray district, as water in great 




488 



The Oregonian 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Street, Moscow, Looking Nor 



quantities for working the deposits here has to be brought from great distances. 
The Cceur d'Alene Mining Company are working the placers of Fancy gulch, near 
Murray. Their water is conveyed to the gravel deposits, by ditch and flume, for n 
miles, a fall of 80 feet being obtained. In Dream gulch, the Spokane Hydraulic 
Pipe Company have expended over $250,000 in grounds and improvements. Eight 
miles of 16-inch pipe are used to convey the water to their grounds, which yield 
an average of 37 cents per cubic yard from surface to bedrock. The increased 
activity in gold mining here, in 1893, which resulted from the depression in the 
silver districts of the Cceur d'Alenes, is exerting a powerful influence in Murray's 
advancement. The town is today one of the important mining centers of Idaho, 
and the attraction of capital to the rich gold district of which it is the base of ope- 
rations, is an assurance of the permanence and prosperous future of the camp. 

Moscow, Idaho. — Owing to its favorable location at the west end of Paradise 
valley, Moscow has been frequently styled the " City of Paradise," a term that any- 
one who has ever visited the town will admit is aptly chosen. Ap- 
proaching this sightly city by either of the 
parallel lines of railroad, the Union Pacific 
or the Northern Pacific, the traveler is at 
once struck with the beauty of Moscow's lo- 
cation and also by the imposing appearance 
which the city itself presents as a whole. 
Many new and towering brick blocks rise 
above the lower structures of the city and 
the place has every aspect of a solidly built 
and prosperous center of trade. 
Although Moscow's population at the present writing is barely 3,500, the first 
impression of the stranger visiting the city, is that the place is much larger. This is 
owing to the unusual size of some of the buildings here which are seldom found in a 
city of Moscow's population. 

Thirteen years ago Moscow was a mere trading point and as late as 1889 the popu- 
lation of the place hardly exceeded 1,000. The rapid growth of the city since that 
time has not been attended by a boom. It was a natural result of the development 
of this portion of the Palouse country in the most fertile portion of which Moscow 
is located, and the building to this point of two important lines of railroad, the 
Spokane & Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific, and the branch of the Union 
Pacific, which now connects with the main line of the Wash- 
ington division at Colfax. Moscow is the terminus of the Union 
Pacific branch, while the Spokane & Palouse extends beyond 
this point south for 31 miles to Juliaetta. Between Juliaetta 
and Lewiston the line for the extension of this road is almost 
all graded, a distance of 25 miles. Lewiston is the head of nav- 
igation on the Snake river, and it has long been one of the 
most important cities of Northern Idaho. When the line shall 
be completed clear through to Lewiston, a large extent of the 
richest country in the state will be opened to settlement, and as 
this country is developed it will do a large part of its trading with Moscow. 

The town of Moscow, although young, is already a rich center of population. 
Its assessed valuation is now placed at about $1,500,000. It boasts of three retail andjob- 




High School. Moscow. 



Moscow, Idaho, 



489 




-ic School, Moscow 



bing stores, each of which occupies quarters covering a full block of land. These 
stores carry stocks of goods valued at from $100,000 to $200,000 each. No less than 
four banks are doing business here on a solid basis. The city has nine warehouses 
and two elevators, while the average annual wheat receipts here aggregate from 
1,000,000 to 1,500,000 bushels. In addition to wheat there is yearly handled at this 
point 50,000 bushels of flax seed and 40,000 bushels of barley. 

Among the public improvements noted at Moscow is a fine system of water works 
that cost $45,000. The water, furnished by artesian wells, is pumped into a standpipe 
which is located on an elevation 75 feet above the main street 
and is 80 feet in height. The mains extending throughout the 
city are six inches in diameter. Hydrants are located at the 
principal street corners and the pressure is sufficiently strong in 
these mains to throw water over the highest buildings of the city. 
The city has an excellent fire department, an arc and incandescent 
electric light system, and has all the modern improvements ever 
found in a place of this size. 

Moscow is the seat of justice of Latah county. A block of ground has already 
been appropriated for a court house here, and a building for county purposes has been 
erected on this ground at a cost of $25,000. Moscow's educational advantages are 
unsurpassed. The new state university is located here. An illustration of this 
building, together with an article descriptive of it, is published in connection with the 
present article. There are two public school buildings in the city, one of which is a 
frame structure which cost $12,000, and the other is a brick high school the erection 
of which involved an outlay of $30,000. An excellent system of grades has been 
adopted in these schools, and a competent corps of teachers is constantly employed 
here. The average daily attendance of scholars at the public schools of the city 
is 800. 

Moscow has a number of fine church edifices. The denomin- 
ations represented are the Presbyterian, Baptist, two Methodist, 
Christian, Congregational, Episcopal, Catholic, Seventh Day Ad- 
ventist and Duukards. A strong organization of the Young Men's 
Christian Association is maintained here. The press is also well 
represented in the three weekly publications, The North Idaho 
Star, The Democrat and The Mirror. Moscow is well supplied 
with hotel accommodations, having a new $30,000 hotel building 
and three other good hotel structures. 

Moscow impresses one as possessing more of a metropolitan appearance than 
perhaps any other city of equal size in the Pacific Northwest. Its moral and social 
features are in striking contrast to what is usually found or expected in cities of 
equal population. It is a good business point, as is demonstrated by the fact that 
three large and successful jobbing houses are established here. The territory that 
is necessarily tributary is vast in extent, and the trade of this fertile section is 
rapidly increasing. Moscow is already the largest city in Northern Idaho, and it 
gives promise of leading in population among the cities of the state within the next 
few years. 

Hon. I. C. HaTTabaugh. — The Commercial Bank, of Moscow, was organized in 
1889, with a capital of $50,000. Its surplus and undivided profits are now $20,000. 
The bank has paid a semi-annual dividend of 6 per cent ever since its establish- 




Episcopal Church, 
Moscow. 



■490 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




merit. The officers are I. C. Hattabaugh, president, George Laugdon, vice-president, 
and I. A. Funk, cashier. The president of the Commercial Bank, Hon. I. C. Hatta- 
baugh, is a representative and prominent citizen of 
Moscow, inasmuch as there are but few undertak- 
ings of public enterprise here with which he has 
not been conspicuously identified. Mr. Hattabaugh 
was born in Indiana in 1851, and he received a 
high school education. He is a democrat in poli- 
tics and enjoys the distinction of being the only 
one of his party elected to office, that of county 
treasurer, at the last state election. Latah count}' 
is strongly republican, but Mr. Hattabaugh ran 
ahead of his ticket 500 votes. Mr. Hattabaugh is 
a member of the board of regents of the State 
University. He is grand master of the Masonic 
order of Idaho, and he is prominently identified 
commercial bank, Moscow. with several business enterprises of Moscow whose 

success has been largely due to his sagacious efforts. 

R. S. Browne. — The Moscow National Bank was organized in 1891 with a capital 
stock of $75,000. Its officers are R. S. Browne, 
president ; J. H. Maguire, vice-president ; C. S. 
Scott, Cashier; and C. M. Browne, assistant cashier. 
Mr. Browne, the president, is one of the shrewdest 
financiers of the Northwest, and he has been 
offered at various times positions with some of the 
strongest banks in the city of Portland, Oregon. 
Mr. Browne was born in Portland, Michigan, in 
1862, where he received his education in the high 
schools. Twelve years ago he came to Moscow 
and identified himself with the well-known firm 
of McConnell & Maguire. Afterwards he accepted 
a position as cashier of the First National Bank 
of Moscow, and later was instrumental in organiz- 
ing the Moscow National and Savings Bank, of 
which institution he is now president. Mr. Browne 
has been treasurer of Latah county for three terms and he now holds the office of 
treasurer of the regents of the University of Idaho. 

W. W. Watkins. — There is perhaps no more prominent man in Moscow than 
Dr. W. W. Watkins. He has earned the distinction among bis fellow citizens of 
being foremost in almost every stroke of public enterprise that requires some one to 
lead. Dr. Watkins is a native of New Hampshire, having been born in that state in 
1S46. He received his literary and medical education in the city of St. Louis, where 
he took his last degree in the study of medicine in 1872. He practiced in St. Louis 
until recent years, when he came to Moscow, where he has attained marked prominence 
as a physician and surgeon. Notwithstanding the arduous toil necessarily entailed 
by a successful physician, Dr. Watkins has always found time outside his practice to 
spend pro bono publico. He is an ardent republican and was chairman of the first 
state convention held in Idaho. He is president of the Moscow chamber of com- 



J0f"*^fe 


, * 


1 


■A ' 


* 


'J] ,* 



R. S. BROWNE, PRES 



Moscow, Idaho. 



491 




W. W. WATKINS, M. D., MOSCOW. 
SECRETARY BOARD OF REGENTS. UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO. 



merce and is secretary and member of the board of 
regents of the Idaho State University. Dr. Wat- 
kins is a prominent Knight Templar and is a 
member of the Odd Fellows. He has accumulated 
considerable property in both Idaho and California, 
an evidence of the success which has always at- 
tended his practice as a physician. 

The University of Idaho. — For a young 
state to repeat the mistakes of its elders is inex- 
cusable. Many states, yielding to sectional clamor, 
have materially and permanently weakened their 
educational powers by trying to maintain several 
so-called institutions for higher education. Such 
schools necessarily become ill-fed pensioners upon 
the public bounty. They are purely local and 
consequently poorly patronized, disappointing local 
expectations both as to their value in a commercial sense and their rank as institu- 
tions of learning. 

Idaho has wisely chosen to concentrate its support of higher education upon its 
university, with the hope of making it a school of commanding influence, an expec- 
tation that present appearances fully justify, for no institution ever made a more 
auspicious beginning or more quickly won popular confidence and support. The 
University of Idaho has been peculiarly fortunate from the 
first in having representative men of the state upon the regency, 
men of personal honor and business methods to manage its 
affairs and to shape its destiny. It is the 
unwritten but effectual law of the state 
that political subserviency and religious 
emulations must not enter into the man- 
agement of the university. So we find 
the governor of the state making his bi- 
ennial appointments of regents solely in 
the interests of the university. 

Hon. Willis Sweet, M. C, was the 
first president of the board of regents, re- 
signing on account of his public duties in 
favor of Philip Tillinghast, Esq., whose 
training in Columbia College and profes- 
university of idaho Moscow. sional experience admirably qualify him 

for the position. W. W. Watkins, M. D., 
the efficient secretary of the board, is a man of tireless activity and unbounded de- 
votion to the institution. The other regents, I. C. Hattabaugh, Moscow, C. W. Shaff, 
M. D., Lewiston, J. F. Ailshie, Grangeville, Sherman M. Coffin, Caldwell, H. H. 
Hoff, Montpelier, A. A. Crane, Harrison, and A. J. Crook, Clayton, are their worthy 
co-workers. 

The University was opened to students October 3, 1892, with a faculty consisting 
of the president, F. B. Gault, and one professor. A year later the institution had 12 
professors and instructors. Here again the regents showed complete freedom from 




49^ The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

personal and political interests by canvassing the country for the best possible 
qualified men and women for teachers. It takes teachers to make a school, a fact 
that is often overlooked. These professors have graduated from the leading colleges 
of this country, some of them adding foreign study and travel to their preparation. 
Beginning without equipment of any kind, the libraries, laboratories and other 
facilities are now worth over $10,000, and well selected additions are being made con- 
stantly. 

The main university building is one of the finest college buildings in the coun- 
try. It is built of brick, the interior finish being in California redwood. Being four 
stories in height, in length 180 feet and in width 122 feet, the building contains about 
50 bright, cheerful rooms, admirably adapted to school purposes. It is heated by 
steam, lighted by electricity, and supplied with artesian water. Toilets, lavatories, 
cloak rooms and all the improvements and conveniences that characterize modern 
public buildings are supplied. 

A choice of five collegiate courses of study is already offered students. These 
courses, which will be enlarged in scope as circumstances permit are the classical, the 
scientific, the civil engineering, the agricultural and the English, the latter embrac- 
ing courses in political, financial, ethical and sociological sciences and designed 
especially for teachers, business men and those preparing for public life. While it is 
the intention to give thorough classical training, the institution will make its courses 
in the English classics, the sciences and those subjects pertaining to the industries 
of life and the public questions of the day particularly strong and inviting. 

The university is located in a dry climate at an altitude a little less than 3,000 
feet. The climate is an agreeable relief from the arid regions and the higher altitudes 
and from the humid climate along the Pacific coast. There is no climate in the 
world more conducive to effective study. If Idaho shall wisely maintain its present 
policy as to higher education, the University of Idaho is destined to become one of 
the leading schools of the great West. 

Kendrick, Idaho. — The distance from Moscow to Kendrick, which is situated 
in Latah county, is 26 miles by the line of the Spokane & Palouse branch of the 
Northern Pacific. This road extends for a distance of four miles beyond Kendrick 
to Juliaetta, a small town of perhaps 250 people. A part of the 
route between Moscow and Kendrick, possibly ten or more 
miles, lies through a narrow defile or canyon along the water- 
course known as Potlatch creek. It is in this canyon that the 
town of Kendrick is located. The stranger visiting this point 
for the first time is led to inquire, on what can a town located 
here be supported ? On either side of Kendrick rise sharp hills 
public school, kendrick toan elevation of about 1,500 feet. Outside of the railroad 
route the place is seemingly inaccessible and yet the condition 
of the business enjoyed by the town shows this to be one of the most prosperous 
points of the state. 

An easy ride over one of the numerous winding highways which reach the top of 
the hills back of Kendrick is the best educator on the subject of Kendrick's prosperity. 
As far as the eye can reach from the summits of these hills stretch away the rich 
lands and well kept farms of the district which pours all its wealth into the coffers of 
its principal trading center, Kendrick. This land is gently rolling as is all of the 
good wheat land of Eastern Washington, and it comprises one of the most fertile 




Kendrick, Idaho. 493 

sections of the coast. This land when properly cultivated yields from 30 to 60 bush- 
els of wheat to the acre, and in this district are situated fine farms, well kept orchards 
and it is occupied by a well-to-do and progressive set of farmers. In plain view of 
the summits of the hills back of Kendrick is the Nez Perces Indian reservation, only 
six miles distant from Kendrick. This reservation comprises fine lands, its total 
area beingabout 500,000 square acres. Those who are thoroughly acquainted with the 
wonderful productiveness of the soil of the Potlatch district of which Kendrick is 
the trading and banking center, look forward with considerable interest to the time 
when the lands of this reservation will be thrown open to settlement. It is hoped 
that this will be done within the next two years. The openiug of this reservation 
would largely increase the general prosperity of the entire section tributary to Ken- 
drick and it would also insure a greater degree of importance to the town itself than 
this place now enjoys. 

No less than six "ridges" or narrow strips of agricultural land, separated by 
canyons, converge at Kendrick. Good county roads connect the town with all 
these outlying districts. The names applied to these several "ridges" are the Pot- 
latch, Cedar creek, Texas, Big Bear, L,ittle Bear and American. The soil of all the 
lands on these " ridges " is noted for its wonderful fertility and it will produce all 
the cereals and fruits such as peaches, apples, pears, plums, quinces, prunes, cherries 
and smaller fruits in great abundance. It is estimated that at least 1,500 square miles 
of land is tributary to Kendrick and the character of this tributary section is such 
that its trade can never go to any other point but Kendrick. In addition to this, 
Kendrick is also the nearest trading point for the Boulder, Ruby and Cedar mining 
districts. The section tributary to this town is also rich in timber, and within 20 
miles of the place are hundreds of acres of valuable white pine, which is yet practi- 
cally untouched. 

Kendrick's location is a strong one. The merchants here have no fearsof a rival 
town springing up at a near point, and the trade that comes here cannot well go any- 
where else. The trade of the place being in the staple lines of an agricultural com- 
munity where crops never fail, the people here do not suffer from the financial 
depressions which with annoying regularity worry the banks and business men of 
other less favored localities. The town of Kendrick is today less than four years old. 
Two years ago the place was almost entirely wiped out of existence by a fire, and its 
growth has practically been compassed within the two years past. It now contains 
about 700 people, and is substantially and handsomely built up. Several good busi- 
ness blocks line the main street, and the merchants here carry large and well assorted 
stocks of goods. The town has the benefit of good water works, a fine electric light 
plant and supports a weekly newspaper, The Gazette. Two Methodist, one Presby- 
terian and one United Brethren churches are established at Kendrick. The town has 
the advantage of excellent public schools and the many public improvements which 
have been made here are in keeping with the progressive policy of the citizens who 
have built a town at this point. 

Kendrick now contains a flouring mill, with a daily capacity of 50 barrels, and 
three grain warehouses. During the past year (1893), the shipments of wheat from 
this point amounted to about 500,000 bushels. The Spokane & Palouse railroad line 
which was completed to this point in 1891, has given a great impetus to the growth 
of the rich section of country in which Kendrick is located and it is this railroad 
which is responsible for a large part of the prosperity which the town now enjoys. 



494 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



The First National Bank. 




•' 



First national Bank, Kenorick. 



The First National Bank of Kendrick was organ- 
ized in August, 1S92, with a capital stock 
of $50,000. Its undivided profits now ex- 
ceed $6,000. The officers of the bank are 
F. N. Gilbert, president, A. T. Gilbert, vice- 
president, Matthew Jacobs, cashier, and A. 
W. Gordon, assistant cashier. The First 
National Bank, through the financial prom- 
inence of its stockholders and the conserva- 
tism of the cashier, Mr. Jacobs, has won 
the confidence of a long list of depositors 
since the date of its organization, and is now 
on the strongest of financial footings and is 
justly popular with its customers. 




Hotel St. Elmo, kenorick 



Hotel St. Elmo. — The Hotel 
St. Elmo is a new and practically 
fire-proof two-story brick hotel. It 
contains 32 neatly furnished rooms, 
all of which are lighted by elec- 
tricity. It is the only hotel in 
Kendrick and is conducted on a 
strictly first-class plan. M. C. 
Normoyle is the proprietor and he 
is a hotel man of long experience. 
Guests at this hotel are conveyed 
to and from trains and they receive 
the most courteous attention while 
stopping at this popular house. 

POTTER & CouTTS. — The well-known firm of Potter & Coutts are authority on 
all matters pertaining to real estate, loans, insurance, investments and collections in 
the country tributary to Kendrick. This firm has now been engaged in business in 
Kendrick for three years. Mr. Potter, the senior member, is one of the original 
owners of the townsite of Kendrick. Mr. Coutts, the junior member, is an attorney 
at law. All communications addressed to this reliable firm will receive prompt 
attention. 

E. S. Crumbaker. — Mr. E. S. Crumbaker is an attorney at law and gives 
special attention to collections and real estate as well as investments and insurance. 
Mr. Crumbaker will be glad to reply to all inquiries concerning Kendrick of what- 
ever nature. 

Iiewiston, Idalio. — The history of Lewiston, the capital of Nez Perces 
county, Idaho, dates back as far as i860, or to the time when gold discoveries 
were first made in the Oro Fino and Florence districts 80 miles to the east. By the 
latter part of May, 1862, it is claimed that 20,000 people had flocked to the scenes of 
these early mining operations and the yield of gold from these diggings was reported 
at $7,000,000. Lewiston owes its location to the fact that it is at the head of naviga- 
tion on the Snake river, and it was from this point that the thousands of early gold 
hunters who had come up the river from the coast found their chief outfitting station. 



Lewiston, Idaho. 



49-3 



-if'- 

Ifj 






fflfl 



' Hflrfji :. 



nez Perces County Court house, 
Lewiston. 



During the early days of her existence, Lewiston en- 
joyed a remarkably rapid growth, though perhaps a little 
of the mushroom order. During the height of the gold 
excitement in Northern Idaho the town boasted of a popu- 
lation of fully 10,000. Today, Lewiston contains scarcely 
more than 1,500 people, and yet it is now one of the pros- 
perous and solid towns of the northern part of the state. It 
is the wealthiest town in proportion to population in the 
state. The assessed valuation here shows real estate valued 
at $750,000. This is conceded to be about one-third the 
actual value of the property assessed. The 300 voters of 
Lewiston, perhaps, make up the majority of land owners here. The assessment rolls 
accredit $2,500 worth of taxable property to each of these voters, property that, at 
its actual valuation, is conceded to be worth $7,500. Lewiston challenges the world 
for a parallel statement. The people here are all prosperous and happy and, with- 
out the aid of railroad connection, Lewiston is conceded to be one of the richest 
inland cities of the coast. 

Lewiston is located at the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater rivers, each 
of which streams carries a sufficient volume of water to float large steamers. A regu- 
lar line of steamboats operates on the Snake river between Lewiston and Riparia, 
connection being made with the Union Pacific railroad at the latter point. The 
elevation of Lewiston is but 700 feet above sea level, while rising on all sides of the 
town are plateaus of the richest farming land of a general altitude of from 2,000 to 
4,000 feet. The winters of Lewiston are not cold, the thermometer seldom dropping 
here below zero, while the summers are not uncomfortably hot. 

The soil of the lands adjacent and tributary to Lewiston is excellent in quality. 
It is deep and, without the aid of irrigation, yields large crops of cereals and grasses. 
In certain parts of the country tributary to Lewiston crops during seasons of pro- 
tracted drought have suffered, but it is claimed by those 
who have given the subject the most careful attention here 
that irrigation can easily be provided for these arid belts at 
a small expense. The valley lands in the vicinity of Lewis- 
ton are especially adapted to fruit raising. These lands 
produce with the most lavish abundance almost every 
variety of deciduous fruits. The climate and soil combine 
here to make fruit raising a very profitable industry. The 
grapes, peaches, apricots and melons of the Snake River 
valley are famous, while apples, pears, prunes, cherries and 
all the smaller fruits grow as well here as on an}- part of the 
coast. Grapes yield as high on these lands as six tons to the acre, while the peach 
crop never fails, and the quality of the peaches raised here vies with that of the finest 
peach crops of New Jersey. 

The transportation problem is one wdiich the people of Lewiston have vainly 
attempted to solve for many years past. A tri-weekly steamer now runs between 
Lewiston and Riparia, a six-hours' ride down the river, where close connection is 
made with the Union Pacific railroad, on the through line betwen Portland and Spo- 
kane. Two daily stage lines, one of which is run to connect with the Northern 
Pacific trains, make the trip from Lewiston to Uniontown, a station on the line of 




^J^tesg^S 



.ic School, leaistos 



496 



The Oresronian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Church, Lewiston. 



the Northern Pacific, 12 miles distant. It is probable, however, that Lewiston wilt 
enjoy railroad communication with the outer world at an early day in the future. 
The Northern Pacific has already built to Juliaetta, in the 
Potlatch district, a point within 25 miles of Lewiston. The 
citizens of Lewiston have raised a cash bonus of $75,000, 
to be paid to the Northern Pacific on condition that the 
road be completed to Lewiston by January of the present 
year. The roadbed is partially graded, but owing to the 
prevailing stringency in the money market during the past 
year, the Northern Pacific was unable to earn the subsidy. 
The time will probably be extended, however, and although 
the road is now in the hands of a receiver, the short con- 
nection between Juliaetta may be finished during the present year. 

Lewiston is solidly built. The main street is graced with a number of two and 
three story brick blocks. Main street, the principal business thoroughfare, is broad 
and well kept. It is fully two miles long, and beyond the business section of the 
city is lined with handsome residences with ample and well kept surrounding yards. 
The street is well shaded on either side with the Lombardy silver poplars. Lewis- 
ton contains two national banks, which are on the strongest of 
financial footings. A complete system of water works, which cost 
$ioo,coo, is owned by citizens of the town. The supply of water 
here is inexhaustible, and the pressure is ample for protection 
Bgainst fire. Lewiston has a good fire department and an electric 
light system. Among the manufacturing industries of the 
city may be mentioned a patent roller-process flouring mill, 
a brewery, two saw mills, a planing mill and machine works. 
Other important factors that contribute to Lewiston's pros- 
perity, are two daily stage lines to Uniontown, one daily 
stage line to Camas prairie, and stages daily to Moscow, 
Genesee, Asotin and Poineroy, and a tri-weekly line to the 
Potlatch country. A department of the United States land 
office, for the counties of Nez Perces, Idaho and Latah, is 

also established at this point. Lewiston also boasts of a branch of the supreme court 
of the state. The town is the distributing center for a large area of rich country, 
and it is the headquarters for the immense logging interests which annually handle 
large drives of logs on the Clearwater river. 

Lewiston is justly proud of her excellent educational advantages. The public 
schools are of the first order in their appointments. The average attendance at 
the public schools of the city is about 200. The last session of the Idaho state 
legislature designated Lewiston as the place where the State Normal School should 
be located. The state endowed this institution with the revenue to be derived 
from 50,000 acres of land. The buildings for the normal school here will be erected 
during the present year. The St. Aloysius Academy, a Catholic institution, was 
first opened to students in the fall of 1883. The attendance at this school has stead- 
ily increased each year since it was first opened. Lewiston boasts of some very hand- 
some church edifices, among which may be mentioned the First Methodist, the Meth- 
odist Episcopal South, the Episcopal, Presbyterian and Catholic. 

Lewiston supports two good weekly newspapers, The Teller and The Tribune 
it has two hotels and two livery stables. 




'iscopal Church 



Grangevitte and Camas Prairie, Idaho. 



497 



The following figures, obtained from the United States land office at Lewiston, 
will furnish satisfactory information of the amount of land tributary to this town. 
In Nez Perces county there have been surveyed : fruit 
and garden lands, 20,000 acres; grain land, 40,000 acres ; 
grazing land, 54,945 acres, making a total of surveyed 
land in the county of 114,945 acres. In addition to 
this there are in the county 350,000 acres of unsurveyed 
grazing lands. On Craig's Mountain there have been 
surveyed 75,000 acres of grain and timothy lands, and 
125,000 acres of grazing lands on the mountain are still 
unsurveyed. On Nez Perces Indian Reservation, in Nez 
Perces county, there are 385,000 acres of agricultural, 
timber and grazing lands, making a grand total of 
1,049,945 acres of land which can be considered tributary 
to this town. 




*ma* 



PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, LEWISTON 



Granjyeville and Camas Prairie. — Idaho county occupies a central 
position in the state of the same name. It reaches from the boundary line of Oregon 
on the west to the dividing line between Idaho and Montana on the east, a distance 
of about 200 miles, while the length of the count}' from north to south is about the 
same, the shape of the county being nearly square. While the surface of a large 
portion of Idaho count} - is rugged and mountainous, yet the largest body of agri- 
cultural land in the state lying in one piece is found in Idaho county. This fertile 
belt is what is known as Camas prairie. It is with this remarkable section of land 
that the present article has to deal. 

Camas prairie can be reached at the present time only by stage from Lewiston, 
which is located in Nez Perces county, on the Snake river. A few miles above Lewis- 
ton is the mouth of Salmon river. The Lewiston and Grangeville stage line extends 
in a southeasterly direction from Lewiston, running between the Salmon and Clear- 
water rivers. Forty miles above Lewiston the stage crosses the dividing line between 
Nez Perces and Idaho counties. For one-half of this distance the road crosses a 
country of low elevation and prairie-like character, a greater portion of the land of 
which is now under cultivation. At the boundary line of Idaho county the foot of 
Craig's Mountain is reached. This elevation is ascended by a circuitous though not 
a precipitous county roadway. Near the summit Lake Waha, a crystal sheet of 

blue water abounding in gamy fish and sur- 
rounded by the most picturesque charms of na- 
ture, is passed. The shores of this lake are 
fast becoming a popular summer resort for the 
people of the surrounding country. 
The summit of Craig's Mountain is 
reached from the lake by easy grades. 
On top of the mountain are a few 
miles of very easy traveling, through 
fields of hay and waving fields of grain, 
over prairie and table-lands. This is 
the great plateau of the summit. 
The first view of Camas prairie from 
any part of the stage route is obtained when Cottonwood butte is reached on 




Stock Scene. Camas Prairie. 



498 The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

the descent of the eastern slope of Craig's Mountain. It is safe to venture the 
assertion that the traveler who has arrived at this point for the first time will uncon- 
sciously pause and meditate for some moments on the grandeur of the landscape 
that is suddenly presented to his view here. The scene from Cottonwood butte is 
truly an inspiring one. Spread before the beholder is a section of country 30 miles 
in length and about 20 miles wide. On a clear day these thousands of acres of gently 
undulating land, dotted here and there with settlements, and on which large bands 
of horses and cattle are contentedly feeding, with their waving fields of wheat, oats, 
barley, flax or timothy, form a panorama that is more entrancing than is the greatest 
painting of the master artist. To the south from this point are seen the snow-capped 
peaks of the Salmon River Mountains, and towering still above these lofty elevations 
are the sawtooth eminences of the Seven Devils. Far to the east are the lofty heights 
of the Bitter Root Range, which merges into the Cceur d'Alene Mountains on the 
north and which joins Craig's Mountain on the west. This magnificent circle of 
mountains is unbroken with the exception of easy passes here and there which will 
in the near future furnish open gateways for the entry of railroad lines to Camas 
prairie, one of the most fertile sections of the West. 

As before stated, Camas prairie is about 30 miles long and about 20 miles in width. 
It lies between the Salmon and Clearwater rivers, streams which parallel each other, 
the Salmon river running on the south and the Clearwater on the north and east. 
The distance between these streams at the point where they come closest to each 
other is 30 miles. These rivers flow through deep canyons. The Camas prairie is 
reached from these water-courses by following the courses of the several creeks 
which find their source along the foothills of the mountains back and which empty 
into the larger streams below. 

The topography of Camas prairie is best described as being of a gently rolling 
character. The bedrock below the soil is basalt of volcanic origin, while the sur- 
face above this is a deep, black loam of the same character as is found on the best 
lands of the famous Palouse wheat belt of Washington. This soil produces remark- 
able yields of all kinds of cereals and grasses, fruits and vegetables. Camas prairie 
is well watered by the Cottonwood, Three Mile, Butcher and John's creeks, which 
flow through it and empty into the Clearwater and Grave creeks and the waters of 
Rocky canyon, which flow into Salmon river. A bountiful supply of well water is 
obtained on the prairie in almost any locality at depths varying from 10 to 60 feet. 
The altitude of Camas prairie is about 3,000 feet above sea level. The climate of this 
part of the state is by no means severe. Frosts seldom appear here before Decem- 
ber, and the snowfalls during the winter months are not heavy and snow seldom 
remains on the ground here longer than a week at a time. The warm chinook winds 
blowing up from the southwest and the currents of warm air which rises from the 
river canyons below tend to greatly temper the rigors of winter on Camas prairie. 

The population of Camas prairie at the present time does not exceed 4,000. 
Owing to lack of railroad connection with the outside world, the farmers here 
now give their attention principally to stock raising, although sufficient products 
of agriculture are raised to amply meet the local demands. The sale of sur- 
plus stock in this section is annually increasing and it now averages yearly about 
$100,000 in value. 

The mineral resources of Idaho county are worthy of more than passing notice 
in the present article, owing to the proximity and accessibility of these mineral 



Grangeville and Camas Prairie, Idaho. 499 

deposits to Camas prairie. The excitement attending the discovery of the placer 
gold-fields of Oro Fino, Elk City, Florence and Warrens diggings here in the early 
6o's will be remembered by many of the old residents of the Northwest. Although 
placer mining is now on the decline, recent valuable quartz discoveries in these same dis- 
tricts and the active preparation already made for their development promise a 
greater activity in mining in these districts than was noted 30 years ago. In 
the Warrens district several valuable gold-quartz ledges are now being worked at a 
profit, although at something of a disadvantage owing to the lack of wagon roads 
and the consequent heavy cost of hauling supplies to the mines. A state wagon 
road has just been completed at a cost of $50,000, which will reach these mines. 
This road is about ready to be opened to travel and it will undoubtedly give a great 
impetus to the working of the valuable quartz mines of Idaho count}-. 

A very rich section of Idaho county is the Alton mining district. It is noted for 
its rich ledges and it only awaits the building of wagon roads to become a very prom- 
inent mining section. The Elk City district lies in the foothills of the Bitter Root 
Mountains and is regarded by experts as being remarkablj- rich in surface display. 
A road to this district is assured during the present year (1S94). The completion of 
this road will give Camas prairie means of communication with one of the most 
promising mineral belts of the Pacific coast. The famous Seven Devils mines 
are copper properties. Active preparations are now being made to develop these 
mines on a large scale. 

The timber resources of Idaho county are apparently inexhaustible. The western 
slope of the Bitter Root Mountains alone is covered with a dense growth of pine, fir, 
tamarack and cedar. This timber belt is about 100x80 miles in extent. The forests 
here are easily accessible and they contain sufficient timber to meet the demands of 
this section for many years in the future. 

The towns of Camas prairie will always remain the principal supply points for all 
the vast mineral and timber sections of country back of this belt of rich agricultural 
land. Camas prairie is the only bod}' of agricultural land between Lewiston prairies 
and the mining districts of Montana and it is also the only fertile belt separating the 
great mineral section of Northern and Southern Idaho. The prevailing cheapness 
of land in this prairie at the present time will undoubtedly attract a large immigra- 
tion to this part of the state during the preseut year. The finest ranches, all under 
fence and with the usual farm improvements can yet be bought here for from $10 to 
$20 an acre. Wild and unimproved lands on the prairie find a ready sale at from $5 
to $S an acre. Three years ago these lands could have been purchased at less than 
one-half their present selling price and three years hence it is not unreasonable to 
expect that they will as readily bring twice the amount they are today being sold for. 
The population of Camas prairie is rapidly increasing and immediate prospects of 
railroad connection with the outside world promise quite a boom for this section 
in the near future. There is now but little desirable government land on Camas 
prairie. 

The soil of Camas prairie is a black loam varying in thickness from a few inches 
to several feet. The subsoil is clay and is about 18 inches in depth. The land here 
produces a fine bunchgrass which is self-curing and very nutritious. Cattle and 
horses range on the natural pasturage almost during the entire year without attention. 
Some of the finest breeds of cattle and the best grades of horses are raised on Camas 
prairie. The surplus stock is rounded up every spring and fall and is driven to Lew- 



500 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



iston or Genesee, distant about 65 miles, and shipped from these points by the Union 
or Northern Pacific railroads to different parts of Oregon, Washington or Idaho. 
Large bands of horses are frequently bunched and driven to Montana or Dakota 
where they command prices ranging from $15 a head for cay uses to $300 a span for 
blooded mares. The principal crop now raised on Camas prairie is timothy. The 
cereals do w y ell here, wheat averaging from 30 to 60 bushels to the acre, oats 50 to 75 
bushels and barley 60 bushels. 

Adjoining Camas prairie on the north and east is the Nez Perces Indian reserva- 
tion, which contains 765,000 acres of land. At least three-fourths of this land is sus- 
ceptible of a high state of cultivation. There are today about 1,800 Indians in the 
Nez Perces tribe which is recognized as one of the most prosperous, industrious and 
intelligent of the primitive American race. The Indians here have already received 
their allotments of land in severalty. The remaining lands of the reservation, com- 
prising about 500,000 acres, will soon be thrown open to settlement by congress. 
This land is among the finest in the Northwest. The people of Camas prairie, as 
well as others interested in the development of this part of the state, are urging con- 
gress to speedy action in the matter of appropriating this land, and it is hoped that 
the national government will take some action on this matter during the present 
session of congress. A large portion of the reservation is directly tributary to Camas 
prairie. It lies directly between Camas prairie and Snake river. It is felt that the 
opening of the lands of this reservation to settlement will alone insure Camas prairie 
speedy railroad connection. Both the Northern and the Union Pacific have already 
made surveys for extending their lines into the Camas prairie country. The Spokane 
& Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific will probably be completed from Juliaetta 
to Lewiston during the present year, and it is expected that the line will be 
extended from that point to Camas prairie. The Union Pacific has run surveys from 
Lewiston via Camas prairie to a connection with the main line in the southern por- 
tion of the state. It is hardly probable that one of the most inviting sections of the 
state will long be denied railroad connection with the outside world, and with the 
advent of the iron horse Camas prairie will become one of the most prosperous sec- 
tions of the West. 



Grange ville, Idalio. — Grangeville is the largest center of population on 
Camas prairie, the town claiming today about 500 people. It is favorably situated, 
being near the center of the prairie from east to west, and not far from the foothills 

of the Bitter Root range of 
mountains to the south. Its 
proximity to the mountains 
makes its a particularly 
healthful location, and a most 
desirable place in which to 
reside. 

Grangeville has always 
enjoyed a marked degree of 
prosperity. Its three large 
general merchandise stores 
do an annual business of at 
least $250,000. Two solid 
banks and various small bus- 




Main Street. Grangeville, July 4, 1891. 



Cottonwood, Idaho. 501 

iness houses are located at this point. In addition to having a large country 
trade, Grangeville is the present supply and outfitting point for the rich mines 
in the vicinity. In manufacturing industries the town has a large roller-process 
flouring mill and a brewery. A large sawmill is located two miles distant from 
the town. The social and moral tone of the community of Grangeville is of a very 
high order. The Methodist and Episcopal denominations have church buildings and 
strong organizations here. A Chatauqua circle, brass band, and a company of Idaho 
National Guards, which is one of the best drilled military organizations in the state, 
the Patrons of Husbandry, who own a fine hall here, are notable features of the life 
of the town. A well conducted high school and an academy, under the patronage of 
the Methodist church, are an indication of the demands which exist here for the best 
educational facilities. Grangeville supports one of the best conducted weekly news- 
papers in Idaho. This is The Idaho County Free Press, edited and conducted by 
A. F. Parker, who is doing much to advertise the resources of the Camas prairie 
country. East of Grangeville i V 2 miles is located the government experimental sta- 
tion, one of three of the kind assigned to the state. The government has purchased 
here 160 acres of laud which has been set apart for experiments in agriculture. 
Appropriate buildings for this purpose have already been erected here and scientific 
men have been employed to conduct experiments along the lines above specified. 

Grangeville was first started as a town in 1874. It has steadily advanced in 
wealth and population since that time until it has become a most important center of 
trade for the Camas prairie country and for the mines of the districts adjacent. The 
business men of Grangeville are thoroughly alive to every advantage which their 
promising city enjoys, and they are united in all efforts to further the city's interests. 
The citizens of Grangeville are public spirited and they fully appreciate the fact that 
the development of the Camas prairie country insures the building up of their city, 
which is now the chief commercial center of this rich district. It has been 
through this ambition of the people here which is largely responsible for the pres- 
tige Grangeville now enjoys. Among the more enterprising citizens of the city may 
be mentioned W. W. Brown, the successful manager of the Bank of Camas Prairie; 
A. F. Parker, editor of The Free Press ; Messrs. Alexander & Freidenrich, Henry 
Wax, Messrs. Vollmer & Scott, the proprietors of the three large general merchan- 
dise stores located here; Frank McGrane, a successful business man, and George 
Schmadeka, one of the pioneers of Camas prairie. Any of these gentlemen will 
be glad to answer all letters of inquiry addressed to them concerning Grangeville or 
Camas prairie. Grangeville is in the line of rapid improvement and its many 
advantages are worthy of the most careful inspection of people from abroad at the 
present time. 

Lewiston Addition to Grangeville. — The Lewiston Addition to Grangeville 
lies southwest of the city in a most desirable locality. The Addition is beautifully 
situated and commands a magnificent view of Camas prairie and the mountains 
beyond. Lots here are 50 x 142 feet in size and are held at $50 for inside and $100 for 
corners. The addition is owned by the Lewiston Land Company, which is composed 
of Lewiston and Grangeville capitalists. 

Cottonwood, Idaho. — Descending the east slope of Cottonwood butte, re- 
ferred to in the article on Camas prairie, the traveler is greeted with a view of the 
flourishing little town of Cottonwood. This is one of the oldest settled points on 
Camas prairie, and it occupies the only gateway for travel by stage from the Snake 



502 



The Oregronian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



river country below, and it will, in all probability, be the first point on Camas prairie 
reached by railroad. 

Cottonwood is attractively situated on the west side of Camas prairie, under the 
foothills of Craig's Mountain. The location for a town at this point is desirable in many 
respects. The pure mountain air here is invigorating, and the ample supply of the 
purest mountain water which the town enjoys is an additional safeguard to the 
health of the inhabitants. The wealth of timber with which the surface of Craig's 
Mountain is supplied makes Cottonwood a promising manufacturing point. One 
sawmill here, recently erected by E. S. Sweet, is already turning out 15,000 feet of 
lumber a day. The merchantable timber accessible to Cottonwood is apparently 
inexhaustible, and as the demand for lumber increases on Camas prairie, the num- 
ber of sawmills at Cottonwood will naturally increase in proportion. It is worthy 
of note here that when the summit of Craig's Mountain is reached the descent does 
not commence until a broad, fertile section, varying in width from 5 to 10 miles, 
the great plateau on the summit, is crossed. Much of the land on this plateau is 
naturally barren of forest growth, while a large portion is but lightly timbered. 
These arable lands are being rapidly occupied by an industrious class of settlers. 
These people, living for a distance of 18 miles back of Cottonwood, do their trading 
at the latter point. Cottonwood also derives a large patronage from Camas prairie 
proper, and from the thickly populated districts of White Bird and Dumax plains. 

The citizens of Cottonwood are always 
on the alert for new enterprises which will 
aid in building up their town. As a result 
of this enterprise, the largest roller-process 
flouring mill in the state of Idaho is lo- 
cated here. This mill has a daily capacity 
of 200 barrels. It was established at Cot- 
tonwood during the past year. The man- 
ager was induced to select this point for 
the establishment of his plant by the many 
advantages offered here for a large flouring 
mill, and also by a liberal land and cash 
subsidy which the enterprising people subscribed to here. 

Prominent among the business institutions of Cottonwood are a bank, the large 
general merchandise store of Messrs. Goldstone & Wax, which carries a stock of 
goods valued at $25,000, a live weekly newspaper, The Cottonwood Report, and the 
usual number of smaller stores, as well as a good hotel and two livery stables. Cot- 
tonwood has a population of about 150. New stores and new residences are noted 
on every hand, and the probabilities are that Cottonwood, a year hence, will contain 
twice as many people as reside here today. 

The Methodist and Catholic denominations have neat little church buildings at 
Cottonwood, and the organization of each is strong. The public schools of the town 
are well attended, and are presided over by two competent teachers. As before 
stated, the town enjoys an enviable location, when considered in relation to future 
railroad connection between Camas prairie and outside points now reached by lines 
of road. Cottonwood and Meadow Creek passes are said to be the most practicable 
routes for railroads entering the prairie. Surveys have already been made through 
these gaps. A careful examination of a map of this country will show very plainly 




General Store, Goldstone & wax, Cottonwood. 



Denver, Idaho. 503 

that Cottonwood is on the direct line with railroads which must reach Camas prairie 
through either of the above-named passes. 

Cottonwood is fortunate in possessing a few public-spirited citizens, who are 
untiring in their efforts to make their chosen town one of the most important points 
on Camas prairie. Prominent among these are Mr. Goldstone, of the firm of Gold- 
stone & Wax ; F.J. Hogan, a successful business man, representing the interests of 
L. P. Brown, of Mt. Idaho ; J. H. Wann, assessor for Idaho county, and owner of a 
valuable addition to Cottonwood, and J. S. Rhoads, who is interested in the townsite 
of Cottonwood. Any or all of these gentlemen will give prompt attention to all 
communications addressed to them concerning Cottonwood or Camas prairie. 

Denver, Idaho. — The Denver of Idaho has been founded and located exactly 
in the geographical center of Camas prairie, on the broad plateau lying between the 
Salmon and the Clearwater livers. Scarcely a year and a half ago a syndicate com- 
posed of well-known capitalists of Moscow, Pullman and Camas Prairie was formed, 
and the name adopted for the syndicate was the Camas Prairie Land and Town 
Company. They purchased from Hon. B. F. Morris, of Camas prairie, a tract of 
2,720 acres of the richest loam soil, platted the center section of 640 acres, and 
founded on this site the town of Denver. 

The site occupied by the town of Denver is a natural one both topographically 
and geographically. The land occupied by the town is somewhat higher than land 
in the immediate vicinity. This affords the best of drainage facilities. The view 
commanded from the site occupied by the town is almost as perfect as that described 
from Cottonwood butte. Grangeville and Mount Idaho, distant 10 and 13 miles, res- 
pectively, from Denver, are in plain sight to the east, while to the north and south 
rise the rugged spires of the Seven Devils, Buffalo Hump and the loftier range of 
the Bitter Root Divide, which is capped with perennial snows. 

While all the attractions of the new town of Denver are inviting and the view is 
entrancing, it was the necessity, from a commercial standpoint, of a town at this 
point, that induced its location here. The syndicate, in choosing this point, located 
a young city that would be easy of access from all points and wbere it would naturally 
command the trade of a vast territory that, from its resources alone, must become 
thickly settled in the near future. Even to the casual observer, the selection of this 
site for the upbuilding of a city must have been patent at a glance. The promoters 
of the new townsite claim that Denver is destined to become the metropolis and 
commercial center of the Panhandle of Idaho, and the results of developments at this 
point during the past year furnish them sufficient grounds for making this claim. 

The town was started scarcely a year and a half ago. Today Denver is a bust- 
ling little town having a population of about 200. A saw and planing mill and a sash 
and door factory are kept constantly running here to meet the demands for lumber 
and building material for the large number of structures that are constantly going 
up here. Almost every line of business is already represented at the new town, 
including two good hotels and a well stocked livery stable. A weekly newspaper, 
The Denver Tribune, is a very creditable publication for a new town of the size of 
Denver. Denver is on the route of the daily stage line running from Lewiston to 
Mount Idaho, and it is midway between Cottonwood and Grangeville, the distance 
between either point and Denver being 10 miles. Both the Northern and Union 
Pacific railroads have made survevs for new lines of road which cross Denver's 



504. The Oregonian' s Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest. 

boundaries, and it is confidently believed that both these roads will reach Camas 
prairie in the near future. It is also believed that sufficient influence vests in the 
shareholders of the Denver Townsite Company to make Denver one of the objective 
points for any railroad that enters Camas prairie. 

The members of the townsite company are I. C. Hattabaugh, I. A. Funk, Spots- 
wood & Veatch, Dernham & Kaufmann, Jay Woodworth, Win. Hunter, Moscow; 
Robert Schlicher, John P. Vollmer, Lewiston ; Wallace Scott, Grangeville ; B. F. 
Morris, Denver ; W. A. Nixon, Palouse City, and the Pullman Mercantile Company, 
Pullman. All of the above are well-known business men and firms in Idaho and 
Washington, and they will undoubtedly exert every effort to make Denver the most 
important point on Camas prairie. 

The resources of Camas prairie, together with the timber and mining districts 
tributary, are sufficient in themselves to build a large town at the present site of Den- 
ver. The townsite has been laid out with a liberal hand. The streets are ioo feet 
wide, with broad alley-ways. The land company are liberal in their donations of 
land or money to enterprises of merit, and they hold out reasonable inducements to 
every worthy manufacturing industry, or to individuals, to locate at this point. 

Mount Idaho, Idaho. — Snugly situated under the "Golden Rim" of the 
Bitter Root and Salmon River Mountains is the seat of Idaho county, Mount Idaho. 
This is the most picturesque spot on Camas prairie. As early as 1862, Hon. Loyal 
P. Brown, the pioneer settler of Camas prairie, chose the present site of the town for 
an ideal place to settle. Mt. Idaho is situated at the timber line amid the most 
inviting surroundings of groves and springs. Perfectly sheltered from the blasts of 
winter, it has the advantage during the heated term of the summer months of the 
gentle, cool mountain breezes which come down from the higher elevations at this 
point. 

Mount Idaho is located on the southeast corner of Camas prairie, at the foot of 
the Melnor trail. In early days it was the sole trading point on Camas prairie for 
the rich placer diggings which were then at the zenith of their success. With the 
decline of placer operations here other settlements sprung up at various points on 
Camas prairie, and the attention of the settlers here gradually became directed to the 
diversified pursuits of agriculture and stock raising. The trade which Mount Idaho 
had thus so long enjoyed thus became divided. The popularity of the town as a 
place of resort and as a site for residence increased with the growth of population on 
the prairie. It still maintains the county seat, a commodious jail and court house 
being located here. The county officers reside at this point and man} 7 of them own 
attractive residences here. The population of the town today does not perhaps 
exceed 100. The place, however, shows many evidences of prosperity. A new and 
attractive Masonic hall has just been completed here at a cost of $2,000. A new 
public school building is now in course of erection, and established at this point are 
a flouring mill with a daily capacity of 40 barrels, a sawmill with a capacity of 10,000 
feet a day, a planing and shingle mill and furniture shop. The Presbyterians have 
an organization here, and they contemplate building a new church building at this 
point in the near future to cost about $i,8oo. The town possesses two good general 
merchandise stores, a hotel, livery stable and other less important places of business. 

Mount Idaho is the oldest town in Idaho county. The first Republican conven- 
tion held in Idaho territory assembled at Mount Idaho in 1863. The first settler on 



Weiser, Idaho. 



505 




Hon. l. P. Brown 



Camas prairie, as before stated, was Hon. Loyal P. Brown. Mr. Brown emigrated to 
Idaho county from Oregon in 1S62. He early foresaw the possibilities of future 
development on Camas prairie, and he chose for his home the present site of Mount 
Idaho, where he is still residing. He has 
all along pinned his faith to the future of 
Mt. Idaho and Camas prairie. He has 
already done much to advertise the ad- 
vantages of this section of the state, and 
he is now exerting his influence in aid of 
the present needs of Idaho county. The 
citizens generally of Mount Idaho appre- 
ciate the fact that Camas prairie must be 
occupied by settlers and the mining dis- 
tricts of Mount Idaho must be developed 
before Mount Idaho can hope to increase 
largely in population. Since the atten- 
tion of capital has been attracted to the 
valuable quartz deposits in the Elk City, 
Warrens, Florence and other mining dis- 
tricts, the people here have looked for a 
return of the prosperity in these mines 
noted in the early 60' s. Active prepara- 
tions are now being made for the develop- 
ment of these mines. Mount Idaho is 
most easily accessible from these districts 
by any of the numerous trails that were cut here during the early days of the placer 
diggings. 

Welser, Idaho. — The new town of Weiser, Idaho, is the outgrowth of the old 
town of the same name which was almost totally destroyed by fire three years ago. 
The old town having been situated more than a mile from the depot of the Union 
Pacific railroad was only partially rebuilt, the location chosen as a site for the new 
town being on the direct line of the road. The present combined population of the 
new and old town of Weiser is about 700. Weiser is 427 miles east of Portland and 
is located at the confluence of the Snake and Weiser rivers. The Snake is one of the 
great water-courses of the United States, it really being the main body of the Colum- 
bia which it joins near Pasco, Washington, just as the Missouri is a larger stream than 
is the Mississippi above the point where the former river empties into it. 

Weiser contains a number of good brick buildings in which the principal part of 
the business of the place is conducted. In addition to the business blocks the town 
contains a fine brick court house, erected at a cost of $20,000, a public school build- 
ing whose erection involved an outlay of $10,000 and two hotels which cost 
$25,000. Weiser is the judicial seat of Washington county, and the place is the 
center of cousiderable trade. 

A roller-process flour mill is located at Weiser. This mill has a capacity of 125 
barrels a day and supplies a large number of neighboring towns with flour in addition 
to shipping largely to the towns of Oregon. Weiser is the trading point of that 
part of Idaho which extends for about 150 miles north. The remote sections of 
this district have connection with Weiser by a wagon road which was built by the state 



•506 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

at a cost of $50,000. The public schools of Weiser are well conducted and have 
an average daily attendance of about 150 scholars. The Episcopal, Baptist, Con- 
gregational and Catholic denominations own church buildings in the town. 
The town supports one good bank and also a weekly newspaper, The Weiser 
Signal. The chief exports from the section of country of which Weiser is the 
trading point are horses, cattle, sheep, wcol and fruit. The shipments of wool from 
the town for the past year aggregate 750,000 pounds and this is one of the great sta- 
ple products of this part of the state. 

Payette, Idalio. — Payette is a small town situated in the Payette valley on 
the river of the same name. It is on the main line of the Union Pacific railroad, 440 
miles east of Portland, and contains a present population of about 400. Located at this 
point is one small sawmill with a daily capacity of 15,000 feet. The logs for running 
this mill are rafted down the Payette river from the timber belt about 150 miles dis- 
tant. This is the only manufacturing enterprise at this point. 

The business district of the town is divided among three separate localities which 
has resulted in a townsite covering a large area but very sparsely settled. The busi- 
ness interests of the town are represented by a bank, three fair-sized stores, three 
hotels and two livery stables, together with a number of small business establish- 
ments usually found in a town of this size. The place supports one weekly newspa- 
per. The Payette Independent. The enterprise of the people here has led to the 
erection of a fine brick school house. The average daily attendance at the pnblic 
schools is about 100. 

The country immediately surrounding Payette has until recently been compara- 
tively barren. About 5,000 acres of this land have been reclaimed, however, by a 
system of irrigating canals which have been perfected in this section. This land 
when watered is among the most productive of the state. It is estimated that tribu- 
tary to Payette are no less than 40,000 acres of land which will eventually be made 
highly productive by irrigation. The irrigating company now operating in this part 
uf the state demands $10 per acre for a perpetual water right and an additional rental 
for the use of the water of $1 an acre per year. The principal dependence of Payette 
for advancement rests largely on the prospect of reclaiming the tributary lands by 
means of irrigation and the success which has already attended the efforts to get 
water to these lands promises much for the future of a section which can be made 
highly fertile by the perfection of the system of irrigating canals which are now 
being dug here. 

Washington County, Idaho. — Washington county lies in the south- 
western part of Idaho and is 75 miles in length by 50 miles in width. Chief 
among its resources are the products of agriculture, stock, timber and mining. 
The Weiser valley through which flows the river of the same name, maintains a 
general level of about 2,000 feet above the sea. The climate of the valley is mild, 
which especially favors fruit growing in this section. The yield of wheat on the val- 
ley lands runs from 25 to 40 bushels to the acre, while other grains yield equally as 
well. Weiser valley is about 25 miles in length and about 5 miles wide. This is 
the best part of Washington county and the valley contains many farms in a high 
state of cultivation. An irrigating canal 20 miles in length has been constructed on 
the west side of the river through the valley at a cost of $40,000. This canal furnishes 
plenty of water for irrigating purposes to about 35,000 acres of land. These lands are 



Caldwell, Idaho. 



507 



being rapidly settled and hundreds of acres are being planted in orchards of prunes, 
apples and other fruits. Much attention is also being paid in this part of the state 
to the raising of cereals and vegetables. 

Other important valleys of Washington county are those of Mann's creek, Middle 
Salubria, Crane creek and the Indian, Council, Hornet and Salmon Meadows 
valleys. All of these are great grain and stock-producing sections. On the grazing 
lands of the county are about 30,000 head of cattle, 25,000 head of horses and 125,000 
sheep. The timber belt of the county covers a total area of about 900 square miles. 
Located in the northern part af the county are some very valuable mineral deposits 
which are now being developed to some extent. The resources of Washington 
county are as varied as are those of any other county of the state and the attention 
of the large immigration which is now pouring iuto the west cannot fail to be 
attracted to the opportunities afforded in this part of the state for farming, stock rais- 
ing or successful mining if intelligently handled. 

Caldwell, Idaho.— Probably the most progressive town in Southern Idaho 
is Caldwell, the judicial seat of the recently created county of Canyon, which was 
formed from the division of what was formerly Ada county. Caldwell boasts of a 
prosperous population of about 1,200. The town has made its principal growth 
within a period of a few years past and the prospects for future advancement are 
most encouraging. 

Caldwell is located in the heart of the Boise valley ™°to. by frank moore. 
and is on the main line of the Union Pacific, 478 miles 
east of Portland. The course of the Boise river lies 
within 1 l i miles of the center of the town. This is a 
stream which carries a large volume of water. Near 
Caldwell the river has a fall of 40 feet, a power that 
could be easily utilized for manufacturing purposes. 
The Boise empties into Snake river, the principal 
water-course of Idaho and one of the great rivers of 
the West. 

From a geographical standpoint Caldwell's position is a most favorable one. It 
is the principal shipping and trading point for the counties of Ada, Owyhee and Can- 
yon, in Idaho, and Malheur, in Oregon. In 1S92, the Caldwell Forwarding Com- 
pany shipped 1,600,000 pounds of wool from this point. This was the bulk of the 
product of the four counties named above. During the same year the Central Lum- 
ber Company of Caldwell manufactured and shipped 4,000,000 feet of lumber, which 
was sent to supply the demand in the mines at Silver City and 
De Lamar, the Jordan valley and Bruneau countries and the 
territory lying east of Caldwell on the Union Pacific. 

The importance of Caldwell's position with reference to the 
surrounding country which is tributary has been strengthened 
by the united efforts of the live young and energetic business 
men of the place. A noticeable feature connected with Cald- 
well's progress is that the principal promoters of the town's 
welfare are young men. Caldwell contains a number of gen- 
eral merchandise stores, the values of the stocks of which vary 
all the way from $25,000 to $50,000 each. One bank is located 



» I 

■■•■■' 1 



» M r 



M_ 




Masonic Building, Calowel 




Church, Caldwel 



PHOTO. By FRANK MOOHE. 



508 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

here. This bank has a capital of $50,000 and is ably managed. Practicall}- every 

business enterprise at Caldwell is in a flourishing condition. In 1892 the volume of 

the business handled at this point aggregated $1,830,000. Caldwell 

offers exceptional educational advantages to its youth. The public 

school system of the town is considered to be one of the best in 

IXJ the state. It provides a high school grade in addition to instruc- 

-*fi4i tion in the primary and grammar branches. The school building 

-' _\ is of brick and cost the district $7,000. A principal and three as- 

d'S- % ct\vi sistaut teachers are employed in these schools and the average 

I •;_ if ii ifr* fi f daily attendance of scholars is about 200. In addition to the ex- 

•'^^tf- -^* cellent public school Caldwell is the seat of the College of Idaho, 

which is conducted under the auspices of the Presbyterian church. 

m. e. church, Caldwell. This school offers opportunities for a full collegiate course of study, 

and it is one of the best conducted colleges of the West. Caldwell 

has a good water-works plant, and an efficient fire department. The place contains 

three hotels, the largest of which, the Pacific, was built by the Union Pacific Railway 

Company. One weekly newspaper, The Tribune, is published at this point. The 

Presbyterian and Methodist denominations have recently completed very handsome 

church edifices at Caldwell, and the Baptists contemplate erecting a building for 

worship here in the near future. 

The assessed valuation of property in Caldwell in 1892 was $230,000, and the only 
bonded indebtedness of the town at the present time is $1 ,ooo. Caldwell, although a 
comparatively new town, is today the fourth in population in the state. A number of 
brick buildings have already been erected at this point, and other fine structures are 
now in course of construction. The people here have always been alive to everything 
that promised any lasting benefit to their town. The division of Ada county was 
largely due to the efforts of Caldwell's citizens, and it was also through their efforts 
that the temporary county seat was located at Caldwell. Being the most centrally 
located point in the county and holding the balance of the ballot power, there is but 
little doubt that Caldwell will be chosen as the permanent county seat when the 
question shall be voted on by the people at the polls. The united and wide-awake 
efforts of the people at this point doubly assure Caldwell's future prosperity and con- 
tinued advancement. 

Caldwell now has stage line connections with the various tributary sections of 
Ada, Owyhee, Canyon and Malheur counties. The proposed North & South railroad 
which is planned to connect the Owyhee mining country with the forests of Long 
valley, and which will eventually furnish an outlet for the great copper mines of the 
Seven Devils district, will probably cross the Oregon Short Line at Caldwell. The 
completion of this road will do much to advance the interests of Caldwell and the 
country of which the town is the commercial center, and this, in connection with the 
Union Pacific system, will furnish Caldwell transportation facilities not excelled by 
any populated center of Southern Idaho. 

Canyon County, Idaho. — The new county of Canyon, in Southern Idaho, 
is bounded on the north by Washington county, on the east by Boise and Ada, on 
the south by Owyhee, and on the west by the state line of Oregon. The area of the 
county is about 800,000 acres, half of which is susceptible of cultivation by means 
of irrigation. The remaining lauds of the county are principally valuable for 



Canyon County, Idaho. 509 

grazing purposes, and afford fine winter range for cattle. The county is watered by 
the Snake, Boise and Payette rivers and the smaller tributaries of these streams. 

The Boise valley, of which Caldwell is the commercial center, is a magnificent 
piece of agricultural land. This valley but a few years ago was a barren waste. The 
impression of the valley at that time was one of absolute worthlessness for farming 
purposes. The matter of reclaiming these lands from the government under the 
" Desert Act," and making them highly fertile by means of irrigation, has been 
solved. The best lauds of this part of Idaho lie back some distance from the line of 
the railroad, which does not allow a traveler over the Union Pacific to form an esti- 
mate of the capabilities of production of this part of the state. An hour's drive back 
from Caldwell, however, takes one into one of the most fertile districts of the state. 
Here are magnificent farms of waving fields of grain, orchards of trees groaning 
under their loads of fruit, and live stock of all kinds kept fat throughout the year on 
the succulent grasses of this section. It is not an uncommon sight in this part of the 
state to see alongside a field of alfalfa or wheat the virgin sagebrush land from which 
the highly productive fields have been made through the reclaiming power of irrigation. 
Water for irrigating purposes has done wonders for the Boise valley, just as it has 
done for other parts of the state. The success of the irrigating system in use here 
can only be appreciated by a personal visit to this section. In the Boise valley for 
instance, there are perhaps 400,000 acres of laud which are being made productive by 
means of irrigation. The Idaho Irrigation & Colonization Company of Caldwell, 
have excavated a canal for a distance of 23 miles. This leads from the Boise river, 
near Caldwell, almost to the Snake river, and its construction has involved an outlay 
of about $35,000. The canal is at a sufficient elevation to cover with water 10,000 
acres of land located at a lower level. This is accomplished by means of lateral 
ditches, the flow into which is easily regulated by means of small locks. 

The soil of Boise valley is a red loam, strongly impregnated with alkali. When 
this soil is well watered it yields enormous crops. Grains of all kinds, fruits, veget- 
ables and grasses give large returns on this land. Alfalfa produces three crops a 
year, at the rate of about four tons an acre for each crop. Wheat yields from 40 to 
60 bushels to the acre on this same land. The world-renowned fruits of Idaho are 
all grown on irrigated land. The cost of watering this land is not high. Some irri- 
gating companies operating here charge as much as fio an acre for a perpetual water 
right, and $1 per acre a year additional for the use of the water. Other companies ask 
from $1 to $1.50 per cubic inch for water, the amount ordinarily required for an acre 
of land. The title to thousands of acres of this dry sagebrush land still vests in the 
government, and this land can still be obtained under the " Desert Act " at $1.25 an 
acre, provided it is brought under cultivation within three years from the time the 
first filing is made. The cultivation of this sagebrush land is an easy and inexpen- 
sive matter. The cost of removing the sagebrush does not exceed $1.50 an acre. After 
the sagebrush has once been removed the soil is so mellow that plowing is wholly 
unnecessary to put the land in condition for planting the crop. The ordinary grain 
or disc drill works the soil sufficiently for the sowing of seed. The sagebrush 
lands of Canyon county are fast being reclaimed, and in a few 3 r ears the system 
of irrigation so successfully inaugurated here will be extended to cover the entire 
area of the county that can be made productive by water carried in these irrigating 
ditches. 



510 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Idaho State Capitol, Boise City. 



Boise City, Idaho. — "Gem of the Mountains," is the happy sobriquet 
applied to the new state of Idaho. In a more contracted sense the same term could 
be fittingly applied to Boise City, the leading city and capital of the state. Boise 
City is one of the oldest settled communities of the state. It is beautifully located, 
and in all the attributes of beauty of location it is one of the most favored cities of 
the West. 

Nature dealt sparingly with the original towusite of Boise City. Before the 
reclaiming hand of man made a section fertile that was once barren, the site now 
occupied by the capital of Idaho was a sagebrush plain as uninviting to the eye as 
it was unpromising to the husbandman. Boise City is located in the Boise valley, 
through which the river of the same name flows. This level stretch of land is sur- 
rounded by towering mountains entirely destitute 
of forest growth. Before the problem of irriga- 
tion was satisfactorily solved in this part of the 
state, the surroundings of Boise City were as un- 
inviting as they are today attractive. The city is 
now the scene of a fine park, fine trees line the 
principal streets, and the city is surrounded by 
green pastures, well cultivated farms and attrac- 
tive fruit orchards. The farms of Boise valley, 
for the entire distance of 20 miles between Nampa, 
on the main line of the Union Pacific, and Boise 
City, present as attractive an appearance as do any 
of the best farms of the Willamette valley in Oregon, and the country in the im- 
mediate vicinity is now among one of the best cultivated sections of the state. 

Prominent among the many striking features of Boise City are the long, broad 
and well kept streets. These streets, with the exception of the main thoroughfare, 
are, as before stated, all lined with finely developed shade trees. In the residence 
portion of the city are many handsome private dwellings, surrounded by broad green 
lawns, which bespeak much for the prosperity and good taste of the citizens of the 
capital city. Boise City also contains a number of very fine public buildings, chief 
among which are the state capitol, court house, city hall and public school. This is 
the richest center of population in the state, and it can be said to be the social and 
commercial metropolis of Idaho. 

In addition to being the state capital, Boise City is also the judicial seat of Ada 
county. Ada is almost a counterpart of Canyon county, of which the town of Cald- 
well is the seat of justice. Boise City is the terminus of the Boise branch of the 
Union Pacific system, which leaves the main line at Nampa, 507 miles east of Port- 
land. This branch road is 20 miles in length, and it is one of the best paying 
branches of the Union Pacific. The present population of Boise City is about 5,000, 
and this population is constantly increasing. The claim has been made that this 
city, in proportion to population, is one of the richest cities in the United States. 
The assessed valuation of city property, by the returns of last year, are $ 1,850,000. 
The estimated value of real estate situated within the municipal limits is estimated 
to be no less than $5,000,000. Boise City being the leading populated center of 
Southern Idaho, has long been the leading supply point for the principal por- 
tion of the southwestern part of the state. Within the past few years the new 
town of Caldwell, on the main line of the Union Pacific, has contended with Boise 





Boise City, Idaho. 511 

for a part of this trade, but although Caldwell's busi- 
ness with this part of the state is constantly increas- 
ing, it is a safe assertion that the volume of the 
regular business held by the merchants of Boise City 
has not been in the least contracted by these efforts. JLJbs&i&ad^- 

At the present time but little manufacturing is '^^Ws^^^^"'^ 

done at Boise City. The principal manufacturing ^SJ 
industries here, at the present writing, are a rol- 
ler-process flouring mill, and a foundry and machine 
shop combined. As a supply center for a wide and 
rich area of country, however, Boise City is an im- 
portant city, and it is this jobbing trade, together 

* . , , . , . , . ,, . i ., Court house, Boise City. 

with the business which naturally comes to the city 

as the capital of the state and the seat of a rich country, that constitute Boise's 

principal means of support. 

The settlement of Boise City as a town commenced with the establishment of the 
military post of Boise Barracks here by the government in 1863. In the following 
year the territorial capital was removed here from Lewiston, where it had been for- 
merly located, and the impetus thus given to the growth of the town was followed 
soon after by the location at this point of the United States assay office, the federal 
land office and the office of the government surveyor-general. The military post at 
Boise is still maintained by the government. Located here are an infantry and cav- 
alry troup, and while the force of men kept in the barracks is not large, the govern- 
ment disbursed at this point during the last fiscal year no less a sum than $60,000, 
most of which money was added directly to the revenues of the city. The building 
now occupied by the government assay office is a handsome stone structure, which is 
situated in the center of a whole block in the heart of the city. During 1892 the 
amount of gold bullion handled by the assay office reached a total value of $830,753, 
aud the number of depositors during the year was 1,594. The government annually 
expends about $15,000 for the maintenance of this office at Boise City. Most of the 
gold bullion which reaches Boise is taken out of the rich placer diggings in the coun- 
trv tributarv to this point and a large part of the dust brought to the city is exchanged 
here by the miners for merchandise. Two and one-half miles east of Boise City is 
located the state penitentiary. The penitentiary is situated at the foot of Table Rock, 
an eminence of considerable elevation and the site is an attractive one. The build- 
ings here consist of two stone cell structures, which were erected at a cost of $55,000. 
The grounds comprise 160 acres and they are well laid out and neatly kept. The 
average annual cost of maintaining the penitentiary is about $25,000, and the average 
number of prisoners confined here is about 72. Just west of the penitentiary grounds 
is a graceful knoll, out of which flows the hot springs, which have done more to 
effectually advertise Boise City than any other feature of interest here. A company 
has already expended $175,000 in the construction of a natatorium at Boise City to 
which this hot water is conducted, and by means of pipes this water is carried to all 
parts of the city where it is used for heating and domestic purposes. Two wells 
located 30 feet apart were bored to depths respectively of 165 and 404 feet, and from 
these depths water of a temperature of 170 degrees Fahrenheit was obtained. The 
flow from these two wells aggregates about 1,000,000 gallons. During 1891 six 
additional wells were sunk by the company and from these about 1,250,000 gallons of 
cold water flow daily. This cold water is conducted to the large reservoirs and dis- 



512 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




tributed from these throughout the city under a 
head of 165 feet. This provides more than an am- 
ple supply for domestic purposes, and also fur- 
nishes the safest protection against fire. The nata- 
torium itself, designed after the famous Broadwater 
natatorium at Helena, Montana, is in the shape of 
a gigantic "T. " It has a frontage of 150 feet and 
a depth of 200 feet. The entire building is con- 
structed in a most elaborate style. The great 
plunge is 50x80 feet in size, through which a fresh 
supply of water is constantly passing. An electric 
car line extends from the city to the natatorium, 
a distance of two miles. The entire natatorium is 
lighted by electricity and is supplied with all 
city hall, boise city. modern conveniences. 

It was found after a careful test, that the hot water taken from the wells here 
could be used for heating the buildings of Boise in place of steam. Over 7,000 feet 
of mains and 1,500 feet of laterals were laid for conducting this hot water to all parts 
of the city. The water, which maintains a temperature of 165 degrees after flowing 
through 2,900 feet of pipe, is now being used in many of the best residences and busi- 
ness blocks of Boise City. 

The city's supply of water for irrigating purposes is obtained from a canal lead- 
ing from the Boise river. This canal runs through the city and distributes the water 
by means of large wheels which are kept in constant motion by the natural flow of 
water in the canal. 

The fire department of Boise City consists of two engines and the same number 
of hook and ladder trucks. There are 150 men connected with the department which 
is run as a volunteer organization. 

Boise City has the best of public school advantages. The Central High School 
here is one of the most imposing edifices in the state and was erected at a cost of 
$100,000. It is of brick and stone combined and contains every modern appointment 
and accessory for the most efficient school work. Fifteen teachers are employed in 
the public schools here at salaries ranging from $70 to $80 a mouth each. In addi- 
tion to the efficient public schools, St. Theresa's 
Academy, a Catholic institution of learning, is 
maintained at Boise. This school is in charge of 
eight sisters and the average daily attendance is 
about 90. St. Margarette's school for young ladies, 
under the patronage of the Episcopal school, occu- 
pies a new building recently erected here at a cost 
of $25,000. The attendance at the latter school 
averages about 50 scholars. The Presbyterian, 
Baptist, Congregational, Methodist, Episcopal and 
Catholic denominations own church buildings 
here. These churches have large memberships and they are all well supported. 

The banking business of Boise City is on the strongest of footings. The three 
large banking houses located here did an aggregate business of $4,510,000 during 
1892. The Boise Statesman, published at this point, is one of the ably-conducted 




Public School, Boise Ci" 



Boise City. Idaho. 513 

daily papers of the West. In addition to The Statesman, The Idaho Democrat (tri- 
weekly), and The Boise Sentinel (weekly), are also published here. Boise City has a 
new opera house, completed at a cost of $30,000, with a seating capacity for 1,000 
people. Views of a number of the fine public buildings are published in connection 
with the present article. 

For a number of years Boise City suffered many disadvantages from not having 
connection by rail with the main line of the Uuion Pacific which passes within 20 
miles of the city. The advantage of a location on the main line of road was not 
fully appreciated by the people of the city at the time the Oregon Short Line was 
being built, and as a result the proposition of the railroad management to carry their 
line through Boise for a certain subsidy was not favorably acted upon. This matter 
was subsequently partially rectified by the completion of a branch road from Nampa, 
on the main line to Boise. This branch stopped within a distance of 1J-2 miles of the 
city proper, however, until a little more than one year ago when it was extended into 
the city. The railroad company has since constructed a handsome freight and pas- 
senger depot at Boise City at a cost of about $60,000. Boise, as before stated, is an 
attractive place of residence, the climate is healthful, the surrounding country is rich 
in diversified interests of farming and mining, and the prospects for future growth at 
Boise are believed to be encouraging. 

Governor William J. McConneix. — W. J. McCounell, the present governor 
of Idaho, was born in Commerce, Oakland county, Mich., on September iS, 1839. 
His early life was spent upon the farm. He received his education in the common 
schools and academies of his state, alternately teaching and attending school after 
he was 16 up to the time he was 20 years of age. 

In the spring of i860 he started overland to California. Being without mone}-, 
upon reaching the Missouri river he hired out to drive a six-mule team to Salt Lake 
City, and successfully accomplished the feat, although he had never had his hands on 
a mule before. Fifty-three days were consumed on this trip, for which he received 
$1 per day. 

Mr. McConuell has had a very exciting and eventful life. He crossed the 
plains, fought Indians and for a short time he followed mining in California. He 
subsequently taught school in the Willamette valley, Oregon, and afterwards farmed 
very successfully in Idaho. He proved his executive ability and bravery in the im- 
portant office of deputy United States marshal, and when in charge of the head office 
at Boise City during the most troublesome times of the territory. 

In the fall of 1866 Mr. McConnell returned to Oregon, where he had been engaged 
in teaching school before coming to Idaho, and married a young lady there and 
returned to Humboldt county, California, engaging in the cattle business, for five 
years, after which he again returned to Oregon and interested himself in merchan- 
dising and in politics. In 1887 he removed his family to his present home in Mos- 
cow, Idaho. 

During the time he was in politics in Oregon, he made frequent political cam- 
paigns for the republican party, of which he was always a member, and served as 
president of the state senate during the memorable Mitchell contest. 

He took a prominent part in the convention which framed the present constitu- 
tion of the state of Idaho and went to Washington and assisted in securing the admis- 
sion of the state. He was elected one of the first senators who represented Idaho in 



514 The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

the United States Senate. He was there but the short term of the fifty-first congress, 
having drawn the shortest term, but while there he was noted for his activity and the 
promptness with which he entered into the questions of the day. When only a few 
days iu the senate, he made a speech on the silver question, and on the 16th of Febru- 
ary, 1891, he made his memorable speech on the bonded indebtedness of the Union 
Pacific railroad. 

Mr. McConnell is a type of the self-made American. What he has accomplished 
he owes to his own energy and determination to succeed. He has ever proved him- 
self a foeman worthy of any champion's steel, whether in debate or otherwise. His 
term of office as governor of Idaho will expire January 1st, 1895. 

General James F. Curtis. — General James F. Curtis, the present able secre- 
tary of the state of Idaho, was born and passed his early youth in Boston, Massachu- 
setts. Since 1850 he has resided on the Pacific coast. He has for a number of 
years past been very prominent in Idaho's state affairs, and he is justly reputed 
today to be one of the most popular and able men in public life in the new state 
of Idaho. 

The ancestors of General Curtis were distinguished in the early history of New 
England. His father was a lieutenant on the frigate Constitution and other ships of 
the United States navy during the war of 1812. At the breaking out of the Rebel- 
lion General Curtis recruited a regiment of California volunteers, of which he was 
appointed major. In 1864 he received his promotion as colonel of the Fourth Cali- 
fornia Infantry, and he was subsequently promoted to the rank of brigadier general 
of volunteers. He comrnmanded this regiment until the close of the war. The 
Fourth saw much service on the coast from Washington on the north to Arizona 
on the south. 

General Curtis came to Idaho in 1886. In the spring of 1891 he was appointed 
inspector-general on the staff of the governor of the state, and was sent to the 
Cceur d'Alenes at the breaking out of the mining troubles there, where he was 
appointed to the command of the Idaho National Guard. Upon his return from 
active duty Governor Willey reported a message to the legislature in which he 
referred to the able service rendered by General Curtis as follows : " For the peace- 
ful solution of the difficulties the state is greatly indebted to the coolness and sound 
discretion of General J. F. Curtis." 

General Curtis, as before stated, holds the highly honorable position of secretary 
of state of Idaho, he is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the 
Loyal Legion of California, and he is one of the best known and most highly respected 
citizens of the Pacific Northwest. 

George M. Parsons. — George M. Parsons, the present attorney-general of the 
state of Idaho, was born in Cambridge City, Indiana, January 15, 1850, and received 
his education in the public schools of Cincinnati and Hamilton, Ohio. At the youth- 
ful age of 15 Mr. Parsons enlisted as a soldier, and he served during the last year of 
the war as a private in company F, 189th Ohio volunteer infantry. In 1871 Mr. Parsons 
moved to Idaho, where he has since resided. Being possessed of indomitable pluck, 
which is marked in self-made men, Mr. Parsons pressed rapidly to the front in pub- 
lic esteem, and he was finally chosen a member of the 7th and 10th sessions of the 
Idaho legislature. During the years 1883-84 he held the office of probate judge of 
Alturas county, Idaho, and in the following year he was admitted to the bar. Mr. 
Parsons now enjoys the honor of holding one of the highest offices within the 
gift of the people of the state, and he is justly popular with his constituents. 



•~>1<> The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

Frank C. Ramsey. — Frank C. Ramsey, the present auditor of the state of 
Idaho, is yet a young man, having been born in Fulton county, Pennsylvania, in 
1855. Mr. Ramsey attended the public schools of Fulton and Blair counties until he 
had reached the age of 10, when he was thrown on his own resources. In 1871 he 
went to Ohio, and later spent several years on cattle ranges in Kansas and Colorado. 
Inspired with the Far Western fever, Mr. Ramsey came to Idaho, in 18S4, where he 
again engaged in the cattle business. In the meantime he had begun to take some 
interest in politics, and he was finally elected assessor of Cassia county, in 1888. In 
1890 he was sent to the state legislature, and in 1892 he received a flattering majority 
for the office of auditor of the state, which office he now holds. Mr. Ramsey is 
another strong type of the self-made man. By persistent endeavor he has won for 
himself a distinction that has often been denied those who enjoyed greater opportu- 
nities during their youth than fell to his lot from the time he was first compelled 
to care for himself as a boy until he reached manhood's estate. 

William C. Hill. — Hon. William C. Hill, the present efficient state treasurer of 
Idaho, is a native of Missouri. He was born in St. Louis, of that state, in 1846. He 
had the advantages of a good common school training in his youth, and later 
attended college until 1863. Mr. Hill's early manhood was devoted to a purely busi- 
ness career, during which time he gained a practical knowledge of business and 
finance that has proved of great benefit to him in his subsequent life. Until 1870 he 
was engaged successfully in the mercantile business in St. Louis. In 1871 he moved 
to Denver, Colorado, where he again became identified with the mercantile business. 
Mr. Hill spent nearly 13 years in the Eldorado of the West, and during that time he 
noted the same great changes in that city that he subsequently saw in the young state 
of Idaho, his present home. The period between 1870 and 1883 was the initial stage 
of Denver's future greatness, and it was the efforts of the progressive young business 
men of the city, among whom Mr. Hill occupied a prominent position, which insured 
the subsequent rapid growth of the city. 

In 1883 Mr. Hill moved to Idaho, and the results of his efforts in the latter state 
since that time are best shown in his election to the highly honorable and responsible 
position of state treasurer, November 8, 1892. 

B. Byron Lower. — B. Byron Lower, the state superintendent of public instruc- 
tion in Idaho, was born in Wabash county, Indiana, May 7, 1861. In 1865 his parents 
moved to Isabella county, Michigan, where he attended the county schools in the 
winter season, and as he became older worked on the farm during the summer 
months. At the age of 20 Mr. Lower graduated from the Mount Pleasant high 
school, and after three years of teaching school he entered the Northern Indiana 
Normal School at Valparaiso, Indiana, from which institution he graduated in 1886. 
Mr. Lower came to Idaho in the fall of 1887 and taught the schools of Malad City and 
Silver City until 1890, when he received the appointment of deputy auditor and 
recorder of Owyhee county, which office he filled with credit until his election as 
state superintendent of schools in 1892. Mr. Lower, although a comparatively young 
man, is thoroughly acquainted with school work in all its branches, and he is there- 
fore well qualfied for the exalted position which he now holds. 

Irrigation ill Idalio. — Ten years ago a large part of that section of Southern 
Idaho which now contains fine farms, well kept orchards, and is the home of thous- 
ands of contented settlers, was a sagebrush waste, as sterile as it was uninviting. 
There was then absolutely nothing in this section to merit the attention of home- 



Irrigation in Idaho. 517 

seekers, and outside of a few settlements and the mining centers, Southern Idaho 
was as much a wilderness as was the virgin soil of Dakota before the advent of the 
railroad. 

The open sesame to future prosperity in this part of the state was the one word, 
irrigation — with the ability to make irrigation a success. In the articles on Canyon 
county, found in another part of "The Handbook," will be noted a brief description 
of a single system of this, the vast chain of irrigating canals which now cover a 
large part of Southern Idaho. The results which have been accomplished here during 
the past io years have been no greater than can be looked for during the next decade 
and it is safe to predict that io years hence but little available land in this vast district 
will be denied the use of water to iusure its cultivation. 

In Washington county no large canals have yet been dug, but a number of small 
ditches connecting with the Weiser, a branch of the Snake, have been dug, and these 
laterals water a section of considerable extent. In Canyon county the Payette canal 
just completed, at a cost of $250,000, is one of the most important irrigating ditches 
of the state. This canal is 60 miles long and carries a volume of water sufficient to 
irrigate 100,000 acres of land. The Phillis canal starts in Ada county near Boise City, 
and extends through Canyon county to the rich placer mines. Its entire length is 
about 70 miles. The water from this canal is used both for irrigating purposes and 
for placer mining. The source of supply for this canal is the Boise river. Near 
Caldwell are two smaller canals which are described at length in the article on Can- 
yon county. The Boise City and Nampa canal is the longest completed irrigating 
ditch in the state, its total length now being 100 miles. The water for this canal is 
taken out of the Boise river and it covers a territory of 150 000 acres in extent. The 
New York canal, in the same district, has already cost a half a million dollars, and 
when completed will be 100 miles long and will irrigate no less than 250,000 acres. 
In Elmore and Owyhee counties there are no large streams, but about 60,000 acres in 
the Snake River valley in Owyhee county, can be watered by means of a system of res- 
ervoirs, the supply for which will be obtained from the Bruneau river. Logan county 
which perhaps contains the largest body of agricultural land in the state, and Alturas 
county, rich in mining development, are irrigated with water taken from Wood river. 
In this portion of the state there are no large canals, but a number of small irrigating 
ditches have been dug here by the individual farmers. Cassia county, south of Logan, 
is dependent on Goose, Cassia and Salmon Falls creeks for its water supply. The farm- 
ers in this county have already constructed several small canals. Bannock county, of 
which Pocatello is the seat of justice, has a canal 25 miles in length, which extends 
to Bancroft. The water for this canal is taken from Soda creek and is of sufficient 
volume to irrigate from 30,000 to 40,000 acres. The greater portion of Bannock 
county at present is occupied by the Fort Hall Indian reservation. This reservation, 
as stated in the article on Pocatello, contains about 250,000 acres of fine agricultural 
land lying principally along the banks of the Snake river, which will some day 
furnish homes for thousands of people. In Bingham and Fremont counties are the 
St. Anthony and the Great Western canals, both located on the west side of the 
Snake river, and respectively 25 and 60 miles in length. These canals will irrigate 
about 65,000 acres of land. On the east side of Snake river in the county, are the 
Eagle Rock, Willow Creek and Idaho canals, the last of which is 50 miles long and 
extends to the Blackfoot river. The Idaho canal furnishes water for the Indian res- 
ervation, It is the intention to extend this canal in the near future to Pocatello, 
which will make it the longest canal in the state. 



518 The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

The above description, for want of space, merely touches on the principal canals 
of the southern part of the state, and does not mention the many irrigating ditches 
of this section, which vary in length fron 5 to 10 miles each. The general character 
of the soil of the low lands of Southern Idaho is a red, sandy loam, impregnated 
with alkali, or a decomposed lava free from alkali. Either of these soils is barren 
only when parched under the heat of the summer months, and when well watered 
this land is as highly productive as is any of the choicest land of the state. Irriga- 
tion has already done much for this part of the state, and it is irrigation which will 
prove the strongest factor in the future advancement of this promising part of the 
Northwest. 

Shoshone, Idaho. — Shoshone is in Logan county, and is located on the main 
line of the Union Pacific railroad, 623 miles east of Portland. It is the place of 
junction of the main line and the Wood River branch of the Union Pacific system. 
Shoshone was at one time the division headquarters for an important part of the 
Union Pacific, and in the palmy days of the existence of the town from 200 to 300 
men were regularly employed by the company in the roundhouse and repair shops 
here. On account of some dissatisfaction on the part of the railroad management 
with the proprietors of the townsite of Shoshone, the Union Pacific made Glenn's 
Ferry, a point 53 miles west, division headquarters, and large repair shops are now 
conducted at the latter point. All the railroad buildings at Shoshone, occupied 
formerly for repair shops, were built of stone, and they are very substantial edi- 
fices. Only 50 men are now employed in these shops, the principal part of the repair 
work being done at Glenn's Ferry. 

The population of Shoshone is about 400, The most attractive building in the 
town is a brick school house, which was erected at a cost of $10,000. The town 
supports a weekly newspaper, The Journal, it has two hotels and a single livery sta- 
ble. The Methodist and Episcopal denominations own church buildings here. Sho- 
shone is supported principally by the rich fanning section tributary, and increased 
areas of this land are yearly being made fertile by means of irrigation. 

The Wood River Valley, Idaho.— The Wood River valley country, which 
includes both of the counties of Logan and Alturas, is about 35 miles in length, and 
has a width varying from 1% to 3 miles Although there are thousands of acres of 
land in this valley which can be cultivated by means of surface and sub-irrigation, 
the attention of the people in this part of the state has been confined principally, in 
the past, to the pursuit of mining. Some of the finest mining properties in the 
state are located in the northern part of the valley, in the vicinity of Bellevue, 
Hailey and Ketchum, and beyond Ketchum is a mountainous section, not easily acces- 
sible, which is rich in precious metals. The depression of the silver market has 
retarded, in a great measure, the whole of this great mining district. 

Embraced within the limits of the Wood River valley is Camas prairie, an unus- 
ually fertile belt of farming land, which is watered by the sub-irrigation process. 
These lands, together with the lands of the valley proper, yield, when properly 
watered, large crops of alfalfa, all kinds of cereals, root crops and fruits. The stag- 
nation in mining circles in all parts of the Northwest has had the effect to cause the 
people of the Wood River country to turn their attention more and more to agricul- 
ture and stock raising, and this is fast becoming one of the most prosperous farming 
sections of the southern part of the state. 



Hailey, Idaho. 519 

Bellevue, Idaho. — Bellevue is a tired looking town, with a population of 
about 500. It is prettily situated in the Wood River valley, on the line of the Wood 
River branch of the Union Pacific, 52 miles north of Shoshone, and 5 miles south 
of Hailey. 

Until recently the sole dependence of Bellevue for support was on the mining 
resources of the rich mineral belt adjacent. With the decadence of mining in this sec- 
tion, however, has come the necessity for the people here to turn their attention to 
other pursuits, and as a result the cultivation of the rich agricultural lands of Logan 
county, of which Bellevue is the seat of justice, is now perhaps the most important 
industry of this part of the state. Bellevue contains a good brick public school 
building, four churches, of the Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal and Catholic denom- 
inations respectively, two hotels and two livery stables. Two weekly papers, The 
Herald and The Review, are published at this point. A number of strong business 
houses are established here, and the place enjoys considerable regular trade with a 
section of country that is making steady, if not rapid, progress. 

At one time Bellevue was the seat of some of the heaviest mining operations in 
the Northwest. Located within a stone's throw of the town are the Minnie Moore 
and Queen of the Hills mines, two of the best known mining properties of the state. 
These mines are silver and lead-producing properties. The Minnie Moore has already 
yielded over $8,000,000 in silver, and over $3,000,000 worth of silver has been dug out 
of the Queen of the Hills. Both of these great mines have not been worked for nearly 
three years past. An English syndicate, however, has recently purchased the Queen 
of the Hills and this syndicate is now making every preparation to resume opera- 
tions here. In the mining section tributary to Bellevue, valuable discoveries are 
constantly being made and the only thing wanted to infuse life into the town is 
plenty of capital to work what would undoubtedly develop into good paying proper- 
ties. In the agricultural development of Logan county is sufficient promise for the 
support of a considerable town at this point and there is no reason for conjecture 
that Bellevue will ever be any smaller than it is to-day. 

Hailey, Idaho. — Hailey, the county seat of Alturas county, is situated between 
the foothills of the Sawtooth range of mountains and on the east bank of Wood river . 
It is on the Wood River branch of the Union Pacific, 57 miles north of Shoshone. 
Hailey is the mining and commercial center of the Wood River and Sawtooth mining 
sections and the city has a population to-day of about 1,200. 

The first discoveries in the rich mineral belt of which Hailey is the center were 
made in 1880. Since the time of the first great Wood River 
excitement more than 13 years ago, over $25,000,000 has 
been produced by the great mining properties here, a record 
that is not surpassed by the output of any other mining 
belt of the state. Among the best known mines of this sec- 
tion are the Minnie Moore, Idahoan, Jumbo, Red Cloud, 
Mayflower, Bullion, Queen of the Hills, Red Elephant and 
Buttercup. In the palmv days of the Wood River countrv 

these were all great mineral-producing properties and this AuTURAS C0UNTY CouBT HouSE ' HAILEV - 
section was the seat of one of the greatest bullion-producing belts of the United 
States. 

Hailey is a town of an attractive appearance. It contains a number of very fine 




520 The Oregoniarfs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

brick business blocks in addition to a fine brick court house, school building, hotel 
and a fine bank building. The public school building at this point was erected at a 
cost of $35,000. The school is presided over by good teachers and it is graded and 
well conducted. The Presbyterian, Methodist, Episcopal and Catholic denominations 
own churches at Hailey. The town contains a complete system of water works, a 
fine electric light plant, and a telephone exchange which also connects with the prin- 
cipal mines, smelters and mills located within a radius of 12 miles of Hailey. 

Located at Hailey are sampling works with a daily capacity of 200 tons. A side- 
track connects these works with the line of railroad passing this point. The sampling 
works give employment to a large force of men and they regularly disburse in the 
town large sums of money, which adds directly to the prosperity of the place. 

Two small daily papers, The Times and The News-Miner are published at Hailey. 
The fact that two daily papers are supported in a town of the size of Hailey can be 
taken as evidence of the progressive spirit of its people. A feature of interest to the 
visitor to this point lies in the numerous fine drives leading out from the town in all 
directions. Natural roads lead from Hailey to the very ridges of the mountain chains 
which hem in the valley here, and a drive over any of these roads presents fine 
stretches of scenery of remarkable ruggedness and grandeur. 
The forests through which many of these roads run are filled 
with an abundance of large and small game and the small 
streams along the way are alive with the gamiest of trout. 
The entire surroundings of Hailey are healthful and inviting. 
The altitude of this part of Idaho is high, affording a clear, 
dry atmosphere that is delightfully cool during the summer 
months and this is fast becoming one of the most popular 
inland summer resorts of the West. Added to delightful 

Public School, Hailev. ° 

surroundings, Hailey is the seat of a mining district that 
contains untold stores of wealth and when operations are once again resumed in 
this mineral belt on a scale that they were formerly conducted, this will be one of 
the most prosperous towns in the state of Idaho. 

Hailey Hot Springs Hotel. — This beautiful health and pleasure resort is 
kept open the year round. The hotel is of a colonial style of architecture, three 
stories in height, and the hotel is strictly first-class in all its appointments. It has 
incandescent lights throughout. In connection with the house is an elegant ball- 
room, a billiard room, 10-pin alleys and ladies' and gentlemen's cement hot plunges, 
35 x 70 feet in size. All the bath tubs of the house are of porcelain. The rates of the 
hotel per day are from $2.50 to $3.50, and per week from $14 to jter. 

The hot springs connected with this hotel are highly mineralized, and of a tem- 
perature of 160 fahrenheit. The water of the springs is unsurpassed for the cure of 
rheumatism, kidney troubles, dyspepsia, malaria and all diseases humanity is subject 
to. Hotel guests have the benefit of hot mineral mud plunges which are more highly 
mineralized than any others in the United States. These baths have no equal for 
the cure of rheumatism, venereal disorders, gout and all chronic diseases. This 
beautiful resort is reached by the Wood River branch of the Oregon Short Line from 
Shoshone. Shoshone is distant only 57 miles from Hailey. This latter is a beauti- 
ful city of 2,500 inhabitants. The Springs Hotel is one and one-half miles distant 
from Hailey. The hotel hack meets all trains at Hailey. With the finest climate 




Ketchum, Idaho. 



521 




hailey Hot Springs, Hailey. 



in this inter-mountain coun- 
try, with fine drives in all di- 
rections from the hotel, with 
trout in abundance in the 
numerous mountain streams 
near the doors, with grouse, 
chicken and deer hunting 
unsurpassed m the foothills 
near by, this is at once an 
ideal pleasure and health 
resort. The hotel is run 
under the proprietorship 
of R. Strahorn Co. 

The analysis of the water 
of the Hailey hot springs, 
made by Professor N. Gray 

Bartlett, of Chicago, gives the following results : (This is to each nine gallons of 
water. ) silica, 3.6 grains ; carbonate of magnesia, 1.5 grains ; carbonate of lime, 1.3 
grains; carbonate of soda, 2.6 grains; sulphate of soda, 4.3 grains; chloride of 
sodium, 4.7 grains; total, 18 grains; oxide of iron, alumina and organic matter, 
traces ; carbonic acid gas, 5.6 cubic inches. 

Lemmon & Boone. — One of the most enterprising and successful business firms 
of Hailey is that of Lemmon & Boone, who have been engaged in the insurance, 
real estate and loan business since 1882. This young firm's business extends over 
Alturas county and a large portion of Southeastern Idaho, and their knowledge of 
this territory is both accurate and reliable. 

Ketclium, Idaho. — Ketchum, Alturas county, is the terminus of the Wood 
River branch of the Union Pacific railroad, and is 69 miles north of Shoshone. This 
a few years ago was an active and progressive mining town of twice, possibly thrice 

its present population , which is perhaps about 500. 
Located at this point is a large smelter with a capacity 
of 180 tons of ore a day. The erection of this mam- 
moth plant involved an outlay of $500,000. With the 
exception of a short period during the winter of 
1892-93, this smelter has not been operated since 1887. 
Some notably rich lead and silver mines in the 
immediate vicinity of Ketchum are the Elkhorn, 
which produced $1,000,000 between 1882 and 1884, 
and the Baltimore and Independence mines, which 
are said to have at least $100,000 in ore in sight. 
The Parker, another rich mining property of this 
district, netted $100,000 in 1884, and $750,000 has been 
taken out of the North Star here. All of these mines are now idle, a condition at- 
tributed to the prevailing low price of silver. 

Ketchum is the principal outfitting and shipping point for the miners, tourists 
and hunters of three-fourths of Alturas county, all of Custer and portions of Idaho 
counties. The town boasts of one bank, a $10,000 brick school house and supports 
a weekly paper called The Keystone. The Methodists, Episcopalians and Catholics 




SCHOOL, KETCH 



522 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



own churches here. Two hotels and two livery stables are located at this point. The 
people here base their principal hopes for future prosperity on renewed activity in 
the mining region, the resources of which are now lying dormant. 




Opera house Block, Pocatello. 



Pocatello, Itlalio. — The official government census of 1890 credited Pocatello, 
tha seat of Bannock county, with the largest population of any town in the state. 

Since that time there has been a retrogression in the pros- 
photo. by j. j. mcevoy. perity which the place formerly enjoyed, and today the 

population does not exceed 3,500. Pocatello is strictly 
a railroad town. The machine and carshops, as well as 
the boiler works and roundhouses of the Union Pacific 
are located at this point. These works give employment 
to a large number of men, from 300 to 350 hands being on 
the company's payroll at this point. The railroad com- 
pany regularly disburses here from $40,000 to $60,000 a 
month. 

Pocatello is at the junction of the main line and the 
Utah & Northern branch of the Union Pacific. It occu- 
pies a site in the Portneuf valley, a level stretch of country 
which extends west and north to the rich lands of the 
Snake river valley. All of this territory which surrounds 
the town, however, is embraced within the limits of the 
Fort Hall Indian reservation, and comprises about 1,000,000 acres, one-half of which 
is regarded as good agricultural land. Two tribes of Indians, the Bannocks and 
Shoshones, numbering in all about 1,400, occupy this reservation. Until this reser- 
vation is thrown open to settlement, Pocatello's growth will necessarily be slow, its 
sole dependence being centered in the heavy railroad interests at this point. 

Almost every line of business is represented here. The town boasts of two na- 
tional banks, two weekly newspapers, The Tribune and The Herald, and two good 
hotels. The public schools are held in a very handsome two-story stone structure, 
which was built at a cost of $30,000. Five teachers are employed in the public 
school here and the average daily attendance is about 400. In addition to the public 
school, St. Joseph's Academy, a Catholic seat of learning, is located here. This 
school employs five teachers and is well patronized. The Congregationalists, 
Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Catholics and Latter Day Saints own attractive 
church buildings here. The town is provided with two electric light plants. It has 
an efficient water-works system and boasts of a number of 
notable public improvements. The supply of water for city 
purposes is held in two large reservoirs of 3,300,000 gallons 
capacity. Pocatello contains a handsome brick opera house, 
with a seating capacity of 700, which was erected at a cost 
of $25,000. The people here base their hopes for future 
prosperity on the opening of the Fort Hall Indian reservation 
to settlers. The occupancy of this land by a thrifty class 
of people would add largely to the regular trade which 
Pocatello now enjoys, and the cultivalion of the thousands 
of acres now lying idle here would make this one of the most prosperous farming 
sections in Idaho. 



PHOTO, by . 






Public School Pocatello. 



Idaho Falls, Idaho. 



523 



Blackfoot, Idalio.— Blacktoot, tne county seat of Bingham county, lies 
about 25 miles north of Pocatello, on the line of the Utah & Northern branch of the 
Union Pacific. It is located just beyond the northern limit of the Fort Hall Indian 
reservation on the Blackfoot river, and the town is surrounded by a fine stretch of 
farming country. 

Blackfoot has a population of about 450. In addition to the regular lines of 
business usually found in a town of this size, Blackfoot contains a bank and supports 
one weekly newspaper, The News. A fine brick court house, the erection of which 
involved the expenditure of about $25,000, occupies a full block in the center of the 
town. A three-story stone flouring mill has recently been completed at this point. 
This mill has a daily capacity of 75 barrels and represents the manufacturing industry 
at this point. 

Located at Blackfoot are the two churches of the Presbyterians and the Baptists. 
The town is the seat of the state insane asylum. The building occupied for the 
insane here is of brick and was erected at a cost of $65,000. A fine farm of 120 
acres surrounds the asylum. This farm is well watered by an irrigating canal con- 
necting with Snake river and it furnishes the asylum occupants with an ample supply 
of the choicest vegetables. At the present time there are about ico patients confined in 
the asylum here. In the immediate vicinity of Blackfoot a number of large irrigat- 
ing canals are either completed or are in course of construction and it is this system 
of irrigation which is proving the greatest factor in the steady advancement of this 
section. 



Idalio Falls, Idalio. — The town of Idaho Falls is located on the east bank 
of the Snake river, 50 miles north of Pocatello on the line of the Utah and North- 
ern branch of the Union Pacific system. It is 790 miles east of Portland, 186 
miles north of Ogden, 196 miles south of Butte, Montana and 540 miles northwest 
of Denver. 

Idaho Falls is a progressive town of about 700 population. Within the city 
limits is an available water power of very great extent. This magnificent 
power is utilized at the present time by a single roller- 
process flouring mill with a daily capacity of 75 barrels. 
The people of the town have hopes, however, of making 
this a manufacturing point of considerable magnitude 
and strong efforts are being made to induce manufac- 
turers to locate here. Bingham county, in which Idaho 
Falls is located, is one of the most productive agricultural 
sections of the state. In 1S91 the shipments of produce 
from Idaho Falls aggregated about 17,000,000 pounds, 
about 680 carloads. In addition the merchandise and stock shipments from this 
point during the same year were 520 carloads. The valuation of property within the 
corporate limits of Idaho Falls is now about $600,000 and this value is rapidly 
appreciating. 

Among the prominent buildings of the town are a handsome brick owned and 
occupied by the state order of Odd Fellows, which represents an outlay of $30,000, a 
brick school house which cost $10,000, a brick and stone hotel which also cost 
$10,000, three fine churches occupied by the Baptists, Presbyterians and Mormons. 
The town contains four large business houses, a bank, the regular number of smaller 




ho State Odd fellows' home Idaho Fal 



524 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest. 




stores and two weekly papers, The Times and The Register. The city has a good fire 
department and also a fine system of water works. Idaho Falls boasts of a crack 
militia company which occupies a stone armory building. The armory is also used 
for the purposes of a public hall. The traveling public here is cared for by three 
hotels. 

Irrigation has done as much to reclaim the lands in the vicinity of Idaho Falls 
as it has in other parts of Southern Idaho, and it has been the cultivation of this 

reclaimed land which has been responsible 

for the principal growth of the town during 

the past few years. In Bingham county at 

_^.~ the present writing are about 500 miles of 

main canals and laterals which carry water 

for irrigating a very large area of land. The 

fertility of the soil of this section, which 

.'"..." is Tree from alkali has attracted the atten- 

"\-k tion of a very desirable class of settlers who 

" . ■* *'--= have been pouring into the country at a very 

rapid rate. Among the largest and best 

view, great western canal, through ?2-foot cut, Idaho falls, known canals now in use near Idaho Falls 

are the Idaho, 50 miles in length, the Great 
Western, 60 miles long, the Eagle Rock, Willow Creek, Idaho Falls, Porter and 
Farmers' Friend, the latter of which are much shorter than the two first mentioned. 
The development of this section during the past five years has been very rapid. 
Prior to that time large quantities PH0T0 . BY ,,, Jm MCEV0Y . 
of farm produce were regularly 
shipped to Idaho Falls. Today 
this town is one of the most im- 
portant shipping points in the state 
for wheat, oats, hay, barley and 
potatoes as well as horses, cattle 
and sheep. The volume of business 
now regularly handled at Idaho 
Falls reaches a total of about $500,000 and with the solid wealth of the tributary ter- 
ritory this business is on a most satisfactory basis. 



•fi^>a& 




-• 



^ ■ 



HEADGATE, GREAT WESTERN CANAL. IDAHO FALL 



T. J. Smith. — When the advantages of Idaho Falls as regards water power and 
shipping facilities are considered, land values in the immediate vicinity are remark- 
ably low. Mr. T. J. Smith, a prominent and reliable real estate agent of Idaho Falls, 
states that he can furnish land, including a perpetual water right in the vicinity of 
Idaho Falls for from $S to $10 an acre. The annual assessment per acre for irrigating 
the same laud varies from 5 to 25 cents. Although there is scarcely any government 
land within range of irrigating canals thus far constructed, Mr. Smith always has on 
hand a number of relinquishments which he is in a position to sell at from $200 to 
$300 per half section of 320 acres. The government price for this land is $ 1.25 per 
acre. The perpetual water right will cost from $1 to $5 per acre. 

Mr. Smith is thoroughly acquainted with lands and their values throughout 
Bingham county and communications addressed to him on the subject will be 
cheerfully answered. 



Horse Plains, Montana. 



525 



Thompson Falls, Montana. — Thompson Falls is a prosperous mining and 
and lumbering town located on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad and on 
Clark's Fork river, 102 miles west of Missoula. Its name was derived from the falls 
near the town formed by the Clark's Fork river flowing through a narrow canyon and 
tumbling over precipitous masses of rock. These falls furnish an excellent available 
water power at this point, although up to the present writing this power has only 
been utilized for operating a small sawmill. 

Thompson Falls now contains a population of 300. A number of large general 
merchandise stores located here enjoy a good trade with the tributary mining and 
lumbering districts. The mountains adjacent to the town are covered with a heavy 
growth of good timber, and lumbering has been and will continue to be for many 
years in the future one of the chief industries of the town. There are now two saw- 
mills located here with a combined daily cutting capacity of 35,000 feet of lumber. 
The output of these mills is consumed in the towns and among the mines of Missoula 

county. In the mountains 20 miles distant 
from Thompson Falls are extensive deposits of 
antimony. This is a rare mineral which, when 
converted into a marketable state, is useful in 
promoting the fusion of metals, and is used es- 
pecially in the casting of cannon balls. It is 
also used as an ingredient in the manufacture 
of concave mirrors. Its use in bell metal ren- 
ders the sounds of bells more clear and added 
to tin makes the latter metal hard, white and 
sonorous. In its crude state it is harmless to 
the human constitution, but many of its com- 
pounds act violently as emetics and cathartics. 
The only medicinal value of the mineral at the 
present time is in its use as an ingredient in 
condition powders for animals. Gold and silver 
are found in paying quantities a few miles from Thompson Falls and the number of 
apparently valuable prospects here are now awaiting capital to develop them. 

Thompson Falls is much frequented during the summer season by anglers who 
find in the vicinity some of the best fishing in the state. The trout here are all gamy 
and living as they do in the ice-cold waters of the streams of this section their flesh 
possesses a firmness and sweetness not found in the same variety of fish caught in 
the streams further to the west. 




Peno O'Oreille River 



Horse Plains, Montana. — At the eastern extremity of a beautiful and fertile 
valley, is the town of Horse Plains, an important agricultural trading point of West- 
ern Montana. It is on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, 76 miles west 
of Missoula. 

In the early history of Montana the country surrounding the present town of 
Horse Plains was a favorite grazing ground for wild horses, and it was from this that 
the town subsequently built here derived its name. The valley in which the town is 
located lies on both sides of the Clark's Fork river and covers an area of about 60,000 
acres. The entire valley is settled and divided up into farms which are generally of 
about 160 acres each. These farms are all well improved and the farmers here are in 
a prosperous condition. The soil of the valley lands is a rich, sandy loam and crops 



526 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




County Court house, 
Missoula. 




are raised here without irrigation. The valley farms produce annually large crops of 
grain and hay. It is also a fine gardening country and certain varieties of fruit do 
well here. In bearing condition are now fine orchards in the valley which were set 
out more than 20 years ago. 

The town of Horse Plains contains a population of about 150. It is the most 
important place in the valley and the merchants here do a good business. It pos- 
sesses a Catholic church and a good public school, and is in advance of other towns 
of the same size in the matter of public improvements. 

Missoula, Montana. — In the mountain-inclosed valley of the Missoula river 
and at the mouth of Hell Gate canyon, is located the commer- 
cial center of Missoula, one of the large and prosperous cities 
of Montana. A few miles above the mouth of the Hell Gate 
canyon the Hell Gate and Blackfoot rivers join each other 
and form the Missoula (river of awe). This turbulent stream 
then passes out through the canyon, and in its winding course 
of 30 miles to the mountains to the west it cuts in twain the 
beautiful Hell Gate valley. This valley, 
inclosed on all sides by grass-covered 
mountains, is 30 miles long and from 2 
to 7 miles in width. Opening into it from 
the south is the Bitter Root valley. 
The waters of the river of the same name join those of the 
Missoula a short distance below the site of the city of Missoula. 
Missoula derives much of its trade from the farming com- 
munities and towns of the Bitter Root valley, which extends 

north and south from this point, its length being about 85 miles, while it varies in 
width from 1 to 15 miles. It was in this valley that Father DeSmet, in 1841, es- 
tablished the St. Mary's Mission, the first white settle- 
ment in Montana. The Bitter Root valley is called the 
garden spot of Montana. Its rich soil yields large crops 
of grain and vegetables, .and it is the only section of Mon- 
tana where fruit raising is successfully carried on. This 
valley dates its occupancy by the white people from the 
building of the famous Mullan road in the early 6o's. This 
historic road, which extends from The Dalles, on the West, 
clear through to Fort 'Benton, on the east, passes, through 
Hell Gate canyon. This great thoroughfare, over which 
thousands of immigrants wended their westward way in the earl)- history of Ore- 
gon, Washington and Idaho, was completed by the federal government in i860. 
Accounts of this great trail are closely interwoven with the history of Montana, 
and for years preceding the coming of the iron horse it furnished the only great 
artery of travel over that vast stretch of country, 800 miles in length, between 
the head of navigation on the Missouri river, at Fort Benton, to The Dalles, where 
connection was made on the Columbia river for Portland and the sea. 

In June, i860, Captain C. P. Higgins and Frank D. Worden arrived in the Hell 
Gate valley with a pack train of 76 horses laden with merchandise. These men 
built a log store on the Mullan road at a point four miles above the present site of 
Missoula. This store and the small settlement which subsequently sprung up 



Gate Canyon, near Missoul 



Mm iMIfffl^L 

A Business Block, Missoula. 



Missoula, Montana. 



527 




' r '■ - ' '■= * '—. -- ir— r : — r r". 1 '#> W-^i ■T»^~- == i— ^1' , '"Him,. 



around it, became known as Hell Gate. The origin 
of the name in this section was as follows. In the 
earliest history of Montana the Blackfoot and 
Flathead Indians were deadly enemies. The 
Blackfeet claimed the canyon now known as Hell 
Gate, and used it as an open highway for their 
war parties. If the Flatheads or others camped 
near the canyon, the camping parties were almost 
certain to be raided and their camps despoiled A PR0MINENT C0RNER M|SS0ULA . 

by the Blackfeet. From these frequent depreda- 
tions of the Indians came the trite remark that it was as unsafe to camp at the gates of 
hell itself as near the mouth of the canyon. It was thus that Hell Gate canyon was 
named, and it is by this name that it has since been known. 

The little settlement at Hell Gate passed through the trying vicissitudes incident 
to the growth of the frontier towns before the advent of railroads. For a consider- 
able time after its establishment it enjoyed the unenviable reputation of being a 
"tough place." In 1864 the store at this point was moved to the site now occu- 
pied by the nourishing city of Missoula. It was thus that the town of Missoula was 
born, and although from the date of its first settlement the name of Missoula was 
attached to the town, it was for many years subsequent to its settlement known bet- 
ter as Hell Gate. 

On August 7, 1883, the first cars of the North- 
ern Pacific railroad reached Missoula. The com- 
pletion of this great transcontinental road, 30 
years after its route across the continent had been 
selected, gave Missoula its first real start towards 
metropolitan importance. It opened up new 
avenues of trade for the town, it brought many 
people to settle in the immediate vicinity, and 
was the means of bringing capital to the West to 
develop its wonderful resources. Missoula owes 
its great growth since the completion of the Northern Pacific to its location in a sec- 
tion of country of great and diversified resources. From a mere hamlet of proba- 
bly 50 people, in 1864, the place has grown to a city of 5,000 population. It is now 
the great jobbing center of Western Montana, enjoying an extensive trade with the 
rich agricultural valleys of the Bitter Root and Flathead valleys, and with the rich 
mining centers of the Cceur d' Alenes. The business streets of the city are lined with 
imposing three and four-story buildings, constructed of pressed brick, cut stone and 
granite. These buildings are all modern in their appointments, being as finely 
fitted as are any of the best structures of Chicago or New York. 

There is still a prevailing impression in the 
minds of the Eastern people that Missoula and the 
other cities of Montana are still the scenes of 
wild frontier life. In refutation of this, it can be 
stated that all the great cities of Montana are 
today as well governed as are any of the older set- 
tlements of the East. In Missoula the people 
are not only law-abiding, but they are prompt to 
discountenance all efforts of the vicious element 




fort Missoula 







Pacific R. R. hospital, Missoula. 



528 



The Oresronians Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest. 













WATER WORKS, Ml 



to create disturbances of any kind. It may also be news to Eastern readers of 
"The Handbook" to state that few cities of the present population of Missoula, 

anywhere, contain as many costly business blocks 
as are found here, while the elegant private homes 
of the city would grace the best streets of Chicago. 
The residence portion of Missoula presents a most 
attractive appearance. Its homes are of a modern 
style of architecture, and these homes are sur- 
rounded with well kept lawns, while the profusion 
of flowers, trees and shrubbery which are found 
here has led to the adoption of the title, "Garden 
City," for this flourishing center of trade. The 
principal streets of the city are ioo feet wide. The 
streets are well lighted after nightfall by electricity, 
the business portion of the city is connected with the Northern Pacific depot by a 
well equipped horse-car line, and on every hand is seen here evidence of the many 
public improvements which are found in any of the largest Eastern cities. 

Missoula's supply of water is taken from the Rattlesnake, a pure mountain 
stream which furnishes an inexhaustible source of supply for the city. The fall from 
the point where the water is taken out of this stream to the city affords sufficient 
pressure to furnish an ample protection against any fire that might ever obtain head- 
way here. A fine volunteer fire department is maintained here, which is a double 
safeguard against fire. 

Excellent educational advantages are afforded the youth of 
Missoula. The public school system of the city requires the 
use of three large school houses, in which 15 teachers are em- 
ployed. In 1893 the total average enrollment at these schools 
was 700. In addition to the public schools the youth of the 
city will soon have the advantages for a higher education 
afforded by the Montana State University. The building 
which this advanced seat of learning will oc- 
cupy is now under course of construction. 
It will have cost when completed about 

$100,000. There is also maintained at Missoula an excellent 
Catholic school which has a large attendance of pupils. The 
people of Missoula take a just pride in their excellent school sys- 
tem. In addition to the educational work of the schools here is a 
fine public library, which contains over 2,000 volumes of standard 
literature. The religious organizations of the city are represented by one Catholic 
and six Protestant churches which are liberally supported. 

Missoula is an important railroad center. In addition to its location on the main 
line of the Northern Pacific, it is also the terminus of the Missoula & Bitter Root 
Valley and the DeSniet & Coeur d'Alene branches of the same system. The Bitter 
Root Valley branch runs through the valley of the same name to Grantsdale, a dis- 
tance of 50 miles. All the country traversed by this road is well settled, and its trade 
is controlled by Missoula. The DeSniet branch runs through the great Cceur 
d'Alene mining districts, and with its extensions makes a continuous route from 
Missoula to Spokane, the largest inland city in Washington. The building of this 





North Side School, 
Missoula. 



Central School, Missoula 



Missoula, Montana. 



529 




Catholic Church, Missoula. 



" cut off," as the DeSmet branch is called, has resulted in mak- 
ing Missoula the eastern outfitting point for the mines of the 
Cceur d'Alenes. The commercial relations of Missoula with 
the rich mineral belt opened up by the completion of the De- 
Smet branch, and with the other mining districts which im- 
mediately surround the city, are most important factors in its 
progress and prosperity. With these mineral districts and with 
the rich agricultural sections tributary, Missoula now does a 
trade which approximates about $2, 000,000 annually. 

It is claimed that Missoula occupies the only site on which a large city can be 
sustained, between Helena on the east, 125 miles distant, and Spokane, 250 milts 
west. A careful study of the topographical features of the sections of country 
intervening between these points will convince any reader of the truth of this state- 
ment. Missoula is thus made the metropolis of a vast area extending north from 
this point to the British boundary, west to the Idaho Hue and east to the summit of 
the Rocky Mountains. It is also the banking center for a rich and populous center 
of country. The banks of Missoula today are the First National, with a capital of 
$ 1 50,000 and a surplus and undivided profits of $350,000 and the Western Montana 
Bank, with a capital stock of $75,000 and a surplus and undivided profits of $25,000. 

Missoula is the headquarters of the Rocky Mountain division 
of the Northern Pacific. Residing in the city are 350 regular em- 
ployes of this road. Large machine and repair shops, car houses 
and roundhouses are maintained here by the railroad company. 
The company's hospital is also maintained at this point. With 
the exception of the railroad shops there are no large industrial 
plants located at Missoula. In the immediate vicinity of the city, 
however, are a number of large sawmills and wood-working 
plants owned principally by Missoula capital. At Bonner, six 
miles distant, is a large sawmill with a daily capacity of 135,000 feet of lumber. 
The output of this and the other mills in Missoula county is largely used in mining 
development work throughout Western Montana. The lumber industry here is an 
important one, and in this connection it is significant that the greater portion of the 
lumber consumed in Montana is cut in Missoula county. 

The immediate surroundings of Missoula are attractive to both the home-seeker 
and to the tourist. The mountain scenery here is picturesque. Viewed from any 
of the principal streets of Missoula, the entire valley in which 
the city is located is apparently entirely enclosed by mountain 
ranges. The peaks of these ranges, while not covered with 
perennial snows, are yet lofty enough to serve as landmarks 
for a wide extent of country. The valley is perfectly sheltered 
by these hills from the cold blasts of winter, while during the 
heated term of the year cool breezes sweep down from these 
heights into the valley below, thus insuring the people of Mis- 
soula an escape from the torrid heat of other parts of the state, 
and nights sufficiently cool to insure sleeping with comfort un- 
der a blanket. 

Near Missoula are a number of thermal springs the waters 
of which are largely mineral in their nature. The most fre- 




Methodist Church, 
Missoula. 




First Presbyterian Church, 
Missoula. 




530 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

quented of these springs are those at the head of 
the Lo Lo canyon, 30 miles distant. Four miles 
southwest of Missoula on the east bank of the Bit- 
IE, ter Root river is the fort of the same name, at 
which a government post is maintained. It is 
garrisoned by three companies of infantry. The 

Historic Fort Owen, Stevensville, Bitter Root valley, military reservation On which the fort is located 

comprises 3,000 acres. This post was established 
in 1876 on account of its favorable location for dispatching troops and supplies to 
various points in the Northwest. This fort is a distinguishing feature of interest 
in the section of country of which Missoula is the trading center, and it is visited 
by the great numbers of tourists who now annually visit Missoula in search of health 
and recreation. 

Stevensville, Montana. — Stevensville, the oldest settlement in Montana, 
is located on the east side of the Bitter Root valley, 28 miles south of Missoula. The 
line of the Missoula & Bitter Root Valley branch of the Northern Pacific runs about 
three miles distant from the town, on the opposite side of the river. A good bridge 
spans the river at the railroad station, thus affording easy access to the town. 
Stevensville now contains a population of about 200, and it contains many of the 
types of men who were famous in Montana a quarter of a century ago. 

Stevensville is a place of great historic interest. It was first known as St. 
Mary's and, subsequently, as Fort Owen. The Flathead Indians occupying the val- 
ley here before the advent of the white man were a tractable race 
much further advanced towards civilization than were the other 
Northwestern tribes. These Indians having heard of the "Black 
Gowns," as they termed the Jesuit priests, were anxious to have 
these priests come to their valley. They dispatched four of their 
number to St. Louis to invite the reverend fathers to come and live 
among them. The result of this visit was that Father De Smet and 
other priests came to the Bitter Root valley in the spring of 1841 and CHURCH AT STEVENSV "-'- E - 
established the famous mission of St. Mary's. The Flathead Indians, under the 
teachings and example of the Jesuit Fathers, rapidly embraced the Catholic religion, 
and it is the boast of the tribe that they never shed white man's blood. 

In 1850, Major John Owen, an army sutler, came into the Bitter Root valley. 
He saw the eligibility of the site of St. Mary's mission for a trading post. He pur- 
chased the land here from the Catholic Fathers who removed a mile or two further 
up the valley, where they established a new mission but retained for it the old name 
of St. Mary's. The church at the site of the latter mission is still standing in a good 
state of preservation. At the abandoned mission Major Owen first 
built a palisade fort and, subsequently, he erected a fort of adobe. 
The enclosure was known as Fort Owen, and portions of the walls 
of this early fort and two of the bastions are still standing as land- 
marks of the early settlement of the Bitter Root valley. 

In 1864 the townsite of Stevensville was laid out. This occu- 
pied a site between Fort Owen and St. Mary's mission. In the old 
mission cemetery, near the town, stands a marble shaft which marks 
e. the last resting place of Father Ravalli, a pioneer priest who figured 





The Flathead Valley, Western Montana. 



531 



prominently in Montana's early history. This was erected by act of the Montana 
legislature. 

Stevensville is now the seat of justice of Ravalli county, which was created by 
act of the state legislature in March, 1893. The town presents a pastoral appearance, 
with its four houses of worship and its neat and tasty residences well shaded by fine 
trees. Among the features of the town worthy of mention are a five-room school 
house, erected at a cost of $7,500, a public library and two weekly newspapers. The 
Bitter Root valley at this point assumes its greatest width, it being about 15 miles 
wide here. It is well settled in the vicinity of Stevensville, and the town enjoys the 
trade of a prosperous farming community which is yearly increasing in population 
and importance. 

Hamilton, Montana. — Hamilton, the largest town in the Bitter Root val 
ley, is located 47 miles north of Missoula, on the Bitter Root branch of the Northern 
Pacific railroad. It was founded in the fall of 1890, and now contains a population of 
about 1 ,200. The townsite is attractively laid out with broad streets, the lots all 
having a wide frontage. In addition to a number of general merchandise stores, 
Hamilton contains a fine public school, three churches, a bank, one weekly news- 
paper and two well-conducted hotels. Nearly all the wage earners of the town are 
employed in the large sawmill of the Bitter Root Development Company located at 
this point. This mill has a daily capacity of 100,000 feet of lumber and it is one of 
the great manufacturing industries of Western Montana. 

Hamilton's chief distinction lies in its being situated within the confines of the 
famous Marcus Daly stock ranch. The area of this ranch is between 9,000 and 10,000 
acres. Over 150 men and women are employed on 
the great ranch in various capacities. The brood 
mares on the Daly ranch have been culled from all 
the noted breeding establishments both of the East 
and the West. They have been selected not only for 
their breeding qualities but for the individual perfec- 
tion of the animals. Nearly every trotting sire of 
note in the United States has one or more represen- 
tatives on this ranch. The thoroughbred running 
horses owned by Mr. Daly won many of the great 
turf races of 1S92. The total winnings of horses from 
this ranch in that single year amounted to $115,000. superior, Montana. 

This remarkable success of Western horses on East- 
ern race tracks resulted in Montana's becoming famous throughout the Union as the 
home of some of the greatest racers that were ever put 011 the turf. 

The Flatliead Valley, Western Montana. — The picturesque and fer- 
tile Flathead valley with its numerous creeks, lakes and rivers, lies between the 
ranges of the Rocky, Mission and Kootenai Mountains. It is an irregular basin ex- 
tending north and south for about 150 miles. Its northern limit is British America 
and its southern boundary is found within the limits of the Flathead reservation, 
about three miles north of Ravalli, a station on the Northern Pacific railroad. It 
varies in width from 10 to 30 miles. Numerous smaller valleys open into the Flat- 
head and these, with the main valley of the Flathead, form an immense body of rich 
agricultural land. 




532 



The Oregonian's Handbook oi the Pacific Northwest. 




An Indian Chief 




Glimpse of Flathead Lake. 



The Flathead river, flowing south from the British 
possessions to the north, empties into Flathead Lake near 
the center of the valley of the same name. This river 
is fed by numerous streams which find their source in the 
small lakes in the valley and the mountains which sur- 
round it. Flathead Lake is a magnificent sheet of water, 
about 30 miles long and 10 miles wide. It is the largest 
lake in the Rocky Mountain system. Its outlet is the 
Pend d'Oreille river, a swift-flowing stream that joins its 
waters with those of the Clark's Fork river near Horse 
Plains. The shores of Flathead Lake make an ideal sum- 
mer resort, the surroundings being beautiful and highly picturesque in scenic effects. 
Tall mountains rise at the sides of the lake, wooded islands with craggy shores dot 
the surface of the waters, and numerous arms 
of the lake stretch far towards the interior of 
the mountain ranges. The water of the lake is 
clear, of a deep blue tinge and in places it is 
very deep. The lake teems with gamy fish and 
its shores and islands are favorite resorts and 
breeding places for aquatic wild fowl. A number 
of steamboats ply on the lake and, with the ex- 
ception of a short season during the winter 
when the lake is frozen over, make daily trips. 
The lake is reached without difficulty by a daily stage from Ravalli. 

The rich soil of the Flathead valley produces good crops without the aid of irri- 
gation. Some of the lands under cultivation yield from two to three tons of ha}-, 60 
bushels of oats and 45 bushels of wheat to the acre. Apples, plums and cherries are 
grown here and the success attending their culture has stimulated the settlers in the 
valley to further effort in the raising of fruits. A good market for the products of 
the valley is found in the cities and mining camps to the south. The Flathead valley 
was for many years known as a grazing country, and at one time immense herds of 
cattle roamed over its grass-covered lowlands. This was not considered a good farm- 
ing country until about five years ago. The tilling of the soil may be said to have 
commenced about the time the Great Northern railway proposed to build a line 
across its northern limits. When the tracks of this road did reach the valley it 
brought with it a great tide of emigration which settled here. In a short time 
thousands of acres in the valley were placed under cultivation and a greater portion 
of the lands in the northern part of the valley were enclosed by fences. 

The principal towns of the Flathead valley today are Kallispell, Demersville, 
Columbia Falls and Egan, all flourishing towns with excellent schools, churches, 

etc. The general altitude of the valley is 
about 3,000 feet. The summers here are 
warm and pleasant with cool nights. 
Winter does not set in here as early as it 
does in the Middle Western States, and 
while the fall of snow during the winter 
mouths is usually heavy it disappears early 
in the spring, thus allowing ample time 
st. icnat.us m ,s 9 ,on, Flathead ind.an resefwat.on. for the planting and maturing of crops. 




Phillipsburg, Montana. 



533 




^d '-zxzL'-h 



There is still a large area of vacant government land in the valley and when the 
government throws open the great Flathead Indian reservation thousands of acres 
additional, the finest land in the state, will be ready for occupancy. This reserva- 
tion comprises an area of over 2,000 square miles. It is a tract of country extending 
from the center of Flathead Lake to the mountainous district lying south of the line 
of the Northern Pacific railroad. It is now occupied by 1,500 Indians and half breeds, 
many of whom have farms under a high state of cultivation. These Indians are 
law-abiding and they form an important adjunct to the working population of the 
state of Montana. 

Druimnoiul, Montana. — Drummond is the diverging point from the main 
line of the Northern Pacific for Phillipsburg. This branch connects Drummond with 
rhillipsburg and the famous Granite Mountain mines, a distance of 26 miles. 

Drummond is 72 miles west of Helena, and 310 miles east of Spokane. It has a 
population of about 150. The principal importance of the town is its connection 
with the Northern Pacific as the terminal point of the Phillipsburg branch road. 

Phillipsburg, Montana. — This old and interesting town is the supply cen- 
ter for one of the most important mining districts of Montana. It is located 26 miles 
south of Drummond, on a branch of the Northern Paci- 
fic which runs to the famous Granite Mountain mines. 
The town lies in the Flint Creek valley, at the base of a 
heavy spur of the Rockies. It was first settled in 1866. 
In the following year the first silver mill in Montana 
was erected in Phillipsburg, on the Hope mine property. 
The pans of this mill were shipped by wagon all the 
way from San Francisco. In crossing the Rio Virgin, in 
Southern Utah, the wagon sunk in the quicksands, and 
the pans remained buried there until they were finally 

raised by derrick months afterwards. With the exception of slight intervals of rest, 
this 10-stamp mill has been constantly operated, since 1867, in crushing the free- 
milling ores taken from the deposits of Hope Hill. 

Phillipsburg is now an attractive city of 3,000 inhabitants. It occupies a site of 
sufficient area for a city of many times its size. The grassy vale in which it is built 
is surrounded by high wooded mountains. Five miles from Phillipsburg are the 
great mineral properties of Granite Mountain. These mines, when in operation, fur- 
nish employment to over 2,000 men. The trading for these 
mines is all done at Phillipsburg. In the town one princi- 
pal street leads down the gradual incline on which the 
place is built to the Northern Pacific depot, located half a 
mile distant from the business center. Leading across this 
main thoroughfare the other broad streets of the town ex- 
tend. On the main street are a number of substantial busi- 
ness blocks, Two strong banks are located here. Phillips- 
burg has several hotels and a number of very strong busi- 
ness houses. It has a complete system of electric lights, 
and it is supplied with pure mountain water taken off the 
granite bedrock and piped to the town from large reser- 
voirs. Two public school buildings are established here, as 

Hoisting Engine and Mill, , , , . _, .... , 

bimetallic mine, granite. are several strong church organizations. Phillipsburg is 



Dry Crushing Chloridizing Mill, 
Bi-metallic Mining Co., Phillipsburg. 




•53-1 The Oregoniari 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

one of the principal mining centers of Montana outside of Butte and Helena, and 
large sums of money are invested in the city and in the mining properties adjacent. 

An act of the Montana legislature, in the session of 1892-93, created the county 
of Granite, which was cut off from the former large county of Deer Lodge. Phillips- 
burg, by this act, was made the seat of justice of the new county. This has added 
considerably to the importance which the town previously enjoyed. When the 
mines are all in operation here, their combined pay-roll amounts to thousands of 
dollars a month. This money is regularly spent in Phillipsburg, thus insuring suffi- 
cient money in circulatien here at all times to insure the prosperity of the business 
community. 

The district of which Phillipsburg is the center, contains about 5,000 mineral 
locations, but few of which have been sufficiently developed to show their merits. 
A large number of these claims show immense deposits of low-grade ore, which varies 
in richness from 7 to 20 ounces in silver per ton. This is known as the Flint Creek 
mining district. It comprises an area of mineral land 15 miles square, situated on 
the western exposure of the Granite range, near the head of Flint Creek valley. It 
incloses the famous Granite Mountain ledge. Three miles from Phillipsburg is the 
Granite mine. This was discovered in 1872, by Eli D. Holland, and it was recorded 
in July, 1875, by J. W. Estill, E. D. Holland and J. M. Merrell. There was but very 
litttle development work done on this property until the autumn of 1880. In that 
year a syndicate was formed under the name of the Granite Mountain Mining Com- 
pany, to make the attempt to demonstrate the value of this property. Before the 
syndicate purchased this claim it had been bonded, on several different occasions, 
for less than 140,000. A mine that could have been held at one time, by those who 
had bonded it, on the payment of a few thousand dollars, subsequently paid divi- 
dends of over $r 2,000,000. The Granite is now one of the bonanza mines of America. 
From August, 1885, to July 31, 1891, the output of the mine amounted to 250,043 
gross tons of ore, which yielded 17,756,374 ounces of silver and 21,648 ounces of gold. 
Up to December 31, 1892, the Granite had paid dividends of $11,880,000. In 1890 
the Granite company paid dividends of $2 500,000, and during the same year they 
expended, in development work, over $1,300,000. In that year the ore from the 
mine averaged 71 ounces in silver per ton, and in 1891, 51 ounces. The Granite com- 
pany operates a 100-stamp mill at Rumsey, and a 90-stamp mill at Granite. Both of 
these places are small camps near and directly tributary to Phillipsburg. During 1891 
the average cost of mining the ore of the Granite mine was $15 a ton. 

Adjoining the Granite and on the same ledge are the properties of the Bi-Metallic 
Mining Company. This company was organized in 1S86 with a capital stock of $10,- 
000,000, divided into 400,000 shares of a value of $25 each. Its history is similar to 
that of the Granite Company. At first the Bi-Metallic properties were not considered 
of the first order. As they were developed, however, immense bodies of ore were 
discovered. This ore runs from 60 to 75 ounces in silver per ton. In the Blaine, 
owned by this company, a shoot of ore two feet wide and 150 feet long, assayed 800 
ounces of silver to the ton. The Bi-Metallic is now one of the bonanza dividend- 
paying companies of Montana. The total dividends paid by the company up to 
December, 1892, amounted to $1,800,000. This company owns 20 lode claims on and 
adjoining the Granite Mountain ledge, and 12 claims near Phillipsburg where their 
two 50-stamp chloridiziug dry-crushing mills are located. 

South of Phillipsburg lie the possessions of the Algonquin and Northwest Mining 
Companies. The property owned by these companies consists of well developed 



Deer Lodge, Montana. 535 

mines. The Northwest Company suspended operations in 1879, and the Algonquin in 
1882. At that time the heavy cost of transportation in hauling supplies to these 
mines only permitted the companies operating them to handle high-grade ores. 
Ores then that averaged less than 70 ounces in silver to the ton could not be profit- 
ably worked. Two chloridiziug dry-crushing mills, erected by these companies at a 
cost of $325,000, have been permitted to lie idle and decay during the past few years 
when they could have been run at a profit to the owners. The stockholders in these 
two companies reside in the East, and for 10 years prior to 1893 they neglected prop- 
erties at Phillipsburg which, if worked, would have paid large dividends. Other 
mines at this point are the Bath, West Granite, North Granite, San Francisco, 
Latonia and Princeton. In addition to these are many other rich mines or claims 
near Phillipsburg, which the owners hope will ultimately develop into as great prop- 
erties as are the Granite and the mines of the Bi-Metallic Company. 

Garrison, Montana. — Garrison is situated in Deer Lodge county, on the 
Hell Gate river, 51 miles west of Helena. Although a small place, containing but 
about 100 population, it is an important point on account of its being the junction of 
the Northern Pacific and the Montana Union railroads. The latter line runs in a 
southerly direction from Garrison to Butte, a distance of 51 miles. The road between 
Garrison and Butte passes through the towns of Deer Lodge, Stuart, Anaconda and 
Silver Bow. In the vicinity of Garrison is excellent hunting and fishing. Large 
game is plentiful here, and the Blackfoot river and its tributaries near by are full of 
the finest varieties of speckled trout. 

Deer Ijodj»;e, Montana. — Deer Lodge, one of the oldest settlements in Mon- 
tana, is situated in the center of the agricultural valley of the Deer Lodge river. It 
is a station on the line of the Montana Union railroad, 11 miles south of Garrison, 
the junction of the Montana Union and the Northern Pacific. Helena is 62 miles 
distant from Deer Lodge, while the town is separated from Butte by a distance of 
40 miles. 

The early history of the town of Deer Lodge is replete with interesting and sen- 
sational incidents of frontier life. It was near this place in 1864 that many of the 
desperate characters of Montana's early history paid the penalty for their crimes, they 
having been executed by the Montana committee of safety. In the early days of 
Montana there were no courts of justice in the territory and the protection of life and 
property was by common consent relegated to the vigilantee committees made up 
of the most respected people of the community. By summary methods, taken in all 
cases, however, after the fairest of trials and the fullest convictions, the territory soon 
ceased to be terrorized by the lawless element and it is the boast of the surviving 
members of the old vigilantee committees of the early history of the present rich 
state that life and property were never more secure than they were during the time 
that the people governed themselves without the aid of courts or lawyers. 

It was in that portion of Montana which is now embraced within the limits of Deer 
Lodge that the first discovery of gold was made in the stale. The honor of 
this first discovery rests on Francois Finlay, an Indian trader, who took out the first 
dust in 1850. In 1864, following the great discovery of surface gold at Bannock City 
and Alder Gulch, prospectors began to arrive in Deer Lodge county, and about the 
same time Deer Lodge was founded as a trading and outfitting point for the surround- 
ing mineral districts. The importance of the setttement here in the early days of its 
history and the amount of trade it enjoyed may be inferred from the fact that the 



536 The Oregoniari 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

placer fields of Deer Lodge county yielded the immense sum of $13,250,000 between 
1863 and 1868. In 1870 the first signs of the failing returns from the placers here 
became apparent and the attention of the mining men from that time forward began 
to be diverted to the more arduous and then less promising fields of profit offered by 
the development of the rich quartz ledges which the territory contained. 

The working of quartz ledges in Deer Lodge county is now an industry of great 
and constantly increasing magnitude. In 1891 this county produced 4,850,821 ounces 
of silver, and 19,586 ounces of gold. The decline of the price of silver in 
1893 has resulted in the working of the placer mines here, and at the 
present writing within a radius of 20 miles of Deer Lodge there are hundreds 
working at fair wages in the placer diggings. Some of the placer fields in Deer 
Lodge county have now been constantly worked for more than 20 years past with- 
out any indication of their giving ont, but the yield of gold from these diggings 
is small today in comparison with the wonderful output of the placers here in 
the early 6o's. 

The growth of Deer Lodge City has kept pace with the development of the 
county of which it is the trading center and seat of justice. It is now an attrac- 
tive and wealthy city with a population of about 1,600. The site it occupies is evenly 
laid out, with wide and deep lots, broad thoroughfares which are lined on each side 
with shade trees. The business blocks are well built and many elegant and costly 
residences are scattered over the city. Few cities of equal population contain a 
greater number of fine residences than are found in Deer Lodge. There are in the 
city today mansions that cost as high as $50,000 and there are many beautiful homes 
here valued at from $10,000 to $20,000 each. A feature of the city that adds much to 
its attractiveness is a $50,000 court house which occupies the center of a square laid 
out in walks and flower beds. Other imposing edifices of the place are the large 
brick buildings of the College of Montana and St. Mary's Catholic Academy. These 
institutions rank high among the seats of learning in the West, and their establish- 
ment at this point has resulted in making Deer Lodge an important educational cen- 
ter. The city possesses a 10-room public school building which was erected at a cost 
of $30,000. The western division of the Montana state penitentiary is located here 
and it occupies well appointed buildings with ample surrounding grounds. 

A model system of electric lights illuminates the streets and business houses of 
Deer Lodge and an excellent system of water works provides an ample supply of the 
purest water to its citizens. This water is taken from a mountain stream near the 
city. The altitude of Deer Lodge is 4,500 feet. The extremes of heat and cold are 
not felt as much here as they are on the lower levels of the state, and the climate 
of this part of the state is said to be a delightful one. 

The raising of standard-bred and blooded stock is an important and growing busi- 
ness on the ranches in the vicinity of Deer Lodge. The land and climate here are 
especially favorable to the raising of fine stock, and during recent years Deer Lodge has 
become known throughout the East as the home of horses of national reputation. Thor- 
oughbreds foaled and raised at Deer Lodge have figured prominently in some of the 
classic events of the American turf. Deer Lodge is the home of Poet Scout, High Tariff, 
Nevada, Eolian, Regent, and a number of other well-known thoroughbreds that have 
won laurels on the turf. 

Farmering is now carried on in Deer Lodge valley by means of irrigation. 
The small grains, vegetables, grasses and hardy fruits grow here to perfec- 




Helena, Montana. 537 

tion. The lakes and hills in the vicinity of the city abound in fish and game. 
The Big Blackfoot river is a famous trouting ground and within half a day's ride of 
the city are the Dempsey Lakes where myriads of speckled trout are found. 
Eighteen miles to the south of Deer Lodge are the famous Warm Springs while a 
few miles beyond these is the favorite resort of the Gregson Hot Springs. Both of 
these springs are noted resorts for tourists and invalids. 

The location in Deer Lodge of splendid educational institutions, the homes of 
wealthy men together with its fine climate and healthful environments allcombineto 
make the city a most desirable place of residence. 

Helena, Montana. — Helena, the capital city of Montana and the judicial 
seat of Lewis & Clarke county, is situated on the eastern slope of the main range of 
the Rocky Mountains. The great wealth, unsurpassed scenic surroundings and 
romantic history of this city have combined to make it widely known throughout the 
United States. 

Nature has endowed the country in the immediate vicinity of Helena with many 
scenic attractions and a diversity of mineral wealth. Towering behind the city 
proper is the grass-covered 
and pine-clad Mount Hele- 
na. Lying in front of the 
city and stretching away for 
15 miles is the beautiful 
Prickly Pear valle}\ Near 

the city are a number of MT ' HELENA ' HELENA ' 

health-restoring thermal springs. Twelve miles to the north of Helena lies the 
Missouri river, which from this point north to Fort Benton presents one of the 
scenic wonders of the world. 

It was not natural beauty of surroundings or favorable climatic conditions that 
first led to the establishment of a settlement at this point. Out of the neighboring 
hills, from the gulches in the immediate vicinity and from the very site on which the 
city stands today millions of dollars worth of gold dust has been taken, and it was 
the discovery of the rich gold deposits here that gave birth to a place that has since 
become one of the most prosperous inland cities of the continent. 

Helena owes its birth to a fortunate incident in the career of four men. On July 
15, 1864, four weary and disappointed prospectors, who had been wandering in search 
of gold among the gulches of the Rocky Mountains, camped for the first time within 
the present city limits of Helena. The following day they began to prospect along 
a small tributary of the Prickly Pear. It was their last chance to find gold before 
turning homeward, and before a pan of dirt was washed they named the locality 
Last Chance gulch. Fortune smiled on these intrepid miners. The first pan of 

washed gravel revealed $20 in coarse gold. They had 

finally "struck it rich." The news of this rich dis- 

. vs /^ -^ ^ covery was not long in reaching the mining camps 

',' ' c. '•-" ■ Cil- -~ "' the territory and a few weeks later hundreds of 

Y., jp^^fr^tf^njp^fc^^rl?? men were working the Last Chance placers. For- 

'"-■ '■'^■■^^^s^JJ^^^MMV- -' tunes were made in these diggings in a few days, 

and during the first six years after their discovery 

these placers had yielded over $15,000,000 in gold. 

old und marks, main street, Helena. From the 20o feet square now occupied by the Helena 



538 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON 



depot of the Montana Central Railway Company two men took out over $330,000 in 
gold dust. Another rich strike was made within the present city limits on the site 
now occupied by the First National Bank building. All the business section of 
Helena may be said to cover what was once one of the richest gold fields in the world. 

Soon after the discover}' of gold in Last Chance gulch there sprung into 
existence in its center a town of several hundred inhabitants. On October 30 of the 
same year gold was discovered here, the gallant miners named the new town Helena, 
in honor of Homer's heroine of ancient Troy. The early history of Helena is but a 
repetition of the history of the other rich and isolated mining camps of the state. 
The fame of the rich placers of Last Chance gulch attracted not only thousands of 
honest miners but a horde of the most disreputable members of society as well. 
Many of the fortunes made here by the miners, after the hardest kind of toil, were 
spent by them in riotous living, and many a lucky prospector in the gulch spent his 
gold as fast as he took it from the sluice box. It was not uncommon for miners to 
wash out of the ground from $15 to $ 175 a day apiece, and yet these same men 
returned to work each morning penniless after their 
night's debauch. Others, more prudent, amassed for- 
tunes, and many of the stately buildings which now line 
Helena's streets are monuments to their enterprise and 
energy. The vicious element not only coveted the hard- 
earned money of the miners but they were a menace to 
the lives of law-abiding citizens. The better element in 
the camp at length found it necessary, in order to pro- 
tect their lives and property, to execute a number of 
these thieves and murderers. Thirteen men in all met 
their death at the hands of the Helena Vigilance Com- 
mittee. All of these men had committed atrocious crimes 
and justly deserved the punishment which was meted 
out to them. Hangman's tree, from a branch of which 
the rope that executed these men was suspended, was for 
many years an historic mark of Helena. The tree stood as a menace to wrong-doers 
until finally cut down in 1876. 

In 1869 the former greatness of the placers in Last Chance gulch began to wane 
and population here began to dwindle. In 1867 Helena contained 3,400 people. In 
1S76 it did not contain to exceed 2,000 people. During the years of Helena's decad- 
ence an industry was being developed in the section of country which subsequently 
became the best of Helena's tributary district. This was the raising of live stock. 
By 1878 and 1879 tne ^ ve stock interests of Montana had attained proportions of con- 
siderable magnitude. A number of the wealthy cattle men of the territory selected 
Helena as their headquarters. These men traded with Helena and they built their 
homes in the town. The coming of these men with their millions of capital stimu- 
lated the growth of Helena, and by the time the tracks of the Northern Pacific rail- 
road reached this point the town was in a very flourishing condition. 

Following the period when the placers of Last Chance gulch gave out the miners 
of this section began to turn their attention more to quartz mining. A large number 
of quartz locations were made near Helena. Some of these in time proved very valu- 
able, but before the advent of the railroad they were practically worthless as their 
owners were without the facilities for properly treating the ores they contained. In 




Looking South. 



PHOTO. BY 




Helena, Montana. 539 

1880 the Utah Northern railroad reached Montana from the south, and three years 
later the tracks of the Northern Pacific reached Helena. The building of these roads 
wrought a great change in Helena and in the section 
of country of which the town had long been the 
trading center. New mines were opened up here, old 
prospects which owing to low-grade or refractory ores 
had been deemed worthless became paying properties, 
and new life was infused into a rich country which 
had remained unoccupied for the one reason of its 
isolation. The 4th of July, 1883, was a memorable 
one in the history of Helena. On that day a train of 

36 cars loaded with 1,000,000 pounds of silver bullion left Helena for the East. This 
shipment attracted the attention of the world, and although it was but the fore- 
runner of many which followed it, it was one of the most effectual advertisements 
the city in the heart of the Rockies ever received. 

The coming of the Northern Pacific railroad at once removed all doubts regard- 
ing the permanence of Helena as a prosperous city of the West. This road opened 
up for the city new avenues of trade and industry and it brought it into closer con- 
nection with the large section of tributary country it had so long dealt with. At the 
time of the completion of the Northern Pacific to this point Helena was, as it is 
today, the political, judicial, financial, commercial and educational center of Mon- 
tana. From 1883 to the present writing the city has made remarkable strides in a 
rapid increase of population and wealth. Its people now claim that it is the richest 
and most compactly built city of its size in the world. The wealth of the city is 
shown by its assessed valuation of property here in 1893, when the returns showed 
$20,000,000 worth of taxable property, property that was assessed at about 50 per 
cent, of its valuation. Dividing the $20,000,000 by 13,000, the present population of 
Helena, it gives a wealth per capita, based on the figures of the assessment roll, 
of $1,538. 

Another evidence of the vast amount of capital accumulated in this city is the 
number and wealth of its strong financial institutions. Seven banks are now doing 
business in Helena. These banks have an aggregate capital of $2,325,000, a surplus 
and undivided profits of $1,079,646, and total deposits of $7,176,812. These are the 
First National Bank, with a capital of $500,000 ; the Merchants National, capital 
$350,000; Montana National, capital $500,000; Second National, capital $75,000; 
Helena National, capital $500,000 ; American National, capital $200,000; Cruise Sav- 
ings, capital $100,000, and Montana Savings, capital $100,000. Deposits flow to these 
photo, by la*son. banks from all parts of Montana, and they form a clearing 

. --;,,,,.,,..<•-; house for the vast amount of mineral wealth annually pro- 

^^t^^'^'-'-'-ri': duced in the vicinity of Helena. The buildings owned 

;. 7. Sk~£ :y^i; ; , *7yjf and occupied by these banks are imposing five and six-story 
c vv, y r ' "-" ' 5 v"='r structures, constructed principally of granite and marble. 
^Kj|||-;"H;;~ , The banks of no other city of the West are better housed 
~!^~*r y ^i^2 ; 5^~~ than are the banks of Helena. During the stringency of 
the summer of 1893 two of the Helena banks suspended, but 
a business block, Helena the assets of these banks were in the most satisfactory 
shape, and the suspensions, as in the case of other strong banking houses of the 
country, were the result of a temporary scare of the people, which the most con- 



540 



The Oregoniaii 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



servative of bankers find it impossible to prepare for. The business blocks of Helena 
are costly, stately and modern edifices of handsome architectural designs. 

The depots of the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads are situated in 
the valley, a mile or more from the business center of Helena. The traveler who 
alights from the train of either road at Helena, sees, first, stretches of gravel or 
furrowed ground, which was dug over years ago in the search for gold. Near the 
depots the large warehouses are located, and this is the least attractive part of the 
city. About half a mile from the depots the outskirts of 
the business and residence sections of the city are crossed. 
Beginning on Main street, at its intersection with Sixth 
avenue, and extending for half a mile towards the base 
of the mountains, is one almost unbroken line of sub- 
stantial and elegant business houses. Many of these 
buildings are constructed entirely of Montana granite, 
quarried about three miles distant from the city. Others 
are constructed of marble, red sandstone and pressed 
brick. Several of these buildings are five, six, and even 
seven stories high, and nearly all are equipped with 
electric lights, modern elevators, and other conveniences. 
Scattered here and there through the city are many 
fine buildings, including several first-class hotels, and 
the $150,000 building of the Montana Club, a strong social 
organization of the city. 

The public and private improvements of Helena are 
on a most magnificent scale. Everywhere in the city is 
there this same evidence of lavish expenditure. These 
expensive improvements were not the result of a poorly administered city govern- 
ment or the squandering of public moneys. The tax rate of 
the city is low, being but 14 mills, while Helena's bonded in- 
debtedness is less than $300,000. The millionaire mine owners 
have, in Helena, some of the finest appointed homes and 
most beautiful surrounding yards on the continent. The fine 
houses here are all of brick and stone, and the residence por- 
tion of the city vies favorably with the most select residence 




Montana Club, Helena 




section of any city in the West. 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON 








Court house, Helena. 



United States Assay Office, 

HELENA. 



The public buildings of Helena are 
especially worthy of attention. The 
Lewis & Clarke county court house 
here, stands on an eminence at the head 
of Broadway street. It was erected at a cost of $250,000, and, 
as shown by the accompanying illustration, is a handsome and 
striking piece of architecture. It is occupied by the governor 
of the state, by the state and county officers, and it is here 
that all state and county business is transacted. A marble 
statue of the Father of the Declaration of Independence, 
Thomas Jefferson, occupies a prominent place in the lawn 
fronting the court house. Other fine public buildings of Helena 
are the auditorium, with a seating capacity of 10,000 people, a 



Helena, Montana. 



•541 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON. 




City Hall and Fire Department 
Headquarters, Helena. 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON 




The Natator 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON. 



county jail, constructed of granite at a cost of $50,000, and 
a large brick city hall. The United States assay office is 
located at Helena. There were deposited in this assay office, 
during 1892, 68,429 ounces of gold, valued at $1,273,104, and 
99,111 ounces of silver, worth $78,932, a total of $1,352,036 
in precious metals handled here during the year. 

Helena has its fashionable West End, and in this part 
of the city are many elegant and palatial residences. The 

wealthy citizens of the city have vied with each 
other in erecting houses that cost tens of thou- 
sands of dollars each. These mansions do not 
differ materially from the class of fine houses 
found on Summit avenue, St. Paul, Walnut 
Heights, Cincinnati, Nob Hill, Portland, and 
the fashionable districts of other leading cities. 
The noticeable absence of frame structures in 
Helena is due to the fact that in the early his- 
tory of the place the city was visited by three 
great conflagrations. It was the lesson learned 
by these great fires which was largely respon- 
sible for the adoption of brick and stone for building 
material here. No great fire could gain headway in 
Helena today, and the city is as near fire-proof as the 
adoption of fire-proof materials in building could make it. 
Among the notable features of Helena are its 
libraries. The public library here contains 10,000 vol- 
umes of carefully selected books. This institution is 
supported by a tax levy of three-tenths of a mill. This 
furnishes a steadily increasing fund for the purchase of 
books. The library rooms are large and pleasant, and 

are located in the auditorium building. The state 
library here contains about 5,000 volumes. A valuable 
collection of books, original manuscripts, maps, etc., 
numbering in all 5,000 pieces, is held by the historical 
society's library here. The law library and the historical 
society are quartered in the county court house. 

In marked contrast to the bull teams which trav- 
ersed Helena's streets in the early history of the town, is 
the splendidly-equipped system of electric cars which 
now reaches to all parts of the city. PH0T0 . BY L awson 
The street-railway system here consists of 23 miles of electric 
lines. Nine miles of this track is operated by the Helena Elec- 
tric Railway Company and 16 miles by the Helena Rapid 
Transit Company. The first-named company has in use 10 
electric cars and the last-named company are now running six. 
Both of these companies operate a line to the natatorium, Hele- 
na's great summer resort. Over $500,000 was expended on this 
resort. Water is supplied here at a comfortable temperature for 
bathing and the natatorium is much frequented by Helena's 




Resort Hotel 



^\t 




wng Bath, Helena. 




PSfk 



High School. Helena 



542 



The Oregonian 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Bryant School, 



children in the camp. 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON. 




Kenwood School 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON. 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON. , 

people and by the thousands of tourists who annually visit 
the city. Helena is well supplied with other places of 
amusement. Among these is a cozy theater, an athletic 
park, gun club grounds and a fast driving park at which 
race meetings are held twice a year. 

A wandering pedagogue opened the first school in Last 
Chance Gulch in 1865. He did not meet with much suc- 
cess, because at that time there were only five or six 
The pioneer teacher, however, managed to 
eke out a living here by working as a stone mason during the 
time he was not engaged in his school duties. A remarkable 
transformation has been effected since the first school was opened 
in Helena. The city now boasts of nine public school houses, 
a Catholic convent and parochial school, the Montana University, 
several sectarian schools and two business colleges. The school 
property owned by the city is now valued at $432,574. The 
buildings occupied for school purposes represent a value of $241,- 

809. There is invested $155,975 in realty and $34,790 is in- 
vested in the school furniture. In 1893 there were 1,823 pupils 
enrolled in the public schools of the city. Forty teachers are 
now regularly employed in these schools. The school build- 
ings are models of architectural beauty and the}' are a source 
of great pride to the citizens. The cost of each of the school 
buildings here was as follows : Central, $20,000 ; High 
School, $120,000; Hawthorne, $30,000; Sheridan, $3,981; 
Carey, $14,682; Lincoln, $3,000; Jefferson, $15,000; Bry- 
ant, $4,000; Emerson, $20,146. 
The Helena High School is worthy of more than a 
passing notice. This school occupies a beautiful granite 
edifice, superior in design and finish to that of any school 
house of the Pacific Northwest. Its exterior appearance can 
be judged by the illustration of it which appears in this pub- 
lication. A winding granite stairway with round brass rail- 
ings leads from the ground to the top floor. The different 
floors are supported by massive pillars of granite and sand- 
stone richly carved. A wainscoting of porcelain-covered 
brick extends along the walls of the hallways, the floors 
of which are laid in ornamental tile. Private study rooms 

for the use of the teachers open off the large class rooms. The 
building is also supplied' with a library, laboratory and gym- 
nasium. 

Like the schools, the churches of Helena date from an 
humble beginning. The first church here was a log building 
erected in April, 1865. This pioneer church was liberally sup- 
ported by the miners who, how T ever, seldom attended it unless 
a funeral or a marriage was the attraction. It is on record that 
the keeper of a gambling house daily eased his conscience by 
depositing a few dollars in gold dust in the contribution box 
which hung on the outside of the church, regularly after his 




Hawthorne School, Helena. 



by LAWSON. 




Lincoln School, Helena. 




Helena, Montana. 



.543 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON. 




Jefferson School, Helen 



PHOTO. BY LAWSON. 




game was closed for the night. In subsequent years the church- 
going element of Helena largely increased and the tone of 
the city today is a distinctly moral one. The church buildings 
are among the most attractive edifices of the city and the con- 
gregation of each is very strong. 

As an adjunct to the religious organizations of the city, the 
hospitals and orphan asylums of Helena are well supported. 
The St. John's Hospital (Catholic) occupies a $35,000 building 
while the building occupied by St. Peter's Hospital (Episcopal) 
was erected at a cost of $40,000. Orphan asylums are maintained here by the Cath- 
olic and Protestant churches. 

Helena is the railroad center of Montana. The city is reached by the lines of 
the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern railroads, and 
connection is also made with the Union Pacific from this 
point. The Great Northern gains an entrance to the city over 
the tracks of the Montana Central, which it controls. At 
Butte, 75 miles to the southwest of Helena, both the Montana 
Central and the Northern Pacific connect with the Utah North- 
ern, a branch of the Union Pacific. A number of lateral lines 
spread out from Helena, and these roads tap the rich mineral 
districts in the vicinity of the city. The Helena, Jefferson, 
Wicks, Boulder Valley & Butte branch of the Northern Pacific 
emerson school Helena. runs 58 miles through a well settled mineral and agricultural 

district. The Helena & Red Mountain branch runs out from Helena to Rimini, a 
distance of 16 miles, and another branch of the Northern Pacific, called the Helena 
& Northern, runs to Marysville, where the great Drum Lummon gold mine is located. 
On the lines of the Montana Central and Northern Pacific railroads, four miles east 
of Helena, is Prickly Pear Junction, or East Helena. It 
is at this point that the extensive smelting works of the 
Helena Smelting and Refining Company are located. Over 
300 men are employed in these works, which cost $750,000, 
and which have a capacity of 250 tons of ore per day. The 
railroad systems centering at Helena are among the most 
complete in the West, and the city can justly lay claim to 
being a great railroad center. entrance, cemetery, Helena. 

Helena's water supply is obtained from creeks, which drain an area of 3,600 
square miles. A large portion of this area drained is a perpetual snowshed. The 
available flow of water here is from 12,000,000 to 13,000,000 gallons every 24 hours. The 
water company at Helena has constructed storage reservoirs in the mountains back 
of the city. These reservoirs have a combined holding capacity 
of ir, 000,000 gallons. Water for city use is taken from these res- 
ervoirs by gravity to the reservoirs within the city limits, from 
which latter it is distributed throughout the city. The water- 
works plant consists of 65 miles of pipe and four reservoirs hav- 
ing a total storage capacity of j 6,000,000 gallons of water. The 
pressure of water in the city mains is sufficient to throw streams 
over any of the tallest buildings of the city, thus saving the city the 
great expense of the purchase and maintenance of fire steamers. 
.fire alarm towfr, Helena. The fire department of Helena consists of one hook and lad- 




PHOTO. BY LAWSON. 




544 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Congregational Church, Helena. 



HOTO. BY LAWSON. 




Methodist Church, 



der, 24 wheel hose carriages, one chemical engine, and a 
reserve apparatus consisting of a 75-foot aerial ladder and 
one steamer. The working force of the fire department 
consists of 75 men 9 of whom are fully paid. 

The police force of Helena is well disciplined and offi- 
cered. It consists of a chief and 14 patrolmen. 

Until the organization of a municipal government, in 
1881, Helena was ruled by the Board of Trade. This or- 
ganization is still maintained and is in a flourishing con- 
dition. It numbers among its members all the substantial 
business men of the city. It has done much to advance 
the interests of the city, and is the medium through which all the business of a 
quasi-public nature pertaining to Helena is transacted. 

The climate of that part of Montana in which Helena is located is perfect. The 
dry atmosphere of the Rocky Mountain districts is highly bene- 
ficial to invalids. Pulmonary troubles are practically unknown 
in the vicinity of Helena. The city is located in a sheltered nook 
of the mountains, at an elevation of 4,200 feet above sea level. It 
offers many advantages both as a place of residence and as a 
resort for tourists and invalids. The summers here are cool and 
pleasant. The heat of even the days when the thermometer gets 
the highest, is not oppressive. During the winter months there 
are, at times, some extremely cold days, but the absence of 
moisture in the atmosphere has a remarkable influence in tem- 
pering the keenness of the cold, and even during the coldest 
days people go on the streets without discomfort. The meteorological records at 
Helena show that for a period of eight years the city enjoyed an average of 281 fair 
days each year during that time. Within easy distance of Helena 
are a number of mineral springs whose remedial properties have 
been known for years. The greatest of these springs are the 
White Sulphur, in Meagher county, the Jefferson, Clancy and 
Boulder warm springs of Jefferson county, the warm springs in 
Deer Lodge county, and Hunter's hot springs in the upper Yellow- 
stone valley. The last named springs have identical properties 
with the famous hot springs of Arkansas, and the minerals of 
these springs are almost a sure specific for the cure of diseases re- 
temple emanuel, Helena, su i t j n g f rom an y form of blood poisoning. 

Lying within a radius of 80 miles of Helena are bodies of silver and gold ores 
of inestimable value. Centuries of constant working will not exhaust the riches 
of these vast deposits. On the "bunchgrass ranges of Mon- 
tana are vast herds of cattle and sheep which contribute direct- 
ly to Helena's wealth and prosperity. In the pocket gulches 
of the mountains within easy distance of Helena, are large 
quantities of precious stones. Among these deposits is that of 
Eldorado bar. The sapphire fields here are now being worked 
by an English company. This company is capitalized for 
$500,000, and the work it is handling at Eldorado bar is yield- 
ing large returns. Near Helena are deposits of the best clay „ 

~ . r J Church of the Sacred Hea 

for making brick, terra cotta and pottery, as well as quarries Helena. 





Wicks, Montana. 



545 





St. Peter's Episcopal, Churc 
Helena. 



of numerous varieties of the most durable and most valuable of building stone. 
In addition to these great sources of wealth, Helena has the advantage of being lo- 
cated near the geographical center of Montana, 
thus making it the most convenient point to 
reach from all parts of the state. 

In the tributary district to Helena new 
mines are being constantly opened. These 
mines, as soon as their value is determined, 
are bought up by the rich syndicates. The 
opening of a new mine on a large scale calls 1 
for the investment of thousands of dollars, and 
already millions of dollars are invested here in Lutheran German church, 
mines and mining machinery. Helena is the 
center of one of the greatest mineral-producing sections of the world, and the 
handling of this vast mineral wealth has made this city one of the greatest com- 
mercial centers of the West. 

Rimini, Montana. — Rimini, an important mining town of Montana, is 
situated in the center of an important mining district, 16 miles southwest of Helena. 
It is the terminus of the Helena & Red Mountain branch of the Northern Pacific 
railroad. 

Rimini is picturesquely located at the base of Red Mountain and near the junc- 
tion of Ten Mile and Beaver creeks, two swift-flowing mountain streams. A mile to 
the west of Rimini is the Lee Mountain mine, owned by the Consolidated Ten Mile 
Mining & Reduction Company. It is a gold, silver and lead property with 2,000 feet of 
developments. The main tunnel is 960 feet in length and the other tunnels are 700, 
400, 300 and 340 feet. The ore in this mine is found in a fissure vein over 30 feet 
wide, in Syenitic granite. It is a low-grade concentrating ore, running from $20 to 
$30 to the ton. 

Another mine at Rimini owned by the same company is the David Stanton. 
This contains ore averaging 40 ounces in silver and 40 per cent, lead and $5 in gold. 
South of Rimini is the Red Mountain group of mines. These consist of the Ameri- 
can Flag, Eureka, Northern Pacific and other developed and working properties. 
South of these mines on the same mountain are the Good Friday and Nellie Grant. 
On Providence Hill near Rimini are the Vautour and Peerless Jenny mines, both of 
which are heavy silver producers. Rimini will eventually become a much larger 
and more important mining center than it is today. There are some very rich 
gold properties near the town still undeveloped and in the vicinity of the place are 
some of the most promising prospects of Montana. 

Rimini now contains a district school, two churches, a hotel and several well 
stocked mercantile stores. Its population is about 350. The creeks in the vicinity of 
the town furnish good trout fishing and large game is found in the neighboring hills. 
A single carload of ore from the Vautour mine here yielded $3,900 and large bodies of 
ore in the Peerless Jenny have assayed from 250 to 600 ounces in silver. This can be 
taken as evidence of the richness of the mining district tributary to the town and of 
the resources on which this flourishing little place relies for support. 

Wicks, Montana. — This town occupies a commanding position in the center 
of a large and rich mineral district. It is the terminus of the Helena & Jefferson 



54(3 



The Oregonian' s Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 



branch of the Northern Pacific railroad and it is also a station on the line of the 
Montana Central. 

Wicks is located in Jefferson count}', 10 miles northwest of Boulder and 25 miles 
south of Helena. It now contains a population of about 600. It has excellent public 
school facilities, good churches, well conducted hotels and the usual number of stores 
found in a place of this size. 

Located near Wicks are the large mines of the Helena Smelting & Refining Com- 
pany, which are locally known as the Hauser properties. The mines owned by this 
company here are the Alta, Comet, Northern Pacific, Gregory and Banner. The Alta 
is the largest and best developed mine of the group. Its main shaft is down 1,000 
feet and it has ten levels with developments of over 1,200 feet each. The ore chutes 
in all these levels run low in grade but are extensive, varying from 15 to 24 feet in 
width. The mine is connected with a concentrator located at Corbiu by a narrow-gauge 
railroad 3^ miles in length. The concentrated ore from the Alta mine averages 29 
ounces in silver and 50 per cent, lead to the ton. The Comet is developed by a shaft 
500 feet deep and by five levels. It is connected with the smelter at Wicks by a 
bucket tramway \V 2 miles in length. The Comet is an average-grade mine. Of the 
other mines of the group, all of which are well developed, the Custer is the most 
valuable and the one of best promise. 

At Corbin, two miles distant from Wicks, is the Rurnley mine. The shaft of this 
mine is now down 350 feet. The ore is a sulphide running about 12 per cent, lead, 
30 ounces in silver and $3 per ton in gold. 

Among the other mines in the vicinity of Wicks are the Munich, Pen Yan, 
Blue Bird, Weiser and the Kennedy group near Clancy. In the Sterling mine at 
Clancy two leads of high-grade galena ore have been opened up. The ore runs 90 
ounces in silver and $6 in gold per ton. There are also a number of gold properties 
near Wicks which are in various stages of development. The Basin mining district 
is directly tributary to Wicks. The latter is one of the most promising mining dis- 
tricts of Montana. The trade of Wicks is altogether with a mining section of coun- 
try and it enjoys all the prosperity which attaches to a mining section when all the 
mines are being worked. 

Marysville, Montana. — Marysville, one of the most important mining 
towns in Montana, is situated on Silver creek, 21 miles north of Helena. It is 
reached by the Montana Central railroad, and it is the terminus of the Helena & 
Northern branch of the Northern Pacific. 

Placer gold was discovered on Silver creek in May, 1864. In subsequent 

years the diggings here yielded a large 
amount of gold. Following the work- 
ing out of the Silver creek placers 
miners began to seek for the quartz 
ledges which it was known must exist 
in the vicinity of the former rich pla- 
cers. In 1S76 Thomas Cruse, now a 
well-known banker of Helena, found 
the ledge of the famous Drum L,um- 
mon mine. This mine is now the 
greatest gold producer in Montana. 
Early in 18S3 Mr. Cruse sold this 




Marysville, Montana. 



547 



mine to an English syndicate for $2,500,000, who organized under the name 
of the Montana Company (Limited) stocked for 600,000 shares of a par value 
of $5 each. Up to January, 1892, this mine had produced 494,838 tons of ore, from 
which $5,675,298 in gold and $3,593,228 in silver, a total of $9,268,526, had 
been taken. The average value of the ore taken from the Drum Lummon has 
varied greatly since it was first worked. In 1883 the ore averaged $65.63 per ton. 
In 1S90 it averaged $13.43, and in 1892 but $7.43. The total underground 
development in this mine represents 45,000 lineal feet, or about S}4 miles of 
drifts, shafts, crosscuts and tunnels. The miners operate through a tunnel 1,200 
feet long, which cuts the vein 400 feet from the surface. From the level of this tun- 
nel two shafts have been sunk and these shafts have now reached a depth of over 1,400 
feet below the surface. There are two mills on the property, one of 50 and the other 
of 60 stamps. In the smaller mill the stamps weigh 900 pounds each and drop 96 
times a minute. Each of the stamps of this mill crushes about 2% tons a day. The 
other mill cost $140,000 and its stamps weigh 620 pounds each and drop 94 times a 
minute. The total engine capacity of the Drum Lummon plant is 2,435 horse power. 
The vein of this mine is a true fissure and extends north and south through slates 
and near a contact of granite and slate on the footwall side. On the hanging walls is 
a porphyry dyke, which is regarded as influencing the formation of ore bodies. The 
ore is not continuous in the vein, but occurs in shoots. Between these shoots the vein is 
barren and is in some places pinched to a mere seam. The ore shoots vary from 5 to 
over 30 feet in width. 

About 300 men are employed in the Drum Lummon, and it is this mine which 
practically supports the town of Marysville. The population of Marysville is about 
1,500. In addition to this mine, however, the town has other resources, the develop- 
ment of which will prove an important factor in the growth of the place. Within a 
radius of eight miles of Marysville are numerous silver and gold claims, which can 
be made good paying properties. On the foothills of Mount Belmont, a short dis- 
tance from Marysville, are the Peuobscott and Whipperville mines, both of which 
have been good producers and are still valuable mines. Other mines in this locality 
are the Blue Bird, Hickey and Belmont. Three miles from Marysville are the prop- 
erties of the Bald Butte Mining Company. These consist of the Black, Douglas, 
Albion. Genesee, Sterling and Kenawa. The 
Albion is developed with a shaft 200 feet deep 
and six working tunnels. The ore from this 
mine runs about $32 a ton. Since July, 1890, 
it has yielded $390,000. Next in point of de- 
velopment in this group is the Genesee, which 
has a shaft 250 feet deep and about 1,200 feet of 
tunnels. The ore is free-milling gold, running 
about $34 to the ton. It is found in a solid vein 
from 5 to 24 feet wide. The Bald Butte Company operates a 20-stamp mill , with a crush- 
ing capacity of 30 tons a day. Development work has been done on the other four 
mines here opened by this company. 

In the vicinity of Marysville are other numerous quartz mines, many of which it is 
believed will become dividend-paying properties. As with every other mining dis- 
trict, capital is needed here to develop rich claims now lying idle. 

Marysville occupies an attractive site in a narrow valley at the base of a spur of 
the Rocky Mountains. A few hundred feet up the mountain side is the shaft-house 




if/l^FO"- 



Drum lummon Mn 




548 The Oregonian 1 s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

of the Drum Lummon mine, immediately under which, on level ground, are the 
stamp mills to which the ore is sent down in a chute. Scattered through the town 
are many cosy cottages and several brick business blocks. Two good public schools 
are maintained here, and three strong church organizations are supported in the town. 
Marysville presents a more attractive appearance than do most mining camps. The 
streets are graded, good sidewalks have been laid and the town is lighted by electric- 
ity. A system of water works supplies the town with the best of water, taken from 
the springs and creeks in the vicinity. Marysville has daily stage connection with 
Empire via Gloster. The place is a prosperous mining camp and a trading center 
that claims for the town considerable commercial importance. 

Butte, Montana. — Situated at an altitude of 5,700 feet above the sea level, 
on the western slope of the main divide of the Rocky Mountains, is Butte, the largest 
city in Montana and the greatest mining camp in the world. 

Nearly all mining camps consist of a motley col- 
lection of cheaply constructed buildings, but Butte is a 
city possessing every metropolitan feature and with a 
population of 35,000 energetic and public-spirited people. 
It is a place without parallel in America. Underlying 
the city and its environs are apparently inexhaustible 
crossing "the plains" to Montana. bodies of copper an d silver ores. The whole district of 
which Butte is the center is a network of mineral veins. 
The site occupied by Butte is a part of the great mineralized area, nearly all of 
which, under favorable circumstances, could be profitably mined. A shaft could be 
sunk in almost any of the back yards of the city and a body of ore encountered. In 
the very heart of the city, at the rear of PH0T0 . PALAIS STU0I0 . 

some of the imposing business blocks, are ~— ^__^_ 

developed mines with their shaft houses and , .... -.;.-" 

hoisting engines. This peculiarity of Butte ' ^/;^-_ftN : '-^~^— -- -^^tt-* 

at once impresses the stranger with the fact -"i^ "*^^*^- ^"^^ : ^' 

that he is in a great mining camp, and that "'"^ 

perhaps under his very feet lies hidden the ''-■^■'^0^.--^-^ " 

wealth of a Croesus. "With this evidence 

_..,-,. 1 i Butte, in 1875. 

of mining before his eyes, however, he 

notes on all sides every evidence of a great city, and he finds here, a thousand miles 

or more from the Pacific ocean, one of the great inland cities of the continent. 

The bonanza mines of Butte are the greatest copper producers in the world. Of 
the silver and gold mines here, there are a score or more whose annual output 
aggregates millions of dollars. In this district over 4,000 miners daily descend into 
the very bowels of the earth and extract from the storehouse of nature here thousands 

of tons of copper and silver ores. In addition to 
this large force of men, 5,000 others are employed 
in various capacities about the mines and in the 
great smelting operations about this point. These 
men and the other wage earners of Butte are paid 
s about $1,300,000 monthly. Nearly all of this im- 
" mense sum is expended with a lavish extrava- 
gance peculiar to mining camps and, to the aver- 
age man who has been brought up in the midst 



Butte, Montana. 



549 



HOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 










Business Center 



of the petty economies of the people of the Eastern states, the manner of spending 
money in Butte by even the common laborer is a revelation. 

Butte claims to produce more wealth and to expend more money per capita than 
does any other city of equal population in the 
world. Within a radius of two miles from the 
court house here, ores of the enormous aggre- 
gate value of $26,000,000 are annually dug out 
of the earth. Were this great annual reve- 
nue equally divided among the inhabitants of 
Butte, every man, woman and child in the 
city would receive the snug little sum of $800 a 
year. The production of this wealth and the 
distribution of a large part of it in wages has 
given Butte characteristics possessed by no 
other city in America, and a reference to the 
idioms of the people will not be found devoid of interest in the present article. 

On the streets of Butte may be seen all the characteristics and picturesque phases 
of mining life, together with the scenes incident to an industrial and commercial 
center of prominence. Situated on the hills, within the corporate limits of the city, 
are the large red-painted shaft houses of some of the greatest producing mines in 
America. Along the railroad tracks at the foot of the city and on the uplands of the 
suburbs are smelters to which are carried for reduction not only the product of the 
many mines in the vicinity of Butte, but also ores from other mineral properties of 
distant Washington, British Columbia and even Alaska. 

Before becoming the centerof great quartz mining 
operations, Butte was for some time a rich placer 
camp. In the early 6o's, at a time when thousands 
of men were washing gold from the sands of Alder 
gulch, a party of hardy and adventurous fortune 
seekers pushed their way over the main divide of the 
Rocky Mountains and discovered, in the vicinity of 
the site on which Butte now stands, the rich placer 
mines on Silver Bow creek. Shortly after the ad- 
vent of these men, others followed, and by the fall of 
1864, hundreds of miners were working the Silver 
Bow placers. The camp that sprung up at this point 
derived its name from a solitary and picturesque 
mound or butte which rises from Silver Bow valley, 
in front of the present imposing city. 

The placers at Butte proved very productive, and for some years this settle- 
ment, together with the flourishing camp of Silver Bow, was in a flourishing con- 
dition. As was the case in all the camps of Montana during the early days of the coun- 
try's history, food supplies brought fabulous prices. Flour sold for $100 a sack, eggs 
brought $1 apiece, apples were scarce at 50 cents each, and grapes sold readily at $10 
a pound. At even these prices for the necessaries of life, the miners did well, and 
many a fortune was taken out of the placers here by the miners of 30 years ago. 
The yield of all placer mines in this district, from 1S62 to 1868 inclusive, was $13,- 




llfefc 




Park Street, Butte. 



550 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




^tfc~_ 



250,000. Iu 1867 Butte, as a placer camp, reached its climax. 
At the end of that year its future doubtless seemed as hopeless 
to the then residents of the city as did the outlook of the Mon- 
tana mines during the great agitation of the sil- 

PHOTO. BY 000 

palais studio. ver question last year. The people who had braved 

the hardships to reach this point in their search 
for fortune, were not the men to be deterred by ad- 
verse circumstances in their career, and the men 
who have built a city at this point are not the 
men who will allow their present great interests at 
silver bow. Butte to long remain idle, even should the world 

demonetize silver as a medium of exchange. 
After the placer mines at Butte were practically exhausted, the town was almost 
deserted. The few years immediately following 1864 saw a revival of the old- 
time excitement in the town, and in the early 70's Butte took a start which has built 
here one of the most progressive cities of the continent. The first quartz location 
I from heresay evidence) was made north of the present city, in August, 1864. Today 
over 4,000 claims have been filed in the city and its immediate vicinity. Prior to 
1875 quartz claims were located here only for the gold they were supposed to con- 
tain. No development work worthy of note was done on these claims, and the 
knowledge of the large deposits of rich 



PHOTO. PALAIS I 




copper and silver ore hidden but a few 
feet below the surface was reserved for a 
later generation. In that time there were 
no facilities for treating the ores of these 
ledges, and there was but little prospect 
of the establishment of smelters and 
stamp mills here, owing to the then iso- 
lated condition of the entire country. In 
those days prospects that have since 
proved immensely valuable sold for a few- 
dollars. As an instance of the lack of 
confidence felt in the quartz ledges here 
during the early history of the camp, it 

can be stated that the Lexington, M0ULT0N M|LL M ° SMELTER ' Bv 

which is now one of the greatest silver-producing properties 
was purchased, by the late millionaire, A. J. Davis, in the early 70's, for a $20 horse. 
This same mine was afterwards sold by Mr. Davis, to a French company, for $1,000,- 
000. Other valuable claims here were traded by their original owners for a sack of 
flour and a piece of bacon. 

In the fall of 1875 a number of the old abandoned quartz claims were re-located by 
parties who had learned of their value, and it soon became rumored abroad that the 
black ledges of Butte were rich in silver and copper. This 
discovery of the value of these ledges soon attracted the at- 
tention of prospectors, and hundreds of men eager to in- 
vestigate the merits of the new field journeyed across the 
mountains to Butte, which, in a few months' time, again 
became the mecca of Western mining men. In 1876, the 
parrot smelters, butte building of the Centennial, Dexter, Burlington and Lexing- 



Montana, 



PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 




Butte, Montana. 



551 



ton mills here for crushing ore, greatly facilitated mining operations at this point, 
and soon after the completion of these mills, Butte became one of the most promis- 
ing mining centers of the West. From that time until the completion of the Union 
Pacific to this city, in 1881, the camp steadily advanced. 

In the spring of 1881 Butte was incorporated with a population of about 3,000. 
It was about this time that the extensive development of mining properties was 
begun here, as well as the erection of large smelters and quartz mills. With the 
coming of the railroad and the building of the great smelters, Butte emerged at 
once from the uncertain condition of a primitive camp, with an unsettled and tur- 
bulent population to the dignity of a city. Its growth, the development of its mines, 
their production of wealth and the prosperity of the city from that time to the 
present have been phenomenal, and scarcely without parallel in the rise of mod- 
ern cities. 

Soon after the completion of the Union Pacific to this point the Montana Union 
was finished to Butte. This latter roads connects Butte and Garrison, 51 miles dis- 
tant, where a junction is made with the 



PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 




^'"y.^^f*^- 



Colorado concentrator, butte. 



main line of the Northern Pacific. At a 
later period the Great Northern complet- 
ed its main line to Butte, and in 1890 the 
Northern Pacific constructed a ''cut-off" 
from Logan in the Gallatin valley, via 
Butte, to Garrison. The latter company 
now runs one of its overland passenger 
trains through Butte. It will thus be seen that with three great transcontinental lines of 
road passing through or terminating at Butte, the transportation facilities of the city 
are not excelled by those of any other city of the west. The volume of business 
regularly handled by these railroads at Butte aggregates millions of dollars annually, 
and this business furnishes a good illustration of the city's prosperity. Forty-six 
trains now leave or arrive at the various depots of Butte every 24 hours, of which 20 
are passenger and 26 freight trains. These trains, it is estimated, carry on an average 
1,000 people in and out of the city. The annual receipts of the railroads from the 
freight business of the city approximates about $5,000,000 a year. 

The site occupied by the city of Butte, begins in the valley 
of Silver Bow creek, where are situated the railroad yards, and 
extends by an easy grade to the top of one of the foothills of 
the Rocky Mountains. On the crest of the highest hill of the 
city the shaft houses, concentrators and rock piles of the chief 
mines stand out in bold relief. Back of these 
mines are the suburbs of Centerville and Walk- 
erville, both lively and picturesque places, pre- 
senting interesting scenes typical of mining 
life. From the crest of the hill here a delight- 
ful view is obtained of the densely built city 
lying hundreds of feet below. Ten miles to 
the east from this point is the rugged slope of 
the main divide of the Rockies. Extending in front of the city is 
Silver Bow valley, from which rises the bare, cone-shaped butte which scandin 
gave the name to the city built near it. Beyond the valley rise the 




PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 



Catholic Church, Butte. 




wian M.E. Church 
Butte. 



552 



The Oregoniaifs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 



snow-capped peaks and bleak slopes of broken ranges and the Rocky Mountains. To 
the west of the city the monotony of bleak and rocky hillsides is broken by nu- 
merous prospect holes and shaft houses. Here, on all sides, there is evidence of 
man having endeavored to make the earth reveal here the hidden sources of its 
treasures. Some of these early seekers worked for months in digging, only to be 
rewarded with failure. Others, more fortunate, sunk shaft holes only a few feet dis- 
tant from barren places, only to find rich croppings which finally resulted on a later 
development in their becoming millionaires. 

Main street, one of the principal business thoroughfares of Butte, extends from 
the valley below to the crest of the hill, and from this latter point to Walker ville. 
Along this street are many five and six-story business blocks, all of which equal in 
construction and appointments the largest structures of any Eastern city. A cable 
line runs on this street from the depot to Walker ville, a distance of three miles. 
Nearly all parts of the city are reached by splendid rapid-transit lines of road. This 
system is controlled by the Butte Consolidated Railway Company. The system con- 
sists of 15 miles of track, \]/ 2 miles of which are cable, and the remainder is operated 
by electric power. These lines carried in 1892 1,500,000 passengers, out of a popula- 
tion of 35,000, an average of 43 rides to each resident of the city. 

Crossing Main street about midway up the hillside, are the 
four other business streets of the city. These streets are named 
respectively, Mercury, Park, Broadway and Granite. All ^f these 
streets are constantly crowded day and night with represf itatives 
of nearly every nationality, and it is this cosmopolitan and pic- 
turesque mass of humanity, its lavish expenditures for amuse- 
ments and the luxuries of life, and the resorts that are supported 
by it, that has made Butte famous as the liveliest city in the 
union. 

One reason for the flourishing condition of affairs at Butte is the fact that 
nowhere in America are laboring men paid as high wages as they are in Butte. Here 
the common laborer receives $3 a day for his work, while the miners are paid from 
$3.50 to $5 a day, and skilled mechanics from $4 to $8 a day. This scale of wages is 
maintained and protected by the labor organizations of Butte, organizations that have 
a total membership of 8,323. 

Butte is distinctly a well governed city. It is re- 
markably free from the depredations of the lawless 
element, which is held in subjection by a well disci- 
plined police force consisting of 28 patrol men, a 
chief and a marshal. The city hall is a handsome 
four-story brick structure occupied by the police de- 
partment and the officers of the city. The mayor of 
Butte is Eugene O. Dugan. The career of this gen- 
tleman is an illustration of the rapid advancement 
made by men of integrity and worth in the West. 
Mr. Dugan was born in St. Johns, New Brunswick, 
on March 24, 1862. He attended the public schools 
of his native city and after a brief business experience 
there he moved to Butte in 1884. Shortly after his 
arrival in Butte the citizens of the second ward elected 




Church. Butte. 



ALA1S STUDIO. 




E. O. Dugan, mayor. Butte. 



Butte, Montana. 



553 



PHOTO. 
PALAIS STUDIO 




him a representative in the city council. Other honors were bestowed on Mr. Dugan 
and in April, 1893, he was elected mayor of the city, defeating his republican oppo- 
nent by a large plurality. He is now the senior member of the firm of Dugan & 
Jones, insurance and financial agents. 

Amung the public buildings of Butte is the county court house, a stately edifice 
occupied by the county officials of Silver Bow county, of which Butte is the seat of jus- 
tice. Another handsome structure recently completed at a cost of $75,000 is the Butte 
Public Library building. This library contains over 15,000 volumes of carefully 
selected literature and is a fitting refutation of the charge sometimes made in the past 
that a mining town does not contain a cultured people with social and literary aspir- 
ations. Of the other fine buildings of Butte are several first-class hotels, a costly 
opera house and numerous brick and stone business blocks. 
A peculiarity about the dwelling houses of Butte is that 
most of them, while small but cozy cottages, occupied by 
workingmen, are furnished with costly furniture and the ap- 
pointments of elegant homes. The high wages paid here 
have allowed the workingman to live in a manner un- 
dreamed of by his less favored co-worker of the East. Al- 
though small houses predominate here there are many 
palatial homes scattered over the city. There are also main- 
tained in Butte three social clubs or organizations which 
«ujoy a wide reputation for hospitality and which afford 
their members all the comforts afforded by any of the best 
maintained clubs of the East. These clubs, the Irish- 
American, Oro Plata and Silver Bow occupy apartments 
fitted up in an expensive manner and the doors of all these clubs are always open to 
the stranger or the tourist visiting Butte. 

During the financial crisis of 1893, when frightened depositors gathered around 
the paying tellers' windows of hundreds of banks throughout the United States 
and forced many of the strongest financial institutipns to suspend payment, the 
people of Butte, having the utmost confidence in the soundness of their local banks, 
refused to withdraw their deposits. This confidence was not misplaced, for during 
the eventful period there was not a single bank failure in Butte. The banks of the 
city are the First National, with a capital and undivided profits of $1,000,000, the 
Silver Bow National, with a capital stock of $100,000 and a surplus and undivided 
profits of $300,000, the State Savings Bank, with a capital stock of $100,000 and a 
surplus and undivided profits of $30,000. In addition to the above are the private 
banking houses of W. A. Clark & Bro. and Hoge, Browubee & Co., both of which 
have at their disposal over $1,000,000. 

The educational facilities of Butte, both public and private, are equal to those 
of any city in the progressive West. The history of the public 
schools of Butte is but a repetition of the history of the city 
itself. From an humble beginning in 1866 the public school 
system has grown here until it is now a crowning monument 
to the intelligence and public spirit of the people. There 
are today 16 public schools in Butte and its suburbs, and the 
school property here is valued at $200,000, exclusive of the cost 
of the ground the buildings occupy. These consist of a large 



Court House, Butte. 



PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 




Public School, Butte. 



554 



The Oresonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 




brick high school, erected at a cost of $80,000; three handsome 12- 
room buildings, modern in design and equipment, and nine smaller 
buildings. The total enrollment in the public school shere in 1892 was 
3,643, which was an increase of 600 over the total number of pupils 
enrolled the previous year. The course of instruction in these 
►'schools corresponds with that of the best public schools of the East. 
In the primary department there is a kindergarten system. The 
south school, butte. grammar course is the same as pursued elswhere, and the high school 
gives a pupil a thorough preparatory collegiate course. In addition 
to the public school system of the city is a Catholic parochial school, which occu- 
pies an $80,000 school building. 

The spiritual welfare of the citizens of Butte is cared for by 15 church organiza- 
tions, nearly all of which occupy imposing edifices. These churches have over 10,000 
communicants, and own property valued at $375,000. 

A description of the water-works system of a mountain city near where there are no 
large lakes or streams may prove interesting in con- 
nection with this article. The Butte City Water 
Company has, within the past two years, entirely 
rebuilt and remodeled the water-works system of the 
city. The source of supply of this water is the melt- 
ing snows of the mountain, augmented by springs 
and creeks, a source that insures the absolute purity 
of the water. The company is now constructing a ma- 
sonry dam 120 feet in height and located about 13 
miles south of the city. This will dam the waters of 
Basin creek at its junction with Bear creek and, when 
completed, will form a storage reservoir with a hold- 
ing capacity of many million gallons of water. This 
water will cover an area of 130 acres, and its greatest 
depth will be about ico feet. The reservoir supplies 
water by gravity to the highest point on Broadway 
street. From that point it is pumped twice in order 
to reach the most elevated sections of the city and to 
supply the large mining properties to the north of 

Butte. This water is carried from the reser- 
voir to within three miles of the city in a 24- 
inch banded redwood pipe. The remaining 
distance, owing to the heavy pressure of the 
water, it is conducted through a wrought- 
iron pipe. The redwood main is constructed 
of California redwood staves, banded to- 
gether with steel bands, and it is capable of 
withstandinga maximum pressure of 200 feet. 
The street pipe system is built of Ka- 
lowein pipe, varying from 6 to 20 inches in 
diameter. Mains are laid on all the prin- 
cipal streets, and there are 132 double fire 
hydrants located at various points through- 
out the city. The pressure on these mains 




1 Redwood main from Reservoh 
City water works, Butte. 



PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 




-\Jif^ri 



Dam, Water Works, Butte. 



Butte, Montana. 



555 



PHOTO. PALAIS STUDIO. 



varies from 65 to 175 pounds per square inch. A pumping station located on Galena 
street takes the water from the gravity system and pumps it into what is known as 
Elevation 6,000, from which it is repumped to give a fire pressure at an elevation of 
6,300 feet. The paid and volunteer fire department of Butte, with apparatus consist- 
ing of two fire engines and two trucks and five hose wagons, furnishes ample pro- 
tection to the city against fire. 

Butte is lighted almost exclusively by electricity, although the city also boasts 
of a good gas plant. There are in use here 15,000 incandescent lights and 250 arc 
lamps. In addition to surface lighting, 
some of the underground workings of the 
largest mines are lighted by electricity gen- 
erated in the shaft houses. 

The permanence of Butte's mineral re- 
sources is now conceded. Unlike other 
mining camps that have sprung up in a 
month, produced their millions in an in- 
credibly short time and then faded away 
into oblivion, Butte, with her practically 
inexhaustible veins of copper and silver 
will, probably, 100 years hence still be the 
center of vast mining operations. Copper 
is, today, king in Butte. From the mining 
of this mineral the city derives the greater 
portion of its revenue. Over $600,000 is 
paid out monthly here to the employes of 
copper mining and smelting companies. 
There are millions of dollars invested here 
in silver properties, but if, by any misad- 
venture, the white metal should even be no 
longer an article of commerce Butte from 
her other resources, would still remain a 

,,, , . A Chief Skeeas, Cree Indians, Montana. 

wealthy and prosperous city. 

The mines of Butte are annually adding to the wealth of the world many mil- 
lions of dollars. For the 12 years ending with 1892, the total production of these 
mines amounted to the enormous sum of $176,707,600. This output by years is as 
follows: 1881, $[,247,600; 18S2, $2,100,000; 1883, $4,160,000; 1884, $6,720,000 ; 18S5, 
$11,479,000; 18S6. $13,246,500 ; 1887, $18,275,000; 1888, $22,186,000 ; 1890, $25,900, - 
000; i89[, $26,250,000; [892, $28,000,000. At no other place on the surface of the 
globe does so small an area as that of the mining district here yield from the store- 
houses of nature such vast auuual sums of wealth. The greatest of the mines here 
are the famous Anaconda group, managed by the well-known millionaire, Marcus 
Daly. These mines are copper producers, but their output in silver amounts to many 
thousands of dollars a mouth. The Anaconda Company own the Anaconda, St. 
Lawrence, Mountain Consolidated, Wake Up Jim, Green Mountain and other prop- 
erties, nearly all of which are located within half a mile of the business center of 
Butte. The average daily output of these mines is about 5,000 or 6,ooo tons. This 
ore is shipped to Anaconda, where the company operates extensive reduction works. 
The reduction works of Butte and Anaconda together represent an invested capital of 




556 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



$ 12,000,060, which in itself is an assurance of the confidence of the mine owners in 
the permanence of the great bonanzas of Butte. 

The Anaconda and St. Lawrence, two of the greatest copper mines in the world 
adjoin each other on the same vein. The underground workings of both are lighted 
by electricity. The main shafts of these mines are 1,000 feet in depth and the veins are 
from 60 to 100 feet in width. The Mountain Consolidated, another of the Anaconda 
group, is a copper and silver producer, and is developed by a 1,000 foot shaft and by 
numerous cross-cuts and levels. The vein of this mine is about 60 feet wide, and the 
daily output is about 1,200 tons. The Green Mountain, Wake Up Jim, High Ore and 
Modoc all belong to the Anaconda Company and are situated just east of the Mount- 
ain Consolidated. These properties are all in operation and are supplied with the 
latest improved machinery. 

Next in size to the Anaconda are the Boston & Montana Company's possessions, 
consisting of 38 mines and two smelters, having a daily combined capacity of 450 
tons. This company also operates a smelter at Great Falls having a capacity of 1,000 
tons. Of the claims owned by this company only six are developed. These are the 
Mountain View, East Colusa, West Colusa, Harris Floyd, Moose and Badger State. 
Of the six the Mountaiu View is the most promising. It is developed by a 1,000 
foot shaft from which cross-cuts and levels have been extended to the north and south 
veins, each of which is from 30 to 40 feet wide, from the 500-foot level to the bottom. 
It is estimated that there are now more than 1,200,000 tons of ore in sight in this 

mine. The two Colusa mines 
are next in importance belonging 
to the company. In the East 
Colusa a body of copper ore 60 feet 
in width has been opened up, 
while in the West Colusa two 
bodies the combined width of 
which is about 70 feet, have been 
explored to such an extent that 
1,000,000 tons are now exposed. 
The Harris-Floyd is another good 
pany derives a large amount of 
$150,000 and is now valued at 
Badger State are both smaller prop- 
veloped into great mines. There 



property from which the com- 
reveuue. It was purchased for 
$1,500,000. The Moose and 
erties, but are fast being de- 
are now over 1,500 men on the payroll of the Boston & Montana Mining 
Company. The dividends paid by the Butte mines of this company up to the first of 
December, 1892, amounted to $2,075,000. 

Another large corporation operating here is the Butte & Boston Company. 
Besides a 40-stamp mill and a well appointed smelter the company owns 33 mines, 
all of which produce when the ore is desired. The principal mines worked by the 
company are the Silver Bow, the ore from which is mostly copper ; the Belle of Butte 
(silver); the Bast and West Grey Rocks (silver and gold) and the La Platte, con- 
taining gold and silver. The output of these claims keeps both the mill and smelter 
in constant operation. The smelter owned by this compauy has a daily reducing 
capacity of 400 tons. There are about 500 men on the payroll of this company. 
The amount of money regularly paid out to these men in wages foots up to over 
$60,000 a month. 








Butte, Montana. 557 

Next in size to the Butte & Boston is the Parrot Copper & Silver Mining Company 
whose possessions consist of a smelter having a daily capacity of 400 tons per day, 
and four good mines, all located at Butte. The amount of fine copper turned out by 
this company each mouth amounts to about 2,000,000 pounds, and the monthly out- 
put in silver is valued at about $60,000. The company employs about 400 men. 
The dividends paid by this company up to the first of December, 1892, amounted to 
$1,800,000. 

The Colorado Copper & Silver Mining Company owns and operates a smelter 
here having a capacity of 150 tons a day, together with about six good mines, all of 
which are now producing a large amount of high-grade ore, carrying 
copper, silver and a small percentage of gold. Of the mines belong- 
ing to the company, the Gagnon, located right in the heart of the 
city, is the most productive. This mine is developed by a 1,000 foot 
incline shaft and numerous cross-cuts and levels. The monthly 
output of the company is approximately 200 tons of matte, con- 
taining 70,000 ounces of silver, 150 ounces of gold and 100 tons of 
copper. In addition to the smelter, the company also operates a 
100-ton concentrator. The company employs about 300 men in its 
various departments. |NDIAN SQUAW . Montana. 

Among the copper producers of Butte are the Butte Reduction Works, owned 
exclusively by W. A. Clark, The ore on which the works are kept in operation 
comes from Mr. Clark's mines, of which there are about 14, all producing properties. 
The daily capacity of the smelter is 400 tons, 200 tons of which passes through the 
concentrator, while the remainder is reduced in blast and reverberating furnaces. 
These works furnish employment to over 150 men. 

The largest silver producer in the camp is the Alice Company. The Alice mine 
has reached a depth of 1,300 feet, at which depth ore bodies are showing up very 
rich veins. At intervals of each 100 feet from the surface, both the north and south 
veins have been explored and have shown remarkably large reserves of sulphuret ore. 
Besides the Alice proper the company owns nearly 15 other mines, of which several 
are producers. The annual output of these mines is over $700,000, and the working 
force employed here averages between 300 and 375 men. The dividends paid by the 
Alice up to the first of December, 1892, amounted to $975,000. 

The silver and gold-producing properties of the Blue Bird Mining Company, con- 
sisting of the Blue Bird, Mono and Poorman mines, are located about two miles west 
of Butte. The ore from the Blue Bird averages about 50 ounces in silver and $8 
in gold, and is free milling. The company operates, a 90-stamp mill, and employs 
about 350 men. 

The Lexington company is also a large gold and silver producer. Its property 
is located just north of the city limits, and consists of the Lexington, Allie Brown 
and other mines, and has a 60-stamp mill having a daily capacity of 85 tons. On 
the Lexington proper, a shaft has been sunk to a depth of nearly 1,480 feet, which 
is deeper than any other shaft in the camp. Like the other large mines in the 
district, the Lexington contains a north and south vein, from which millions of 
tons of ore have already been extracted. The pay-roll of the company averages 
about 240 men, who receive, in the aggregate, about $27,000 in wages per month. 
Up to the 1st of December, 1892, the total dividends paid by the Lexington amounted 
to $609,000. 




558 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

There are a great man}- other valuable producing mines near Butte, but space 
will not permit a description of these mines. The combined number of mines 
owned and operated by corporations in Butte, today, exceeds 230, in addition to 
which there about 300 more being worked by individuals. All of these mines, when 
sufficiently developed, become heavy producers, and thereby add much to Butte's 
wealth and prosperity. 

^__. _The formation around Butte is granite, with occasional porphry, and all veins 
run east and west, dip towards the south, and are true fissures. Unlike those of 
other mining camps, the veins of the Butte mines are numerous, 
and run parallel to each other at a distance of from 50 to 150 feet 
apart. They vary in width from 10 to 100 feet, and seem, as they 
appear in granite, like vast channels filled with argentiferous or 
scrupiferous ores. The ore occurs in shoots, usually 
'. varying in length from 100 to 1,000 feet. The mag- 

nitude and extent of the ore bodies can, therefore, 
&?$jk be imagined from the size of the district, which com- 

jafcaSas&r-r*!^/ » s. j$e^ mences at a point south of the city limits and extends 

four miles north. The length of the district is about 
10 miles. In the heart of the city it is almost im- 
custer monument, on the great b.ttle ground. p OSS i D l e to excavate for the foundation of a house 
without encountering a bod}- of ore rich in precious metals. All of the copper 
ore, however, is found in the veins passing just north of the center of the city, while 
south and north of this point silver predominates. 

In many of the copper mines here enough gold and silver is found to pay all 
operating expenses. This is the case with the Anaconda company's large copper 
mines. The great mineral veins of Butte are practicably inexhaustible in their sup- 
plies of wealth. Experts who have carefully examined into the situation here are 
confident that centuries of constant mining would not exhaust the ore bodies in the 
mines of Butte already opened. 

Of the real estate and financial agents of Butte, the firm of W. McC. White & 
Co. is the oldest and most prominent. The gentlemen connected with this firm 
have, for some years been actively identified with every movement of a public nature 
in Butte, and they will cheerfully answer any inquiries about the realty, mines or 
finances of the city. W. McC. White & Co. make a specialty of investing money of 
non-residents, both in real estate and mortgages. 

Anaconda, Montana. — Among the mountains of Deer Lodge County, Mon- 
tana, a prosperous mining town has sprung up in recent years. The country imme- 
diately surrounding Anaconda is bleak and barren. Here and there on the black and 
rocky sides of the adjacent hills a stunted pine tree struggles for life. Nourished bv 
water trickling down from the melting snow, grass springs up here during the first 
few days of spring, but the summer heat soon causes it to wither. 

Far below Anaconda, and contrasting with its bleak surroundings, is a beautiful 
green valley through which winds the Deer Lodge river. From this valley the site 
of the city can be determined by the clouds of smoke which hover over it night and 
day. Although Anaconda has no mills, factories, wholesale houses, or mines, it con- 
tains 2,800 wage-earners, none of whom work for less than $3 a day. Everything 
consumed in the place is shipped in from outside points. The place depends for its 



Stock Raising- in Montana. 559 

support upon one industry alone. Yet this city has the finest hotel in Montana and 
here is published a daily paper which enjoys the distinction of having a circulation 
larger than that of any other paper in the state. 

Anaconda owes its existence to the genius of Marcus Daly, one of the great 
men of Montaua. The poor boy who left Ireland many years ago and lauded at 
at the docks of New York penniless now counts his wealth by millions. This boy 
was Marcus Daly. The city itself, its newspaper, 

its hotel and the model cottages in which its work- jgeg 

iugmen live, are the productions of Mr. Daly. - „^,^:.^ .%\ ml 

This gentleman selected Anaconda as the site of ~ ^^Sh^, C ^±- y -£ F"" ! '"---~ "'•• 
the reduction works for the treatment of the ore *~ ^-sSlL 

output of the famous Anaconda group of mines at 

Butte. These mines are today the greatest copper anaconda smelters. 

producers in the world. They are owned by a 

syndicate, of which Mr. Daly is the manager. The works for the reduction of ore, 
established by Mr. Daily at Anaconda, are the largest of their kind in the United 
States. Around these works has sprung up the now prosperous city of Anaconda. 

Anaconda is located 27 miles northwest of Butte and 25 miles southeast of Deer 
Lodge City. It is connected with the main line of the Montana Union Railway by 
a branch eight miles in length. A company, of which Mr. Daly is the leading spirit, 
is now engaged in constructing a railroad direct from the mines at Butte to the 
reduction works. The works of the Anaconda Reduction Company have a capacity 
for treating 5,000 tons of ore a day. They employ 2,500 men. About 3,000 tons of 
copper ore are treated here daily. The company has recently added a new building 
640x350 feet in size which contains in addition to its concentrating machinery, stamps 
and pans for the treatment of silver ore. This plant has a capacity of about 1S0 
tons a day. 

The machine and car shops of the Montana Union Railway located at this 
point furnish employment to 300 men. Anaconda has an electric light plant, water 
works, a police department, a fire department and a fine opera house. In the matter 
of public improvements it is far ahead of most cities of equal population in the 
world. 

Stock Raising; In Montana. — An industry of Montana that is second only 
to that of mining in the state, is the raising of cattle on the fine bunchgrass lands of 
this part of the West. This is a great source of wealth in Montana, and the large 
■cattle owners of the state are no less heavy capitalists than are many of the leading 
mining men here. 

The greater portion of the fine bunchgrass lands of Montana were only a few 
years ago covered by an immense herd of 6,000,000 buffalo. This vast herd fed over 
an extent of country extending from the valley of the Little Missouri to the foot- 
hills of the Main Divide. Unmolested, except by small hunting parties of Indians 
who inhabited the country, the buffalo herds constantly increased in number until 
the threads of the great railroad systems began to stretch their way across the 
plains toward Montana. With the advent of the iron horse there came an army of 
pot-hunters. These men poured into the Yellowstone valley and at once commenced 
their war of extermination against the buffalo. During the first few months mil- 
lions of buffalos were killed, and a few years of the slaughter effectually did the 
work of extermination. In 1883 the last remnant of the vast herd was exterminated 



560 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest. 

near Glendive, and with the exception of a few scatter- 
ing animals which escaped the general slaughter, and 
which aie protected in the Yellowstone Park, and a few 
^tl^fM^ small bands which have been domesticated by the 

^^%-^fe^ r iifc ^J^^^Wr" stockmen here, the buffalo which formerly roamed 



'■^v^* v , -. by the thousands over the plains of Montana is an 

extinct animal. As an indication of the importance 
the buffalo traffic attained at one time, it may be 

A Montana Ranch. ' J 

stated that there was once noticed at Glendive a stack 
of the hides of these animals 8 feet high and over 1,000 feet long awaiting ship- 
ment at. this point. 

During the time the buffalo of Montana were being killed off thousands of head 
of cattle began to be driven from Texas and Kansas to the grazing grounds along 
the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. This was the commencement in the state of 
an industry on a large scale. Prior to the time of the influx of these outside herds 
there had been about 200,000 cattle scattered throughout different sections of the, 
then, territory. The individual holdings of cattle here were small, but the business 
of cattle raising, in the aggregate, was an important pne in the territory. The cattle 
industry of Montana dates back to the early 6o's, when the bull teams of several 
freighting outfits were turned loose for the winter on the bunchgrass lands here. 
To the surprise of the owners of these animals, they turned up in the spring in bet- 
ter condition than they were when turned out to graze before snowfall. This estab- 
lished the possibility of raising cattle here without attention during the winter 
months, it being proved that cattle could care for themselves on the open plains 
during even the heaviest snowfalls. 

The vast plains and foothills of Montana afford pasturage for millions of domes- 
tic animals. Nearly one-half of the lands of the state are valuable chiefly for graz- 
ing purposes. It has been found that much of this land, while very rich, will pro- 
duce only the native grasses, it not being adapted to agricultural pursuits for the 
reason that it can not be irrigated, and without irrigation crops will not do well 
here. It is estimated that there are in the state, today, 16,000,000 acres of farm- 
ing land, and 38,000,000 acres of grazing land. Nature has covered the latter 
with various varieties of rich grasses which thrive on little moisture. Where the 
lands are apparently the dryest or most sterile the grass grows in scattered tufts, 
from which the name, bunchgrass, is derived, while on the richer soils it attains a 
luxuriant growth. This grass, after reaching maturity, is self-caring. Although 
apparently dead, it retains its nutritive qualities, and becomes an unsurpassed winter 
food for cattle and horses. Cattle turned out on the open ranges here have no trouble 
in keeping in prime condition, except during the severest of winters, and it is onlj 7 
occasionally that severe losses are incurred by the cattle men of this part of the 
West. The heavy loss which the cattlemen here met with during 1886, when nearly 
one-third of the range cattle perished from hunger, resulted in some radical changes 
in the manner of wintering cattle here which had formerly been in vogue. The 
fencing of large tracts of grazing land, either as leased property or when taken up 
under the desert land law, is generally the system now adopted by Montana cattle- 
men. This system enables the cattlemen here to drive their cattle to close ranges in 
winter, and if necessary, owing to heavy snowfall, to feed these corralled stock with 
hay. This has resulted in largely reducing the loss incurred by cattlemen here, and 
it accords more with the views of the various humane societies throughout the coun- 



Stock Raising in Montana. 561 

try who entered the most earnest protests against the heartlessness of allowing thou- 
sands of cattle to starve to death during severe winters. 

At one time the cattle business of Montana was practically controlled by a few 
individuals or companies, whose herds appropriated the greater portion of the 
ranges here. The tendency of late years, however, has been rather to increase the 
number of small ownerships of cattle and there are today thousands of stockmen in 
the state where a few years ago the herds were controlled by hundreds. The cheapness 
with which stock can be fattened on the ranges here and the natural increase of the 
herds has made cattle raising in the state a most profitable industry. The growth of this 
industry is indicated by the following figures : In 1877 there were 182,659 cattle in 
the territory, in 1880, 274,316 head; 1884, 509,768, head; 1S85, 613,882 head; 1886,. 
663,716 head; 1887, 471,171 head; 1888, 488,467 head; 1889, 650,033 head; 1890, 
649,757 head ; 1891, 621,742 head ; 1892, 684,090 head. Over one half the cattle now 
in the state are on the ranges of Custer, Chateau and Dawson counties. In these 
counties are the immense herds and large outfits of the bonanza cattle concerns of 
Montana. The annual round-up of these great herds and the scenes connected with 
their care present one of the most picturesque phases of Western life around which 
even literature and art have already woven a veil of romance which appeals with 
equal force to the educated and the untutored mind alike. 

The cowboys who take care of the immense herds of cattle in Montana are an 
active and fearless body of young men. They are splendid horsemen and with their 
ponies, lariats, branding irons and picturesque personal attire form an interesting 
feature of life on the plains. The relative rank of the "cow counties" of Montana 
with the number of cattle in each in 1892 was as follows : Custer, 200,000; Choteau, 
T °8,375 \ Dawson, 86,541; Fergus, 69,373; Yellowstone, 28,583; Madison, 25,393; 
Meagher, 24,714; Beaverhead, 23,111; Cascade, 22,573; Park, 21,380; Gallatin, 18,298; 
Deer Lodge, 18,900; Lewis & Clarke 14,684; Missoula, 12,053; Jefferson, 8,722; Silver 
Bow, 1390 ; total for the state, 684,000. The assessed valuation of this stock was 
$110,296,003. It is estimated that the cattle in Montana increased eight per cent, in 
1893 and that the showing for the present year will be equally as satisfactory. 

There is still room in the thousands of acres of good land now lying idle along 
the numerous streams for increased cattle raising in the state. This land can be 
secured at a nominal cost. Back of nearly all the rich bottom lands are splendid 
grazing ranges. Mauy of these ranges are unappropriated today. A settler with 
moderate means can start here with a small band of cattle and if he takes good care 
of his stock during the winter it is only a question of a few years hence when he 
will be independent. 

Next in importance to cattle raising in Montana is the raising of sheep and the 
handling of wool. In every county of the state are thousands of sheep the handling 
of which is attended with most profitable results. The mountainous portions of the 
state furnish good grazing grounds for sheep and there are still vacant in the state 
thousands of acres of grass-covered hills, lands especially adapted to this industry. 
The United States department of agricultural statistics places Montana seventh in 
the list of sheep-raising states, the states ranking ahead of Montana in this industry 
being as follows: Texas, Ohio, California, New Mexico, Oregon and Michigan. 
The first record of Montana sheep is found in the territorial auditor's report for 1868. 
This report states that the total number of sheep assessed that year was 1,752 head of 
a total valuation of $9,685, or about $5.50 per head. In 1892, 24 years later, the total 



562 The Oregoniari 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

number of sheep in the territory had increased to 1,884,086 and the assessed valuation 
of this immense flock was $5,098,931. The growth of the sheep industry of the state 
is shown by the following figures. The number of sheep found in the state in the 
different years was as follows : 1877, 79,288; 1880, 249,978; 1884, 593,896; 1885, 798,- 
682; 1886,968,298; 1887, 1,062,141; 188S, 1,153,771; 1889, 1,368,848; 1890,1,555,116; 

1891, 1,597,753; 1892, 1,883,840. The returns of 1893 showed that Choteau county is 
now the principal sheep-raising section of the state, and that the three counties 
Choteau, Fergus and Meagher contain considerable more than one-half of all the 
sheep in the state. The sheep of Montana yield annually 14,000,000 pounds of wool 
and the value of mutton sold here annually is $2,200,000. 

The raising of horses is also a great industry of Montana. Horses here are left 
to graze on the ranges throughout the year, they receiving little if any attention from 
their owners even during the severest winters. These horses are rounded up at cer- 
tain intervals and shipped to Eastern points for sale. The range horse industry of 
Montana has maintained a healthy growth through a long series of years and it is 
now one of the permanent resources of the state. Its development is recorded by 
the territorial and state auditor's reports as follows, the number of head of horses in 
Montana being given after each year: 1879, 44,416; 1884, 99,843; 1885, 114,925; 
1886, 127,748; 1887, 136,978; 1888, 142,040; 1889, 160,940; 1890, 161,962; 1891, 161,311; 

1892, 169,259. 

Montana possesses in addition to the range stock, a large number of valuable 
standard-bred horses and cattle, and some of the greatest thoroughbred running 
horses in America. The raising of thoroughbred horses is now successfully and 
extensively carried on in the Deer Lodge and Bitter Root valleys. At Hamilton, in 
the last named valley, Marcus Daly has established one of the largest horse ranches 
in America. A number of English and Norman draft stallions have been imported 
into the state and are used for breeding with native horses. The small farmers of the 
state and the leading stock men are now raising a fine breed of cattle and in the near 
future Montana will be as widely known for its blooded animals as it is now famous 
for its range stock. 

Tlie Vigilantes of Mmtaiia. — Nowhere in the world is justice more 
impartially administered or is crime more severely punished than it is in Mon- 
tana. In nearly every city of the state are stately temples of justice, the 
tribunals of which are presided over by fearless and impartial judges. Every 
hamlet has its well disciplined police force or constabulary, and the citizens here 
absolutely secure in the possession of their property and in the safety of their lives 
are more free from the depredations of the lawless element than are even the people 
of New York. In marked contrast to the safeguards now thrown around life and 
property here, and the law-abiding and peaceful citizens now domiciled in Montana, 
was the lawlessness of the camps and the turbulent element residing here in 1863. 

In the early 6o's the settlements of Montana were over 400 miles distant from any 
official authorized to administer an oath, and there was no officer authorized to 
administer the law nearer than the Mormon towns of Utah. The outlaws and des- 
peradoes who flocked to the newly discovered placer diggings of the territory, find- 
ing there was practically no restraint put on their actions here, at once commenced a 
career of crime. The atrocities of the criminal element continued until determined 
and law-loving men banded together and formed the Vigilance Committee of Mon 



The Vigilantes of Montana. 563 

tana. A detailed recital of the acts of this committee, and the crimes perpetrated by 
the outlaws if published would fill a volume. A short account of the work of this 
committee in the present publication will be found of great interest, however. The 
Orkgonian is indebted to T. J. Dunsdale's work, entitled " The History of the 
Vigilantes," for the following summarized account of the work of the vigilantes 
of Montana. 

In 1863 Bannock and Virginia City were the two principal mining camps of Mon- 
tana. The first named camp sprung into existence on Grasshopper creek in the 
spring of 1862. Virginia owed its birth to the discovery of rich placer diggings in 
Alder gulch in June, 1863. These camps, now well governed towns, are situated 75 
miles apart from each other. In 1863 and 1864 it is estimated that their combined 
population exceeded 15,000. With the thousands of gold hunters that flocked to 
these camps there also came many desperadoes, outlaws and abandoned women, who 
scenting the prey from afar, flew like vultures to the battle field. 

The streets of Virginia and Bannock in the early history of the camps presented 
scenes which will doubtless never again be witnessed in a civilized community. On 
all sides there were saloons, dance, halls, bawdy houses and gambling dens. The 
patrons of these resorts were constantly quarreling with each other, and disputes 
were commonly decided on the spot by the knife or the revolver. Wounded men lay 
almost unnoticed about the camps, and a night or a day without a shooting or a seri- 
ous cutting, or shooting escapade would have been recognized as a small and welcome 
installment of the milleuium. So far were the depredations of the lawless element 
carried that it was unsafe for respectable people to venture out of doors after night- 
fall. Every few days there would be found lying on the highway the murdered and 
robbed body of some unfortunate miner. Women of easy virtue promenaded 
through the camps habited in the gayest and most costly apparel. Drunken desper- 
adoes booted, spurred and armed to the teeth, paraded through the streets, ready to 
commit homicide on the slightest provocation. The trails leading into the camps 
were infested by a baud of road agents under the leadership of the notorious Henry 
Plummer. This individual, known among his friends as "a perfect gentleman," was 
in reality not only a professional gambler but also one of the most dangerous villains 
in the territory. He was a man of prepossessing appearance, well educated, and with 
a certain degree of refinement that made for him many friends. He concealed for a 
time his many misdeeds under an assumed cloak of gentility, and even while chief 
of the road agents he managed to induce the miners to elect him to the responsible 
position of sheriff of Montana. He appointed his deputies from his band of robbers. 
The members of this gaug were scattered all over Montana. Many a miner, after 
having toiled for months in amassing a few thousand dollars in gold dust, left camp 
for home, only to be robbed and possibly murdered by the very men who were sworn 
to protect him and on whom he relied for protection. 

So bold did these miscreants become in time that they made little'effort to conceal 
their identity. Men who had been robbed on the open highway, on returning to 
camp, would often see their plunderers lounging around the streets, but so great was 
the dread felt of these malefactors that the innocent sufferers by their misdeeds dared 
not to accuse them, and under the authority of the law Henry Plummer robbed and 
ruled the community as the fancy seized him. 

By the discoveries of the bodies of several victims of this band and through the con- 
fessions of several of the murderers before they were executed and through the valuable 



564 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

information sent to the vigilante committee, it was discovered to a certainty after 
several mouths of these depredations that 102 people had been killed by Plummer's 
gang and their confederates in various places, and it was believed in addition to this, 
scores of unfortunates had been murdered and buried whose remains were undiscov- 
ered and whose fate to this day is not definitely ascertained. All that was known 
definitely regarding these missing people was that they started from camp with sums 
of money in their possession and were never heard of afterwards. Such was the con- 
dition of affairs in Montana when five of the leading men of Virginia City and four 
of the best citizens of Bannock started the movement which resulted in the forma- 
tion of the vigilance committee of Montana. Nearly every law-abiding and respected 
resident of the territory at once joined this organization and within a few 
weeks after its formation every desperado in the West knew that the voice of 
outraged justice had spoken in no uncertain tones. It was about this time 
that a most atrocious cold-blooded robbery and murder, committed by George 
Ives a renowned desperado, aroused the law-and-order element of Alder gulch 
to prompt action. Ives and two or three members of Plummer's gang were arrested 
by a committee of citizens and brought to Nevada for trial. Tidings of the capture 
spread rapidly through every inhabited part of Montana. Couriers were sent by the 
road agents to inform distant members of their band that the life of one of their 
number was in danger. The arrest of these men caused the most intense excitement 
and hundreds of men anxious to be present at the trial soon reached Nevada from 
Virginia and the other camps of Alder gulch. 

Ives was tried in the open air in the presence of the whole body of citizens. The 
miners reserved to themselves the ultimate decision of all questions arising during 
the trial, but, fearing that an injustice might be done the prisoner, they appointed 
an advisory jury consisting of 24 men. Never has there occurred in the West a more 
sensational or dramatic trial. Before the arrest of Ives, citizens had spoken of the 
atrocities of Plummer's band with bated breath. Even during the progress of this 
trial many of the spectators expected to see the judge aud jury shot down by the 
outlaws and their friends. Not only was the fate of Ives depending on the result of 
this trial, but also the lives of numerous other desperadoes, and the question of the 
future preservation of law and order in Montana. It was the crisis of the fate of the 
territory. The judge, prosecutors and jurors, in taking an active part in the Ives 
trial, staked their lives for the future welfare of society. Judge Byam shouldered 
the responsibility of the whole proceedings, and the prosecution was conducted by 
Colonel W. F. Saunders, now one of Montana's foremost citizens. The defense 
of the prisoners on this trial was conducted by several able lawyers. 

In the center of the crowd at this famous trial, and surrounded by a guard armed 
to the teeth, was a wagon occupied by the judge and advocates. Seated near the 
wagon was the jury, and in front of the jury the prisoner was seated, heavily ironed. 
After listening to the evidence the jury retired for deliberation and, within an hour, 
returned with the verdict of guilty. Colonel Saunders then mounted the wagon and 
moved that George Ives be forthwith hanged by the neck until he is dead. The 
prisoner was led to the scaffold in 58 minutes after his doom was fixed. A perfect 
babel of voices saluted the movement. Every roof was covered, and cries of "hang 

him," "don't hang him," " banish him," " I'll shoot," " their murdering soul." 

"let's rescue him," were heard on all sides. The guard around the prisoner stood 
like a rock, however. They heard the muttered threats of rescue from the crowd 



The Vigilantes of Montana. 565 

before the prisoner was led out, and they stood ready to keep the rescuers back with 
rifle balls if necessary. As the prisoner stepped on the large dry goods box above 
which hung the hempen noose, however, the noise ceased, and the stillness became 
even painful. The noose was quickly adjusted, and to the usual question as to 
whether the condemned man had anything to say, brought forth the reply : *' I am 
innocent of this crime." All being ready, the signal was given ; the ominous click 
of the gun locks rang sharply and the gun barrels flashed in the moonlight as they 
were brought to bear on the crowd. The box flew from under the murderer's feet 
with a crash and the body of George Ives swung in the night breeze facing the moon 
that lighted up the scene of retributive justice. As the click, click of the locks 
sounded their note of deadly warning to the intended rescuers, the crowd stampeded 
in wild confusion, even rolling over one another shrinking and howling with terror. 
A few resolute desperadoes who knew not fear, but seeing that their case was hope- 
less and that their comrade was dead, retired with muttered curses of the fate that 
had befallen them. 

George Ives was a young man of rather prepossessing appearance, probably about 
27 years of age. The carriage of this renowned desperado was sprightly and his 
coolness imperturbable. Long practice confronting danger had made him absolutely 
fearless. He would face all danger of death with an indifference that had become a 
part of his nature, and the spirit of reckless bravado with which he was animated 
made him the terror of the citizens. Ives' death, however, sounded the death knell 
of the Plummer gang's desperate acts, and it was a realization of this fact by the dis- 
cerning members of the band that caused them to take the execution of Ives so 
seriously to heart. 

George Hilderman, a petty thief, was arrested by the same committee that captured 
Ives. His gastronomic feats at Bannock had procured for him the name of the Great 
American Pie-eater. He earned this title by placing his capacious jaws over a layer of 
ten pumpkin pies and biting through their entire thickness. As pies at that time were 
worth $1.50 apiece the pastime was an expensive one. He escaped the results of 
lawless pie-eating, but the committee banished him from Montana for his petty 
stealing. 

Following the execution of Ives, all the prominent friends of justice were dogged, 
threatened and watched by the roughs. An attempt was made to kill Colonel Saund- 
ers and the lives of other men prominent in the trial of Ives and who have since 
gained a national reputation, were in constant jeopardy. The ramifications of the 
league of safety and order, however, extended in a week or two after Ives' execution 
all over the territory, and on the 14th day of Jannary, 1864, the coup de grace was 
given to the power of the band by the execution of five of the chief villains of Plum- 
mer's band at Virginia City. In the meantime a number of highly dramatic events 
occurred, the most startling of which was the execution of Henry Plummer himself, 
the chief of the road agents and the sheriff of Montana. 

The vigilantes of Bannock arrested Plummer just as he was preparing to leave 
the country. At the same time Stinson and Ray, two members of the baud, were 
taken into custody. Through the darkness of night the three prisoners were marched 
to a scaffold erected a few yards from the camp. The spectators were allowed to 
come up to within a certain distance, but they were halted here by the guard who 
refused to allow them either to depart or to come nearer the dead line on pain of 
being instantly shot. Plummer exhausted every argument and plea that his imagina- 



566 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

tion could suggest in order to induce his captors to spare his life. He begged to be 
chained down in the meanest cabin, he offered to leave the country forever, he wanted 
a jury trial, he asked for time to settle his affairs and falling on his knees with tears 
and sighs declared to God that he was too wicked to die. He confessed his numer- 
ous murders and crimes and seemed almost frantic at the prospect of immediate 
death. 

After the execution of Ray and Stinson, the order to "bring up Plummer," was 
passed and repeated, but no one stirred. The leader went over to this "perfect gen- 
tleman," as Plummer's friends called him, and was met with the request to "give a 
man time to pray." Well knowing that Plummer relied for a rescue on other than 
Divine aid the leader said briefly but decidedly, " Certainly, but let him say his 
prayers up here." Finding that all efforts to avoid death were useless, Plummer 
arose and said no more prayers. He mounted the gallows which he himself had 
erected in his capacity as sheriff for the execution of a murderer sentenced by a 
miners' jury. He slipped off his necktie and threw it over his shoulder to a young 
friend who had boarded at his house and who believed him innocent, saying as he 
tossed it to his friend, " Here is something to remember me by." In the extremity of 
his grief the young man threw himself weeping to the ground Plummer requested 
that his executioners give him a good "drop " and a moment later the most polished 
but desperate villain that ever terrorized Montana was dead. 

The effect of the execution of Plummer wes electrical. There was much yet to 
be done, however, to insure lasting peace to the community. By this time eight of 
the road agents had met a felon's death. There were still, however, many blood- 
thirsty villains at large. These men had made constant threats against the members 
of the vigilantes, and a plot to rob several stores in Virginia had been nearly matured 
when it was discovered. Every man who had taken part in the pursuit of the crim- 
inals in Montana was marked for slaughter by the vigilantes, and the work of the 
vigilantes remained unfinished until the last of these miscreants was captured and 
summarily executed on the scaffold. 

On the 13th of January, 1864, the executive committee of the vigilantes, in sol- 
emn conclave assembled, determined on hanging six of the outlaws forthwith. 
Express messengers were sent to inform the members of the vigilantes of the neigh- 
boring towns of Alder Gulch of the action decided on by the executive committee. 
All that night grim and determined men rode towards Virginia City. The breaking 
of dawn on the following day found the pickets of the vigilantes stationed on the 
crest of every eminence and point of vantage around the city. The news flew like 
lightning. Many a guilty heart quaked with fear, and many an assassin's lips turned 
pale, and the roughs quaked with inexpressible terror. The detachments of the vigil- 
antes, with compressed lips, for they were thoroughly in earnest, marched into the 
town and halted in a body on Main street. Members of the band were at once 
detailed for the capture of the road agents, and all succeeded in their mission except 
the ones who went after Hunter, who managed to escape by crawling out of town 
through a drain pipe. 

Frank Parish was the first desperado brought in. He was arrested without the 
least trouble in a store, and he seemed not to expect death. He even took the exec- 
utive officer aside and coolly asked what he was arrested for. He was told for being 
a road agent and a thief. At first he pleaded innocence, but at last he confessed to 
having committed many crimes. 



The Vigilantes of Montana. 567 

Club-Foot George, as he was known (George Lane), was brought in. He was 
perfectly cool and collected, and on being told that his sentence was death, quietly 
asked for a minister. He evidently thought no more of hanging than the ordinary 
man would of eating his breakfast. Boone Helm was seized before he was able to 
make an effort towards resistance. A man at each arm and one behind him with a 
cocked revolver, brought him to the place of rendezvous. Helm lamented greatly 
that he " had no show " when taken, and he quietly added, " they would have had 
a gay time taking me if I had known what they were after." He said further : " I 
am as innocent as the babe unborn. I have never killed anyone, or defrauded any 
man. I am willing to swear it on the Bible." Anxious to see if he was really so aban- 
doned a villain as to swear to this, the book was handed him, when, with the utmost 
assumed solemnity, he repeated an oath to that effect, making the most terrific pen- 
alties on his soul in case he was swearing falsely. He kissed the book most rever- 
ently. He then addressed a gentleman present, and asked him if he would accom- 
pany him (Boone) into a private room. Thinking that Boone wanted someone to pray 
with him, he proposed sending for a clergyman, but Boone quietly retorted, " You'll 
do." On reaching the room the prisoner asked his friend if there was no escape 
from his present predicament. Being told that there was not, and that he must die, 
Boone admitted that he did kill a man named Shoot, in Missouri, after which he 
escaped to the West. He also admitted killing of a "chap " in California. 

Helm was the most hardened, cool and deliberate scoundrel of the whole band, 
and murder, with him, had become mere pastime. Finding that all his asservations 
and pleas availed him naught, he thus unburdened himself: " I have dared death in 
all its forms, and I do not fear to die." He called repeatedly for whisky, and it was 
necessary to reprimand him several time for his conduct on the verge of eternity. 
The other two outlaws, Haze Lyons and Jack Gallagher, were brought in, the former 
penitent and the latter abusing and cursing his captors. 

After all arrangements had been made for hanging the desperadoes the prisoners 
were marched into the center of a hollow square which was flanked by four ranks of 
the vigilantes and by a column in front and rear armed with shotguns and rifles car- 
ried at half present, ready to fire at a moment's warning. Other members of the 
vigilantes, armed with pistols, were dispersed through the crowd. The party started 
forward and marched to an unfinished building which had been prepared for the exe- 
cution. The main beam for the support of the roof, which ran across the center of 
the building, was used as a gallows, the ropes being thrown over it and then taken to 
the rear and fastened around some of the bottom logs. Five boxes were placed 
under the beam as a substitute for drops. The procession halted for a few moments 
before reaching the place of execution, Club-Foot George having called a citizen to 
him and asked him to speak regarding his character. This the gentleman declined 
to do, saying to George that while their dealings with each other had been square he 
was not competent to speak of the prisoner's dealings with other people. Club-Foot 
George then asked the gentleman he had spoken to to pray with him. This request 
was granted, both men kneeling down and offering a fervent prayer. George and 
Jack Gallagher also knelt in prayer. Bone Helm, after the prayers were over, called 

to Gallagher, "Jack, give me that coat; you never gave me anything." "D d 

sight of use you'd have for it," replied the man who had been on his knees a moment 
before. The two worthies after this kept addressing short and pithy remarks to their 
friends around them, such as " Hello ! they have got me this time." " Bill, old boy 
I'm going to cash in, sure," and other remarks typical only of wild mining life. 



568 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacihc Northwest. 

The guards finally marched into the place appointed for execution. They opened 
ranks here aud the prisoners stepped onto the boxes above which hung the dangling 
ropes, the nooses were quickly adjusted and all being ready Jack Gallagher got a stay 
of proceedings by asking as a last request for a glass of beer, which was given him. 
Club-Foot George, recognizing an old friend in the audience, cool)' hailed him with 
the remark, " Good-by, old fellow ; I'm gone," and hearing the order, "Men, do your 
duty," without waiting for the box to be knocked from under him, as coolly 
j umped to his death. Jack Gallagher used the most profane and obscene language while 
standing on the box awaiting execution, a tirade he kept up until the tightening 
noose cut him short. The character of Boone Helm can be judged by his careless 
remark as he looked at the quivering form of Gallagher dangling by the rope, " Kick 
away, old fellow ; I'll be in hell with you in a minute. " Helm's last words were, 
" Every man for his principles ; hurrah for Jeff. Davis; let her rip." The sound of 
his voice had hardly died away before he too was hanging from the rope. Frank 
Parrish requested the privilege of having a handkerchief tied over his face. His own 
black tie, fastened in the road agents knot, was taken from his throat and dropped 
over his face like a veil, and with this death mask he was dropped. A bystander, 
after the execution, asked a guard who had adjusted the rope around the neck of 
Parrish, if he did not feel for the poor man when he put the rope around his neck. 
The vigilante, whose friend had been murdered by road agents, regarded his interro- 
gator for a moment with a stern look and then answered slowly, " Yes ; I felt for his 
left ear." Haze Lyons evidently expected deliverance from death up to the last 
moment. Finding, however, that entreaty was useless, he requested that his gold 
watch be given to his mistress with his dying regards. 

The bodies of the desperadoes, after being allowed to hang for two hours, were 
cut down and carried to the street in front of the house, where they were found 
by friends and carried away for burial. Their bodies now lie in the cemetery at 
Virginia. 

These last executions ended the rule of the road agents in Montana. Where 
once rode masked highwaymen and midnight marauders in the state are now open 
highways where man is assured of the protection that he has in any of the best governed 
communities of the United States. It was stern justice meted out to the desperadoes 
that impressed all wrong-doers with a full sense of the fate that awaited them if they 
committed any overt acts and these executions at the same time impressed the law- 
abiding people with their full power when once thoroughly aroused, and it was the 
moral force of the community that was triumphant here just as it always is in any 
civilized country after the man who respects his own rights and the full rights of his 
fellow man has been goaded to a certain point by the lawless acts of desperadoes and 
criminals. 

British Columbia. —The first settlement made in the vast territory now 
known as British Columbia dates back to the establishment of a trading post at Fort 
Victoria, on Vancouver Island, by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1842. It was not 
until 187 1, however, that the mainland north of the 49th degree of north latitude and 
Vancouver Island were united under the name of British Columbia and entered into 
confederation with the Dominion of Canada. Victoria was chosen the capital of the 
new province. The nature of the country was such that only a few people were 
attracted to British Columbia and, until 1886, the only two towns of importance 
in the entire province were Victoria, situated on Vancouver Island, and New West- 



British Columbia. 269 

minster, on the mainland, the latter place being located on the Fraser river, 16 miles 
above the point where the waters of this stream enter the Gulf of Georgia. In 1886, 
the Canadian Pacific railroad was completed to tidewater on the Pacific coast. The 
western terminus of this great transcontinental line is at Vancouver, situated on the 
mainland, on Burrard Inlet, about 14 miles distant from the old town of New West- 
minster. Vancouver is today the metropolis of British Columbia. The completion 
of this greatest of transcontinental roads has marked a new epoch in the history of 
the province. Before the cars of this road reached tidewater at Vancouver, Victoria 
was the leading city of British Columbia, and it was one of the richest and most 
prosperous cities of the coast. It was the one port of British Columbia to which all 
the diversified productions of the province paid tribute, and it was at this point that 
countless fortunes were made from the immense trade with the north and east which 
Victoria so long held. Today, Victoria is still the home of many of the richest men 
of British 'Columbia, but her former prestige is gone. Victoria is the leading city on 
Vancouver Island, the resources of which, when fully developed, will alone support 
a city at this point of a much larger population than Victoria contains today. Van- 
couver, however, as the western terminus of the Canadian Pacific, will, probably, 
always remain the leading city of British Columbia, and it is at the present site of 
Vancouver that the people of the province expect to see a city grow that will some 
day rival San Francisco or Portland in wealth and commercial importance. 

British Columbia is a country of wonderful possibilities. Long before a city of 
any pretensions had been established on the shores of Puget Sound, the rich gold 
deposits of the Fraser river and of the Caribou district farther inland had attracted 
gold seekers from all over the coast, and the Fraser river gold excitement of the early 
6o's was second in importance only to the great rush of gold hunters to California 
a little more than 10 years earlier. British Columbia is essentially a mountainous 
country. Far to the interior of the province are found those same vast plains, covered 
with alluvial deposits of the richest soil, which are found in Eastern Oregon and 
Eastern Washington, but for a distance of 200 miles or more inland from Puget 
Sound the province is one vast upheaval, mountain piled on mountain, and the 
entire section is generally rough and uneven. Lying between the higher elevations 
of this part of the province are many little valleys easily cultivated and highly 
fertile. The principal sources of wealth of the province, however, prior to the time of 
the completion of the Canadian Pacific, were the wonderfully rich gold mines of the 
interior, the great coal deposits of Vancouver Island, the fisheries of the Fraser river 
and of the Gulf of Georgia, and the vast quantities of fur-bearing animals which were 
annually trapped along the coast and in the streams of the mainland. These were 
products that were easily convertible into money. The lack of propsr transportation 
facilities and the cost of reaching the province necessarily kept people out of British 
Columbia, and the result of these conditions, which existed prior to 1886, was that 
money was plentiful here, and Victoria, the leading city, may have been fairly said 
to have rolled in wealth, a tribute she exacted from the immense trade which for 
many years regularly came to this port. 

The largest body of agricultural laud in the western part of British Columbia is 
found along the Fraser river between the Gulf of Georgia and Yale. Three varieties 
of soil, all highly productive, are found in the Fraser River valley. These are deep 
black earth, alluvial deposits and a clay loam. Wonderful crops are raised on these 
lands and this is truly the agricultural belt of the province. Good lands for agricul- 



570 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

tural purposes are also found on Vancouver Island, and along the banks of the Thomp- 
son river and Shuswap lakes are many fine farms in the highest state of cultivation. 
East of the Cascades in the province are vast stretches of the finest grazing and 
farming lands, and the cattle fattened on the succulent grasses of these inland prai- 
ries are the largest and best beef cattle raised on the Pacific coast. 

The most important industry of British Columbia at the present writing is the 
mining of coal. On Vancouver Island are found the largest and most valuable 
deposits of coal on the coast. Nanaimo, a city of about 6,000 inhabitants, located on 
the eastern side of Vancouver Island, and north of Victoria, is supported entirely by 
the ten great coal mines situated in the vicinity of the place. Four of these mines 
are operated by the New Vancouver Coal Company. The daily output of these four 
mines is 2,400 tons. The coal taken from one of these mines is unexcelled for gas- 
making purposes. It burns to a red ash, making a fine quality of coke and yielding 
about 11,000 feet of gas to the ton, of an illuminating power of 22 candles. "The coal 
from another of this same company's mines is burned largely by the steamers plying 
on the Puget Sound and up and down the coast. The New Vancouver Coal Company 
employs regularly about 1,400 men. They also use about 140 mules in the mines, 
these animals working constantly underground. The principal part of the product 
of the company is shipped to San Francisco, although regular shipments are also 
made from these mines to Portland, Southern California and the Sandwich Islands. 

The Great Wellington coal mines are located at the terminus of the Esquimalt & 
Nanaimo railroad and operated by the same company that runs the railroad. Welling- 
ton coal is the best of the coast coals, and is always in great demand in San Francisco 
and other coast cities. The output of the Wellington mines is only limited by the 
transportation facilities afforded for getting it to market. Most of the output of the 
mines is sent over the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Company's own road to Departure Bay, 
where the company owns large wharves and coal bunkers. Steam colliers of as high 
as 3,000 tons carrying capacity carry the coal from Departure Bay to San Francisco 
and other coast ports. Four miles from Nanaimo are located the East Wellington 
Collieries, and there is also the rich Comox coal mine near Union, also located on 
Vancouver Island a few miles distant from Nanaimo. 

The mountains of British Columbia are rich in deposits of gold, silver, copper, 
iron and all the baser metals. The greatest of the go'd and silver-producing sections 
of the province today is the Kootcnay district. This mineral belt is located in the 
southeastern part of the province, and contains an area of about 7,000 square miles. 
The section is enjoying something of a boom at the present time, and during the 
latter part of 1892 and early in 1893 over 2,000 claims were filed in this section within a 
period of six months. The old gold diggings around Yale, the Dilloet, Cassiar and 
Caribou gold-producing districts are still rich in gold quartz and silver ores, ann the 
working of the mines of these important districts will some day prove one of the 
most important industries of British Columbia. 

A large part of the area of British Columbia is covered with dense forests of the 
finest timber. The varieties of timber found here are the same as are contained in the 
forests of Western Washington and Western Oregon to the south. The British Col- 
umbia timber belt is practically a part of the same forests which extend from the 
southern boundary of Western Oregon north as far as Alaska, and as the timber 
resources of Oregon and Washington are fully treated in another part of this publi- 
cation, any extended mention of the great forests of British Columbia is unnecessary 
in the present instance. 



Victoria, British Columbia. 



oil 



One of the great industries of British Columbia at the present time is the catch- 
ing and curing of fish. The great inland streams of the province abound in the suc- 
culent salmon, the mammoth sturgeon and other food fishes found in the Columbia 
and Sacramento rivers to the south, and the waters of the Gulf of Georgia and other 
parts of the great inland sea washing these shore are alive with the finest of salt 
water fishes. These waters furnish an inexhaustible supply of the finny tribe, valu- 
able as food products, rich in oil, hundreds of barrels of which are annually exported 
from the province, and the value ot fur-bearing aquatic animals annually caught in 
these waters runs into the thousands of dollars. During 1890 the product of the fish- 
eries of British Columbia, including seals and oil, reached the enormous amount of 
$6,550,275. This amount was made up as follows: approximate value offish con- 
sumed in the province, $3,085,000 ; canned salmon, 400,000 cases, $2,400,000 ; salted 
salmon, 3,800 barrels, $41,800; fresh salmon, 2,000,000 pounds, $240,000; smoked 
salmon,' 13,000 pounds, $3,250; fresh halibut, 750,000 pounds, $75,000 ; fresh sturgeon, 
320,500 pounds, $16,025 ! fresh trout, 2u,ooo pounds, $2,000 ; other fish, fresh, salted 
and smoked, 905,000 pounds, $90,500; making a total of $5,953,575. Add to this 
150,000 gallons of fish oil, $75,000; isinglass, etc., $21,700, and seal skins and other furs, 
$500,000, and we have the grand total of $6,550,275 as the value of the year's product 
of the fishing industries of the province. 

Most of the salmon canned in British Columbia is handled by the many large 
canneries located on the Fraser river. During 1890 the product of these canneries 
amounted to 246,050 cases, valued at $1,476,300. Invested in the canneries of the 
Fraser river is the sum of $1,357,000. These plants employ over 7,500 men during 
the fishing season and pay out annually in wages about $1,025,000. An important part 
of the fishing industry of the province is the shipping of fresh halibut, sturgeon and 
trout to the East. These shipments are made in refrigerator cars, and the fish is 
landed thousands of miles from where it is caught in as fresh a condition as it was 
when first taken out of the waters. 

The climate of British Columbia, more especially that portion bordering on the 
waters of the Straits of Georgia, which is the most densely populated, is similar in 
every respect to the climate of Oregon 
and Washington to the south. It is a 
country of the same many and diversified 
resources as Oregon and Washington 
farther south, and that part of the 
United States known as the Pacific North- 
west will probably note no greater ma- 
terial growth and solid advancement than 
the country to the north which is now 
under the British flag, a country so 
thoroughly wedded to British traditions, 
and which has only been kept back by 
the average Englishman's regard for prestige which so often discourages progress 
under any regime which ignores precedents. 

Victoi'ia, British. Columbia. — Victoria, the capital of the province of 
British Columbia, is situated at the extreme southeastern end of the large island of 
Vancouver. The most striking feature of the site the city occupies is the rare beauty 
of this site and its surroundings. The citizens of Victoria honor their city with the 




H. M. Dry Dock, Esquii 



572 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 




Carey Castle, Lieut. -Governor's Residence, Victor 



sobriquet of " The Gem of the Pacific," a name which the general attractiveness of 

the place fully warrants. The surface of the land on which Victoria is built is 

made up of a succession of hills and 
level patches, and from the higher eleva- 
tions of the city is commanded an im- 
posing view of the grand stretch of the 
Straits of Fuca and the waters of the 
Straits of Georgia glisten in the sunlight 
a few miles away, while in the distance 
are seen the imposing peaks of the 
Olympic range, and rising from the 
mainland of the United States side stands 
the hoary Mt. Baker, immaculate in all 
the brightness of perennial snow, which 
covers this giant peak of the Cascades. 

Victoria is the mecca of tourists to Puget Sound who desire to visit the province. 

The Englishman knows how to enjoy himself. He takes 

life easy, and he prepares the way for the enjoyment of 

everyone who visits a city in which the English element 

predominates. Victoria boasts of the finest driveways on 

the coast, which lead out from the city in all directions, and 

of the attraction of the great warships and drydocks at Es- 
quimau, but a few miles distant. The place has good parks, 

the numerous arms of the Straits of Fuca extending inland 

at this point afford excellent boating, the city has the best 

of hotels, and the tourist here finds as much to interest and 

i. , -11.CJ- -i , , City Hall, Victoria. 

amuse him as he will find in any city on the coast. 

Of late years manufacturing interests have made but little advancement at Vic- 
toria. Victoria is a shipping port of considerable importance, and it is a city of 
great wealth, heaped up here during the palmy days preceding the completion of the 
Canadian Pacific railway to Vancouver. Although the first settlement was made at 
Victoria, in 1847, by the Hudson's Bay Company, it enjoyed no large growth until 
1871, when the provincial capital for British Columbia was established here. The 
official census made by the dominion government, in 1891, gave Victoria a popula- 
tion of only 16,849, and the most enthusiastic of Victoria's citizens do not today 
claim for their city a greater population than 20,000. The 
growth of the city has been retarded by lack of railroad 
connection with the mainland. The line of the Esquimalt 
& Nanaimo railway, which connects Victoria with the 
great coal mining district of Nanaimo, is the only railway 
in operation on Vancouver Island at the present time. 
The Canada Western railway, however, it is hoped, will 
ultimately reach Victoria from the mainland by taking 
advantage of the numerous islands in the channel north of 
Vancouver Island, to bridge the short stretches of water 
which divide the island and mainland at this point, and the people of Victoria 
confidently expect to see this line built at a time not far distant. 

Victoria has excellent connection with all the Sound ports by numerous lines 
of steamers. The fine steamships of the Canadian Pacific Company stop at Vic- 





High School, Victor 



Nanaimo and the Great Coal Mines, 



573 



toria, both in coining to Vancouver and in 
departing for the Orient. Lines of steamers 
regularly ply between Victoria and Van- 
couver, between Victoria, New Westminster 
and Nanaimo, as well as between 
the leading city of Vancouver Is- 
land and all ports of the Sound on 
the United States side. 




Beacon Hill Park, comprising 

several hundred acres, is well laid 

out, good driveways, leading in 

all directions, and standing in this 

park are stately oaks whose age is said 

to represent centuries of time. A good 

start for a creditable " Zoo " has already 

been made in this park, and the hun- 
dreds of animals already gathered here 

prove a great source of interest to visitors. Esquirualt, three miles distant, is 

reached by a perfectly kept driveway, and also by an electric line of road. This is 

the place of rendezvous for the British squadron of warships on the Pacific coast. 

The government naval 
yards and large drydock 
are established at Esqui- 
malt. The drydock is 
built entirely of cut stone, 
and was constructed at 
great expense jointly by 
the Imperial and Domin- 
ion governments. An- 
other delightful suburb of 
Victoria is Oak Bay, and 
this resort is rapidly be- 
ing built up with seaside 

homes. As the seat of the provincial government, Victoria enjoys a considerable. 

prestige. The city is an old and wealthy center of population, and it is by far the 

most attractive city of the province. 

Nanaimo and the Great Coal Mines. — The most interesting feature of 
a visit to Vancouver Island is the trip by rail from Victoria to Nanaimo, where the 
great coal fields of the province are located. The journey is made over the Esqui- 
malt & Nanaimo railway, a distance of 78 miles. The route lays through the most 
picturesque part of Vancouver Island. The line passes through what may be fairly 
termed a sportsman's paradise. The numerous lakes and small streams of this sec- 
tion are stocked with the gamiest of trout. The scenery along the entire line of 
road is interesting, and at times grand and almost awe-inspiring. One moment the 
eye of the traveler rests on a peaceful vale with a placid clear lake in the center, 
and the next moment he is looking through broken and rocky gorges to abrupt 
forest-clad hills beyond. Many engineering difficulties were encountered in the con- 
struction of this line. High trestles, with a seemingly dangerous pitch to one side 




Park, Victor 




574 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

of the track, are as trying to the nerves 
of the timid traveler as the construction 
of these elevated bands of steel on stilts 
was to the engineer who planned the 
line, but it may be stated that no ac- 
cident has ever occurred on this line, 
and the entire road is pronounced, by 
railroad experts, to be one of the best 
hirbor at nanaimo. built on the continent. 

At the towns of Shawnigan, Chemainus and Cowichan, along the line of road 
are located a few small sawmills, and in the timber belt which the road traverses, 
considerable cordwood is cut and shipped to market over this same line. The prime, 
and it may be said the only object in the construction of this road, however, was 
to open rail connection between Victoria, the principal city of Vancouver Island, and 
the great coal districts at Nanaimo and Wellington. Nanaimo, the second largest 
center of population on Vancouver Island, is located on the east coast of the island, 
on an inlet which goes by the name of the town. Nanaimo harbor opens direct 
into the Straits of Georgia. The total population of Nanaimo, at the present time, 
is about 6,000, and a glance through the directory of the town shows that about 
three out of every five of the male adult population are either miners or employes 
in the service of the great mining company operating here. The town is beauti- 
fully located, fronting on a broad sheet of water, and the site, rising gradually from 
the waters' edge, finally reaches an elevation which commands a perfect view of 
the harbor and the Straits of Georgia beyond. The streets of the town are narrow, 
so narrow, in fact, that friends can almost shake hands across the narrow drive- 
way which separates the sidewalks, and it is evident to the visitor that the town 
simply grew here without any attention having been paid to platting the townsite 
by the original settlers. 

Nanaimo's prosperity is practically entirely dependent on the operations of the 
New Vancouver Coal Mining & Land Company which operates so extensively at this 
point. This company bought the Nanaimo estate with its collieries, shipping wharves, 
sawmills and water front from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1862. In Nanaimo 
coal is king as cotton was in the South before the war. The New Vancouver Com- 
pany have now five coal mines in successful operation, although these mines have 
only been opened since 1884. The shafts in these mines run down to the great depth 
of 600 feet or even more. Double ventilating shafts have been constructed in these 
mines in compliance with the protective laws governing coal mining in British 
Columbia. The output of the company's mines is 2,000 tons a day. The company's 
possessions on Vancouver Island in the vicinity of Nanaimo embrace about 30,000 
acres, this estate extending up and down the coast for a distance of 10 miles. Two 
shafts of the company's mines, the one in Protection Island at the mouth of the har- 
bor opposite the town, and the Esplanade shaft on the outskirts of Nanaimo, across 
the harbor from the main business center, are connected by passages running under 
the harbor. Above these passage-ways, through which the black diamond is being 
constantly hauled, ships ride peacefully on a body of water deep enough to float the 
largest of vessels. This great tunnel, over one mile in length, is a feat of successful 
subterranean engineering that must call for the admiration of whoever traverses it. 
The Esplanade mine is the largest operated here and the main shaft of this mine is 



Nanaimo and the Great Coal Mines. 



575 




Old Block House, nanaimo. 



located only a few yards from the company's offices and power houses. The tall, 
heavy-built chimneys of the great coal mining plants at Nanaimo pour out their vol- 
umes of black, heavy smoke day and night the year 
round. The endless steel cables hauling the coal cars 
from the depths of the mine, 600 feet below, are run at the 
rate of speed of half a mile a minute, and the scene of 
operations of oue of the great mines here with its cars of 
coal being dumped on the surface without cessation day 
-or night, is oue that cannot but impress the beholder 
who is visiting a coal-mining center for the first time. 
The engines of the coal company's plant of theEsplanade 
mine have a hoisting capacity of 1,000 tons every eight 
hours, and at the same time pump water out of the mines 
if pumping is necessary. Most of the power for pump- 
ing is supplied by electricity, generated by the company's 
own dynamos and power house. The company have for 
a number of years past been operating far out under the 
waters of the harbor at Nanaimo aud also under the Gulf 
of Georgia beyond, and they are gradually extending 
their tunnels and shafts as the mines are opened. 

In addition to operating largely at Nanaimo, the New Vancouver Company also 
operates mines at Northfield and Southfield, towns in close proximity to the princi- 
pal mining center. The company regularly spends large sums of money in prospect- 
ing over its landed possessions here with diamond drills with the most satisfactory 
results. They now have sufficient coal in sight here to allow their mines to be con- 
tinually operated at their present capacity for 80 years in the future. The coal mined 
here is of a true bituminous character, and is pronounced by experts and the general 
public to be the best coal mined on the coast. Shipments of this coal are made in 
very large quantities to San Francisco, San Diego, Los Angeles, Portland, Alaska and 
all parts of the Dominion. The coal is carried principally in American bottoms, and 
from four to one dozen ships and steamers are constantly in Nanaimo harbor await- 
ing their turns to load with coal from the company's mines. The company itself now 
has regularly 150,000 tons of shipping under charter, and private buyers of the com- 
pany's product are constantly sending vessels here to be loaded. 

The company employs in its mines 1,500 miners. These men work in shifts of 
eight hours each, and they are generally contented and thrifty. This is a well paid 
class of labor, and many of the miners here own their own homes. The reporter of 
The Nanaimo Free Press, who is constantly making the rounds of the town, is 
authority for the statement that these men as a rule drink in moderation, and that 
crimes of violence among the laborers are of very rare occurrence. The money put 
into circulation every pay day at Nanaimo reaches at least $100,000, and with the 
money paid out for wages at the Wellington mines, and the mines of Northfield and 
Southfield, all of which camps are tributary to Nanaimo, the monthly payroll 
amounts to mure than $200,000. 

Nanaimo contains several good brick business blocks, and the town boasts of a 
good hotel and a comfortably arranged opera house. As long as coal mines continue 
to be operated here Nanaimo will be prosperous, and as the demand for this coal in 
all parts of the coast is constantly increasing it is fair to presume that these coal 
mines will bs operated on a more extensive scale with each successive year. 



576 The Oregonian' s Handbook ot the Pacific Northwest. 

Wellington, five miles north of Nanaimo, is the terminus of the Esquimalt & 
Nanaimo railway. The coal mines at Wellington are owned and operated by the 
company operating the railway. Wellington is really nothing but a great coal camp. 
About 800 men are employed in the mines here. , The product of the Wellington 
mines is similar in every respect to the coal taken out of the mines at Nanaimo, and 
Wellington coal is too well known on the coast to call for any future mention of its 
qualities in the present article. 

Vancouver, British Columbia. — Vancouver, the largest and most impor- 
tant city located on the mainland in British Columbia, occupies the peninsula lying 
between Burrard's Inlet and English Bay, just north of the mouth of the Fraser river. 
It is called the Terminal City, and it is the terminus of the Canadian Pacific railway, 
and the point of arrival of the three majestic steamships, the Empress of India, the 
Empress of China and the Empress of Japan, a line run under the management of 
the Canadian Pacific, and connecting Vancouver with China and Japan. The 
immense cargoes of Oriental merchandise brought from Asia on these three mam- 
moth steamships are unloaded at Vancouver and dispatched from this point over 
the Canadian Pacific railway to all points of Canada and the United States. This 
is one of the greatest of the trans-Pacific lines of steamships connecting the Occident 
with the Orient, and the establishment of this line has already done much to advance 
Vancouver's interests. 

Daily connection is afforded between Vancouver and Victoria by the steamers of 
the Canadian Pacific Navigation Company. The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern 
branch of the Northern Pacific railroad is already completed as far north as Sumas, 
situated on the boundary line between the United States and British Columbia, and 
work on this line is being rapidly pushed to its ultimate terminus at Vancouver. The 
Bellingham Bay & British Columbia branch of the Canadian Pacific railway runs daily 
freight and passenger trains between Vancouver and New Whatcom, connecting at the 
latter place with the Sound division of the Great Northern railway to Seattle. The 
New Westminster & Vancouver Electric Tramway Company runs passenger cars 
each way between Vancouver and New Westminster every hour during the day, 
making the 14 miles in 45 minutes. 

The growth of Vancouver dates from the completion of the Canadian Pacific 
railway to this point in 1886. Immediately following the completion of this line 
to tidewater, the advance of Vancouver was so rapid for several years, both in the build- 
ing line and in the establishment of large commercial houses and banking institutions, 
that the city partook of something of the degree of prosperity which attends the 
growth of one of the great centers of population in the United States. Of late 
years, however, the conservative spirit of the English founders of Vancouver has 
asserted itself, and a halt has been called in a growth that promised to make Van- 
couver one of the big cities of the coast. 

Vancouver is solidly built. Its buildings have been erected with a view of 
furnishing as classic ruins, in distant ages of the future, as are found in the old 
chateaus of France, or the deserted castles of England. During 1893 several hand- 
some brick and stone buildings, both of a public and private nature, were completed 
at Vancouver, but there is now an evident tacit agreement among property owners 
of the city that no more large buildings shall be erected here until the present fine 
business blocks that line all the main streets are fully occupied. The warning from the 
Vancouver Board of Trade against putting up any more buildings than the business 



New Westminster, British Columbia. 577 

of the place fully requires, grates a little discordantly on the ears of a typical resident 
of Uncle Sam's domain, but the English only divorced the church from the state with 
a fatal inclination to ask government protection of every possible private enterprise. 

A number of large saw and shingle mills are operated along Burrard's Inlet and 
False creek, at Vancouver, and the products of these mills are shipped principally 
to Eastern Canada, Australia and South America. Several schooners and one steamer 
were built at the Vancouver shipyards in 1892, and while vessels of small tonnage 
only have been constructed at these yards in the past, more extensive shipbuilding, 
it is expected, will be developed at this point in the future. Vancouver is the great 
shipping point of British Columbia, and it perhaps can be conservatively stated that 
the city is in the line of a material future advancement that will make this one of 
the leading distributing centers of the coast. 

The surroundings of Vancouver may be referred to as of the majestic picturesque 
order. Lofty peaks of the Cascades tower high above the city, and two projecting 
spurs, at the mouth of Burrard's Inlet, so closely resemble lions couchant that the 
entrance is generally known as the Lion's Gate. Stanley Park, the driveway around 
which is 10 miles in length, affords an excellent breathing spot for the overworked 
people of Vancouver. This will become, in time, one of the finest public parks of 
the British possessions, and already thousands of dollars have been expended in 
adding to the attractions of this great resort. Vancouver possesses many fine busi- 
ness blocks that would be a credit to the best business street of any city, and the 
public structures are all of a heavy and attractive style of architecture. The city 
has good hotels, its banks are on the strongest of financial footings, its stores are 
well stocked, and with the prestige the city has already gained as the leading 
center of population and wealth of British Columbia, Vancouver will doubtless 
always remain the principal city of the Pacific coast north of the 49th degree of 
north latitude. . 

New Westminster, British Columbia. — New Westminster is situated 
on the north bank of the Fraser river, 16 miles from the 
point where this great stream empties its waters into the 
Gulf of Georgia. It is one of the oldest settlements in 
the province, having been founded in 185S. It is reached 
from the United States, the northern boundary of which 
is but a few miles south of the city, by the New West- 
minster & Southern branch of the Great Northern rail- 
way and by the extension of the Canadian Pacific which 
runs as far south as Mission Junction, near Bellingham 
Bay. It has direct connection with Vancouver, the term- 
inus of the Canadian Pacific on Burrard's Inlet, by a 

well equipped electric line of road, and also by a branch C0URT H0USE ' NEW WES ™- STER - 
of the Canadian Pacific. Steamers ply regularly between New Westminster and 
Victoria, as well as making connection for Nanaimo and other Sound points. The 
present population of New Westminster, or Westminster as it is commonly called, is 
about 7,000. In the palmy days of the city's history this was one of the most pros- 
perous towns of the Northwest. It was the only town of any importance located on 
the mainland of the province and all of the rich trade of the interior passed this point 
to reach tidewater. Many fortunes were made here in the early history of the 
place, and like Victoria, New Westminster is today the home of great numbers of 




578 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

wealthy, retired business men who lead a life of ease in elegant residences, and who 
show a disposition to spend their declining days at the scene of their former business 
conquests. 

The Fraser river is one of the great rivers of the continent. It bears the same 
relation to British Columbia that the Columbia river does to Oregon and Washington. 
The Fraser drains the great watershed of British Columbia lying west of the Rocky 
Mountains, and while it carries a great volume of water practical navigation of the 
stream is only possible as far up as Yale, a point about 90 miles above its mouth, owing 
to rapids and other obstructions to easy navigating found in the river above the latter 
point. Hundreds of miles inland, however, are found great lakes which this river 
drains which furnish may miles of navigable water and during the time of the con- 
struction of the Canadian Pacific regular lines of steamers plied on these lakes earn - 
ing passengers and supplies for the railroad company. As far inland as New West- 
minster the Fraser is navigable for vessels of 21 feet draft, but above this point 
light-draft steamers only are able to ply. 

New Westminster is the principal trading point for the Fraser river canneries and 
for the rich agricultural district bordering on this same stream. Confidence in the 
future of the city on the part of its inhabitants is seen in the character of the build- 
ings which line the principal streets. New Westminster is the seat of the peni- 
tentiary, the erection of which involved an outlay of 
$140,000. The provincial asylum also located here, was 
erected at a cost of $155,000, and the postoffice building 
here cost $25,000. The construction of four new business 
blocks at New Westminster involved an outlay of from 
$50,000 to $75,000 each. Over $200,000 has been spent on 
the 33 miles of well paved streets of the city and the 
! complete water-works plant involved an expenditure of 
$380,000 more. A good electric light plant is in success- 
ExmBmoN bu.lding, QuEENs park, ful operation here. The municipal government at New 
ne* Westminster. Westminster has spent over$5o,ooo on a system of fine 

public parks. The leading one of these, the Queen's 
Park, contains about 87 acres and is one of the most popular resorts of the city. 
In this park a permanent exhibition building has been erected and annual gatherings 
are now regularly held here. 

The finances of New Westminster are on a strong footing. Two branches of 
leading provincial banks are located here and ample money is furnished at all times 
to meet every legitimate demand of trade. The city is not without attraction to the 
tourist and it is regularly visited by a large transient travel which finds here a typical 
provincial settlement and a place that can well claim the attention of the traveler, as 
a prominent center of British Columbia. 

The Kootenay District. — Lying in British Columbia between the Rocky 
Mountains on the east and the Gold range of mountains on the west, and extending 
south to the international boundary line is the Kootenay district. This region em- 
braces over 16,500,000 acres and is subdivided into East and West Kootenay. It is 
in the latter division that the great mineral developments now attracting so much 
attention from the world are being made, and it is in West Kootenay that the main 
interest of the present article centers. 




The Kootenay District, British Columbia. 579 

West Kootenay is principally a mountainous country. It includes, however, 
two important valleys formed by a division of the Selkirk range of mountains. These 
valleys are enclosed on either side by parallel and continuous ranges of mountains 
which maintain a uniform height of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The first of these val- 
leys is that lying between the Selkirk and Gold ranges. It is through this that 
flows that part of the Columbia river known as the Second Bend as well as the 
Arrow Lakes. The Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes are deep expansions of the Col- 
umbia river itself. The upper lake commences at a point 30 miles south of Revel- 
stoke, a station on the main line of the Canadian Pacific. This lake is considered 
the most beautiful of all the many waterways of the Kootenay country. Near the 
opening of the lake is the Northeast Arm which extends inland to the left for a dis 
tance of about ten miles. Into this arm flows Fish creek on the banks of which have 
already been located some promising claims of argentiferous galena. 

Upper Arrow Lake is very straight and its waters are hemmed in on each side by 
high ranges of mountains charmingly regular, with here and there small valleys 
cutting through them. These valleys are formed by streams which wend their way 
towards the lake through narrow defiles or canyons. Eighteen miles below Upper 
Arrow Lake the Columbia river again broadens out forming Lower Arrow Lake. 
This lower lake is shaped like a bow. It is 51 miles in length and is one of the most 
striking features of interest in the British possessions north of the United States. 
The general surroundings of the lake are similar to those of the upper lake. At a 
point on the east side of the lake, just above where it narrows, thus again forming 
the Columbia river, is a remarkable landscape view afforded by what is known as 
Deer Park. This is so named from its attractive and park-like appearance, and from 
the fact that it is frequented by a large number of deer. At the " Painted Rocks," 
a few miles below Deer Park are many Indian pictographs which have been rudely 
painted on precipitous and overhanging surfaces of rock. On the Columbia 10 miles 
south of the lake is the town of Robson the terminus of a railroad which runs 28 
miles east to Nelson. It is this line of road which conveys passengers and supplies 
to the great mining camps of the Kootenay Lake, and it is at Nelson that the prin- 
cipal trade of this rich section is handled. 

The Columbia & Kootenay Navigation Company operates a line of first-class 
passenger steamboats between Ravelstoke and Robson, a distance of 145 miles. 
About 90 miles of this distance lie through the Arrow Lakes, the remaining part of 
the journey being on the waters of the Columbia river. From Robson boats run south 
into Washington, where connection is made at Northport with the Spokane Falls & 
Northern railway. The Kootenay river flows into the Columbia at Robson. Nine 
miles from this point the volume of the Kootenay is increased by the waters of the 
Slocan river. The sinuousities of the valley of the latter stream are followed by the 
Columbia & Kootenay railway to Nelson. This valley is 28 miles in length and it is 
the most picturesque part of West Kootenay. The river 
here forces itself through a rocky pass to its junction with 
the Columbia below. The stream is very swift and 
along its course are numerous rapids. At one point on 
the river known as St. Agnes falls, the stream is divided 
into channels, the water in one channel falling vertically 
a distance of 30 feet and in the other it rushes down a 
deep chute with frightful velocity. The fall on the north 

Steamboat, Upper Columbia River. ... . , ., . .. /-.< 

side is a picturesque and striking feature of the river, 




580 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



its beauty being enhanced by the clear blue color of its waters. At certain seasons 
of the year fine trout may be taken from the basin below the falls in inexhaustible 
quantities. The other main falls of the river are known as Pillar and Geyser, both of 
which are situated a few miles below Nelson. 

The town of Nelson is situated on the west arm of Kootenay Lake, and it is at 
this point that the second great waterway and valley of the West Kootenay may be 
said to commence. It is in this region that the mineral developments now occupying 
so much attention are being made. Upper Kootenay Lake and Kootenay Lake 
proper are formed by the Kootenay river and numerous smaller streams which flow 
into the great basins lying between two distinct ranges of the Selkirk Mountains. 
Kootenay Lake, around which nearly all the mining camps of this section center, is 
a magnificent navigable body of water, ioo miles long and from three to five miles 
wide. The elevation of the lake is 1,750 feet above sea level, w T hile the crests of the 
mountain ranges which border it rise to a height of from 6,000 to 10,500 feet, the lat- 
ter elevation, however, being reached by but one or two peaks. 

The Kootenay river heads in the Rocky Mountains in East Kootenay. It first 
flows into the territory of the United States and thence courses back again into 
British Columbia through West Kootenay. Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, on the line of 
the Great Northern railroad, is the head of navigation on the river. From Bonner's 
Ferry it is about 100 miles to the north end of the lake. A line of boats runs between 
Kaslo and Nelson, on the lake, and Bonner's Ferry. The country surrounding 
Kootenay Lake has a most interesting history. Its progress during the past four 
years, more especially during the 12 months immediately preceding the date on which 
this article is written, indicates that it is rapidly becoming one of the greatest min- 
eral-producing districts in the Northwest. 

In the early 6o's the section of country bordering on Kootenay Lake was pros- 
pected for gold placers, and during that time a little dust was obtained from the beds 
of some of the creeks here, but not in sufficient quantities to justify the adventurers 
of those early days in remaining here long. The great deposits of galena on the east 

bank of the lake were noted by many 
early prospectors. Yet it is hardly 
proper to say that these deposits were 
discovered by them. Long before the 
country was prospected the officers of 
the Hudson's Bay Company had util- 
ized these galena ores for making their 
bullets, and the remains of the prim- 
itive furnaces may still be seen here. 
The first real start the section had as a 
mining section had its origin in the 
discovery of the Silver King mine on 
Toad Mountain, in the fall of 18S5. 
The following spring a few hardy 
prospectors straggled into the country, 
but most of these remained here only 
a short time. Between the time of 
the discovery of the Silver King and 1890 the Kootenay Lake district was prospected 
to some extent, but it was not until the season of 1891-92 that the rumors of the fabu- 



PHOTO. BY NEELANDS BROS 




First Peterboro on Kooten 



The Kootenay District, British Columbia. 5S1 

lously rich discoveries on Kaslo creek and in Slocan basin began to attract the atten- 
tion of mining men from abroad. These rumors were not at first given much cre- 
dence outside of the coast states, but as prospector after prospector returned with 
samples of ore which assayed over 190 ounces of silver to the ton, the wonderful rich- 
ness of this district began to be heralded to the world. Careful investigation 
showed that these samples were taken from large ledges, and this was at once ac- 
cepted as conclusive proof of the remarkable mineral surface showing of the entiie 
Kootenay district. 

These discoveries resulted in the establishment of numerous mining camps which 
were scattered over the Kootenay country and in the laying out of a large number of 
townsites. A few of the latter have developed into prosperous towns, but this sec- 
tion, like all other silver-producing belts, has felt the stagnation in the silver market 
and for the last months of 1893 the section was duller than it was during the 
early part of the year. 

Commencing with the Toad Mountain District, this article will briefly recite 
the principal features of interest of the more important mining centers of West 
Kootenay. 

The Silver King group of mines on Toad Mountain are the best developed and 
the most valuable mines of West Kootenay. The ore in these mines is chiefly what 
is known as Peacock copper, with some copper pyrites and tetrathedite. The strati- 
fied rock in which the metalliferous deposits of Toad Mountain have been found 
appear to be surrounded on all sides by granite. The lode of the Silver King group 
of mines is of a peculiar character, inasmuch as it has no distinct walls but occurs as 
a zone of variable and sometimes apparently indefinite width of shattered and 
mineralized rock, throughout which veins of pure and rich argentiferous ore occur 
somewhat irregularly. Where gangue appears it is principally quartz, but there is 
on the whole here a notable absence of crystalized vein matter, the ore apparently 
filling irregular crevices and runuiug in chutes and spurs into the rock so as to form 
here and there in considerable masses. 

The Silver King mine was bonded to an English syndicate for $ 2,000,000. About 
$150,000 has already been expended in development work on the mine and it is esti- 
mated that there is now half a million dollars worth of ore lying on the dump in front 
of the mine. Shipments of nearly- 200 tons of ore from this mine have been made to 
the smelters at Butte, Montana, at a cost of $33 a ton. The ore has yielded on an 
average 300 ounces of silver to the ton and 28 per cent, in copper. 

Other Toad Mountain mines have produced ore which averages 35 ounces in sil- 
ver to the ton and 12 per cent, copper. On this mountain there is also a gold belt on 
which some development work has already been done. The free-milling gold quartz 
found here assays from $15 to $30. These gold properties will prove valuable on a 
fuller development. 

After leaving Nelson and the Toad Mountain mines, the next important mining 
section on Kootenay Lake is at Pilot Bay. This indentation is located about 20 miles 
east of Nelson. It is on the shores of this bay that the Kootenay Lake Reductiou 
Company are now erecting a smelter which, when completed, will have a daily capa- 
citv of 100 tons. About 70 claims located near Pilot Bay have been recorded. The 
Hendry group of mines here, of which the Blue Bell is the richest, are the most im- 
portant in the locality. These mines contain numerous deposits of low-grade silver- 
bearing galena and also a mixture of iron and copper pyrites. Almost directly oppo- 



582 The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

site the Hendry camp is the town of Ainsworth, with a population of 300. A group 
of mineral springs is situated in the northern part of the townsite. The waters of 
these springs contain sulphur and soda and their temperature is about 120 degrees 
Farenheit. Some radical cures of chronic rheumatism have been effected by the 
waters of these springs, and they are also beneficial in cases of dyspepsia and general 
debility. 

The mineralized area back of Ainsworth rises abruptly from the lake to a height 
of nearly 6,000 feet. This elevation is attained, however, by a series of terraces 
varying in height from a few hundred feet each up to 1,000 feet. On these terraces 
veins of galena ore run northerly, almost parallel with the lake, and the continu- 
ous croppings of these veins may, in some instances, be followed two or three miles 
without a break. The veins dip to the westward at an average angle of 45 . The 
ores of most of the mines in this locality run from 25 to 100 ounces in silver, and 
carry from 20 to 70 per cent of lead. In a few of the mines here very rich deposits 
of ore have been found, assaying as high as 300 ounces in silver. 

There are 20 mines in the Hot Springs camp at Ainsworth on which extensive 
development work has been done. Ten tons of ore shipped to the Tacoma smelter 
from one of these mines, yielded an average of $600 to the ton. One hundred tons 
of ore sent to a Butte smelter from a mine here, averaged 100 ounces in silver to the 
ton. Two hundred mining claims have been recorded in the recorder's office at 
Ainsworth, and the indications are that this point will become one of the most suc- 
cessful mining camps on the lake. 

Twelve miles north of Ainsworth is the town of Kaslo, which is situated at the 
mouth of the creek of the same name. The group of mines nearest to Kaslo are situ- 
ated on the south fork of Kaslo creek, seven miles distant from the town, and are 
known as the Montezuma group. The principal claim here shows a vein eight feet 
wide of nearly solid ore, assaying very high in lead, and from 60 to 136 ounces in 
silver. On the north fork of Kaslo creek several valuable discoveries have been 
made. Some very rich ledges of gray copper have been found here, but the ore 
of the group is principally a high-grade galena. On nearly every creek in the 
vicinity of Kaslo immense ore lodes have been opened up in the past two years. 
These ores are carbonates, gray copper and galena. A large number of mines in the 
district have been developed sufficiently to show the permanence of the ledges. 
That this is one of the most remarkable mineral regions in the West is now admit- 
ted by practical mining men and capitalists. Many of the mines here have been 
bonded for from $40,000 to $80,000 each. Shipments of ore from these mines to the 
smelters in the United States have yielded, in some cases, over 200 ounces of silver 
to the ton. Some of the mines in the district have well denned ledges of carbon- 
ates and galena, assaying from 300 to 350 ounces. Other mines have certain ledges 
from 8 to 20 feet wide, which contain high-grade galena ore. 

A local paper at Kaslo concisely states the possibilities of this region in the fol- 
lowing paragraph : "Within 18 miles of Kaslo there are now discovered more rich 
mines than there are within 200 miles of Denver, Colorado, which now has a popu- 
lation of nearly 175,000." 

The present depressed condition of the silver market is a serious drawback to 
the development of the mineral properties of West Kootenay. At the present writ- 
ing it is almost impossible for mine owners to secure capital to develop silver prop- 
erties which, under more favorable circumstances, would be rich paying mines. 



The Kootenay District, British Columbia. 583 

However, the fortunate fact remains to console the mine owners of this section, that 
the ores here are sufficiently rich to allow the mines to be worked at a profit even if 
silver should be limited to utilization in the arts. If the present agitation for a 
universal bimetallic standard of coinage should succeed, as its advocates hope it 
will, it would result, it is believed, in making the Kootenay district the foremost sil- 
ver-producing district of the world. 

Nearly 28 miles west of the town of Kaslo and about 30 miles north of the con- 
fluence of the Slocan and Kootenay rivers, is Slocan Lake. This lake lies in the 
center of the wonderfully rich mineral district known as the Slocan country. The 
richest mines in the Slocan district are situated on the summit of the divide between 
Kootenay and Slocan Lakes. It was not until October, 1S91, that the first discov- 
eries were made here. The area of the mineralized zone on this slope is roughly es- 
timated to be from 10 to 12 miles square. In this area the rock is slate or shale of a 
blackish color traversed by dikes of porphyry, and its limits are clearly marked by 
the country granite which cuts it off on all sides, except to the east, where it extends 
across the range of hills through what has been described as the Kaslo country, back 
of which the granite comes in, making the circle complete. Throughout this area 
the ledges of high-grade galena are numerous. They are also all definitely known 
as fissure veins. The ledges run in one unvarying direction, northwest and south- 
east, while the lay of the slate is also northwest and southeast. The country rocks 
dip to the east at an angle while the mineral ledges dip just the opposite way. 
Hardly any ore has been found here running under 100 ounces in silver and 40 per 
cent, lead, and from this the returns have been way up into the thousands, the re- 
sults of the assays depending on the proportions of gray copper, native ruby or anti- 
monial silver present in the ore. In this district about 150 claims have already been 
developed. Along Seatin and Carpenter creeks are a number of prospects that have 
been bonded for over $40,000 each. 

On a mountain called Noble Five Hill is the Bonanza group of mines, valued at 
$500,000. At the Slocan Star Mine, on London creek, there is a boulder of galena 
float measuring 125 tons which recently sold on the ground for $5,000. There are 
dozens of mines here with ores assaying from over 100 ounces in silver. Twenty 
assays made of ore from this district ran all the way from 20 to 2,000 ounces in silver 
per ton, the average having been 175 ounces. Many of the mineral ledges here are 
from eight to 25 feet wide and contain from 18 inches to six feet of solid galena. 
Never in the history of mining in America has there been a purely surface showing 
of ore and character of assay equal to that of the Slocan district. On a number of 
ledges in the Slocan district sufficient development work has been done to show their 
permanent nature, and mining engineers and experts are of the opinion that none of 
the galena-bearing ledges of the Slocan slope will deteriorate in value as they be- 
come developed. The best and most accessible trail into the Slocan country is the 
one from Kaslo via Kaslo creek, although there are two other traveled trails and 
half a dozen passes through which easy ingress is made to the district. 

Throughout the entire mineral belt of West Kootenay there are a number of pro- 
jects on foot for building trails and railroad lines to the more important mining cen- 
ters, and work on some of these projects has already been commenced. The pro- 
vincial government is now expending large sums in grading roads to the mines and 
in a year or two hence the most remote parts of West Kootenay will be reached with 
but little difficulty from points on Kootenay Lake which are now on the regular lines 
of steamboat travel. 



584 The Oregonian 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

The Salmon River Mines.— Just north of the international boundary and 
22 miles from the British town of Wanita, are the extensive placer fields of the Sal- 
mon river. This stream rises near Toad Mountain and flows south, emptying into 
the Pend d'Oreille river. The latter stream is noted for its varied nomenclature. It 
rises among the mountains around Butte, Montana, and is first known as Silver Bow 
creek. When it reaches the Deer Lodge valley it becomes the Deer Lodge river, and 
afterwards successively the Hell Gate, Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and finally the 
Pend d'Oreille. Along the tortuous course of this mountainous river are many pic- 
turesque bits of canyon structure and a succession of charming landscape scenes. It 
flows into the Columbia on the boundary line near Fort Shepherd, an old abandoned 
post of the Hudson's Bay Company. It is at and near the confluence of the Pend 
d'Oreille and Salmon rivers that the placer mining of the Salmon River district is 
successfully carried on. 

The placer ground in this district consists of a blue gravel containing little, if any, 
pipe clay. It is rich in coarse gold and it yields on an average 25 cents per cubic 
yard. In spots the ground is much more productive than this, and a few miners here 
have realized a large sum by ground sluicing with the most primitive apparatus. 
Nearly all the gravel banks here are high and it is necessary to convey water to them 
by ditches from 1 to 10 miles in length. The cost of building a ditch with a capacity 
of 600 inches of water here is about $2.50 per rod. The Salmon river has a fall of 
from 20 to 150 feet to the mile. It is believed by experts who have examined the 
ground here that the largest deposits of placer gold are to be found in the bed of 
the river. 

The Salmon River district is as yet a comparatively unexplored country. It has 
recently attracted the attention of mining men of wealth, and this, with its accessi- 
bility and the richness of its placers, will doubtless lead to its soon becoming the 
scene of extensive mining operations. 

A description of the claim owned by Mr. Rudolph Gorkow, the Spokane brewer, 
will give a fair illustration of mining on Salmon river. This claim is 130 acres in 
extent. It is a well developed, dividend-paving property. The gravel on it yields 
on an average 35 cents per cubic yard. Over $7,000 was spent in improving the 
claim. A ditch two miles in length with a capacity of 1,500 inches of water was 
built from Six Mile creek to the mine. The fluming is Soo feet in length. The work- 
men in setting the sluice boxes here cleaned up $25 in coarse gold off a strip of bed- 
rock 4 feet wide and 12 feet long. This indicates the richness of the ground. There 
are in use on this mine a number of 4-foot sluice boxes set on a grade of 8 inches to 
every 16 feet. The plant has a 300-foot water pressure and a capacity of 2,000 cubic 
yards per day. Associated with Mr. Gorkow in the ownership of the mine are Leo 
Suter and Captain McCormick. 

The Salmon river gravel banks are much richer than those now being worked in 
California, as the latter yield only 10 cents per cubic yard. Nor far distant from the 
Salmon river diggings is the Trail Creek district, a mining region of growing 
importance. 

The Trail Ci*eek District.— The Trail Creek district is situated on the 
west side of the Columbia river, 12 miles from Northport, a station on the line of the 
Spokane Falls & Northern railway. This district contains a number of developed 
mines. These are the War Eagle, O. K., Le Roy, Center Star and Josie. In all of 



Kaslo, British Columbia. 585 

these rniiies except the O. K., the ore is a sulphide of iron and copper averaging $30 
of gold to the ton. A sample ton of ore shipped from Trail creek in 1893 
netted $304. 

Not far from the head of Trail creek, and separated from it by a low divide, is 
Sheep creek. In August, 1893, two men working on the O. K. mine on this creek, 
pounded out $1,200 in gold in a common hand mortar in six days. The ore in this 
mine is a sulphide carrying free gold and galena. A pyritic smelter will be built at 
Northport for the treatment of ores from Trail creek. This smelter will cause the 
thriving town in which it is to be built to become an important mining center. It 
will also tend to attract attention to the many valuable Trail creek properties now 
awaiting capital to develop them. 

Kaslo, British Columbia. — For several years prior to 1892 many valuable 
mineral discoveries were made in the Selkirk range of mountains near Kootenay 
Lake. These discoveries finally attracted the attention of prospectors in the United 
States and commencing with the spring of 1892 thousands of mining men started for 
the mineral districts of West Kootenay. In anticipation of the coming of this army of 
men, an enterprising company staked out a townsite where the Kaslo river empties into 
Kootenay Lake. The town which sprung up here was named Kaslo and is today one 
of the leading centers of the great mining district of West Kootenay. 

In March, 1892, Kaslo contained but one house. Twelve months later there 
were over 200 buildings in the town and the population had increased from nothing 
to nearly 1.600. Not including the town's population at that time, there were 2,500 
men prospecting in the mountains near Kaslo during the summer and fall mouths 
of 1893. 

It is something of an anomaly that the entire population of a town on British 
soil should consist of citizens of the United States. The most distinctive feature of 
Kaslo's population is the entire absence of foreign faces and the people here are made 
up principally of the same types that in the early 6o's flocked to Butte, Leadville, 
Creede and other great American mining camps. 

The people of Kaslo have the utmost confidence in the permanency of their town, 
yet its future at the present writing can hardly be said to be a fixed fact. The hopes 
and possibilities of the maintainauce of a town at this point depend altogether on 
the future development of the great mineral districts surrounding it. Were it not 
for the decline in the price of silver, Kaslo could in 1893 have secured ample capital 
for the development and opening up of the rich mineral discoveries in the vicinity 
of the town. As it is, many encouraging prospects in the neighborhood of Kaslo are 
lying idle, properties that in an encouraging condition of the money market would 
be worth many thousands of dollars. Should silver resume its place as a medium of 
value which it formerly enjoyed, Kaslo and its immediate tributary mineral belt would 
become the scene of one of the greatest activities in the mining world. 

The picturesque location of the town of Kaslo, the mountain-enclosed lake on 
which it is located and its wealth of scenic surroundings combine to make it one of 
the most attractive mining camps in the world. Kaslo is easily reached from Ameri- 
can points by either one of two routes. One of these is via the Spokane Falls & 
Northern Railway to Nelson and from thence by a daily line of steamers which oper- 
ates to Kaslo direct, and the other is over the Great Northern Railway to Bonner's 
Ferry, Idaho, where connection is also made with steamers running to Kaslo. Kaslo 



586 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



is about 45 miles east of Nelson, 90 miles north of Bonner's Ferry and nearly 210 
miles northwest of Spokane. The town contains several well conducted hotels, and 
recently the miners here, with the customary liberality of their class, have subscribed 
for the erection of a church and school house. A wagon road has been graded from this 
point to tap the rich Slocan country, some 26 miles to the west. A railroad line is 
also projected to follow the course of the wagon road and some preliminary work has 
been done on this line. All the supplies for the Slocan district are conveyed from 
Kaslo by freight wagons and pack mules. These freight trains bring back from the 
mines sacks of ore which are loaded on steamers at Kaslo and carried away for 
reshipment by rail to distant smelters in Montana and on Puget Sound. The first 
shipments of ore from the Slocan-Kaslo district were made in 1893. Although these 
shipments were small in quantity they netted a large sum of money after paying 
transportation charges. 

Kaslo is now the outfitting point, the port of entry and the base of supplies for 
the richest mineral districts of West Kootenay, which, together with its command- 
ing position and accessibility, will always make Kaslo one of the leading mining 
centers of British Columbia. 

Nelson, British Columbia. — Situated in the heart of the mineral belt ot 
the Selkirk Mountains, on the navigable western arm of Kootenay Lake, is the town 

of Nelson, the port of entry 



PHOTO. BY NEEL 




LOOKING UP KOOTENAY LAKE FROM NELSON. 



and the judicial and com- 
mercial center of the subdi- 
vision of British Columbia 
known as West Kootenay. 
The topography, geographi- 
cal location and resources of 
this section are fully de- 
scribed in a separate article 
published in " The Hand- 
book." 

A branch of the Cana- 
dian Pacific railway starts 
from Nelson and extends for 
a distance of 28 miles to Robson, on the Columbia river, where connection is made 
with a steamboat line which operates on the Columbia river as far north as Ravel- 
stoke, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific. A steamer also runs south from 
the rail connection on the Columbia as far as the Little Dalles, a station in Colville 
county, Washington, on the line of the Spokane Falls & Northern railway. After 
about February of the present year (1894), Nelson will have direct rail connection 
with Spokane over the line of the Fort Shepherd & Nelson railway, which is practi- 
cally a continuation of the Spokane Falls & Northern. 

Nelson owes its birth and its present importance as a town to the discovery of 
valuable ledges of silver quartz, in 1886, on Toad Mountain, six miles distant. It 
was not until July of 1887, however, that the now famous silver claims of Toad 
mountain were recorded under the names of the Kootenay, Bonanza and Silver King. 
These discoveries soon attracted the attention of the Provincial government, railway 
men and traders, and as a result an excitement was stirred up which resulted in the 
country being covered with an army of prospectors, and the great influx of people 



Nelson, British Columbia. 



587 



resulted in the establishment of the town of Nelson in the spring of 1888. In 1891 
the railroad was completed to Nelson, and about the same time the Columbia & Koot- 
enay Navigation Company commenced to operate a line of boats from Nelson to 
points on Kootenay Lake and to Bonner's Ferry, Washington, where connection was 
made with the Great Northern railway. 
Nelson was at once made the mineral 
recording point for the surrounding min- 
eral districts, including those of Kaslo, 
Slocan and the Duncan river. The same 
year the Provincial government expended 
$4,500 in making streets and in other pub- 
lic improvements at Nelson. With the 

substantial support from the govern- 't^^f^^M',^ 

ment Nelson soon grew to be a thriving . -f_fc~^^jiT^7^ 



HOTO. BY NEELANDS BR 






s^V 



*.->-. 




!*i£& S !er-&r 







NELSON FROM ACR 



town of over 1,800 inhabitants. It now f^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^ii^:/ : 
has fine school houses, comfortable 'p'*«j i ~ 
church buildings, a fine system of water 

works, a telephone line, a sawmill, and a good fire department. : , ., 

The leading business houses occupy substantial buildings, and ^M^ J - •'.•% 

many of the residences of the town are large and of a very attrac- <>. ^0ffy ^t$&£. 
tive style of architecture. ^^^^^^^ 

Nelson is the banking center of the Kootenay min- -^^*^-%£.WI&.^$£- 
eral districts. There are located at this point branches ^"^iiJ£ 

of the Bank of British Columbia and the Bank _ . -::^ f f^H'* 

of Montreal. In the vicinity of the town is some 
of the most picturesque scenery in America. 
The routes of travel to this point, from any di- 
rection, and by either rail or water, present an 
ever-changing panorama of river and mountain 
views. Kootenay Lake, which is 1,750 feet above sea level, occupies a basin in the Sel- 
kirk range of mountains. It is completely hemmed in on all sides by snow- 
capped mountain peaks, which end abruptly at 
the water's edge. This lake is over 80 miles 
in length, and is formed by a widening out of 
the Kootenay river. The waters of the lake 
are very deep. The Kootenay river, by which 
it is fed, suddenly emerges here from a con- 
tracted channel and pours its waters into the 
deep depression which the lake occupies. At 
Nelson and from this point to its junction with 
the Columbia river at Robson, a distance of 28 
miles, the river again becomes very narrow. 
For this distance the stream is a turbulent tor- 
rent, making three distinct falls over huge 
ledges of rock before its waters finally join 
those of the larger stream below. Along this 
entire distance of 28 miles there is the best of 
trout fishing. The river here teems with the 
largest of mountain trout, and during the 




588 The Oregoniaris Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

months of July and August, when the water is low, catches of 75 pounds are fre- 
quently made by visiting anglers in a single day's fishing. In the mountains near 
Nelson are plenty of large game, bear being the most plentiful. 

Nelson is at present a mining town depending solely upon the development of 
the great mineral districts that surround it. That these districts will eventually 
become the scene of the greatest mining activity in the West is now conceded by 
practical mining men who have carefully investigated their possibilities. This region 
is as yet comparatively unknown, but as it is developed the importance of the town 
of Nelson will increase, and this will probably always remain the chief commercial 
center of the immense district now tributary to it. 



Horticulture in Oregon. — [Extracts from an able article written by E. W. 
Allen, secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, for The Oregonian's "Sou- 
venir." It may be mentioned that the lands especially adapted to fruit culture in 
the State of Washington are similar in every respect to the best fruit lands of Oregon 
to the south, and any article on horticulture written for Oregon will apply equally as 
well to this industry in Washington.] 

Among the heroic souls who came to Oregon in 1847 was Henderson Lewelling, 
from Southeastern Iowa. This pioneer conceived the idea of transporting to Oregon 
a nursery on wheels. This idea he proceeded to put into execution by making two 
boxes 12 inches deep and just wide enongh to fill the wagon bed. These he filled 
with a composition of earth and charcoal, in which he planted some 700 trees and 
shrubs. These were protected from the stock by a light framework fastened to the 
wagon bed. That load was, doubtless, for many reasons, the most difficult one to 
handle that ever crossed the plains, and yet it has been truly said "that load of 
trees contained health, wealth and comfort for the old pioneers of Oregon ;" and 
that load of living trees and shrubs brought more wealth to the state than any ship 
that ever entered the Columbia river. It was the parent of all our nurseries, and 
gave to Oregon a name and fame she would never have had without it. These trees 
were planted at Milwaukie, six miles south of Portland, and the sale of fruit and 
grafts from them brought wealth to the enterprising proprietor. William Meek, who 
had the forethought to provide himself with a sack of apple seeds before starting 
for Oregon, arrived here the same year, and a partnership was formed between Mr. 
Lewelling and Mr. Meek, and the first nursery was started in 1848. 

The first stock upon which to bud and graft was secured from plum roots 
brought from Rogue River valley, and from seedlings grown on French Prairie 
from apple seeds taken from apples grown on the trees that were produced from 
the apple seeds brought to this coast 20 years before. It soon became known to 
the settlers of the Willamette valley that a limited supply of nursery stock could 
be purchased here, and during the fall of 1848 and spring of 1849 they came from 
all parts of the valley for trees to set in the yards surrounding the new homes of 
the pioneers. In 1850 a second nursery was started near Butteville by a Mr. Ladd. 
George Settlemier (father to J. H. and H. W. Settlemier, present well-known nursery- 
men), arrived the same year from the East with a good supply of fruit and orna- 
mental tree seeds of different kinds, which he planted on Green Point, but after- 
wards removed them to Mt. Angel, his present home. The same year Mr. Lewel- 
ling returned East and made another shipment of trees, this time selecting them 
from some of the celebrated nurseries of New York state, and shipping them via 



Horticulture in Oregon. <589 

Panama. Thus reinforced by the addition of many new varieties, it may be said 
that horticulture was firmly and pretty thoroughly established in Oregon. 

The Varieties First Introduced. — Among the fruits first planted in Oregon 
the following well-known varieties appear. In apples, the Gravenstein, Red June, 
Red Astrachan, Summer Sweet, Early Harvest, Blue Pearmain, White Winter Pear- 
main, Genet, Gloria Mundi, Baldwin, Rambo, Winesap, American Pippin, Red Cheek 
Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Virginia Greening, Spitzenberg, Northern Spv, 
Swaar and Waxen. In pears, Fall Butter, Bartlett, Seckle, Winter Nellis and Pound. 
In cherries, Early Kent, May Duke, Oxheart, Governor Wood and Black Tartarian. 
In peaches, Hale's Early, Early Crawford and Golden Cling. In plums, Peach 
Plum, Green Gage, Jefferson, Washington, Coe's Late Red, Reine Claude and the 
Little German Prune. In grapes, the Catawba and Isabella. In addition to the 
above standard varieties, there were a number of Oregon grown seedlings that were 
not without merit, and many of them have since taken rank as among the first in 
the catalogue of choice varieties. 

Prosperous Times for the Fruit Grower. — The first box of apples placed 
upon the market by Lewelling & Meek contained 75 apples, and were eagerly pur- 
chased by the fruit-hungry crowd that surrounded them on the sidewalk in the 
streets of Portland at $1 each. The great immigration to California, caused by the 
discovery of gold, created a market for everything edible, and the " big red apples " 
from Oregon were sold at enormous prices to miners and others. In 1853 a ^ ew 
boxes, securely bound with strap-iron, were shipped to San Francisco on a venture, 
and found a ready market at $2 per pound. A second shipment of 500 bushels was 
made in 1854 with equally good results. In 1855, 6,000 bushels were shipped and 
netted the shippers $20 to $30 per bushel. These prices not only stimulated the 
farmers of the Willamette valley to put forth their best efforts in the planting of 
fruit trees, but the climate and soil seemed also to vie with these efforts in bring- 
ing forth wonderful crop results, and in 1856 20,000 bushels of apples were shipped, 
one bushel of Esopus Spitzenbergs bringing the shipper a net profit of $60, and three 
bushels of Winesaps sold on the streets of Portland for $102. Several persons made 
fortunes from fruit growing, and these persons are at the present day enjoying the 
well-merited reward of their early labors in thus laying the foundations of horticul- 
ture in Oregon. The high prices then obtained gave a great impetus to the planting 
of orchards, but when these came into bearing the increase of supply brought prices 
down, and California being the only market available, the supply very soon exceeded 
the demand, the result of which was that a general feeling of carelessness perme- 
ated the fruit growers of Oregon, and but little attention was paid to taking proper 
care of the orchards, or the enormous crops that they produced. These remarks apply 
almost exclusively to that part of Oregon known as the Willamette valley. The fruit 
yield in this valley alone has been estimated at 1,300,000 bushels per annnm. 

Prune Growing. — The part of the earth's surface where the prune can be 
grown in all its perfection is comparatively very small, and in no part can the vari- 
eties be grown to such perfection as they can in Oregon. France, Germany and 
Italy are the great prune-producing countries of Europe, and yet in not one of those 
countries do all the different varieties do equally well. The French, the German 
and the Italian prunes are each adapted to the country from which they take their 
name, but in Oregon they all do well, and each variety attains its highest stage of 
perfection. Oregon had no trouble in taking the four sweepstake premiums on the 



590 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

above varieties, when placed in competition with prunes grown in these European 
countries, at the Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, in 1876, and again at the 
World's Cotton Centennial Exposition, at New Orleans, in 1885. There is no fruit in 
the world so easily produced and so readily prepared for the market, and with so 
large a percentage of a certainty of a crop, and so remunerative to the grower, as is 
the prune when planted in a soil and surrounded b} 7 a climate suited for it. Thus it 
is that in Oregon is found that combination of soil and climate in which the prune 
especially delights and in which it reaches perfection. 

The prune is a fruit peculiarly sensitive both to soil and climate. The fruit is a 
large feeder and reaches its greatest perfection in a rich and heavy soil, with a good 
under-drainage, but with a sufficient moisture to feed it. The prime requisites in 
the prune are, a solid, firm flesh that will not ferment at the pit in drying, a rich 
fruity flavor and bouquet, and a keeping quality that will stand the test of years with- 
out serious loss from shrinkage, and those sections of the world which possess the 
peculiarities of soil and climate which insure these in their greatest perfection are 
the true and only places where the prune can be grown with success. The drying 
qualities of the prune are also greatly affected by the different soils in which it is 
grown. In some localities it will shrink in drying four to one, whilst in others two 
and one-half pounds of green fruit will make one pound of evaporated. If the cli- 
mate is too hot when the prune begins to ripen, it shrivels up and becomes leath- 
ery ; if too cold, the fruit does not acquire the saccharine juices that are so essen- 
tial to its flavor. This is peculiarly true of the best variety grown, the Italian, which 
is without question the par excellence of all prunes grown. Thus it will be seen, when 
the comparison is made between the soil and climate of Oregon as it is, and that required 
to produce the prune in all its perfection, that here is found the natural home of the 
prune, and w T hile other less favored sections of the world will continue to produce 
the prune in a limited extent, still the time will soon come when the consumer 
will look to Oregon for that prune which will outrival all others in all the essen- 
tial qualities of the most perfect fruit. The fact that the climate and soil of Oregon 
are so well adapted to the growth of the prune is but little known even among her 
own people. A number of her more enterprising horticulturists have, however, suc- 
ceeded, during the past few years, in demonstrating this fact, and the horticultural 
pulse has been very much quickened thereby. 

It is not within the province of this article to enter into the details of the pro- 
duction of the prune ready for the market, and yet it may not be out of place to 
give a few figures relative to the cost of planting and caring for an orchard until it 
comes into bearing or paying condition. The cost of the trees — 108 — set 20 feet apart 
each way, together with the plowing, planting and necessary cultivation for the period 
of three years, will, in an orchard of not less than 10 acres, be not far from $50 per 
acre. 

The trees come into bearing the third year, and reach their full bearing about 
the seventh. One hundred and fifty pounds of green fruit to the tree is a low esti- 
mate of the average yield, and i}4 cents per pound is a low price for the green fruit. 
The gross amount received from one acre of prunes, at this rate, sold green, would 
be $243, and the $43 will more than pay the annual expense per acre. By evaporat- 
ing the prunes, these profits can be still further increased, three pounds of green 
fruit making one of the evaporated. That these figures are low is evidenced from 
the fact that many times that amount has been realized per acre from the crop of 



Horticulture in Oregon. 591 

prunes produced. Is it to be wondered at, then, that prune orchards in full bearing 
are valued at $1,000 per acre ? 

Apples, Pears, Cherries and Peaches. — Apples grow to perfection in all 
parts of the state. Oregon is justly entitled to the sobriquet of ''The land of the big 
red apple." The tree is indigenous to the soil, the fruit of the orchard is large, and 
highly colored and of delicate taste. Trees are stout and hardy, and bear so bounti- 
fully that without due care they are liable to be broken down by overbearing. All 
the varieties grown anywhere can be successfully grown here, therefore there is no 
call for growing a poor variety because it is better adapted to the climate than is some 
choice one. 

What has been said about apples will apply with equal force and truth to the 
pear. Pears of all the best known varieties are grown and do well in nearly all parts 
of the state. The trees are hardy, bearing at a remarkably early age, and yielding 
sweet, mellow fruit, which cannot be excelled either in size or flavor. Nothing is 
more delicious than an Oregon grown pear. Some specimens attain a weight of 
three pounds and upwards. So much can be said about the perfection the apple and 
the pear attain here, that one is inclined to be a little modest when talking about 
some of the other fruits. Yet the writer has often thought that if there was any one 
fruit that just reveled in Oregon soil and climate more than another, that one was 
the cherry. The person that has not seen an Oregon cherry, has certainly never 
seen one in all its perfection. The trees are hardy and heavy bearers, and the fruit is 
so superior in size and beauty, that its value for shipping and market purposes, leaves 
nothing to be desired. There are trees in the Willamette valley that yield annually 
over i, ooo pounds of fine marketable cherries. All varieties do well here, and yet 
some of the very best grown are Oregon seedlings, viz : the Black Republican, the 
Oregon, the Bing and the Lambert. Peaches are grown here in great profusion and per- 
fection, especially in Southern Oregon, and in certain portions of the Willamette vallev, 
and in the district surrounding Portland, and in the valleys adjacent to the Columbia 
river in Eastern Oregon. With proper care the peach orchard may be made to yield not 
alone for home consumption, but also for export. Some varieties of this delicate 
fruit are produced which, for beauty and quality, cannot be surpassed. 

Apricots, Quinces and Figs. — The apricot, like the peach, does well in the 
valleys of Southern Oregon and in the valleys along the Columbia river. It has also 
been found that the apricot is unlike the peach, inasmuch as it will also do well in 
the strong and heavier soils wherein flourish the apple and the prune. This fact will 
give it more prominence among the fruits that will be grown for markets, for the 
apricot is a rapid grower and an early and heavy bearer, and the fruit produced is of 
the finest quality. 

The quince is a fruit but little grown in Oregon, as yet, on account of the limited 
demand for home consumption. The conditions, however, of the climate and soil 
are well adapted to the production of the quince in its highest stage of perfection. 

The fig is not a fruit that can be grown in Oregon with the same success and per- 
fection as can those before mentioned, but that figs can be grown in Oregon, under 
favorable conditions and treatment, has been fully demonstrated. Mr. A. T. Hawley, 
a gentleman and writer of large and extensive observation, both in the Southern 
states and California, in an article on " Fig Culture in Oregon," read before the State 
Horticultural Society, after reciting his observations since 1885, says : "The follow- 



592 The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 

ing conclusions can be deduced with absolute certainty : Figs of fine varieties can 
be grown in the valleys of Western Oregon. The most intelligent care must be exer- 
cised in the selection of localities for planting. Absolute protection against the frosts 
and ice of our infrequently severe winters must be carefully provided for. From 
judicious planting and cultivation of the slips of the acclimated and naturalized trees 
or bushes already referred to, the shade of the fig tree as well as the vine, could in a 
few years become a universal feature of Western Oregon landscape." These things 
are said of the fig, not that it is claimed that any great financial profit will ever be 
realized from fig culture in Oregon, but that those not acquainted with the climatic 
conditions of Oregon may be made acquainted with some of her wonderful possibil- 
ities, and those who are residents may know that " the value and beauty of every 
homestead in this section can be greatly enhanced by introducing this healthful and 
delicious fruit." 

Grapes. — The grape may be profitably grown in nearly all parts of the state, 
and yet the climate of the lower Willamette valley is not so well adapted to its suc- 
cessful cultivation as are the valleys of Southern Oregon, or those adjacent to the 
Columbia river in the eastern part of the state. In these localities they may be, and 
are, produced in unlimited quanties, and of the very best quality. Men of wide 
experience concede that the grapes grown in Jackson county are unequaled, and 
enthusiastic wine drinkers have foreseen a " time when all the hillsides of that and 
adioining counties will be covered with vineyards, and when the appetites of an over- 
flowing population, appeased b}' their own beverage, will enjoy life in the shade of 
the vine, and that the laurels of France and Germany and other foreign wine-produc- 
ing countries, as well as California, would be wrested from them and worn by the 
lovely vale of the Rogue river, which will then be the abundant producer of the 
best wines." 

Small Fruits. — Small fruits of all kinds and of all varieties, large in size, delic- 
ious in flavor, and perfect in all respects, are easily grown and are abundant in all 
parts of the state. Some valuable seedlings among the small fruits have been pro- 
duced here, notable among which may be mentioned, the Oregon Everbearing Straw- 
berry, which is thought to be a seedling of the Triomphe de Gand, which is also an 
Oregon seedling produced by a cross between the native strawberries of Oregon and 
West Virginia. This promises to be one of the most prolific and continuous bearers 
ever produced. Berries from these vines have been grown in the open field, near 
Portland, and placed in the market as early as the middle of April, and as late as the 
middle of December. 

SOILS and Location. — In our favorable climate fruit trees of all but the citrus 
varieties, will thrive and do fairly well in almost any soil or location found in West- 
ern Oregon, except dry sand or wet swamp, but there is much to be gained in this as 
well as in other climates, by a judicious selection of soil and location. A strong 
loam soil, with just sufficient sand to make it easily worked is, on the whole, the 
best for fruit trees. The soil most inviting to the eye is the sandy loam. Owing to 
its loose and very fragile nature it is easily worked, and the rapidity which from its 
warmth, trees of all kinds attain their growth and come into early bearing, causes it 
to be looked upon with almost universal favor. The facts are that, on the whole, the 
light, sandy loam is the worst soil for fruit trees. During the warm summer months 
the tree needs a soil which will retain and afford a moderate and continued supply of 
moisture, and here the sandy soil fails, the consequence of which is that the vigor 



Horticulture in Oregon. 593 

and health of the tree are impaired, and it is comparatively short lived and unpro- 
ductive. As a tree in a weak and feeble state is more liable to be attacked by insects 
than those that are health)-, those that are grown upon light, weak soil are the first 
to fall a. prey to them. 

The heavy soils of the valleys and the foothills, are therefore the ones to be 
selected in preference to the light, sandy soils of the river bottoms. One thing, how- 
ever, is absolutely necessary to make a success in orcharding, and that is, to see that 
the laud is thoroughly under-drained. If it has not a natural under-drainage, then it 
should be tiled. Wet, cold feet is the cause of more failures in growing fruit trees 
in Oregon than all other causes combined. 

Insect Pests. — Oregon, to within a few years, has enjoyed a freedom from 
insect pests in her orchards not found in any other fruit-producing state in the union. 
This was largely due to her isolation from the states thus infested, making it difficult 
for insects to be transported and find lodgment within her borders. This very desir- 
able — on some accounts — condition of affairs had existed for so many years that 
many of the fruit growers of the state had settled down to the firm belief that, owing 
to some peculiar conditions of climate and soil, Oregon was destined to remain 
exempt from the pestiferous iusects that were playing so destructive a part in fruit 
growing in other parts of our country, where they were contesting the field, as it 
were, with the orchardists as to which should secure the crop. The advent of rail- 
roads, which brought the importation of fruit and fruit trees from other statt s, 
brought to our healthy trees and luscious fruits enemies that have, since their advent, 
waged a war upon them that has brought the thoughtful and observant fruit grower to 
realize that hereafter iu Oregon, as elsewhere, only by eternal vigilance can the big red 
apple of Oregon be preserved from the ravages of the codlin moth, and the fruit and 
other trees saved from the destructive greed of the wooley aphis and San Jose scale. 
This new condition of affairs has, however, been promptly met by proper legislation, 
creating a State Board of Horticulture, whose business it is to guard against the 
importation of insects injurious to fruit and trees, and to aid the orchardists in extermin- 
ating those that have already fouud lodgment in our orchards. This board has, dur- 
ing the three years since it was organized, accomplished a good work in that assigned 
it, and has done much in introducing the new era in fruit growing in Oregon 

In addition to the State Board, there is a State Horticultural Society, and a num- 
ber of county and district organizations, that are doing much to develop and build up 
this most important interest upon its true basis. It can, therefore, be said that horti- 
culture in Oregon has a bright future before it, and it can be truthfully added that 
no section of our broad country can offer such inducements to those who desire to 
engage in this noble and remunerative work as can Oregon. 



I N ID BX . 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Aberdeen, Wash.: — A giant 
stump, 56 ; big timber, 325 ; 
dense timber, 326; high 
school, 331 ; Main street, 
330 : salmon industry, 331 ; 
St. Joseph's hospital, 333 ; 
timber felling, 57 ; view of 
city and harbor, 330 ; Weath- 
erwax mill boom, 332; 
Weutherwax saw mill, 332 ; 
Weatherwax The J M { schoon- 
er), 333. 

Ada Co. Court House, Boise 
City, Idaho, 511. 

Ada Co. Court House, Missoula, 
Mont., 526. 

Albany, Or. :— Farmers' & Mer. 
Ins. 'Co., 178; Main street, 
17+; Revere House, 177; 
Willamette River bridge, 176 ; 
Young S E ( store ), 177. 

Allbee The (Hotel), South 
Bend, Wash., 319. 

Allen & Nelson (sawmill), 
Monohan, Wash., 379. 

Alfalfa Crop, Klamath Co., Or., 
219. 

Alturas Co. Court House, Hailev, 
Idaho, 519. 

American Book Co., Portland, 
opposite, 136. 

American Lake, Tacoma, 353. 

Anaconda, Mont., 83. 

Anaconda, Mont., smelters, 559. 

Arlington Club, Portland, 130. 

Armorv, Portland, 129. 

Arrow Lake, B. C, 27. 

Artesian well, N. Yakima, 
Wash, 416. 

Artesian well, Pullman, Wash., 
473. 

Ashland, Or. :— Bank of Ash- 
land, 216 ; flouring mills, 
21 6 ; Hotel Oregon, 215 ; 
Main street, 214. , 

Astoria Or. : Custom House, 
294; Hauthorn, J. O. (por- 
trait), 297; Hanthorn, J. O. 
& Co. ( cannery I, 295 ; Han- 
thorn, J. O. & Co. (cannery, 
interior ), 296 ; public school, 
294. 

Atkinson school, Portland. 145. 

Baker City, Or. :— Front street, 
L'sv, ; Hotel Warshauer. 290 ; 
Johns, C. A. (portrait), 290; 
public school, 289. 

Baker. Geo. B. (offices), Day- 
ton, Wash, 462. 

Baker River, Wash, 394. 



Baldwin & Reames (store), 
Klamath Falls, Or., 219. 

Ballard, Wash. : Pretty, A. E. 
(portrait), 384. 

Baltimore (U. S. cruiser), 112. 

Bancroft school, Spokane, 441. 

Bank of Ashland ( Or. ), 216. 

Bank of Montesano ( Wash. ), 
328 

Bank of Newberg ( Or. ), 252. 

Bank of Puyallup( Wash ) bldg., 
355. 

Barrett block, Chehalis, Wash., 
314. 

Barrett's spur, Mt. Hood, 12. 

Basin The, Oregon City, Or., 
159. 

Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, B. 
C, 573. 

Beaver ( steamer ) , 36. 

Belliugharu Bay, Wash : gate- 
way to, 396 ; general view, 
397 ; Island scene near Fair- 
haveu, 399. 

Bellingham Bav mill, Fair- 
haven, Wash., 401. 

Bellingham Bay Nat. Bank, N. 
Whatcom, Wash, 404. 

Benton Co. Court House, Cor- 
vallis, Or., 261. 

Big Bend Nat. Bank, Daven- 
port, Wash, 450. 

Big Falls, Kootenay River, B. 
C, 26. 

Bi-Metallic Mill, Granite, Mont., 
533. 

Bi-Metallic Mill, Phillipsburg, 
Mont., 533. 

Birge 6t Leitch (sawmill ). Cen- 
tralia, Wash, 323. 

Bissinger & Co., Portland, 154. 

Bitter Root Valley and River, N. 
P. R. R., 51. 

Blaine, Wash. :— Fish trap, 407, 
408, 409 ; public school, 406. 

Blue Canyon Coal Bunkers, 
New Whatcom, Wash, 403. 

Blumauer-Frank Drug Co., 
Portland, 125. 

Boise City, Idaho :— City hall, 
512 ; court house, 511 ; Cur- 
tis, J. F. (portrait). 515 ; 
Hill, W. C. (portrait). 515 ; 
Lower, B. Bvron (portrait), 
515 ; McConnell, W. J. ( por- 
tiait ). 515 ; Parsons, Geo. M. 
(portrait), 515; public 
school, 512 : Ramsey, F. C. 
(portrait), 515; state Capi- 
tol. 510. 



Boneyard. The Portland, 117. 

Boom. Logs, Puget Sound, 60. 

Bridal Veil Bluffs, Columbia 
River, 43. 

Bridal Veil Falls, Columbia 
River, 41. 

Brown L. P. ( portrait!. Mt. 
Idaho, Idaho, 505. 

Browne R. S. (portrait), Mos- 
cow, Idaho, 490. 

Brownsville, Or. : Thompson R. 
N. (store ), 184. 

Brooke Geo. S. (portrait), 
Sprague, Wash., 427. 

Bryant School, Helena, Mont., 
542. 

Brvant School, Spokane, Wash., 
439. 

Brvant School, Tacoma, Wash., 
351. 

Buckley, Wash.:— Head of White 
River, 412 ; logging, 412 ; 
street scene, 512. 

Bucoda, Wash. :— Water Power, 
335. 

Buffalo Herd, Montana. 86. 

Bull Run Lake, Or., 133. 

Bull Run River Water Pipe 
Line to Portland ( map route ), 
133. 

Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mines, 
Idaho, 4S3. 

Burke, Idaho : — Poorman Mine, 
485 ; Tiger Mine, 483. 

Butte, Montana : — Business cen- 
ter, 549 ; Catholic church, 
551 ; court house, 553 ; Du- 
gan E. O. (portrait), 552; 
Episcopal church, 552; Indian 
camp, 556 ; Indian chief, 
554 ; Lexington mine, 72 ; 
Moulton mill, 550 ; Park 
street, 549 ; Parrot smelters, 
550 ; Placer mining, 71 ; 
public school, 553 ; Scandi- 
navian church, 551 ; Silver 
Bow, 550 ; South school, 
554; view city in 1875, 
548 ; water works ( 2 views ), 
554. 

Butte Short Line R. R., scen- 
ery, 50. 

Byles C. N. ( residence ), Monte- 
sano, Wash., 326. 

Caldwell, Idaho:— Masonic build- 
ing, 507 ; M. E. church, 507 ; 
Presbyterian church, 507. 

Cal. Baptist church, Portland, 
135. 



•596 



The Oresoniati 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Cal. Presb. church, Portland, 
135. 

Camas Prairie, Idaho, stock 
scene, 497. 

Campbell & Jones' block, Mc- 
Minnville, Or., 24-6. 

Cape Disappointment, Wash., 
298. 

Cape Foulweather. Or.. 265. 

Cape Horn, Columbia River, 25. 

Carey School, Helena, Mont., 
33. 

Cascade Locks, Columbia River, 
30. 

Cascade Rapids, Columbia Riv- 
er, 29, 30. 78. 

Catching Crabs, Tacoma, 102. 

Castle Dome, Columbia River, 
37. 

Castle Rock, Columbia River, 
( 2 views ), 38. 

Castle Rock, Lake Chelan, 
Wash., 452. 

Castle Rock. Wash. :— Methodist 
church, 311 ; White Geo. F. 
( portrait), 311. 

Cathlamet, Wash. : — Log roll- 
way, 53 ; timber felling, 306. 

Cedar Falls, Lake Chelan, 
Wash., 451. 

Centenarv M. F. church, Port- 
land, 134. 

Central School, Portland, 143. 

Central School, Tacoma, 352. 

Centralia, Wash. :— Birge & 
Leitch, mill, 323 ; Denton 
block, 321 ; FUsburv block, 
322 ; First Nat. Bank, 322 ; 
furniture factory, 324 ; Grace 
Seminary, 322 ; Hotel Cen- 
tralia, 323 ; H street school, 

320 ; iron and brass foundrv, 

321 ; Martin H. H. & Soil, 
mill, 324; North school, 
320 ; Park Hotel, 323 ; pub- 
lic school, in '89, 320 ; Tower 
Lumber & Mfg. Co., 324. 

Chamber of Commerce Bldg., 
Portland, 120. 

Charleston, U. S. Cruiser, 112. 

Charman block, Oregon City, 
Or., 161. 

Chehalis Co. Court House. Mon- 
tesano, Wash., 327. 

Chehalis Ira, Co.'s Bldg., Che- 
halis. Wash.. 314. 

Chehalis, Wash.:— Barrett block, 
314; Chehalis Im. Co.'s 
Bldg., 314 ; Com. State Bank, 
31S ; First Nat. Bank Bldg., 
.".1 5 ; Mealy-Lacy boom, 317 ; 
public school, 312. 

Childrens' Home. Portland, 131. 

Chuckanut Bay, Wash., 398. 

Church of the Immaculate 
Heart. Portland. 1 36. 

City Hall, Portland. 129. 

Clarke Co. Court House, Van- 
couver. Wash., 307. 

Clark's Fork, Columbia River, 
27. 

Clark's Lumber Camp, Neha- 
lem, Or , 242. 

Clatsop Beach, Or. : — Grimes 
House, 300 ; McGuire's Hotel, 



300 ; Necanicum River, 299 ; 
Seaside opera house, 299. 

Clackamas Countv Court House, 
Oregon City, Or , 159. 

Clear Lake, Pacific Park, Wash., 
304. 

Clinton Kelly School, Portland, 
142. 

Columbia River : —Above The 
Dalles, 76 ; Arrow Lake, 27 ; 
below the Cascades, 74; 
Bridal Veil bluffs, 43; Bridal 
Veil falls, 41 ; Cape Horn, 25 ; 
Cascade Locks, 30; Castle 
Dome, 37; Castle Rock (2 
views ) , 38 ; fish wheel and 
trap for salmon, 99 ; gorge at 
the Cascades, 33 ; gorge at 
The Dalles, 29 ; Horsetail falls, 
39 ; Indian fishing for salmon, 
97; Indian spearing salmon, 
95 ; jetty at mouth, 31, 32 ; 
Kettle falls, 454 ; Latourelle 
falls, 40 ; lightship at mouth, 
82 ; mountain scenery near 
Viento, 61 ; mouth of river, 31; 
Multnomah falls, 40 ; near 
Bonneville. 34 ; near the Cas- 
cades, 32 ; Oneonta bluffs, 43 ; 
Oneouta falls, 39 ; Pace Creek 
falls, 41 ; rapids at Cascades, 
29, 30, 78 ; rapids above The 
Dalles, 28 ; Rooster Rock, 37 ; 
Royal Chinook salmon, 98 ; 
scene near Mosier, 61 ; steamer 
Harvest Queen running rapids 
at Cascades, 29 ; steamboat 
(upper river), 579; U. P. 
Ry. track near Viento, 75. 

Coal Bunkers, Seattle, 370. 

Coal Bunkers, Tacoma, 344. 

Coal Mine and Dump near Taco- 
ma, 88. 

Coal Mining, Gilman.Wash., 90. 

Coal Shipped to World's Fair 
from Roslyu, Wash., 413. 

Columbia River, steam boating, 
upper river, 579. 

Cogswell, C. A. ( portrait ), Lake- 
view. Or., 224. 

Colin & Co. ( store I, Tillamook, 
Or., 238. 

Coke Ovens near Tacoma, 88. 

Colfax, Wash. : — Court House, 
464, 465 ; high school, 466. 
465; Martha Washington rock, 

Colonian The, Portland, 151. 

Colorado Concentrator, Butte, 
Mont.. 551, 

Col ton. Wash.:— Pub. school,475. 

Columbia County Court House, 
Dayton, Wash., 460. 

Columbia School, N. Yakima, 
Wash., 417. 

Columbia School, Seattle, 375. 

Columbia i steamship i , lis. 

Columbine l U. S. light house 
tender ), 106. 

Colville River, Wash., 453. 

Commercial Bank, Moscow, Ida. 
190. 

Commercial State Bank. Cheha- 
lis, Wash., 315. 



Commercial Street, Salem, Or,, 
162. 

Congregational Church, Seattle, 
373. 

Congregational ( Second ) 
Church. Spokane, 438. 

Congregational (First i Church, 
Portland, 134. 

Coolidge & McClaine, Bank, Sil- 
verton. Or., 187. 

Coos Bay, Or. : — Coal bunkers 
at Mafshfield, 265 ; docks at 
Empire City, 267 : entrance, 
35. 

Coos River, Or., Logging Team, 
54. 

Cornwall Mill, New Whatcom, 
Wash., 405. 

Corvallis. Oregon: — Agricultural 
college, 262; Court House, 261 : 
public school, 262; water tow- 
er, 261. 

Cosmopolitan Restaurant. Port- 
land, 151. 

Cottonwood, Idaho, Goldstone & 
Wax ( store i. 502. 

Coeurd'Alene District, logging. 
64. 

Coeur d'Alene Moutains, Line, 
N. P. R. R., 49. 

Coeurd'Alene Mountains, Tun- 
nel, N. P. R. R., 49. 

Coeur d'Alene River, Old Mis- 
sion Landing, 481. 

Coeur d'Alene Mines : — Bunker 
Hill and Sullivan mines, -is;; ; 
Fort Sherman and lake, 482 ; 
Gem, 485 ; Lake, 47s, +S2 : 
Mother Lode Mine, 4S7; Poor- 
man Mine, Burke, 4S5 ; Rive 
at Old Mission, 4S1 ; steamer 
on lake. 480 ; Tiger Mine, 
Burke, 484 : Wallace, 483 ; 
Wallace, church, 484. 

Coulee City, Wash.: — Railroad 
depot, 451 ; street scene, 451. 

Cowlitz Glacier and Tatoosh 
Range, Mt. Rainier, 18. 

Cowlitz Glacier, Mt. Rainier, 17. 

Crane's Falls. Lake Chelan, 
Wash., 452. 

Crater Lake, Or., 36. 

Crater Rock, Mt. Hood, 7. 

Cunningham. Chas. (portrait), 
Pendleton, Or., 280. 

Cunningham Chas., ranch near 
Pendleton. Or., 281. 

Curtis Jas. F. ( portrait ), Boise 
City, Idaho. 515. 

Curtis The, Portland. 150. 

Cusiter Geo. (portrait), Silver- 
ton, Or., 188. 

Custer Monument, Montana,. >.>s 

Dairy Scene near Tillamook, 
Or.", 241. 

Dallas, Oregon :— Court House, 
256 : Hotel Holman, 256 ; La 
Creole Academy, 255 : Main 
street, 25 i . 

Daly, Bernard ( portrait ), Lake- 
view, Or., 225. 

Davenport, Wash : — Big Bend 
Nat. Hank, 4-50 : Hawk River 
falls, 449 ; horse and mule 



Index. — Illustra tions. 



597 



ranch, 448 ; threshing grain, 
449. 

Dayton, Wash :— Baker, Geo. B. 
( offices), 462 ; Baptist church, 
4-61 : Court House, 460; Piet- 
rzycki, Dr. M. ( portrait ), 462; 
public school, 461 

Denny School, Seattle, 373. 

Denton Block, Centralia, Wash , 
321. 

Dexter Horton & Co., Bank, 
Seattle, 382. 

Dilhnan L. C. (portrait), Spo 
kane. 442. 

Dona h u e F. P. ( portrait ) , 
Sprague, Wash , 429. 

Douglas Co. Court House, Rose- 
burg, Or., 205. 

Drain, Or., State Normal School, 
202 

Drum Lummon Mine, Marys- 
ville, Mont., 54-7. 

Dry Dock, Tacoma, 350. 

Dry Dock, Victoria, B. C, 571. 

Du'gan, E. O. (.portrait), Butte, 
Mont., 552. 

Eastern Wash., Farm Scene, 21. 

East Salem School, Salem, Or., 
169. 

Eldredge Hugh ( residence ), N. 
Whatcom, Wash.. 402. 

Electric Street Car, Portland, 
145. 

Electric Street Car, Salem, Or., 
169. 

Eliot Glacier, Mt. Hood. 10. 

Ellensburgh.Wash.:— Price.E.C. 
(portrait I, 415 ; public school, 
414 ; State Normal school, 
41+. 

Elliot Bav, Seattle, 364. 

Ellsburv Block, Centralia, Wash. 
322. 

Emerson School, Helena, Mont., 
543. 

Emerson School, Tacoma, 351. 

Empire City, Or., docks, 267. 

Ensor Institute, Portland, 155. 

Esquimau & Nauaimo Ry., 
B. C, 52. 

Esquiaialt, B. C, Dry Dock, 571 

Eugene, Oregon: — First Nat. 
Bank, 197"; Fane Co. Bank, 
197 : University of Oregon, 
199 : Willamette street, 195 ; 
Willamette Tannery, 196. 

Eureka Sandstone Co's Quar- 
ries, Teniuo, Wash., 353. 

Everett, Wash :— A factory, 385; 
docks, 385 ; view of city, 385. 

Exposition Building, Portland, 
127. 

Exposition Building, Tacoma, 
353. 

Factories at Oregon City, Or., 
158. 

Failing School, Portland. 141. 

Fairhaven, Wash : — Bellingham 
Bav (four views), 396, 397, 
398, 399 ; Chuckauut Bay, 
39S ; Hotel Fairhaven, 400 ; 
island scene, 399 ; Lake Pad- 
den, 399 ; Lake Samish, 400 ; 
Larrabee Ave School, 400. 



Fairhaven t Wash.) Coal Mines, 
401. 

Fairhaven ( Wash.) Land Co's 
Mill. 401. 

Fairhaven (Wash.) & N. What- 
com Elec. Ry., 402. 

Fairhaven ( Wash.) & N. What 
com Elec. Ry. Co's Power 
House, 403. 

Fall Creek, Wilson River, Or., 
23* 

Farmers & Merchants' Ins. Co. 
I offices), Albany, Or., 178. 

Farm Scene, Eastern Washing- 
ton, 21. 

Farm Scene near Walla Walla, 
Wash., 22. 

Fcarnside, G. W. ( store ), Tilla- 
mook. Or.. 238. 

Ferguson, E. C. ( portrait), Sno- 
homish, Wash , 387. 

Ferguson, E C ( residence ), Sno- 
homish, Wash., 387 

Fir Log sent to World's Fair 
from Washington, 52. 

First Baptist Church, Portland, 
opposite 137. 

First Cong. Church, Portland, 
134. 

First Nat. Bank Block, Cen- 
tralia, Wash., 322. 

First Nat. Bank, Chehalis, Wash. 
315. 

First National Bank, Chehalis, 
Wash., 315. 

First Nat. Bank, Eugene, Or., 
197. 

First Nat. Bank, Heppner, Or., 

First Nat. Bank, Keudrick, 

Idaho, 494. 
First Nat. Bank, Montesauo, 

Wash, 329. 
First Nat. Bank, Mt. Vernon, 

Wash., 389. 
First Nat. Bank, Olympia, 

Wash., 337. 
First Nat. Bank, Portland, 138. 
First Nat. Bank, Portland ( in- 
terior ), 139. 
First Nat. Bank and Opera 

House, Puyallup, Wash., 355. 
First Presb. Church, Portland, 

135. 
First street, Portland, 109. 
Fish wheel and trap for salmon, 

Columbia River, 99. 
Fish wheel, Columbia River, 97. 
Flathead Indian Reservation 

Mission, Mont., 532. 
Flathead Lake, Mont., 62-532. 
Flathead Valley, Mont., Buffalo 

Herd, 86. 
Forest Grove, Or. :— Ladies' hall, 

Pacific University, 231; 

Marsh hall. Pacific University, 

231 ; public school, 230. 
Forest Grove, Or. to Tillamook, 

stage. 232. 
Fort Canby, Wash. : — Big gun 

and light house, 302; south 

battery, 302. 
Fort Missoula, Mont.. ,>27. 
Fort dwell, Mont., 530. 
Fort Sherman, Idaho, 4S2. 



Fort Vancouver, Wash, 308. 

Franklin Block, South Bend, 
Wash., 318. 

Franklin School, Spokane, 441 . 

Franklin School, Tacoma, 352. 

Friends' Church, Newberg, Or., 
251. 

Front street, Portland, in 1852. 
107. 

Galloway, Wm (portrait), Mc- 
Miunville, Or., 24-7. 

Garfield, Wash., public school, 
4-67. 

Gem mine, Gem, Idaho, 485. 

Gibralter and Nisqually glacier, 
Mt. Rainier, 13 

Oilman, Wash. :— Coal mining, 
90 ; coal mine, 800 feet under 
ground, 91 ; hauling coal 
from mine, 89. 

Goldstone, suburb Oregon City, 
Or., 161. 

Golden Rule Hotel, Pendleton, 
Or.. 277. 

Goldstone & Wax ( store ), Cot- 
tonwood, Idaho, 502. 

Goodnough Block, Portland, 
124. 

Good Samaritan Hospital, Port- 
land, 131. 

Gorkow Rudolph (brewery). 
Spokane, 43s. 

Grace M. E. Church, Portland, 
134. 

Grace Seminary, Centralia, 
Wash, 322. 

Grain Field, Umatilla Co., Or., 
278. 

Grand Central Hotel, Portland, 
150. 

Grangeville, Idaho, Main street, 
500. 

Granite, Mont, Bi-Metallic mill. 
533. 

Grant's Pass, Or., 208. 

Gray's Harbor, Wash., map, 
325. 

Gray, Jas. B. (portrait), 
Sprague, Wash., 429. 

Great Northern Ry. town, 46. 

Great Western Canal, Idaho 
Falls, Idaho ( 2 views ), 524. 

Griffitts, T. C. ( portrait ), Spo- 
kane, 4+4-. 

Grimes House, Seaside, Or. , 
300. 

Hand's Terminal warehouse, 
Portland, 126. 

HaiVv (Idaho), Hot Springs, 
521. 

Hailey, Idaho : court house, 
519 ; public school, 520. 

Halsey, Oregon : public school, 
19l". 

Hanthorn, J. O. ( portrait ), As- 
toria, Or., 2H7. 

Hanthorn. J. O. & Co ( can- 
nery i. Astoria, Or. ( 2 views ), 
2'.>.1-296. 

Harrison school, Portland, 141. 

Harvest Queen ( steamer I, run- 
ning rapids at Cascades, 29. 

Hauling coal from mines, Gil- 
man, ^Wash., 89. 



598 



The Oresronian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Hawk River Falls, Davenport, 
Wash, 449. 

Hawthorne School, Helena, 
Mont., 542. 

Hawthorne School, Tacoma, 
352. 

Helena, Mont. : — A business 
block, 539 ; assay office, 540 ; 
a summer hotel, 541 ; Bry- 
ant school, 542 ; Carey school, 

542 ; cemetery ( entrance ), 

543 ; city hall, 541 ; Cong. 
church, 544 ; Court House, 

540 ; Emerson school, 543 ; 
Episcopal church, 545 ; fire 
alarm tower, 543; Hawthorne 
school, 542 ; High school, 

541 ; Jefferson school, 543 ; 
Kenwood school, 542 ; Lin- 
coln school, 542 : Lutheran 
church, 5 45 ; Main street, 
538-539 ; Methodist church, 
534 ; Montana Club, 540 ; 
Mt. Helena, 537 ; Natato- 
rium, 541 ; old landmarks, 
538 ; swimming bath, 541 ; 
Temple Emanuel, 544. 

Hellgate Canyon, Mont., 526. 
Heppner, Or.: — First Nat. Bank, 

272 ; McFarland Mercan. Co. 
(store), 272; Nat. Bank of 
Heppner, 272 ; Palace Hotel, 

273 ; public school, 271. 
Hesperian The, Portland, 152. 
High School, Colfax, 465. 
High School, Helena, 541. 
High School, Portland, 140. 
High School, Spokane, 443. 
High School, Victoria, B. C, 572. 
Hillsboro, Or. :— City hall, 228 ; 

Court House, 227; Morgan & 

Bailey block, 228. 
Hill. Wm. C. (portrait), Boise 

City, Idaho, 515. 
Holmes Lumber Co., Seattle, 

380. 
Holladav's Addition, Portland, 

( 2 views), 147, 148. 
Holton House, Portland, 149. 
Hope, Idaho : — Martin T. ( por- 
trait), 478. 
Hope Station, Idaho, 77. 
Hop field between Tacoma and 

Seattle, 359. 
Hop growing, Yakima Vallev, 

Wash., 23. 
Hop picking, Puyallup, Wash., 

359. 
Hop picking near Grant's Pass, 

Or., 209. 
Horsetail Falls, Columbia River, 

39. 
Hotel Bellingham, New What- 
com, Wash'., 406. 
Hotel Centtalia, Wash., 323. 
Hotel Fairhaven, Wash., 400. 
Hotel Foley. La Grande, Or., 

286. 
Hotel Holman, Dallas, Or., 256. 
Hotel Olympia, 01vmpia,Wash., 

338. 
Hotel Oregon, Ashland, Or., 

215. 
Hotel Portland, Portland, 1 24. 



Hotel St. Elmo, Kendrick, 

Idaho, 494. 
Hotel Warshauer, Baker City, 

Or., 290. 
Hotel Willapa, South Bend, 

Wash., 319. 
Hyde, S. C. ( portrait ), Spokane, 

443. 
Hydraulic Mining, 68. 
Hvdraulic Mining, Southern 

Oregon, 67. 
Idaho Falls, Idaho:— Great West- 
ern canal ( 2 views ), 524 ; 

Odd Fellows' Home, 523. 
Idaho State Capitol, Boise City, 

510. 
Idaho State Odd Fellows' Home, 

Idaho Falls, 523. 
Iler's Falls, Wilson River, Or., 

234. 
Illumination Rock, Mt. Hood, 

10. 
Ilwaco Rv. & Nav. Co.'s launch 

Iris. 301. 
Ilwaco Ry. & Nav. Co.'s steam- 
er Ocean Wave, 302. 
Independence, Or : Independ- 
ence Nat. Bank, 250 ; public 

school. 249. 
Indian Camp, Mont., 556. 
Indian Canoes, Seattle. 377. 
Indian Canoes, Tacoma, 342. 
Indian Chief, Skeeas Mont., 

555. 
Indian family, Mont., 532. 
Indian fishing for salmon, Co- 
lumbia River, 97. 
Indian spearing salmon, head- 
waters Columbia River, 95. 
Indian squaw, Mont.. 557. 
Iris, launch, Ilwaco Ry. & Nav. 

Co.. 301. 
Irrigation, Yakima Vallev, 

Wash., ( series of views ), 419 

to 424. 
Irving School. Tacoma, 350. 
Jefferson Co. Court House, Port 

Townsend, Wash., 410. 
Jefferson School, Helena, Mont., 

543. 
Jetty, mouth Columbia River, 

31, 32. 
Johns, C. A. ( portrait ), Baker 

City, Or., 290. 
Jones, Arthur D. (portrait), 

Spokane, 444. 
Jones. H. D. stage, Forest Grove 

to Tillamook, Or., 232. 
Jump-Off-Joe Rock, Yaquina 

Bav, Or.. 263. 
Junction City, Or., Block W. S. 

Lee, 193. 
Kendrick, Idaho :— First Nat. 

Bank, 494 ; Hotel St. Elmo, 

494 ; public school, 492. 
Kent, Wash.:— Hop house E. 

Meeker, 358. 
Kenwood School, Helena, 

Mont., 542. 
Kerry, A. S. (sawmill), Seattle, 

380. 
Ketchum, Idaho: — Public school, 

521. 
Kettle Falls, Columbia River, 

454, 



King: Co. Court House, Seattle, 
369. 

Klamath Co., Or. :— Alfalfa Crop, 
219 ; crop oats, 21 ; driving 
cattle, 218. 

Klamath Falls, Or. :— Baldwin & 
Reames' store, 219 ; general 
view, 217 ; Klamath Falls 
(water), 218 ; Moore & Mar- 
tin's store, 219. 

Kootenay Lake, B. C, 26, 476, 

Kootenay Lake, First Peterboro, 
580. 

Kootenay Lake, looking up 
lake from Nelson, 586. 

Kootenay Lake at Nelson, B. C , 
587. 

Kootenav River B. C, Big 
Falls, 25 ; St. Agnew's Falls, 
25. 

La Conner, Wash. :— Town and 
High School, 390. 

La Creole Academy, Dallas, Or., 
255. 

Ladd Glacier, Mt. Hood. 6. 

Ladd W. S. (steam dredge), 
Portland, 130. 

Ladd & Bush, bank, Salem, Or., 
(2 views) 172. 

Ladd & Tilton's bank ( exte- 
rior), Portland, 139. 

Ladd & Tilton's bank i inte- 
rior), Portland, 140. 

La Grande, Or. : — Adams ave., 
285 ; Depot street, 284 ; Ho- 
tel Foley, 286. 

Lake Chelan, Wash. 451. 

Lake Chelan, Wash. : —Castle 
Rock, 452 ; Cedar Falls, 451 ; 
Crane s Falls, 452 ; Rainbow 
Falls, 452. 

Lake Coeur d'Alene, 478. 

Lake Cceur d'Alene, 63-482. 

Lake Cceur d'Alene (steamer), 
480. 

Lake Kitchelas. North Yakima, 
Wash., 416. 

Lake Pad den, Fairhaven, 
Wash., 399. 

Lake Pen d'Oreille, 477. 

Lake Pen d'Oreille, Hope Sta- 
tion, 77. 

Lake Samish, Fairhaven, 
Wash., 395. 

Lake Whatcom, N. Whatcom, 
Wash., 395. 

Lake Whatcom, N. Whatcom, 
Wash., lumber camp, 396. 

Lakeview, Or., 220. 

Lakeview, Or. : Cogswell, C. A. 
(portrait), 224; Daley, Ber- 
nard ( portrait), 225 ; freight 
team, 222 ; State graded 
school, 223 ; Townsend, W. 
M. ( portrait I, 226. 

Lane Co. Bank, Eugene, Or., 
197. 

Larrabee Ave. school, Fair- 
haven, Wash., 400. 

Latourelle Falls, Columbia 
River, 40. 

Lawrence, J. G. (portrait), N. Ya- 
kima, Wash., 418. 



Index. — IUustra tions. 



599 



Leadbetter Ditches, Yakima 
Valley, Wash., series ot views, 
420-421-422. 
Lebanon, Or. :— W. C. Peterson 

( portrait), 180. 
L'ee.W. S., business block, Junc- 
tion City, Or., 193. 
Leghorn, J. F. (. portrait ), Spo- 
kane, 4-i5. 
Lewiston, Idaho :— Court House, 
4*95 ; Episcopal church, 496 ; 
First M. E. church, 496 ; 
Presb. church, -197 ; public 
school, 4-95. 
Lewis and Clarke Co. Court 

House, Helena, Mont., 540. 
Lexington mine, near Butte, 

Mont., 72. 
Library building, Portland, 129. 
Lightship, mouth Columbia 

river, 82. 
Lincoln Co. Court House, 

Sprague, Wash., 427. 
Lincoln school, Helena, Mont., 

542. 
Lincoln school, N. Whatcom, 

Wash., 404. 
Lincoln school, Olvmpia.Wash., 

338. 
Lincoln school, Salem, Or., 170. 
Lincoln school, Spokane, 442. 
Lincoln school, Tacoma, 351. 
Log driving in Oregon, 54. 
Log hauling near Seattle, 62. 
Log rollwav, Cathlamet, Wash., 

53. 
Logging, Buckley, Wash., 412. 
Logging, Coeur d'Alenes, 64. 
Logging. Puget Sound, 59. 
Logging scene, Oregon, 56. 
Logging team, Coos Bay, Or., 54. 
Logging train, Puget Sound, 59. 
Logging, Wilson River, Or., 235. 
Long Beach, Wash. : — Surf bath- 
ing, 301 ; U. S. .life saving 
crew, 301. 
Long Beach Hotel, Long Beach, 

Wash., 303. 
Longfellow School. Tacoma, 351. 
Loon Lake, near Spokane, 432. 
Lowell School, Tacoma, 350. 
Lumber camp, Lake Whatcom, 

Wash., 396. 
Lumber camp, near Tillamook 

Bay, Or., 53. 
Lumber manufacturing, Pa- 
louse, Wash., 471. 
Lumber shipping, Port Blakelv, 

Wash., 378. 
Lumber shipping. Tacoma, 344, 
Madison Street Bridge, Portland, 

132. 
Maher & Terwilliger's Block, 

Portland, 126. 
Main Street, Albany, Or., 174. 
Main Street, Ashland, Or., 214. 
Marble ledges near Spokane, 7.''.. 
Marent trestle, near Missoula. 

Mont.. 48. 
Marion Co. Court House, Salem, 

Or., 168 
Marquam Grand Opera House, 

Portland, 124. 
Marshfield, Or., coal bunkers, 
265. 



Martha Washington Rock, Col- 
fax. Wash , 406. 

Martin, H. N. (portrait ), Spra- 
gue, Wash., 428. 

Martin, T. (portrait), Hope, 
Idaho, 478. 

Martin, H. H. & Sou, sawmill, 
Centralia, Wash., 324. 

Marvsville, Mont., 546. 

Marysville, Mont., Drum-Lum- 
mon mine, 547. 

McConnell, Wm. J. (portrait), 
Boise City, Idaho, 515. 

McFarland Mercantile Co. .store, 
Heppner. Or., 272. 

McGilvra, J. J. ( portrait ), Seat- 
tle. 371. 

McGuire's Hotel, Seaside, Or., 
300. 

McKenny Block, Olvmpia, Wash. 
337. 

McMinnville, Or.:— Campbell & 
Jones' block, 246; court house, 
244 ; Gallowav, Wm. (port- 
rait), 247 ; high school, 245 ; 
public school, 245. 

McMinnville, Or., college, 246. 

Medical Lake, Wash., Insane 
asylum, 446. 

Medical Lake, Wash., tall oats, 
22. 

Meeker, E.. hop house, Kent, 
Wash., 358. 

Meeker, E.. residence, Puyal- 
lup, Wash., 355. 

Mercer School, Seattle, 375. 

Methodist Church, Tillamook, 
Or., 239. 

" Minnie" Harvester", Portland, 
155. 

Minor, T. T School, Seattle, 
374. 

Missoula, Mont: — Business block 
526; prominent corner, 527; 
Catholic Church, 529 ; Cen- 
tral School. 528 ; Court House. 
526; First Presb. Church, 529; 
First Waterworks, 528 ; Fort 
Missoula, 527 ; Hell Gate Can- 
yon, 526 ; Methodist Church, 
529 ; N. P. R. R. Hospital, 
527 ; N. S. School, 528. 
Monmouth, Or., State Normal 

School, 259. 
Monohan, Seattle, Sawmill Allen 

& Nelson Mill Co., 379. 
Montana Club, Helena, 540. 
Montana : — Building World's 
Fair, 84 ; Crossing the Plains, 
548 ; Camping Two, Medi- 
cine Creek, 23 : Ranch, 560 ; 
SilverStatue World's Fair, 85. 
Monterey U. S. Battleship, 112. 
Montesano, Wash:— Byles, C. N. 
(residence), 3V6; Court House, 
327 ; First Nat. Bank, 329 ; 
Public School, 327. 
Moore & Martin ( store ), Klam- 
ath Falls, Or.. 219. 
MorevP. F. (residence), Oregon 

City, Or., 160. 
Morgan & Bailey Block, Hills- 

boro, Or.. 228. 
Morrison Street Bridge, Port- 
land, 133. 



Morrow J. H. (portrait), Waits- 
burg. Wash., 460. 

Moscow, Idaho :— Browne R. S. 
(portrait). 490; Commercial 
Hank, 490; Episcopal Church, 
4s«j ; High School, 488 ; Main 
Street, 488 ; Public School, 
489 ; University of Idaho, 
491 ; Watkins W. W. ( por- 
trait), 491. 

Mother Lode Mill, Murray, Ida- 
ho, 487. 

Moulton Mill, Butte, Mont., 550. 

Mt. Angel, Or.:— Hotel, 189 ; 
Queen of Angels Academy, 
190 : Seminary and College, 
190. 

Mt. Baker, 392. 

Mt. Baker : Baker River, 394 ; 
from Nooksack River, 393 ; 
Great North Glacier, 18 ; Nat- 
ural Bridge, 393 ; waterfall, 
near mountain, 19. 

Mt. Helena, Helena, Mont., 537. 

Mt. Hood :— At timber Hue, 9 ; 
Barrett's spur, 12 ; Broken 
mountain near summit, 11 ; 
Crater rock, 7 ; Crossing ash 
beds near summit, 72 ; De- 
wert party on summit, 81 ; 
Eliot glacier, 10 ; From Cloud 
Cap Inn, 5 ; From Govern- 
ment camp, 8 ; From stage 
road, 7 ; Great slope towards 
summit, 80 ; Illumination 
rock, 10 ; Ladd glacier, 6 ; 
Sandy River (source of), 6; 
Steel party at Crater rock, 11 ; 
Summit, 8. 

Mt. Idaho, Idaho :— Brown, L. 
P. ( portrait ), 505. 

Mt. Jefferson, from Grizzlv 
Tarn, 19. 

Mt. Rainier : — A river of ice, 12 ; 
a near approach, 14 ; Camp 
Portland, 15 ; Cowlitz Glacier, 
17; Cowlitz Glacier and Ta- 
toosh range, 18 ; Falls near 
mountain, 15 ; From Tacoma, 
343 ; Gibralter and Nisqually 
glacier, 13 ; Mt. Rainier and 
Lake Washington, 14; Nis- 
qually glacier, 17 ; Scenic 
effects, 13. 
Mt. Tacoma ( Rainier), Tacoma, 

343. 
Mt. Vernon, Wash. :— A big log, 
57 ; First Nat. Bank, 389 ; 
school, 389. 
Mount Wallace ( portrait ), 

Sprague, Wash, 429. 
Multnomah Box Factorv, Port- 
land, 153. 
Multnomah Co. Court House, 

Portland, 120. 
Multnomah Falls, Columbia 

River, 40. 
Murray. Idaho, Mother Lode 

mine. 4S7. 
Nanaimo, B. C. :— Harbor, 574 ; 

Old Block House, 575. 
Natatorium, Helena, Mont., 

541. 
Natchez River, North Yakima, 
Wash., 417. 



600 



The Oregoniaifs Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



National Bank of Heppner, 
Or., 272. 

Necanicum River, Or., 279. 

Nehalem,Or.: — Clark's Lumber 
Camp, 24.2. 

Nelson, B C. : — Looking up Koot- 
enay Lake, 586 ; Silver King 
mine 587 ; from across lake, 
587. 

Newberg, Or. : — Bank of New- 
berg, 252 ; Friends' Church, 
251 ; Pacific College, 251. 

Newell's sawmill, Seattle, 379. 

Newport, Or. :— Yaquina Bay, 
265. 

New Westminster, B. C. : — Court 
House, 577 ; Exhibition Bldg., 
578. 

New Whatcom, Wash.: — Bel- 
lingham Bay Nat. Bank, 404- ; 
citv hall, 404 ; coal bunkers. 
403 ; Cornwall mill, 405 ; 
Court House, 403 ; Eldredge, 
Hugh ( residence ), 402 ; Fair- 
haven iSc X. Whatcom Elec. 
Ry., 402 ; Fairhaven & N. 
Whatcom Elec. Ry. power 
house, 403 ; Harbor, 402 ; 
Hotel Bellingham, 406 ; Lake 
Whatcom, 395; Lincoln 
school, 404 ; Lumber Camp, 
Lake Whatcom, 396 ; Roth 
block, 405 ; ship at dock, 
402; Victor block, 405; 
Whatcom creek falls, 405. 

New York brewery, Spokane, 
43S. 

Nez Perces Co. Court House, 
Lewistou, Idaho, 495. 

Nisquallv Glacier, Mt. Rainier, 
17. 

North Central School, Portland, 
142. 

Northern Pacific R. R. -.—Bitter 
Root Valley & River, Mont., 
51 ; car shops, Tacotna (two 
views), 342, 343; Cceur 
d'Aleue Mountains. 49; depot, 
Spokane. 440 ; hospital. Mis- 
soula, Mont., 527 ; Marent 
trestle, 48; "Switchback," 
summit N. P. R. R., 44; 
trestle, Rocky Mountains near 
Helena, 48 ; tunnel, Cceur 
d'Aleue Mountains, 49. 

North Glacier, Mt. Baker, 18. 

N. W. Lumber Co. 's mills, South 
Bend, Wash., 320. 

North Yakima. Wash. :— Central 
school, 418 ; Columbia school, 
417; Lake Kitchelas & Ar- 
tesian well, 416; Lawrence 
J. G. ( portrait ), 41 S ; Natchez 
River, 41 7. 

Oakesdale, Wish.:— Group three 
prominent corners, 469 ; pub- 
lic school. 1,69. 

Oakes Georgie i steamer ), Lake 
Cceur d'Aleue, 480. 

Oakland, Or.; -Public school, 
203. 

Oat Crop, Medical Lake. Wash., 
22 

Oat Crop, Klamath Co., or., 21. 



Ocean Wave ( steamer), llwaco 
Ry. & Nav. Co., 302. 

Oil well Suohomish Co., Wash., 
386. 

Old Mission landing,Idaho.481 

Olympia school, Seattle, 375. 

Olvmpia.Wash. :— Court House, 
336 ; First Nat. Bank, 337 ; 
Hotel Olympia, 338 ; Lincoln 
school, 338 ; looking down 
Sound, 336 ; Main street, 
336 ; McKennv block, 337 ; 
St. Peter's hospital, 338 ; 
Young's Hotel, 339. 

Oneouta Bluffs, Columbia River, 
43. 

Oneonta Falls, Columbia River, 
39. 

Orchard, Yakima Valley, Wash., 
423. 

Oregon:— State Agricultural Col- 
lege, Corvallis, 262 ; State 
Capitol, Salem, 166; State 
Insane Asylum, Salem. 171 ; 
State Normal School, Drain, 
202; State Normal School, 
Monmouth, 259 ; State Peni- 
tentiary, Salem, 171 ; State 
Reform School, Salem, 171. 

Oregon coast surf bathing. 298. 

Oregon Citv, Or. : -Basin, The, 
159 ; Charman block, 161 ; 
Court House, 159 ; factories, 
158; Gladstone, 161; Morey P. 
F. (residence), 160; Oregon 
City Woolen Mills, 160; Port- 
land Genl. Elec. Co. (3 views), 
164, 165; pulp mills, 160, 
salmon shipped to World's 
Fair, 163; public school, 
159 ; Sunset Addition, 162 ; 
Willamette Falls ( 3 views ), 
157, 158 ; Willamette Falls, 
title page ; Willamette River 
suspension bridge, 158. 

Oregon City ( Or.) Woolen Mills, 
160. 

Oregonian building. Portland, 
title page ( also 122 ) ; com- 
posing room, 123 ; dynamo 
room, 123 : entrance business 
office, 123; in 1854, 122; 
lobbv, business office. 123 ; 
mailing room, 123 ; main en- 
trance, 123 ; stereotyping 
room, 123 ; tower, from roof 
122. 

Oregon Pacific R. R., Or., ( 2 
views ), 42. 

Oregon State graded school, 
Lake-view, Or. ^223. 

Orting, Wash., State Soldiers' 
Home, 411. 

Pace Creek Falls, Columbia 
River. 41 . 

Pacific College, Newberg, Or., 
251. 

Pacific Park, Wash. : —Clear 
Lake, 304 : Sea Breeze Hotel, 
30 i 

Pacific school, Seattle, ,''.75. 

Pacific University ( Marsh Me- 
morial hall i. Forest Grove, 
Or., 231. 



Pacific University i Ladies hall), 
Forest Grove, Or., 232. 

Paine school, Walla Walla, 
Wash, 456. 

Palace Hotel, Heppner, Or., 
273. 

Palix River Falls, South Bend, 
Wash, 318. 

Palouse, Wash. :— Lumber man- 
ufacturing, 471; public 
school, 471 ; street scene, 
471. 

Park Hotel, Centralia, Wash., 
323. 

Park school, Portland, 141. 

Parrot smelter, Butte, Mont., 
550. 

Parsons, Geo. M. (portrait), 
Boise City, Idaho, 515. 

Pendd'Oreille River, 477-525. 

Pend d'Oreille River Falls, 47. 

Pendleton, Or. : — Alexander, R. 
( portrait ), 276 ; Court House. 
275 ; Court street, 275 ; Cun- 
ningham, Chas. (portrait), 
28U ; Golden Rule Hotel, 
277 ; Main street, 274 ; pub- 
lic school, 276 ; savings bank, 
277. 

Perkins Hotel, Portland, 149. 

Peterson, Walter C , Lebanon, 
Or. ( portrait ), 180. 

Phillipsburg, Mont., mill, Bi- 
Metallic Co., 533. 

Pierce Co. Court House, Tacoma, 
347. 

Pietrzycki, Dr. M (portrait ), 
Dayton, Wash., 462. 

Placer mining, 69. 

Placer mining, Butte, Mont., 
71. 

Pocatello. Idaho: — Opera house, 
522 ; public school, 522. 

Point Adams, Oregon coast, 
297. 

Point Defiance. Tacoma. 345. 

Point Roberts (Wash ) Canning 
Co.'s salmon traps ( 4 views ), 
407, 408,409. 

Polk Co. Court House, Dallas, 
Or.. 255. 

Pomeroy, Wash., public school, 
463. 

Poorman mine, Burke, Idaho, 
485. 

Port Blakelv, Wash., shipping, 
378. 

Portland: — American Book Com- 
panv, oppjsite 136; a drive, 
128; Arlington Club. 130: 
armory. 1 29; Atkinson School, 
145; Bissinger & Co., 154; 
Blumauer- Frank Drug Co.'s 
building, 1 25 ; Bull Run Lake, 
( it.. 133 : Bull Run River to 
Portland, route of pipe line, 
133 : Calvary Baptist Church, 
135; Calvary Presbyterian 
Church, 135; Centenarv M. F. 
Church, 134; Central School, 
143 ; Chamber of Commerce 
Building, 1 21 : Children's 
Home, 1 ."• 1 ; China steamer at 
docks, 111 : Chinese building, 
1 1 'J ; Church of the Immacu- 



Index. — Illustra t it >ns. 



GUI 



late Heart, 130 ; City Hall, 
129 ; Clinton Kelly School, 
142 ; coasting steamers at 
docks, 111 ; The Colonial, 
151 ; Columbia (steamship), 
118 ; Court Housei proposed), 
121 ; Cosmopolitan restaurant, 
151 ; Curtis, The, 150 ; draw, 
steel bridge, open, 115 ; Ensor 
Institute and Hospital, 155 ; 
electric street car, 145 ; Expo- 
sition Building, 127 ; Failing 
School, 141 ; First Congrega- 
tional Church, 134 ; First Bap- 
tist Church, opposite 137 ; 
First National Bank I exter- 
ior i, 138; First National 
Bank (interior), 139; First 
Presbyterian Church, 13o ; 
First street, 109 ; four-masted 
ship at dock, 110; Front street 
in 1852, 107 ; Goodnough 
Block, 124; Good Samaritan 
hospital, 131 ; Grace M. E. 
Church, 134; Grand Central 
Hotel, 150 ; Hahn's Terminal 
Warehouse, 126 ; harbor look- 
ing north from Morrison street 
bridge, 113 ; Harrison School, 
141; Hesperian The, 152; 
High School. 140 ; Holladay's 
addition ( 2 views i, 147, 148; 
Holtou House, 149 ; Hotel 
Portland, 124 ; in 1858, 106 ; 
in 1854, 107; Ladd, W. S., 
The, (steam dredge). 130 ; 
Ladd & Tilton's Bank ( ex- 
terior), 139: Ladd & Til- 
ton's Bank (interior). 140; 
Library Building, 129 ; look- 
ing south from S. P. ware- 
house, 114; looking north 
from K.R. bridge, 1 14; Louvre, 
The, 156 : Madison Street 
Bridge, 132 ; Maher & Ter- 
williger's Block, 126; Mar- 
quam Grand Opera House, 
124: "Minnie" Harvester, 
155 : Morrison Street Bridge, 
133 ; Multnomah Box Fac- 
tory. 153 ; North Central 
School, 142: Oregon (steam- 
ship ), 119 ; Oregonian Build- 
ing, title page i also series of 
views, pages 122, 123) ; Park 
School, 141 ; Perkins Hotel, 
149 ; Portland Clay Co. 152 ; 
Portland Universitv, opposite 
136 ; Post Office, 128 ; Potter 
T. J. I steamer I, lis; Rail- 
road Bridge. 132: Railroau 
Bridge, showing train of cars, 
132: Riverview Cemetery en- 
trance, 146 : Rheinpfalz Hotel 
Zur, 152 ; Seid Back, Chinese 
merchant i portrait), 120; 
Seid Back, Chinese merchant 
( store ), 120 ; Sellwood Brew- 
ery, 153 : Ships that visit Port- 
land. 110: Skidmore Foun- 
tain, 130; Smithson Block. 
127 : Suell, Heitshu & Wood- 
ard Block 125 ; Stark Street 
Perry, 116; steam coast 
freighter at docks, 113; steam- 



er waiting for draw to open, 
115 ; Steam yachts in river. 
119 ; Stephens' School, 142 ; 
St. David's Episcopal Church, 
135 ; St. Helen's Hall. 144 ; 
St. Patrick's Church, 136; St. 
Vincent's Hospital, 131 ; Syna- 
gogue, 136 ; Taylor Street M. 
E. Church, 136; Third and 
Morrison Streets, 108 ; Third 
and Washington Streets, 109; 
through the draw, 116 ; the 
bonevard, 117: Trinity Epis- 
copal Church, 135 ; up river 
boats at docks, 105 ; Union 
Depot, 128; Unitarian Church, 
135 ; United States war ships 
in harbor, 112; Victoria 
(steamer), 118; Weinhard's 
Brewery, 126; Wheat Eleva- 
tor, 117; Wilhelm's Brewery, 
153 ; Willamette River, scene 
suburbs, 105; Williams Ave. 
School. 143; Wolff & /wicker 
Iron Works, 137. 

Portland Clay Co., Portland. 152. 

Portland Gen'l Elec. Co., three 
views, plant at Oregon City, 
Or., 164-165. 

Portland University, opp. 136. 

Port Townsend, Wash: Central 
School, 410 ; Court House, 
410 ; Custom House 409. 

Post Falls, Spokane River, 437. 

Post Office. Portland, 128. 

Potter, T J. ( steamer), 118. 

Price, E. C (portrait), Ellens- 
burg, Wash.. 415. 

Presbvterian Church, Tacoma, 
351. 

Pretty, A. E.( portrait ), Ballard, 
Wash.. 384. 

Prospecting, Mont., 70. 

Prospector for mines. 65. 

Prospector's pack train. 66. 

Prosser Falls and Priest Rapids 
Canal, Yakima Valley, Wash.. 
422. 

Prosser, Wash., irrigating, 4'-'4 

Prunes raised in Willamette 
Vallev. Or.. 104. 

Puget Sound :— Boom log-. 60; 
logging, 59 ; log chute 58 
log from chute striking water. 
• in ; logging train. 59 ; steam- 
boating, 33. 

Puget Sound Fishing Co., Taco- 
ma, 103. 

Pullman. Wash . : --Artesian 
well. 473 ; city hall, 474 ; 
loading wheat, 473 ; Main 
street, 472 ; public school, 
474. 

Pulp mills, Oregon City, or.. 
Kid. 

Puvallup Wash. : — Bank ofPuy- 
allup building, 355 : Central 

School, 350 ; First Xat. Bank 
and opera house, 355 : Meek- 
er, E., residence, 355. picking 
hops, 359 ; Pioneer hop 
house, 357 ; Spinning block. 
356; Stewart, J. P.. block, 
356. 



Puvallup, Wash., roller spray- 
er, 360. 
Queen of Angels Academy, Mt. 

Angel, Or., 190. 
Railroad bridge, Portland. 132. 
Railroad bridge ( showing train 

of cars |, Portland, 1 32. 
Rainbow Falls, Lake Chelan, 

Wash., 452. 
Ramsey, F. C. ( portrait ). Boise 

City, Idaho, 515. 
Rainier school, Seattle, 37.). _ 
Revere House, Albany, Or., 1 , 7. 
Review building, Sp >kane. 437. 
Rheinpfalz Hotel Zur, Portland, 

152. 
Ritzville, Wash., school house. 

426. 
Riverside ave., Spokane, ( 3 

views), 433, 434. 
Riverview cemeterv, entrance, 

Portland, 146. 
Rock Creek, near Newport, < )r., 

Or., 96. 
Rock Point, Rogue River, Or., 

212. 
Rockv Mountains, scenery 

Butte Short Line, 50. 
Rogue River Vallev, Or., Table 

Rock, 211. 
Rooster Rock, Columbia River. 

37. 
Roseburg, Or. :— City hall, 

204 ; County Court House, 

205 , Rose, Aaron ( portrait ), 
207 ; school building, 206. 

Rose, Aaron ( portrait ), Rose- 
burg, Or., 207. 

Roslyn, Wash. : — Block coal, 
413 ; public school, 413. 

Roth block, New Whatcom, 
Wash., 405. 

St. Agnes Falls, Kootenav Riv- 
er, B. C, 23. 

St. David's Episcopal church, 
Portland, 136. 

St. Helen's Hall. Portland. 144. 

St. Ignatius Mission. Mont., 
532. 

St. James Cathedral i 2 views). 
Vancouver. Wash. 308. 

St. Joseph's Hospital, Aberdeen, 
Wash, 333 

St. Joseph's Hospital, Tacoma. 
352. 

St. Patrick's Church, Portland, 
136. 

St. Peter's Hospital, Olvmpia. 
Wash, 338. 

St. Vincent's Hospital, Port- 
land, 131. 

Salem. Or.:— Commercial street. 
167 : East Salem school. 169 ; 
electric cars. 169; Ladd & 
Bush bank i 2 views l. 172 ; 
Lincoln school. 17<>: Marion 
County Court House, 168; 
state capitol, 166 : stati in 
sane asvluni. 171 ; State pen- 
itentary. 171 ; state reform 
school 171 : Willamette riv- 
er bridge, 107: Yew Park 
school, 170. 

Salmon cannery, South Bend, 
Wash., 99 



602 



The Oregoniari 's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Salmon fishing, Tillamook Bay, 
Or., lOO. 

Salmon ( frozen ) shipped to 
World's Fair fromOregon City, 
Or., 163. 

Salmon industry, Aberdeen, 
Wash., 331. 

Salmon, Royal Chinook, Colum- 
bia River, 98. 

Salmon traps, near Blaine, Wash. 
I 4- views ), 4.07, 4-08, 409. 

Sandy river, source of, Mt. Hood, 
6. 

Sawmill scene, Tacoraa, 341. 

Scio, Or., public school, 182. 

Sea Breeze Hotel, Pacific Park, 
W T ash., 304. 

Seaside opera house, Clatsop 
Beach, Or., 299. 

Seaside, Or. :— Grimes House, 
300 ; McGuire's Hotel, 300. 

Seattle: —After the fire, 367; Al- 
len & Nelson Mill Co. sawmill, 
379 ; an office building, 368 ; 
a prominent business block, 
368; a prominent corner, 367; 
a well known corner, 370 ; 
Central School, 372 ; Chief, 
Seattle, 364 ; coal bunkers, 
370 ; Columbia school, 375 ; 
Congregational church, 373 ; 
Court House, 369 ; Day school 
(Fremont), 374; Denny school, 
373 ; Dexter Horton & Co. 
Bank, 382 ; engine house, No. 
3, 376 ; fire boat, 376 ; fire 
department headquarters, 
375 ; first house, Alki Point, 

364 ; Front Street, 366; Front 
and James Streets, 364 ; Har- 
bor, 364 ; hauling logs, 62 ; 
Holmes Lumber Co., 380 ; In- 
dian canoes, 377 ; Kerry, A. 
S., sawmill. 380 ; McGilvra, J. 
J. (portrait), 371; Mercer 
school, 375 ; Minor, T. T. 
school, 373 ; offices Board of 
Education. 372; Olympia 
school, 375; opera house, 373; 
Pacific school, 375 ; Rainier 
school, 375 ; Second street, ( 2 
views), 366 ; schools, 372 to 
375 ; Smith, H. A. (portrait), 

365 ; Snoqualmie falls, near 
citv. 376 ; South school, 372 ; 
Teshi school, 369 ; Third 
street, 367 ; water front (2 
views), 365 ; Yesler, Mrs. M. 
G. ( residence ), 371. 

Seid Back, Chinese merchant, 

Portland ( portrait), 120. 
Seid Back, Chinese merchant, 

Portland (store), 120. 
Sellwood brewery, Portland, 

153. 
Sheep ranch, Umatilla Co., Or., 

278. 
Ship building, Tacoma, 344. 
Shoalwater Bay, Wash. : — (Map 

Willapa harbor), 317. 
Silver Bow, Butte, Mont., 550. 
Silver Mow Co. Court House, 

Butte, Mont.. 553. 
Silver King mine, Nelson, B. 

C, 587. 



Silverton, Or.:— Coolidge &. Mc- 
Claine bank, 187 ; Cusiter 
Geo. (portrait), 188; public 
school, 187; street scene, 
186 ; Wolf, Adolf & Sou 
(store), 187. 

South Bend, Wash., Lumber 
Mnfg. Co., 320. 

Southern Oregon Mining, 67. 

Spinning block, Puyallup, 
Wash., 356. 

Spokane : — A business block, 
435; a residence, 436; Au- 
ditorium, 435; Bancroft 
school, 441 ; Bryant school, 
439 ; business center, 433 ; 
Cantilever bridge, 431 ; Con- 
gregational (second) church, 
438; Dillman, L. C. (por- 
trait ), 442 ; Franklin school, 
441 ; Griffitts, T. C. (portrait), 
444; High School, 443; 
Hyde, S. C, 443 ; Jones, Ar- 
thur D. (portrait), 444 ; Leg- 
horn, J. F. (portrait), 445; 
Lincoln school, 442 ; manu- 
facturing district, 92 ; marble 
ledges, 73 ; N. P. R. R. depot, 
440 ; N. Y. brewery, 438 ; 
Review building, 437 ; River- 
side avenue (3 views), 433, 
434; street scene, 433; 
water power, 93 ; water pow- 
er ( 4 views), 431. 

Spokane river at Spokane, 431. 

Spokane river Canyon, Wash, 94 

Spokane river at Post Falls, 
437. 

Spokane river scene, 45. 

Spokane river, Spokane, 
28, 45. 

Spokane water power, 28. 

Sprague, Wash.: — Brooke, G. S. 
( portrait ), 427 ; cattle round- 
up, 426 ; Court House, 427 ; 
Donahue, T. P. ( portrait ), 
429 ; general view, 426 ; 
Gray, James B ( portrait ), 
429 ; harvesting, 427 ; Mar- 
tin, H. N. ( portrait ), 428 ; 
Mount Wallace (portrait), 
429. 

Stark Street ferry, Portland, 
116. 

Steamboating, Puget Sound, 33. 

Steilacoom, Wash., State in- 
sane asylum, 345. 

Stephens school, Portland, 142. 

Stevensville, Mont.: --Churches, 
530 ; Fort Owen, 530. 

Stewart, J. P., block, Puyallup, 
Wash, 356. 

Stock scene, Camas Prairie, 
Idaho, 497. 

Stouts ( Mrs.) Hotel, Pacific 
Park, Wash., 304. 

Sumner. Wash. : — Whitworth 
College, 362. 

Sunset addition, Oregon City, 
Or., 162. 

Superior, Mont., 531. 

Surf bathing, Long Beach, 
Wash, 301. 

Surf bathing, Oregon coast, 
298. 



" Switchback," summit Cas- 
cades, N. P. R. R., 44. 

Synagogue, Portland, 136. 

Table Rock, Rogue River Val- 
ley, Or., 211. 

Tacoma: — American Lake, 
353 ; Bryant school, 351 ; 
catching crabs, 102 ; Central 
school, 352 ; City Hall, 346 ; 
coal bunkers, 344 ; coal mine 
and dump, 87 ; coke ovens, 88 ; 
C street, 349; C street busi- 
ness blocks, 346 ; discharg- 
ing tea, 347 ; dry dock. 350 ; 
Eleventh street, 349 ; Emer- 
son school, 351 ; Eureka 
Sandstone Co.'s quarries, Te- 
nino, 353 ; Exposition build- 
ing, 353 ; first postoffice. 
340; Franklin school, 351 ; 
Franklin school, 352 ; Haw- 
thorne school, 352 ; Historic 
church, 341 ; Indian canoes, 

342 ; Irving school, 350 ; 
Lincoln school, 351 ; loading 
lumber on ships, 344 ; load- 
ing wheat, 347 ; Longfellow- 
school, 351 ; Lowell school, 
350 ; Mt. Tacoma, 343 ; N. 
P. R. R. car shops, 342 ; N. 
P. R. R. car shops, interior, 

343 ; N. P. R. R. yards. 44 ; 
oldest church on Puget Sound, 
341 ; Pacific avenue from 9th, 

349 ; Pacific avenue from 
13th, 349 ; Pierce Co. Court 
House, 347 ; Point Defiance 
345 ; Presb. church, 351 
Puget Sound Fishing Co. 
103 ; sawmill scene, 341 
school of shorthand, 354 
ship building, 344: Si 
Joseph's hospital, 352 ; Tait 
J. W. ( portrait ), 354 ; tea 
steamship at docks, 349 ; 
trout stream, 101 ; whart 
scene, 347 ; Whitman school. 

350 ; Wright Park, 345. 
Tait, J. W., Tacoma, 354. 
Taylor Street M. E. church. 

Portland, 136. 

Tea ship at Tacoma, 347. 

Tea steamship at Tacoma, 349. 

Tenino, Wash.: — Eureka Sand- 
stone Co.'s quarries, 353. 

Teshi park, Seattle, 369. 

The dalles gorge, Columbia 
River, 29. 

The Dalles, Or., approach to, 
269. 

The dalles rapids, Columbia 
River, 28. 

Third and Morrison streets, 
Portland, 108. 

Third and Washington streets, 
Portland. 109. 

Thompson, R. N., store, Browns- 
ville, Or., 184. 

Thurston Co. Court House, 
Olympia, Wash, 336. 

Tiger mine, Burke, Idaho, 484. 

Tillamook Bay : — A lumber 
camp, 53. 

Tillamook Bay, Or., salmon fish- 
ing, 100. 



Index. — Illustrations. 



603 



Tillamook county, Or., logging, 
235. 

Tillamook, Oregon :— Court 
House, 237 ; dairy scene, 24-1 ; 
harbor scene, 236 ; Main 
street, 236; Methodist church, 
239 ; public school, 237 ; 
store, Cohu & Co., 23>> ; store, 
Feamside, G. W., 238 ; Tilla- 
mook Lumbering Co.'s saw- 
mill. 

Tillamook stage from Forest 
Grove. Or., 232. 

Timber felling near Aberdeen, 
Wash., 57, 326. 

Timber felling near Cathlamet, 
Wash., 306. 

Timber felling near Chehalis, 
Wash., 58. 

Timber felling, Oregon, 55. 

Timber felling near Snohomish, 
Wash, ass." 

Timber felling in Oregon, 55. 

Tinker's Hotel, Long Beach, 
Wash. 303. 

Title page, 1. 

Tower Lumber & Mufg. Co., 
Centralia, Wash, 324. 

Towusend, W. M. ( portrait ), 
Lakeview, Or., 226. 

Trinity Episcopal church, Port- 
land, 135. 

Trout fishing near Tacoma.101. 

Trout fishing, Willamette Val- 
ley, Or., 100. 

Two Medicine creek, Mont., 23. 

Umatilla Co. Court House, Pen- 
dleton, Or., 275. 

Umatilla Co. grain field, 278. 

Umatilla Co. sheep ranch, 278. 

Union Co. Court House, Union 
Or., 287. 

Union Depot, Portland, 128. 

Union, Or.: — Court House, 287; 
public school, 286. 

Union Pacific Rv., approach to 
The Dalles, 269. 

Union Pacific track uearVieuto, 
Columbia river, 75. 

Unitarian chureh, Portland, 
135. 

U, S. life saving crew, Long 
Beach. Wash., 301. 

University of Idaho, Moscow, 
491. 

University of Oregon, Eugene 
( group), 199. 

Vancouver, Wash. : — Court 
House, 307; Main street, 307; 
officers' quarters, barracks, 
308 : public school, 307 ; St. 
James cathedral ( 2 views ), 
308 ; school for deaf mutes, 
307 ; school f o r feeble- 
minded. 308. 

Victor block, New Whatcom, 
Wash., 406. 

Victoria, B. C. : — Beacon Hill 



Park, 573 ; Carey castle, 572; 
city hall, 572 ; dry dock, Es- 
quimau, 571 ; high school, 
572 ; the gorge, 573. 

Waitsburg, Wash.: — Morrow, J. 
H. (portrait), 460; school, 
459. 

Wallace, Idaho, 483; church, 
4S+. 

Walla Walla Co. Court House, 
Walla Walla. Wash., 456. 

Walla Walla, Wash.: — Court 
House, 456 ; farm scene, 22 ; 
FireDep't. Headquarters, 4.~> 7; 
Opera House. 457 ; Paine 
School, 456 ; Penitentiary 
i 2 views ), 457, 458; a street 
sceue, 455. 

Wardner, Idaho. Bunker Hill 
and Sullivan Mine, 483. 

Washington Co. Court House, 
Hillsboro, Or., 227. 

Washington : — Insane asylum, 
Medical Lake, 446 ; insane 
asylum, Steilacoom, 345; 
Normal school, Ellensburgh, 
414; Penitentiary, Walla 
Walla (2 views), 457, 458; 
school for Defective Youth, 
Vancouver, 307 ; school for 
Feeble Minded. Vancouver, 
308 ; Soldiers' Home, Orting, 
Wash., 411 ; State Normal 
school, 414. 

Watermelon Patch, near Grants 
Pass, Or., 210, 

Watkins, W.W. ( portrait), Mos- 
cow, Idaho, 491. 

Weatherwax, The, J. M. Co.'s 
Mill, boom, Aberdeen, Wash., 
332. 

Weatherwax, The, J. M. Co.'s 
Mill, sawmill, Aberdeen, 
Wash , 332. 

Weatherwax, The, J. M. Co.'s 
schooner ( launch of), Aber- 
deen, Wash., 333. 

Weinhard's Brewery, Portland, 
126. 

Weston, Or., Public School, 283 

Whatcom Co. Court House, New 
Whatcom, Wash., 403. 

Whatcom Creek Falls, New 
Whatcom, Wash., 405. 

Wheat Elevator, Portland, 117. 

Wheat (loading), Pullman, 
Wash , 473. 

Wheat raised in Willamette Val- 
ley, 20, 

Wheat vessel loading, Tacoma, 
347. 

White, Geo. F. (portrait), Cas- 
tle Rock, Wash., 311. 

White River, Wash., 412 

Whitman Co. Court House, Day- 
ton, Wash, 464. 

Whitman Co. Court House, inte- 
rior, Colfax, Wash., 465. 



Whitworth College, Sumner, 
Wash., 362. 

Wilbur, Wash., 450. 

Wilhelm's Brewery, Sellwood, 
Portland, 153. 

Willamette Falls, Oregon City, 
title page. 

Willamette Falls (3 views i, 
l."7, 158, 

Willamette river bridge, Al- 
bany, Or., 176. 

Willamette river bridge, Port- 
laud, 132, 133. 

Willamette river bridge, Salem, 
Or., 167. 

Willamette river scene, Port- 
land's suburbs, 105. 

Willamette river suspension 
bridge, Oregon City, 158. 

Willamette street. Eugene, Or., 
195. 

Willamette Tannery, Eugene, 
Or., 196. 

Willamette Vallev : — Limb of 
prunes, 1 04 ; tall wheat, 20 ; 
trout fishing, 100. 

Willapa Harbor Tannin Ext. 
Co., South Bend, Wash., 319. 

Willapa Harbor, Wash., map 
317. 

Williams ave. school, Portland, 
143. 

Winlock, Wash : — School house, 
312. 

Wilson River, Or., 233 ; Fall 
creek, 234 ; Iler's falls, 234. 

Wilson River country, Or., log- 
ging, 235. 

Wolf, Adolf & Son block, Sil- 
vertou, Or., 187. 

Wolff & Zwicker, iron works, 
Portland, 137. 

Woodburn, Or., public school, 
165. 

Wright Park, Tacoma, 345. 

Yakima Valley, Wash.:— Hop 
growing, 23; Leadbetter 
ditches (series of views), 420. 
421, 422; Sunnyside canal, 
419, 420; two year old or- 
chard, 423. 

Yamhill Co. Court House, Mc- 
Minnville, Or., 244. 

Yaquiua Bay. Or. :— At Newport 
265 ; bathing north jetty, 
264 ; Cape Foulweather, 264; 
entrance, 35 ; Jump-Off-Joe 
Rock, 263 ; scene near bay, 

262 ; steamer outward bound, 

263 ; surf bathing, 263. 
Yesler, Mrs. M. G. ( residence I, 

Seattle, 371. 

Yew Park school, Salem, Or., 
170. 

Young's Hotel, Olvmpia.Wash., 
339. 

Young, Samuel E. (store), Al- 
bany, Or., 177. 



IN DBX. 



READING MATTER.) 



Aberdeen, Wash.: — General 
description, 329 to 333 ; sal- 
mon rjack, 100. 

Abert Lake. Oregon, 36. 

Achme, Wash., coal mines, 91. 

Ada County, Idaho, 510, 517. 

Ada County, Idaho, gold and 
silver output, 78. 

Adam, Chas. S., Roslyn, Wash., 
4-13. 

Adams County, Wash., 420.447. 

Adams County Court House, 
Ritzville, Wash., 426. 

Adams, M. J., Silverton, Wash., 
187. 

Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, 
33, 409. 

Ager, Cal., 217. 

Ager, Cal., stage to Lakeview 
and Klamath" Falls, 219, 220. 

Ahtanum River, Wash.417. 422. 

Ahtanum Valley, Wash., 417. 

Ailshie, J. F.,Grangeville, Idaho, 
491. 

Ainsworth Bank, Portland, 1 .'!.">. 

Ainsworth, B. C, 582. 

Ainsworth school, Portland, 
143. 

Ainsworth, Wash., 425. 

Airlie, Or., 257, 40. 

Alaska : — Area, 8 ; fishing, 97; 
mines, 85, 86 ; population, S; 
purchase price, 8; salmon can- 
ning, 99 ; seals, 8 ; timber, 64, 
65 (Alaska is reached by 
stea.ner from Puget Sound 
ports). 

Alaska Commercial Co., 8. 

Albany, Or.: — General descrip- 
tion, 174 to 176, also see 39, 
42. 

Albany (Or.), college, 176. 

Alll.ee, The, (Hotel), South 
Bend. Wash., 310. 

Alberta Coal & Ry. Co., B.C. 52. 

Albina Central school, Portland, 
14:;. 

Albina Homestead school, Port- 
land, l 1,3. 

Albina Sav. Hank, Portland, 135. 

Albina. suburb, Portland, 41, 
1 13, 115. 

Albina. railroad simps, n . 1 33 . 

Albii ui Mine, Montana, 5 17. 

Aldi r Gulch, Mont., 77, si , 82. 

Alderman. Tin , | Hotel i, Tilla- 
mook, ( ir., 239. 

Alderman, A. I.., Tillamook, Or. 
239. 



Alexander, R., Pendleton, Or., 
276, 277. 

Alexander & Freidenrich, 
Grangeville, Idaho, 501. 

Alfalfa: — Canyon Co., Idaho, 
509; Ellensburgh, Wash ., 
414 ; Prosser, Wash., 424 ; 
Rogue River Vallev, Or., 213 ; 
Walla Walla, Wash., 458 ; 
Whitman Co., Wash., 467 ; 
Wood River Valley, Idaho, 
518 ; Yakima Valley, Wash., 
423, 424. ( Also grown in 
Southeastern Oregon, the 
Willamette Valley, and nearly 
all parts of Pacific Northwest.^ 

Algonquin Mining Co., Mon- 
tana, 534, 535. 

Alice Mine, Butte, Mont., 84, 
557. 

Alice Mining Co.. Butte, Mont., 
557. 

Alki Point, Seattle, 364. 

Allen, E. W., Portland, 588. 

Allen House.Tillamook, Or. 239. 

Allen. J. P., Tillamook, Or., 239. 

Allen, Mont., 51. 

Allen & Nelson Mill Co., Seat- 
tle, 379, 380. 

Allie Brown Mine, Mont., 557. 

Almira, Wash., 448. 

Almonds, Medford, Or.. 210. 

Alsea, Or., 99, 100. 

Alta Coal Mine, Wash.. 90. 

Alta Mine, Montana, 546. 

Althouse Creek, Oregon, 69. 

Alton Mines, Idaho, 499. 

Alturas County, Idaho : — Court 
House, 520 ; gold and silver 
output, 78, also see 517, 518, 
519, 521. 

American Creek, Idaho, 493. 

American Flag Mine, Mon.,545. 

American Lake, Tacoma, 345. 

American Nat. Bank. Helena, 
Mont., 539. 

Amity, Oregon, 258. 

Amy and Silversmith Mine, 
Butte, Mont., 84. 

Anaconda, Mont. : — Copper 
mines, 83 ; general descrip- 
tion. 558; mines, 04, 555, 
556 : railroads, 56. 

Anaconda Reduction Co., Mon- 
tana. 559. 

Anacortes, Wash.: — General 
description, 391, 392; rail- 
roads, 45. 

Ankeny. Levi, 290. 

Annie Con. mine, Oregon, 61. 



Antimony, Thompson Falls, 
Mont., 525. 

Apples : — Benton Co., Or., 263 ; 
first tree in Oregon, 158 ; 
Oregon, 588 to 593; Walla 
Walla, Wash., 458. (Also see 
fruit culture; grown in nearly 
all parts of Pacific Northwest, i 

Apricots: — Ashland, Or., 
215 ; Big Bend country, 
Wash., 449 ; Oregon, 591 ; 
Snake River Vallev, 495 ; 
Wasco Co , Or., 270 ; Whit- 
man Co., Wash., 467 ; Yaki- 
ma. Valley, Wash.. 433. (Al- 
so see fruit culture ). 

Arago, Oregon, 266. 

Arkansas Belle mine, Oregon, 
291. 

Arkansas River, Wash., 311. 

Arlington Heights addition, 
Spokane, 446. 

Arlington Heights addition, 
motor line, Spokane, 439, 

440, 446. 

Arlington, Or., 41, 270, 271. 
Arrow Lakes, B. C, 25, 44, 

441, 579. 

Artesian wells: — Adams Co., 
Wash., 426 ; Moscow, Idaho, 
48P ; Moxee Vallev, Wash., 
423; Pasco, Wash., 425; 
Pullman, Wash., 473 ; Tekoa, 
Wash., 470 ; Yakima Vallev, 
Wash., 423. 

Ashland, Or. : — 39 ; general 
description, 214 to 216. 

Ashland creek. Or., 214. 

Ashland ( Or. ), flouring mills, 
216. 

Ashland ( Or. ), mine, 61. 

Ashland ( Or. ), Mining Co., 
215. 

Asotin, Wash., 27, 496. 

Astor, John Jacob, 107, 294. 

Astoria, Oregon: — Early rail- 
road history, 230 ; early 
transportation, 117; first 
settlement, 107 ; fishing, 
114; general description, 
294 to ' 298 ; precipitation, 
16 ; salmon canning, 99 ; 
temperature. 1 6. 

Astoria & MeMinnville R. R., 
230. 

Astoria & South Coast R. R.. 
298, 299. 

Athena, Or. : — General de- 
scription, 2S2, 283 ; rail- 
roads, 47. 



Index. — Reading Matter. 



605 



Atkinson, Geo. B., Portland, 
14-0, 141. 

Atkinson, Geo. E., New What- 
com, Wash, 405. 

Atkinson, J. B., Blaine, Wash., 
407. 

Atkinson, W. H., Ashland, Or., 
216. 

Atkinson school, Portland, 143. 

Anld 6c Johnson Mills, Ballard, 
Wash., 384. 

Avers Furniture Factory, Mon 
tesano. Wash., 327. 

Badger Mine. Idaho, 480. 

Badger State Mine, Mont., 556. 

Bailev, Dr. F. A., Hillsboro, Or., 
228. 

Baker's Bay, Wash., 300, 301. 

BakerCity, Or., 70 ; general de- 
scription, 288 to "290 ; pre- 
cipitation, 16 ; temperature, 
16. 

Baker County, Or., 291, 292 ;* 
general description, 288 to 
290 ; gold, 67 ; mines, 70. 

Baker, Geo. B., Dayton, Wash., 
461, 4.62. 

Bald Butte Mining Co., Mont., 
547. 

Bald Mountain, Idaho, 487. 

Baldwin & Reames, Klamath 
Falls, Or., 219. 

Ballard, suburb, Seattle, 369, 
384, 385. 

Baltimore Market, Portland, Or., 
104. 

Baltimore Mine, Ketchum, Ida- 
ho, 521. 

Bancroft, Idaho, 517. 

Bancroft School, Spokaue, Wash. 
442. 

Baudon, Or., 266; precipita- 
tion, 16 ; temperature, 16. 

Bank of Albina, Portland, 135. 

Bank of Ashland, Or., 215. 

Bank of B. C, Portland, 135. 

Bank of B. C, Seattle, 382. 

Bank of B. C, Tacoma, 351. 

Bank of Brownsville, Browns- 
ville, Or., 184. 

Bank of Cheney, Wash., 430. 

Bank of Commerce Centralia, 
Wash.. 322. 

Bank ot Fairhaven.Wash., 401. 

Bank of Forest Grove., Or., 230. 

Bank of Graugeville, Idaho, .>< ). 

Bank of Montesano, Wash. .328 

Bank of Newberg, Or., 252. 

Bank of Oregon Citv, Or., 162. 

Bank of Scio, Or., 182, 183. 

Bank of Spokane Falls, Spo- 
kane, Wash., 441. 

Banner Mine, Montana, 546. 

Bannock Co., Idaho, 517, 522. 

Bannock Indians, 5 22. 

Bannock, Mont., 81, 83, 563. 

Baptist College, Colfax, Wash., 
466. 

Barker, John, Tillamook, Or., 
236. 

Barker, Montana. 51. 

Barley: — Big Bend, Wash., 
44,s ; Camas Prairie, Idaho, 
500 ; Chehalis Co., Wash., 
327 ; Colfax, Wash., 465 ; 



Dayton, Wash ,461 ; Junction 
Citv, or., 194 ; Moscow, 489 ; 
Pullman, Wash., 473 : Skagit 
Co., Wash., 396; Union Co , 
Or., vield, 288 ; Walla Walla. 
Wash., 458 ; Whatcom, 396 ; 
( also see wheat ; raised in 
nearly all parts of Pacific 
Northwest I. 

Barnes, Geo. A. & Co., Olvm- 
pia, Wash.. 338. 

Barnes, W. St. M. Portland, 155. 

Barney, Frank M, New What- 
com, Wash, 406. 

Barrett block, Chehalis, Wash., 
314. 

Barry, Col. Chas., 39 

Bartholomew, W. L., Buckley, 
Wash, 412. 

Basin Creek, Mont., 554. 

Basin mines, Mont., 546. 

Basket factory, Hoquiam.Wash., 
334. 

Bath mine, Mont., 535. 

Bay City, Or., 242. 

Bay Creek district, Idaho, 79. 

Bay Horse mines, Idaho, 70. 

Beacon Hill park, Victoria, B. 
C, 573. 

Bear Creek, Mont., 554. 

Bear Creek, Or., 21.'!. 

Beaver Canvon, Idaho, 48. 

Beaver Creek, Idaho, 480, 486, 
487. 

Beaver Creek, Mont., 545. 

Beaverhead Co., Mont., 84-. 

Beaverton Valley, Mont., rail- 
roads, 48. 

Bees, Tillamook Co., Or., 2 l-o. 

Beets, Skagit Co., Wash., 389. 

Beets, sugar, Coos Bay, Or., 266. 

Belle of Butte mine, Mont. ,556. 

Bellevue, Idaho, 519. 

Bellingham, Wash., 393. 

Bellingham Bay, Wash., 33, 
393. 

Bellingham Bay and adjacent 
country, general description, 
392 to 396. ( Also see Fair- 
haven and New Whatcom ). 

Bellingham Bav, W T ash., coal, 
88. 

Bellingham Bay, Wash., Gas 
Co., Fairhaven, 400, 

Bellingham Bay & B. C. R. R., 
44, 46, 377. 

Belmont mine, Mont., 547. 

Belmont. Wash., 45. 

Belt Mountain and Sand Coulee 
branch, Grt. North. R. R.. 51. 

Benedictine Sisters, Mt. Angel, 
Or., 190. 

Bennett, Nelson, Tacoma, 393, 
397. 

Benn, Samuel Aberdeen, Wash., 
330. 

Benton Co. Court House, Cor- 
vallis, Or., 261. 

Benton Co., Or., general de- 
scription, 262 to 264. 

Benton Co., dr., timber, 54, 

Benton, Thos. H., 43. 

Berries : — ( See fruit culture ; 
grown successfully in nearly 
all parts of Pacific Northwest I. 



Bertha, suburb Portland. 147. 

Bickford, E. L., Centralia, 
Wash.. 322. 

Biddle. Edward, Dallas, Or., 
254. 

Big Bear Creek, Idaho, 49.'!. 

Big Bend Country, Wash ; 
Centers of population, 4 1 <", to 
448 ; general description, 
447 to 449 ; Great Northern 
Rv., 45. 46 ; lime, 94 ; soil, 
23. ( Also see 20, 426, 427, 
430, 435 J 

Big Bend Nat Bank, Daven- 
port. Wash., 450. 

Big Horn Mountains, Mont., 81. 

Billings, G. F., Ashland, Or., 
216. 

Bi-Metallic mine, Mont., 84, 534 

Bi-Metallic Mining Co., Mont., 
534. 

Bingham Co., Idaho. 78, 517. 
523. 

Binkley block, Centralia, Wash., 
322. 

Birch Creek, Or., 278. 

Birge & Leitch, Centralia. 
Wash., 323, 324. 

Bishop, E. R., Heppuer, Or., 
272. 

Bishop Scott Academy, Port- 
land, 143. 

Bissinger & Co.. Portland, 154. 

Bitter Root Development Co., 
Hamilton, Mont., 531. 

Bitter Root Mountains (see 
Idaho & Montana.) 

Bitter Root River, Mont., 530. 

Bitter Root Vallev, Mont., 526, 
527, 530, 531." 

Black Cloud mines, Idaho, 484. 

Black Bear mine, Idaho, 77, 
480, 485. 

Blackberries (also see fruit cul- 
ture I, Walla Walla, Wash., 
458. 

Black Diamond coal mine, 
Wash., 90. 

Black Diamond mine, Idaho, 
486. 

Black Diamond, Wash., 47. 
377. 

Blackfoot, Idaho, 48, 523. 

Blackfoot Indians, 526. 

Blackfoot Milling & Mfg. Co., 
Bonner, Mont., 64. 

Blackfoot River, Mont., 526, 
537. 

Black Jack mine, 77, 79. 

Black mine, Mont., 546, 547, 
5 5 7 . 

Black River Junction, Wash., 
47, 90. 

Black sand, Oregon Coast, 68. 

Black Tail mines, Idaho, 47S. 

Blaine mine, Mont., 534. 

Blaine, Wash. :— Genl. descrip- 
tion, 406, 407 ; Point Rob- 
erta Canning Co., 407, 408, 
409; salmon pack, 100. 

Blue Bell mines, B. C, 581. 

Blue Bird mine, Mont., 546, 
547, 557. 

Blue Bird Mining Co., Mont., 
55 7. 



606 



The Oresronian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Blue Canyon Coal Co., coal 
bunkers near Fairhaven, 
Wash., 40. 

Blue Canvou coal mine, Wash., 
394-, 395, 403. 

Bohemia mines, Lane Co., Or., 
200, 202. 

Boise City, Idaho : — Barracks, 
511 ; "description, 51 to 
516 ; precipitation, 16 ; tem- 
perature, 16. 

Boise City branch U. P. R. R., 
48. 

Boise Citv & Nampa Canal. 
Idaho, 517. 

Boise River, Idaho, 28, 507, 
509, 510, 517. 

Boise Vallev, Idaho, 507, 509, 
510. 

Bolles Junction, Wash., 46. 

Bonanza mines, B. C., 583, 
586. 

Bonanza mines, Colville, Wash., 
454. 

Bonanza mines, Or., 70, 292. 

Bonner, Mont., 64, 529. 

Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, 25, 36, 
52, 580. 

Bonner's Ferry, Wash., 587. 

Boston mine. Wash., 74. 

Boston & Montana mine, Butte, 
84. 

Boston & Montana Mining Co., 
Butte, 556. 

Boston & Montana mine, Glos- 
ter, 84. 

Boston Nat. Bank, Seattle, 382. 

Boulder gulch, Idaho, 480. 

Boulder Hot Springs, Mont., 
544. 

Boulder mines, Idaho, 493. 

Boulder, Mou., 50, 546. 

Boundary City, Wash., 453. 

Boundary line i International 1 7. 

Boundary mines, Wash., 454. 

Boven, C. D., Seattle, 364. 

Bowen & Small, Baker City, 
Or., 289. 

Bover, J. D., Brownsville, Or., 
185. 

Browne, C. M., Moscow, Idaho, 
490. 

Browne. R. S., Moscow, Idaho, 
490. 

Brown, L. P., Mt. Idaho, Idaho, 
504, 505. 

Brown, W. W., Grangeville, 
Idaho, 501. 

Bruneau River, Idaho, 517. 

Bradley mine, < >i\, 292, 

Bredemeyer, Dr. W., Tacoma, 
76. 

Bridal Veil Falls, Wash., 452. 

British Columbia : — Descrip- 
tion, 568 to 588 : area, 8 ; 
exports 8; fisheries output, 
8 ; fishing, 97, 99, 100 ; 
mines output (gold), 8; pop- 
ulation, 8 ; railways, 51 ; sal- 
mon canning, 99 ; timber re- 
sources, 65. 

Brooke, Geo. S, Sprague.Wash., 
427, 428. 

Brooklyn school, Portland, 143. 

Brooklyn, suburb Portland, 146. 



Browne, J. J., Spokane, 434. 

Browne Nat. bank, Spokane, 
441. 

Brown, L. H., Tillamook, Or., 
238. 

Brownell, Geo. C, Oregon Citv, 
163. 

Brownson, Rev. T. G., McMinn- 
ville, Or., 247. 

Brownsville, Or., 183 to 185. 

Brvant school, Spokane, 442. 

Bucoda, Wash : — Coal, 92 ; de- 
scription, 335. 

Bucoda, Wash., Coal Co., 335. 

Buckeye Mines, Idaho. 487. 

Buckley, Wash., 411, 412. 

Bucklev, Wash., Lumber Co., 
412, 413. 

Budd's Inlet, Puget Sound, 335; 
improvements, 338. 

Buffalo, 559, 560. 

Buffalo Hump (hilli, Idaho, 
503. 

Bullfinch harbor, Wash.. 325. 

Bull Run Creek, Or., 133, 134. 

Bullion Mines, Idaho, 486, 
519. 

Bunchgrass : — Big Bend coun- 
try, Wash., 447 ; Camas Prai- 
rie, Idaho, 499 ; Colville Val- 
lev, Wash., 435 ; Montana, 
559 to 562 ; Pasco, Wash., 
426 ; Umatilla Co., Or.. 278 ; 
Whitman Co., Wash., 467. 

Bunker Hill & Sullivan mine, 
Idaho, 479, 480, 482, 483. 

Burckhardt Bros., Portland, 
156. 

Burke, Idaho, 482, 483 ; de- 
scription, 484 ; railroads, 48, 
49. 

Burlington Mines. Mont., 550. 

Burnett, Wash., 346. 

Burnside Street bridge, Port- 
land, 115. 

Burnt Prairie, Or., 240. 

Burnt River, Or., 290. 

Burrard's Inlet, B. C, 569, 577. 

Butcher Creek, Idaho, 498, 

Butier, J. B. Monmouth, Or., 
260. 

Butte, Mont. —Description, 548 
to 558 ; banks, 553 ; business 
blocks, 552 ; churches, 654 ; 
clubs, 553 ; copper, 83, 84, 
548 to 558 ; Cons. Ry. Co., 
552; Court House, 553; 
Daly, Marcus, 555 ; Dugan, 
E. O.. Mayor of, 552, 553 ; 
early history, 548 to 551 ; 
fire protection, 554, 555 ; 
gold (placers), 548 to 551; 
incorporation, 551 ; library, 
553 ; lighting, 555 ; location, 
551, 552 ; McC. White, W. & 
Co., 558 ; mines, 84 ; mines 
production, 555; mining, 548 
to 558 ; mining companies, 
556 to 558 ; police, 552 ; 
quartz mining, 550, 551 ; 
railroads, 551 ; reduction 
works, 557 ; residences, 553; 
schools, 553, 554 ; smelting, 
551 to 558 ; streets, 552 ; 
street railways, 552 ; suburbs, 



551. 552 ; wages, 552 ; water 

works, 554, 555. 
Butte. ( Mont.), Cons. Ry. Co., 

552. 
Butte & Boston Mining Co, ,556 . 
Butte Creek, Or., 173. 
Butter Creek, Or., 278. 
Buttercup Mine, Idaho, 519. 
Byam, Judge, Mont., 564. 
Bvles, C. N., Moutesauo, Wash., 

327, 328, 329. 
Byles & Co., Montesano, Wash., 

328. 
Cabinet Rapids, Columbia Riv- 
er, 26. 
Caldwell, Idaho. 507, 509. 
Caldwell For. Co., 507. 
Cal. & Col. River R. R. Co.. 38. 
California Mine, Idaho, 484. 
Calipooia Creek, Or., 208. 
Calipooia Hills, Or., 104, 113, 

207. 
Calipooia River, Or., 175, 183, 

203. 
Calvin, Mont., 50. 
Camas Prairie, Idaho, 497 to 

504. 
Camas Praire Land & Town 

Co., Denver, Idaho, 503. 
Camas Swale Creek, Or., 203. 
Cameron Mine, Or., 69. 
Campbell, P. L., Monmouth, Or., 

259, 260. 
Canadian Pacific Ry. in B. C, 

51 ; Lumber shipments, 65 ; 

at Seattle, 377. 
Canadian Pacific Rv. in Wash., 

44. 
Canals (also see irrigation.) 
Canal & Locks, Oregon City, 

Or., 159. 164, 165. 
Canal, (lumber), The Dalles, 

Or., 268. 
Canal ( water power ), Albany, 

Or., 175, 177; Eugene, Or., 

196; Harrisburg, Or., 192; 

Lebanon, 179, 180; Salem, 

Or., 168 ; Silverton, Or., 187; 

Stayton, Or., 181. 
Candle Fish (Eulachan 1, 102. 
Cannon, A. M. Spokane, 434. 
Canoe River, B. C, 25. 
Canvon Creek, Idaho, 483, 484, 

485. 
Canvon County, Idaho, 507. 

517. 
Canvon County, Idaho, Genl. 

Description, 508, 509. 
Canyon Mountains, Or., 207. 
Cape Flattery, Wash., 33 ; fish- 
ing, 345 ; fishing batiks, 101. 
Cape Lookout, Or., 241. 
Capital Lumbering Co., Win- 
lock, Wash., 312. 
Carbon River, Wash., 354. 
Carbon River, Wash., coal, 91. 
Carbonado Coal Mine, Wash., 

91. 
Carbonate mine. Or., 70. 
Caribou Mines. B. C, 569. 
Carp. Oregon & Wash., 102. 
Carpenter Creek, B. C, 583. 
Carr, F. L. Montesano, Wash., 

328. 



Index. — Reading Mn t tcr. 



til ft 



Caritte & Grinnell, Spokane, 
439. 

Carrots, Skagit Co., Wash.. 389. 

Carson, J. P., Moutesauo. Wash. 
328. 

Carten. John, Idaho, 484. 

Carter, E. V., Ashland, Or. ,21 6. 

Carter, F. H., Ashland, Or., 216. 

Carter, Missjulia, Portland, 140. 

Carlin, John, Coeur d'Alene 
Mines, 479. 

Cascade County, Mont., gold 
and silver output, 84. 

Cascade Mining District, Wash., 
74. 

Cascade Mountains. (Also see 
Oregon, Wash, and B. C. ). 
General course, 9 ; Stampede 
tunnel, 342 ; view from Seat- 
tle, 370 ; view from Tacoma, 
343 ; iu Wash., 73, 74. 

Cascades, gorge and rapids, Co- 
lumbia river, 28. 

Cascades, locks and canal, Co- 
lumbia River, 28, 29, 118. 

Cascades, railroad portage, 117. 

Cascade River, Wash., "mining, 
74. 

Cassia County, Idaho. ."17; 
gold and silver output, 78. 

Cassia Creek, Idaho. 517. 

Cassia Mines, B. C . 5 70. 

Castle Rock, Lake Chelan, Wash. 
4-5 2. 

Castle Rock, Wash., 210 ; coal, 
92 ; Coal Co., 311. 

Catfish, Oregon and Washing- 
ton, 102. 

Catherine Creek, Or., 286, 287. 

Cathlamet, Wash., general de- 
scription, 306. 

Cattle. ( Raised in all parts of 
Pacific Northwest ; also see 
stock raising.) 

Cattle. Baker Co., Or., 291 ; Gil- 
liam Co., Or., 274; Heppner, 
Or.. 271 ; Union Co., Or., 288; 
Wasco Co., Or., 270. 

Caufield, C. H., Portland, 164. 

Caviar, manufacture. 100, 101, 
114. 

Cavuse, Indian War, Or., 109. 

Cedar Creek, Idaho. 493. 

Cedar District Mines, Idaho, 
493. 

Cedar Mountain Coal Miue 
Wash.. 90. 

Celilo.Wash., 27, 28. 

Cement, Douglas Co., Or.. 208. 

Centennial Mine, Mont., 550. 

Center Star Mine, B. C, 584, 
585. 

Ceuterville, Mont., 551. 

Centralia. Wash.; description, 
320 to 324 ; coal, 92 ; also 
see 43. 

Centralia, Wash., Furniture Co., 
324. 

Centralia, Wash., Lumber Ex- 
change, 323 ; also see 45; 

Central Mine, Idaho, 486. 

Central Lumber Co., Caldwell, 
Idaho, 507. 

Central School, Portland, 143. 



Central, Wash., branch N. P. R. 

R., 45. 
Chadwick, S. F., Or., 466. 
Chadwick, Stephen J., Colfax, 

Wash., 466, 467. 
Chamber of Commerce building, 

Portland, 131. 
Chapman School, Portland, 143. 
Charles River. Wash.. 325. 
Charman. F. T. L., Oregon City, 

Or.. ii-,:;. 
Chehalem, Or., 250, 251. 
Chehalem River, Or., 104 
Chehalis, Wash., 312 to 316; 

also see 46 ; flouring mills, 

315. 
Chehalis, Wash., Improvement 

Company, 314. 
Chehalis Co.. Wash., 324, 326 ; 

timber, 58. 
Chehalis River. Wash., 34, 317, 

323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 

330. 
Chehalis Valley, Wash., 312, 

321. 
Chelan Falls, Wash., 453. 
Chelan Lake, Wash. (See Lake 

Chelan ). 
Chelan Mines, Wash., 76. 
Chelan River, Wash., 26, 321, 

45 1 . 
Chemainus, B. C, 574. 
Chenev, Wash., 45. 430. 
Chenoweth Park, Oakland, Or., 

203. 
Cherries (See fruit culture.) 

Grown successfully iu nearly 

all parts of Pacific Northwest. 
Cherries, Oregon, 591. 
Cherries, Walla Walla, Wash., 

45 S 
ChetcoCountv, Or., 265. 
Chewaucan, Or., 221, 223. 
Chewelah, Wash., 453. 
Chilberg Block, Olympia, 

Wash., 337. 
Chinese in Portland, 119 : min- 
ers, Baker and Union Cos. Or ; 

291, 292; miners, Oregon, 

70 ; miners, Washington, 73 , 

riots, Seattle. 366 ; 367. 
Chlopeck Bros., fish dealers, 

Portland, 103. 
Chloride Hill mines, Idaho, 

486. 
Chuckanut Bav, Puget Sound, 

395 ; coal, 88. 
Chuckanut Sandstone Quarrv, 

Wash., 395, 404. 
Citizens Bank, Fairhaven, 

Wash., 401. 
Citizens Bank, Portland, 135. 
Citizens Nat. Bank. Spokane, 

441. 
Citizens Nat. bank, Tacoma, 

351. 
City Sav. Bank, Portland, 135. 
City Park, Portland, 128. 
Citv Park Transit Co., Spokane, 

439. 
Citv & Suburban Rv., Portland, 

143. 
Citv & West Portland Park 

Motor Co.. Portland, 147. 



Clackamas Co., Or.: — Coal. 71 ; 
iron at Oswego, 70, 71. 

Clackamas River, Or., 104. 1 CI: 
salmon hatcherv, '.>7. 

Clallam Co., Wash, 411. 

Clancy Hot Springs, Mont., 444. 

Clancy Mine, Mont.. 546. 

Clarke Co. Court House, Van- 
couver, Wash., 308. 

Clarke Co.. Wash.. 307 to 309. 

Clark. Miss Abigail M., Port- 
land, 141 . 

Clark, W. A., Butte, Mont., 557. 

Clark, W. A & Co., Butte, Mont., 
553. 

Clark's Fork, Columbia River, 
25, 454. 477, 525, 532, 58 4- 
Thompson's Falls, 525. 

Clatsop Beach, Or., 298 to 300. 

Clatsop Co.. Or., 294 to 300 ; 
coal, 71. 

Clay ( blue point ), near Ellens- 
burg, Wash, 41 6 ; ( fire), near 
Ellensburg, Wash., 416; 
Helena. Mont., 544 ; ( pot- 
ters ), Seattle, 381 ; ( potter's). 
Winlock, Wash., 310 ; Yaki- 
ma Co., Wash., 418. 

Clearwater river, Idaho, 28, 
495, 497, 498, 503. 

CleElum mining district, 
Wash.. 74. 

CleElum river, Wash., 422. 

CleElum. Wash., 413. 

Climate Pacific Northwest, 9 to 
20. 

Clinton Kellv school, Portland, 
143. 

Clover Creek, Tacoma, 353. 

Clover Creek Valley, Or., 288. 

Cloverdale, suburb Portland. 
146. 

Clubfoot George, Mont.. 568. 

Coad. C. G.. Dallas. Or., 255. 

Coal : — Bellingham Bav, Wash., 
394, 395 ; British Columbia, 
570; Bucoda, Wash., 335; 
Castle Rock, W T ash., 311 : 
Centralia, Wash, 323 ; Coos 
Bav, Or., 266; Cowlitz Co., 
Wash.. 311 ; Dousdas Co., 
Or., 208 ; Ellensburgh.Wash., 
415 : Fairhaven, 395, 401 ; 
Florence, Lewis Co., Wash.. 
316; Gilman, Wash., 377: 
Hamilton, Wash., 391 ; Kinc; 
Co., Wash.. 378 ; Lake What- 
com, 394 ; Lewis Co., Wash., 
316; Montana, 85; Nanai- 
mo, B. C, 574, 575 : Neha- 
lem Valley, Or , 293 ; New 
Whatcom, Wash., 403 ; Ore- 
gon, 71 ; Pierce Co., Wash , 
344: Koslyn, Wash.. 413; 
Sand Coulee, 51 ; Seattle, 
377 ; Skayit Co.. Wash., 394, 
395 ; Tacoma, 344 ; Tilla- 
mook Co., Or., 240 ; Umatilla 
Co., Or., 279 : Wellington. B. 
C, 574 : Whatcom CoT.Wash.. 
394, 395 ; Yakima Co., 
Wash. 418. 

Coal Creek. Wash., railroads, 47. 

Coast Fork Willamette River, 
Or., 201. 



(JOS 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Coast Mountains (see Oregon.) 

Coast Range Mountains, gen- 
eral course, y. 

Cod, Pacific Northwest, 101. 

Cceur d'Aleue branch, U. P. R. 
R., 4-8. 

Coeur d'Alene branch, N. P. R. 
R., 4-9. 

Cceur d'Alene Indians, Idaho, 
432, 4-33. 

Cceur d'Alene Indian Reserva- 
tion, 4-33, 4-34-, 470, 482. 

Cceur d'Alene City, Idaho, 49. 
51. 

Cceur d'Alene, Idaho, farms, 
482. 

Cceur d'Alene Lake ( see Lake 
Cceur d'Alene ). 

Cceur d'Alene Lake, Fort Sher- 
man, 434. 

Cceur d'Alene Lake, 3 ; naviga- 
tion, 49. 

Cceur d'Alene Mining Co.. 488. 

Cceur d'Alene Mining District, 
description, 478 to 488, 78, 
434, 435 ; labor troubles, 77 ; 
railroads, 47. 

Cceur d'Alene River, Idaho, 36, 
49, 478. 479, 480, 482, 483, 
485, 486, 487 ; navigation, 
49. 

Coffee Creek. Or., 208. 

Coffin, Sherman Caldwell, 
Idaho. 491 

Coffmail, J. Y. Chehalis, Wash., 
315. 

Coffman, N. B., Chehalis, Wash., 
315. 

Cogswell, C. A. Lakeview, Or., 
224, 225. 

Cohn & Co., Tillamook, Or., 
238. 

Coke : — Fairhaven, Wash., coal 
mine, 394, 395; Hamilton, 
Wash., 89 ; Tacoma. 344 ; 
Washington, 88; Wilkeson, 
90. 

Cole & Switzer, St. Helens, Or., 
293. 

Colfax, Wash. :— Description, 
464 ; railroads, 46. 

College of Idaho, Caldwell, 507. 

College of Montana Lodge, 
536. 

Collegiate Institute, Olympia, 
Wash., 337. 

Colonial, The, Portland, 150. 

Colorado Copper & Silver Min- 
ing Co.. Mont., 557. 

Colton, C. H., Tillamook Co., 
Or.. 241. 

Colton, Wash. : — Genl. Descrip- 
tion. 475. 

Col. River & Pug. Sound R. R., 
47, 377. 

Col. River & Pug. Sound Navi- 
gation Co., 299. 

Columbia Co., Or., 293. 

Columbia Co., Wash., 460; 
Court House, 461 . 

Columbia Kails, Mont., 532. 

Columbia Hotel, Cathlamet, 
Wash., 30. 

Columbia Nat. Bank, Tacoma, 
351. 



Columbia River Paper Co., La 

Camas, Wash., 309. 
Columbia River : — Description, 

25 to 31 (also see 298, 
425, 441, 447,454; Arrow 
Lakes, 579 ; British Colum- 
bia (navigation), 47, 52; 
Cascade Locks & Canal, 28, 
29 ; Clark's Fork, 454, 477, 
( also see Clark's Fork) ; Deer 
Park, 579 ; Discovery, 294 ; 
Early explorers, 107 ; fish- 
ing- industries. 95 to lOl ; 
gold mining, 73 ; in British 
Columbia, 25, 587, 579, 586; 
in Washington, 26,421.422: 
jettv at mouth, 297, 298 ; 
Little Dalles, 453 ; lower 
river and Willamette river 
improvements, 30 ; mouth, 
297, 298 ; obstructions, 118; 
painted rocks, 579 ; Priest 
rapids, 26 ; relation to Port- 
land, 129; Rock Island 
rapids, 26 ; Rock rapids, 

26 ; salmon canning, 96 to 
100 ; salmon output, 1892, 
131 ; scenery. U. P. R. R. 41 ; 
sturgeon fishing, 100, 101 ; 
the Cascades gorge and rapids, 
28 ; the Dalles rapids, 28 ; 
tide, 31 ; traffic trom Port- 
land, 117, 118; upper river 
transportation, 76. 

Columbia School, Seattle, 372. 

Columbia, (ship), 34, 294, 324. 

Columbia &. Kootenay Nav. Co., 
B. C, 579, 587. 

Columbia & Yakima Irrigation 
Co., 422. 

Colville Countv, Wash., 435 to 
441 , 450, 94. 

Colville Indian Reservation, 
Wash., 453. 

Colville Mines, Wash., 75. 

Colville River, Wash., 453. 

Colville Valley, Wash. : — De- 
scription, 450, 451, ( also see 
435. 441; railroads, 47. 

Combe, Geo. E., Portland, 151. 

Comet Mine, Idaho, 485. 

Comet Mine, Mont., 546. 

Commencement Bay, Puget 
Sound, 340, 343. 

Commercial Bank, Moscow, 
Idaho, 489, 490. 

Commercial Bank, Oregon City, 
Or., 162. 

Commercial Nat. Bank, Port- 
land 135. 

Commercial Bank, Tacoma, 
351. 

Commercial Nat. Bank, Seattle, 
382. 

Commercial Savings Bank, Spo- 
kane, 441. 

Commercial State Bank, Che- 
halis, Wash., 314, 315. 

Commoner, The, Colfax, Wash., 
460. 

Comox Coal Mine, B. C, 570. 

Concentrators (see mining.) 

Conconnully. Wash., 76. 

Confederate Gulch, Mont., gold, 
82, 



Counawav.W. P., Independence, 

Or., 249. 
Connell, Wash., 46. 
Connor Creek mine, Or., 69. 
Conser, Geo., Heppner, Or., 

Cook's Addition, Spokane, 439. 
Cook, Louis P., Baker City, Or., 

290. 
Cooley, G.C. &Co., Brownsville, 

Or., 184. 
Coolidge, Alfred. Silverton, Or., 

187. 
Coolidge & McClaine, bankers, 

Silverton, Or., 187. 
Cooper. J. S., Independence, 

Or., 249. 
Cooper, T., South Bend, 319. 
Cooper, W. II., Tillamook, Or., 

239. 
Coos Bay, Or.: — Description, 

265 to 267. (Also see 35, 
266) ; coal, 71 ; route from 
Drain, Or., 202 ; route from 
Roseburg. Or., 206; salmon 
pack, 100. 

Coos Bav, Roseburg & E. R. R., 
42. 43. 

Coos Co., Or. :— 265 to 267; 
Coal, 71 ; gold in black sand, 
6S ; gold output, 69. 

Copper : — Anaconda, Mont., 
559 ; British Columbia, 58<) ; 
Butte, Mont., 83, 84, 54-S ; 
Josephine Co., Or., 210 ; Mon- 
tana, 80 to 85 ; Oregon. 71 ; 
Seven Devils district, Wash.. 
459. 

Copper River, Wash., 459. 

Coquille City, Or , 42. 

Coquille River, Or., 32, 265, 

266 ; salmon pack, 100. 
Corbett, H. W., Portland, 138. 
Corbin, Mont., 50. 

Corn : — Big Bend countrv, 
Wash, 448 ; Dayton, Wash. 
461 ; Medford. Or.. 210 
Rogue River Yallev, Or.. 213 
Walla Walla, Wash, 458. 

Cornelius, Col. T., 230. 

Cornelius. Or., 230. 

Cornucopia, Or., 287. 

Cornucopia, Or., mine. 291. 

Cornwall Saw Mill, New What- 
com, 405. 

Corvallis, Or. : — Description, 
260 to 262; carriage ami 
wagon faciory, 261 ; distance 
from Junction City, 193 ; 
water transportation, 118. 

Coshow, O. P., Brownsville, Or., 
184. 

Cosmopolis, Wash., 325, 329. 

Cosmopolitan Restaurant, Port- 
land, 151. 

Cottage Grove, Or., 201, 

Cotton, Prosser, Wash , 424. 

Cottonwood Butte, Idaho, 497, 
501. 

Cottonwood creek, Idaho. 498. 

Cottonwood, Idaho, 503 t<> 503. 

Coulee City, Wash., 450, 451. 
I Also see 45, 130, 440, 448, 
452. ) 

Council Valley, Idaho, 507. 



Index. — Reading Matter. 



G09 



Couch school, Portland, 143. 
Covach, G H.. Portland. 1<)4. 
Cowan, John, Mont ,81. 
Cow Creek, < lr., 208. 
Cowlitz Co., Wash., 306, 307, 

310, 311 ; coal mines 92 
Cowlitz River, Wash., 28. 310. 
Cowlitz River Valley, Wash., 

311, 312. 
Cowichan, B. C, 574. 
Cowychee Vallev, Wash , 417. 
Cox,"R. T., Pendleton. Or 277 
Craig's Mountain, Idaho, 49 7. 

49S, 502. 

Cranberry culture, Tillamook 
Co., Or., 241 ; Ilwaco. Wash., 
302. 

Crane, A. A., Harrison, Idaho, 
491. 

Crane Creek Valley, Idaho, 507. 

Crane Lake, Wash.. 452. 

Crater Lake, Or., L'17. 

Crater Rock. Or.. 32. 

Crook, A. J., Clayton, Idaho, 
4«.)1. 

Crowley, H. '1'., Spokane. 432. 

Crown Paper Co , Oregon City, 
Or.. 1 03. 

Cruise Savings Hank, Helena, 
Mont., 539. 

Cruise, Thos., Mont., 54(5. 

Crumbaker. K. S., Kendrick, 
Idaho. 494. 

Cumberland Mine, Mont., 84. 

dimming, John, Weston, Or., 
284. 

Cunningham, Chas. ( sheep 
king ), Pendleton and Pilot 
Rock, Or., 279 to 282. 

Curry Co., Or., 265 to 267; 
gold, (is, 09 ; timber, 54. 

Curtis, (as. F., Boise City, 
Idaho, 480, is i 

Curtis, Mrs., Portland, 150. 

Curtis, The, Portland, 150. 

Cusiter & Davenport, Silverton, 
Or., 188. 

Cusiter, Geo., Silverton, or., 
iss. 

Custer County, Idaho, 521 ; 
mines, 78, 79. 

Custer Mine, Idaho, ISO, 484. 

Custer Mine, Mont., 546. 

Dairy Creek. Or , 229. 

Dairying (conducted in nearly 
all parts of Pacific North- 
west): — Ben ton Co, Or., 
202 ; Clarke Co.. Wash., 309; 
Forest Grove, Or.. 231; North 
Yamhill, or., 243; Tilla- 
mook Co., Or.. 240, 241 ; 
Tillamook, or,. 236 : Uma- 
tilla Co., Or., 279 ; Washing 
ton Co., or., 229; Yamhill 
Co.. Or., 246. 

Daisy Mine. Colville country, 

Wash., 4f>4. 
Daisy Mine. Idaho, 185, tso. 
Dakota Quartz Lode. Mont., 83 
Dallas. Ceo. M.. 254. 
Dallas, Or., 254 to 250. 
Dallas, (Or. i City Bank. 255. 
Dallas (Or.) Iron Works, 254. 
Daly, Bernard, Lakeview, Or., 

225, 226. 



Daly. Marcus, Mont., 531, 555, 

559. 
Damitio, A., Aberdeen, Wash., 

332. 
Dandv Mine. Colville country, 

Wash., 454. 
Daniel, S. M., Scio. Or., 1S2. 
Davenport, Wash., 45. 448, 

449. 
David Stanton Mine, Mont., 

545. 
Davis, A. L, Mont., 550. 
Davis, A. L., Portland, 141. 
Davis, Theo. T., Weston, Or., 

283, 284. 
Day, B. P., school, Seattle, 372. 
Dayton, Or ,118, 253. 
Dayton, Wash. : — Description, 

460 to 4(53 ; railroads, 46, 

47. 
Dead Medicine Mine, Colville 

country. Wash , 75. 454. 
Decatur i l'. S. warship), at Se- 
attle, 365. 
Deschutes River, Wash., 339, 

340. 
Deer Creek, Or., 204. 
Deer Lodge. Mont . 559. 
Deer Lodge Co., Mont., 80, 84, 

535, 558. 
Deer Lodge Co. Court House. 

Deer Lodge, 536. 
Deer Lodge, Mont., 535. 
Deer Lodge River, 26, 454, 

535, 558, 584. 
Deer Lodge Valley, 535,558. 
Deer Park, B. C, 579. 
Dekum Bldg., Portland, 121. 
De Lamar Mine, Idaho, 77. 
Demersville. Mont., 532. 
Dempsev Lakes, Mont., 537. 
Denny, A. A.. Seattle. 364, 382. 
Denny Coal Mines, Wash., 90. 
Denny School, Seattle .".72. 
Denton Block. Centralia.Wash.. 

322. 
Denver, Idaho, 503, 504. 
Departure Bay, 11. C. 570. 
Derrv, Or., 250. 
Deschutes River, Or., 28, 270. 
DeSmet & Coeurd'Aleue branch, 

X. P. R. R„ 50, 51. 
Devil's Lake country, or., 234. 
Dexter Horton & Co., bank. 

Seattle. 382, 383. 
Dexter Mine, Mont.. 550. 
Dillmau. L. C, Spokane, 441 . 
Dillon, Mont., 48. 
Discovery Passage, Puget Sound, 

3.".. 
Distillery. Medford, Or., 2 1(). 
Dix, A." F., Winlock, Wash., 

312. 
Dixie. Wash.. 40, 
Doane. Rev. N., Portland, 141. 
Dodge, J. P., Ashland, or., 21 I. 
Dodge ,X Smith, Seattle, 383. 
Dog' Fish, 100. 
Dolly Vardcii Mine, Or., 70, 

291 . 
Donahue, T. P., Sprague.Wash.. 

429, 430. 
Donaldscn, F. E., Oregon City. 

Or., 163. 
Douglas Mine, Mont., 547. 



Douglas Island, Alaska, SO. 

1 1' mglas Co., Or.: — Description, 

207, 208; gold output, 69 ; 

nickel, , 1 . 
Douglas Co. Bank, Roseburg, 

Or., 205. 
Douglas Co. Wash., 447, 44S. 
Downing. Benj., Spokane. 432. 
Downing, T. W., Baker City, 

Or., 290 
Dram, Or., 202. 
Drayton Harbor, Puget Sound, 

406. 
Dream Gulch, Idaho 487, 188 
Drumheller, D. M., Davenport, 

Wash., 45 0. 
DrumLunimon Mine. Mont.. 

50, 84, 543, 546. 547, 548. 
Drummotid, Mont., 50 ; general 

description, 533. 
Dry Dock, Esquimalt, B. C.,573. 
Dry Dock. see Tacoma. 
Dryer, Thos. J.. Portland, 111. 
Drysdale, Daniel, Blaine, Wash., 

408. 
Drysdale's salmon canneries, 

Blaine, Wash., 407 to fc09 
Dudley Junction, Wash.. 40. 
Dugan, E. O., Butte, Mont., 

552, 553. 
Dumax Plains, Idaho, 502. 
Duncan Mines, li. C, 587. 
Dundee, Or., 40. 
Dunsdale, T. J. ( history Vigi- 
lantes. Montana), Mont ,563. 
Dunsmore, B. C 52. 
Durachter, Ernest, Roslyn, 

Wash., 413. 
Durham coal mines. Wash., 90. 
Duwamish Indians, 365. 
Duwamish River. Wash., 34. 
Dyer, R. B., South Bend, Wash.. 

'319. 
Eagle Block, Spokane, 437. 
Eagle Creek, Idaho, 480, 4s7. 
Eagle Mine, Wash., 454. 
Eagle Xo. 1. Mine, Or., 292. 
Eagle Woolen Mills, Browns- 
ville, Or., 185. 
Eagle Woolen Mills, store, Port- 
land, 185. 
Eakin, S. B., F'.ugene, 197. 
East Colusa Mine, Mont., 550. 
East Cottage Grove, Or., 201, 

20 2. 
Eastern Oregon Mining Bureau, 

Baker City, 290. 
East Helena, Mont., 543. 
East Fork Mines, Idaho, 79. 
Fast Kootenay, B. C. 25. 578. 
East Oregonian, Pendleton, Or., 

2 70. 
East Portland, Portland, 113, 

1 15. 
East Rock Canal, Idaho. ..1,. 

5 24. 
East Side Ry., Oregon City, Or., 

161. 
East Side Ry., Portland, 113, 

115. 
East Wellington collieries, B. 

C. 5 70. 
East and West Gray Rocks 

Mine, Mont., 556. 



610 



The Oregoniarf s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Eberman, Wm., Tillamook, Or., 
236. 

Eberman, R. I,., Seaside, Or., 
299. 

Ebev, Col. I. N., Olvmpia, 
Wash., 336. 

Edison Elec. Ilium. Co., Spo- 
kane. 438, 440. 

Edison Sav. Bank, Tacoma. 
351. 

Edison School. Spokane, 442. 

Edison suburb, Tacoma, 345, 
349, 350. 

Ediz Point light house, Wash., 
411. 

Edwards, Jesse, Newberg, Or., 
252. 

Edwards, Weiner & Clark, Port- 
land, 150. 

Egan, Mont., 532. 

Eggs shipped from Oakland, 
Or., 203. 

Egvpt Mines, Wash., 450. 

Eldorado Bar, M:>nt., 85, 544. 

Eldredge, Hugh, NewWhatcom, 
Wash., 403. 

Electrical development, Oregon 
City, Or., 163, 164. 

Electric power, Willamette 
falls, Oregon Citv, 158 to 
165. 

Electrical development, Spo- 
kane river. ( See Spokane. ) 

Eleventh St. Cable Road, Taco- 
ma. 345. 

Elgin, Or., 41, 285, 286. 

Elk City, Idaho, 77, 499. 

Elk Creek, Or., 202. 

Elk Horn Mine, Idaho, 521. 

Elk Horn Mines, Mont., 50, 84. 

Elk Horn Mine, Or., 292. 

Elk River, Wash., 340. 

Eilensburgh, Wash., 413 to 
416, 74. 

Elliot Bav, Puget Sound, 341, 
364, 370. 

Elliot. Simon G.. 38 

Ellis, M. M., Dallas, Or., 255. 

Ellsbury, Geo. H., Centralia, 
Wash". 323, 324. 

Elma, Wash.. 34,0. 

Elmendorf, F. E.. Spokane, 446. 

Elmore Co.. Idaho, 7«, 517. 
Emerson School, Spokane, 442. 
Emerson School, Tacoma, 350. 

Empire City, Or.. 266. 

Empire Mine, Idaho, 79. 
Empire Mine, Mont., N+. 
Empire, Mont., 548. 
Elisor Institute, Portland, 155, 
156. 

Entrito River, Wash., 26. 
Esplanade Coal Mine, Li. C.,574. 
Esquimalt, B. C, 573 ; precipi- 
tation. 16 : temperature, 16. 
Esquimalt iS: Nanaimo Ry., B. 

C, 52, .":'. 573, 57 i. 
Essig, Dr. X Fred, Davenport, 

Wash., 450. 
Estill, J. W , Montana. 53 1. 
Eugene ( >r., i 94 to 200 also 
32, l l 8. 

,i mile li-.ll i, 1 02. 

Eureka Junction, Wash., 17. 
Eureka Mine, Mont., 545. 



Eureka Sandstone Co., Tacoma 

and Tenino, 353, 354. 
Evening Mine, Idaho, 486. 
Everett, Wash., 385, 386 ; also 

see 47, 377, 411. 
Everett & Monte Cristo R. R., 

Wash., 48, 74, 377, 385, 388. 
Everett, Port Angeles & Pac. R. 

R., 411. 
Excelsior Mine, Wash., 454. 
Exchange Nat. Bank, Spokane, 

441. 
Failing, Henry, Portland, 138. 
Failing School, Portland, 143. 
Fairhaven, Wash., 396 to 401. 
Fairhaven Foundry & Machine 

Co., 401. 
Fairhaven Land Co., 393, 398. 
Fairhaven Land Co's sawmill, 

New Whatcom. Wash., 405. 
Fairhaven (Wash.,) Nat. Bank, 

401. 
Fairhaven & New Whatcom 

Elec. Ry., 395, 400. 403. 
Fairhaven ( Wash. ) & Southern 

R. R., 398, 399, 400. ( Also 

see Fairhaven aud New 

Whatcom ). 
Fairweather, W. M., Mont., 81. 
Fancy Gulch, Idaho, 488. 
Farmers' Bank, Weston, Or., 2X3. 
Farmers' Friend Canal, Idaho, 

524. 
Farmers & Merchants' Ins. Co., 

Albany, Or., 178. 
Farmington branch N. P. R. R., 

45. 
Farmington, Wash., 468 ; also 

see 45, 46. 
Farnsworth, O. R., Heppner, 

Or., 272. 
Father Demers ( Jesuit ) 453. 
Father De Smet, 526, 530. 
Father Joset, 432, 433. 
Father Ravalli, Mont , 530. 
Faulkner, L. C.Chehalis, Wash., 

314. 
Fay Templeton Mine, Idaho, 

487. 
Fearnside, G.W., Tillamook, Or., 

238. 
Fergus Co., Mont., gold and 

silver output, 84. 
Ferguson, E. C. Snohomish. 

Wash.. 386, 3*7. 
Ferguson, James F. Baker City, 

Or., 290. 
Fernald, Walter, Baker City. 

Or., 290. 
Pernwood School, Portland, 

143. 
Fidalgo Island, Puget Sound. 

,",'.i(i. 391. 
Fidelity Trust Co.. Tacoma. 3f>1 . 
Fields, Hugh, Goldendale,Wash. 

310. 
Figs, Medford, Or., 210; in 

Oregon, 591. 
Filkiiis Bank. Co., Seattle, .'SN2. 
Finlay. Francois, Mont., 535. 
First Nat. Bank, Albany, or.. 

176. 
First National Bank, Baker City, 
Or., 290. 



First Nat. Bank, Butte, Mont., 
553. 

First Nat. Bank, Centralia, 
Wash., 322. 

First National Bank, Cheney, 
Wash., 430. 

First National Bank, Chehalis, 
Wash., 314, 315. 

First National Bank of E. Port- 
land. Portland, 135. 

First Nat. Bank, Eugene, Or., 
197. 

First Nat. Bank, Fairhaven, 
Wash., 401. 

First Nat. Bank, Goldendale, 
Wash., 310. 

First Nat. Bank, Helena, Mont.. 
539. 

First National Bank, Heppner, 
Or., 271, 272. 

First Nat. Bank, Hillsboro, Or., 
228. 

First Nat. Bank, Independence, 
Or., 249. 

First Nat. Bank Kendrick, Ida- 
ho, 493. 

First National Bank, McMinn- 
ville, Or.. 246. 

First Nat. Bank, Missoula, Mont. 
529. 

First. Nat. Bank, Montesano, 
Wash., 328. 

First Nat. Bank, Mt. Vernon, 
Wash., 389. 

First Nat. •Bank, Olympia, 
Wash., 337, 338. 

First Nat. Bank, Portland, 138, 
139. 

Firsr National Bank Building, 
Puvallup, Wash., 356. 

First' Nat Bank, Seattle, 382. 

First Nat. Bank, Spokane, 436, 
441. 

Fir (timber) . 54, 55. 

Fish Creek, B. C, 579. 

Fishing Industries Pacific 
Northwest, 95 to 104 : out- 
put. 7 ; output, B. C. 8. 

Fishing (also see salmon); As- 
toria, Or., 294 to 297; Blaine, 
Wash., 407; British Colum- 
bia, 571 ; Cape Flattery, 
345 ; Cape Lookout Bay, Or., 
2+2 ; Cathlamet, Wash., 306; 
Columbia river, 95 to 101 ; 
Coos Bav, Or., 267 ; Ilwaco, 
Wash., 302 ; Kalatna, Wash., 
306 ; Klamath Co.. Or., 218 ; 
Near Roseburg, Or., 204; 
Puget Sound, 345, 383 ; Seat- 
tle, 381 ; Semiahmoo, Wash., 
+07, +O.S. 409 ; Tillamook 
Bav. Or., (see Tillamook & 
Tillamook Co.! ; Washing- 
ton Coast. 345 ; Wilson Riv- 
er, or.. 2.".+ . Yaquiua Bay, 
Or., 264. 

Fishing (pleasure); (also 
see trout fishing > ; Coeur 
d'Alene, Idaho, 481 ; Deer 
Lodge, Mont., 537 ; Flathead 
Lake, Mont.. 532; llailey, 
Idaho, 520 ; BLootenay Kiver, 
B. C, 579; Lake Whatcom, 
Wash., 404 ; Near Hoquiam, 



Index. — Reading Mutter. 



611 



Wash., 334-; Necanicum Riv- 
er, Or, 1279; Pacific Park, 
Wash., 304; Pen d'Oreille, 
Idaho, 4-9 7; Rathdrum, 
Idaho, +77; Rimini, Mont., 
54.5; Silver Lake, Wash., 311; 
Thompson Falls, Idaho, 525; 
Vancouver Island, 15. C. 573; 
White River, Wash., 412 ; 
Winlock, Wash., 312; Yam- 
hill Co.. Or.. 24S. 

Fish Oil, British Columbia, 571 . 

Flathead Indians, 527. 530. 

Flathead Indian Reservation, 
Mont. 531. 532. 533. 

Flathead Lake, Mont., 532, 36. 

Flathead River, Mont.. 532. 

Flathead Valley, Mont., 527. 

Flathead Valley, Mont., geul. 
description. 531 to 533. 

Flax : — Camas Prairie. Idaho, 
498; Moscow, Idaho. 489; 
Pullman, Wash., 473: Whit- 
man Co., Wash., 407. 

Fleming & Ayers dumber 
mills), Ballard. Wash., 384. 

Fliun. I,.. Albany, Or.. 176. 

Flint Creek Mines. Mont., 534. 

Flint Creek Valley, Mont., 533, 
534. 

Flint, S. C. Roseburg. Or.. 205. 

Florence Coal Mines. Wash., 
320, 323. 

Florence, Idaho, 77. 

Florence Mines, Idaho. 494. 
499. 

Flour : —Albany. Or., 175: 
Ashland, Or., 216 ; Blackfoot, 
Idaho, 523 ; Boise City, Idaho, 
511; Brownsville, Or., 183, 
185; Cheney, Wash., 430; 
Chehalis. Wash., 315 ; Col- 
fax. Wash., 466 ; Corvallis, 
Or., 261 ; Cottonwood, Idaho, 
502 ; Dallas. Or., 254 ; Dav- 
enport, Wash., 449 ; Dayton. 
Wash., 461 ; East Cottage 
Grove, Or., 201 ; Ellensburgh, 
Wash., 415 ; Eugene, Or., 
195 ; F'armingtou, Wash., 
168 ; Forest Grove. Or., 230; 
Garfield. Wash., 468 ; Gold- 
endale. Wash., 309 ; Grange- 
ville, Idaho. 501 ; Heppner, 
or., 271 ; Hillsboro, Or.. 227: 
Idaho Falls, Idaho, 523 ; In- 
dependence, Or. 249 ; Jeffer- 
son, Or., 174; Junction City, 
Or.. 194; Kendrick. Idaho, 
1 93 : Lafayette. Or., 252 : La 
Grande, Or., 2S5 ; Lakcview. 
Or., 223 ; Lebanon. Or.. 179 ; 
Lewiston, Idaho. 496 ; Mc- 
Minnville, Or., 245 ; Medford 
Or., 210; Milton, Or., 284 ; 
Mt. Idaho, Idaho, 504 ; New- 
berg. Or , 250 ; Oakesdale, 
Wash., 469 ; Oakland, Or.. 
204 ; Ocosta, Wash.. 334 ; 
Oregon City. Or.. 163; Pa- 
louse, Wash., 471 ; Pendle- 
ton. Or., 275 ; Pomeroy, 
Wash., 464; Portland, 130; 
Prosser, Wash., 425 ; Ritz- 
ville, Wash., 42(5 ; Roseburg, 



Or., 205 ; Salem. Or., 108; 
Scio, Or.. 182 ; Sheridan, Or., 
LT,s ; Silvertou. Or.. 1 86 ; 

Spokane, t38; Sprngue, 

Wash., 42.s ; Stayton, < »r., 
181 ; Tacoma, 344 :: 17 ; 
The Dalles, or., 268 ; Union 
Or.. 287 ; Waitsburg, Wash., 
459; WallaWalla.Wash., 4r.c>, 
+57. 458 ; Weiser, I 1 iho, 
505 ; Wilbur. Wash.. 450. 

Flux for smelters, 9.".. \< 1 

Foley, J. E., La Grande, Or., 
286. 

Forbes & Breeden Building. 
Portland, 121. 

I-'orest Grove, Or., gen. descrip- 
tion. 230 to 232. 

Forest Grove to Tillamook. Or., 
stage ride. 232 to 235. 

Forests. I See timber). 

Formosa Mints, Idaho. 485. 

Fort Benton. Mont,, 38, +9, 51 , 
82, +32. 

Fort Hall Indian Reservation, 
Idaho, 51 7, 522, 523. 

Fort Klamath, Or.. 218. 

F'ort Missoula, Mont., 530. 

Fort Nisqually, Wash., 345. 

F'ort Owen, Mont., 530. 

F'ort Shepherd, B. C 25, 584. 

Fort Shepherd &. Nelson Ry., B. 
C. 586. 

Fort Sherman, Idaho, 434, 
482. 

Fort Steilacoom, Wash., 345. 

Fort Stevens, Or.. 298. 

Fort Vancouver, Wash., 307 to 
309 ; also see 108. 140. 

Fort Victoria, B. C, 568. 

Fort Walla Walla, Wash., 457. 

Fourth-of-Julv Canyon, Ida,, 51. 

Fox, A. T., Sumner, Wash., 362. 

Franklin Co., Wash., 425, 447. 

Franklin. Idaho, 48. 

Franklin Market, Portland, 156. 

Franklin School, Spokane, 442. 

Franklin, Wash., icoal mines), 
377, 90, 47. 

Fraser River, B. C, 569, 571, 
577, 578 ; salmon, 99, 407 
to 409. 

Free Thinker Mine, Or., 291 . 

Fremont Co.. Idaho, 517. 

Fremont isuburbi. Seattle, 369. 

French Prairie, Or., 173. 

Front St. Cable Ry. Co., Seattle, 
369. 

Fruit Culture : — Adams Co., 
Wash.. 426; Amity, or.. 258; 
Ashland, Or., 215; Baker Co., 
Or., 291; Benton Co., Or., 
263; Big Bend country, 
Wash.. 44S. 449: Bitter Root 
Valley. Mont., 526; Camas 
Prairie, Idaho. 498; Canyon 
Co.. Idaho, 509 ; Chehalem 
Vallev, Or,, 250; Clarke Co., 
Wash"., 308, 309; Columbia 
River Vallev, Wash.. 445; 
Colville, Wash., 455 ; Coos 
Bay, or.. 266; Dallas, Or., 
254; Dayton, or., 253; Deer 
Lodge Valley. Mont.. 536; 
Douglas Co., Or., 208; Fllens- 



burgh, Wash., 414; Flathead 
Valley, Mont., 532; 
Grove, or.. 231 , ••.rant's 
Pass, or. 209; Hood River 
Valley, Or., 267. 268; Horse 
Plains. Mont.. 526; Independ- 
ence, or., 249; Jackson Co., 
Or., 213; Jefferson, or, 17 1; 
Josephine Co., or. 209; 
Klickitat Vallev, Wash., 310; 
Lafayette, < »r., 252 ; I. a 
Grande, Or.. 284; I.ane Co., 
Or., 200, 201 : Lewis Co., 
Wash., 316; Lewiston, Idaho, 
+95; Linn Co., Or.. 179; Med 
ford, Or.. 210; Milton. Or.. 
284; Milton Vallev. Or., 279; 
Newberg, Or., 251: North 
Yamhill, Or., 243; Oakland, 
Or., 203. 204; in Oregon, 
588 to 593; Palouse. Wash., 
472; Polk Co., Or., 257; Pot- 
latch country, Idaho, 193; 
Prosser, Wash., 424; Puyal- 
lup, Wash., 356, 357; Puyal- 
lup Valley. Wash.. 362 : 
Rathdrum, Idaho, 476; Rogue 
River Valley. Or., 213; near 
Roseburg. Or., 206; Salem, 
Or., 179; Silverton, Or., 188; 
Snake River Valley, Wash., 
445; Stuck Vallev, Wash., 
362; Tekoa, Wash.," 470; The 
Dalles, Or.. 269; Tillamook 
Co., Or., 240; Touchet Val- 
ley, Wash., 459; Umatilla 
Co., Or., 279; Union Co., Or., 
288; Walla Walla Co., Wash., 
458; Wasco Co., Or., 270; 
Washington Co., Or., 229; 
Weiser, Idaho, 506: Weiser 
Vallev, Idaho, 507; Whitman 
Co., Wash., 467; White Riv- 
er Valley, Wash., 363; Wil- 
lamette Valley, Or., 105; 
Wood River Valley, Idaho, 
518; Yakima Valley, Wash., 
417, 418, 421, 423, 424; 
Yamhill Co., Or., 248; Ya- 
quina Bay, Or., 264. 

Fruit, first shipment from Port- 
land, 111. 

Fruit Insect Pest, 593. 

Fruit Trees, Woodburn, Or., 165. 

Fulton & Bell, Dallas, Or., 256. 

Fulton School, Portland, 143. 

Fulton Tannery, Portland, 154. 

Funk, I. A., Moscow, Idaho, 490. 

Furs, British Columbia, 571 . 

Gagnon Mine, Mont., 557. 

Gaines, J. W., Scio, 182. 

Galena. ( See lead.) 

Gales City, Or., 232. 

Gales Creek, Or., 229. 

Gallagher, Jack, Mont., 567, 
568. 

Gallatin Co.. Mont., 84. 

Gallatin Valley, Mont., 49. 551. 

Galloway, Win., McMinnville, 
Or., 247. 

Garfield Co., Wash., 463 ; min- 
ing, 73. 

Garfield, Wash., 467, 468. 

Garibaldi, Or., 242. 

Garland, S.M., Lebanon, Or., 181 



612 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Garrison, Mont , 535. (Also see 
48, 50, 551.1 

Gate City. Wash.. 45. 

Gates Shingle Mill. Chehalis, 
Wash., 315. 

Gault, F. B., Moscow, Idaho, 
4-91 

Gazette, The (Newspaper), 
Colfax. Wash.. 466. 

Gearhart Park, Or., 299. 

George, M. C, 29 7. 

Gem Drug Store. Chehalis, 
Wash., 314. 

Gem, Idaho. 485. 

Gem Mine, Idaho, 4M>, 485. 

Genesee, branch N. P. R. R.,4-5. 

Genesee, Idaho, 476. (Also see 
4'.). i 

Genesee Mine, Mont., 547. 

Geneva Mineral Water, Port- 
land, 156, 157. 

German American Bank, Taco- 
ma, 351. 

Gervais, Or., 166. 

Gettysburg Mine. Idaho, 486. 

Geyser Falls, Kootenay River, 
B. C, 580. 

Gilbert, A.T., Kendrick, Idaho, 
494. 

Gilbert, F. N., Kendrick, Idaho, 
4-04. 

Gilchrist, Chas., Centralia, 
Wash., 322. 

Gilkey, H. L., Montesano.Wash. 
328. 

Gilliam Co.. Or., 274. 

Gilman, Wash, icoal), 89, 90, 
377, 45. 

Glacial drift, Wash., 89. 

Gladstone, suburb, Oregon City, 
Or., 161, 

Glenn's Ferry, Idaho, 518. 

Gloster, Mont., mines, 84, 584. 

Glover, J. N., Spokane, 432, 
434. 

Goble, Or., 42, 70. 

Godfrev, O. F., Roseburg, Or., 
205. 

Gold Beach, Or.. 265. 

Gold. ( Also see mining ). Ash- 
land, Or. 215; assay office, 
Boise City, Idaho, 511 ; Baker 
City, Or., 289 ; Baker and 
Union counties, Or., 291,292; 
Butte, Mont., 548 to 558 ; 
Coos Bay, Or., 266, 2(57 ; 
Douglas Co., Or., 208 ; early 
shipments from Portland, 1 1 i ; 
Florence, Idaho, 494 ; 
Green river country, Wash., 
312; Helena, Mont.. 537 to 
5 15; in British Columbia, 561); 
in Idaho, 77 to 80 ; i" Mon 
tana, so to 85 ; in Oregon, <",7 
to 70, 114; in Washington, 
72 to 77 ; Jackson Co ' m 
213 ; Jacksonville, Or., 212 : 
Josephine Co., Or., 209, 210; 
Kalama rivei . Wash., 307 ; 
Lane Co., Oregon, 200; Last 
Chance Gulch, Mont., 537, 
538; Montana output, 84; 
Murray. Idaho, 486, 487, 
1,88; Oro Fino, Idaho, 494; 
output Tacoma smelter, 344 ; 



Pechastin district, Wash. ,415; 
Salmon river, B. C, 584 ; 
Sheep creek, B. C, 585 ; Sil- 
ver creek, Mont.. 546 ; Sil- 
ver Bow creek. Mont.. 549 ; 
Similkimeen river, B. C . 75 ; 
Swauk district. Wash,, 415; 
Thompson Falls, Mont.. 525 ; 
West Kootenay, B. C, 436. 
( Also see Ceeur d' Alene mines, 

Kootenay mining district and 
Montana ). 

Gold Creek, Mont., 80, 82. 

Golden Chest Mine, Idaho. 487. 

Goldendale, Wash., 309, 310. 

Golden Eagle Mine, Or,, 291. 

Golden King Mine, Idaho, 487. 

Golden Rule Hotel, Pendleton, 
Or., 277, 278. 

Golden. Wash., 52, 76. 

Gold Hill, Or., iron, 71. 

Gold Mountains, B. C, 578, 
579. 

Gold Ridge Mining Co., Or., 
291. 

Goldstone & Wax, Cottonwood, 
Idaho, 502. 503. 

Gonnaga College, Spokane, 443. 

Goode, H. W., Portland. 164. 

Goodnough Block, Portland, 
124. 

Good Friday Mine. Mont.. 545. 

Goose Creek, Idaho, 517. 

Goose Lake. Or., 221, 36. 

Goose Lake Valley, Or., 221 

Gordon, A. W., Kendrick, Idaho, 
494. 

Gorkow, Rudolph, Mine, Salmon 
River, B. C, 584. 

Gorlier, J. M., Portland, 151. 

Gowev, John F., Olvmpia, 
Wash., 338. 

Grace Seminary, Centralia, 
Wash., 322. 

Grain. I See wheat. ) 

Grand Central Hotel, Portland, 
150. 

Grand Ronde river, or., 28, 
285, 287, 288. 

Grand Ronde River Valley, Or.. 
284 to 288. I Also see La 
Grande, Union and Union Co., 
Or.) 

Granite Block, Spokane, 436. 

Granite Co.. Mont., 534. 

Granite Ledges, Ashland, Or., 
215. 

Granite Mine, Idaho, 480, 18 I 
485. 

Granite. Mont., 533, 534. 

Granite Mine, Mont.. 84, 533, 
534. 

Granite Mountain Mining Co., 
Mont., 534. 

Grant Co., Or., mines, 70, 67. 

Grant's Pass, or., 208, 209. 

Grant's Station. Or., 309 

Grant Street F.lcc. Rv. Co., Se- 
attle, 369 

Grapes: — ( Also see fruit cul- 
ture. I Josephine Co., Or., 

209 ; Medford. Or. ( near I. 

210 ; Oregon. 592 . Rogue 
River Valley, Or., 213 ; Snake- 
River Valley, Idaho, 495 ; 



Walla Walla Co., Wash., 458; 
Wasco Co.. Or., 270 ; Whit- 
man Co., Wash., 4(3 7 . Yaki- 
ma Co.. Wash., 417 : Yakima 
Valley, Wash.. 421. 423, 4-24. 

Graphite, near Ellensburgh, 
Wash.. 415. 

Grangeville. Idaho, genl. de- 
scription 497. 500 to 502. 

Grasshopper Creek, Mont. 77, 
81, 82. 

Grave Creek, Idaho, 498. 

Gray, Capt. Robert i ship Co- 
lumbia ), 34, 294, 324. 

Gray, James B, Sprague, Wash., 
429. 

Gray's Harbor Com. Co., Cos- 
mopolis, Wash., 329. 

Grav's Harbor country, Wash., 
( description ), 324 to 335. 

Grav's Harbor, Wash.:— 34, 
45, 60, 334 to 335. 

Grazing : — ( Also see stock 
raising and dairying. ) Ca- 
mas Prairie, Idaho, 499 ; Can- 
yon Co., Idaho, 509 ; Colville. 
"Wash.. 455 ; Flathead Val- 
ley, Mont.. 532 : Klamath Co , 
Or., 21 N; Montana. 559 to 
562 ; Umatilla Co., Or., 278 : 
Washington Co., Idaho, 507 ; 
Yakima"Co.. Wash., 417. 

Great Falls, Mont., 51. 

Great Falls & Canadian Ry.,51 . 

Great Northern Rv. : — Descrip- 
tion, 45, 46 ; at Seattle, 376, 
377 ; completion to Spokane, 
441 ; connection with Cana- 
dian Pac, 51 ; in Idaho, 4S ; 
in Montana. 49, 51 ; shops at 
Spokane, 439, 44<>. 

Great Western Canal, Idaho, 
517, 524. 

Green Lake School, Seattle,372. 

Green lake, Seattle. 369. 

Green River Mining Country, 
Wash., 74, 312 

Green Mountain Mine, Mont.. 
555, 556. 

Greenville, ( )r., 230. 

Greig, James S., Chehalis, 
Wash. ."315. 

Gregory Mine, Mont., 546. 

Gregsen Hot Springs, Mont., 
537. 

GrifFitts, Thos. C, Spokane, 
443, 444 

Grimes. F. M.. Seaside. Or. ,300. 

Grimes House, Seaside, Or., 300. 

Grunter Mine, Idaho, 79. 

Guarantee Loan K: Trust Co., 
Seattle. 382. 

Gubser, I)., Winlock, Wash,. 
31 2. 

i .nil" of Georgia, 33, 569, 571 , 
572. 579. (AlSO see Straits 

of Georgia I 

Hadley, C. B., Tillamook, t ir.. 
23S. 

Haggin, J. B., Mont., 83. 

Il.ihn s terminal warehouse, 
Portland. 126. 

Hailey, Idaho, 519, 520. 

Hailev (Idaho). Hot Springs Ho- 
tel. '520, 531. 



[rule x . — Ken ding Ma 1 1 er. 



613 



Haines, W. W. & Co., Eugene, 
Or., 195, 196. 

Hale's Passage, Paget Sound. 
392. 

Halibut i also see Fishing.) — 
British Columbia, 571 ; caught 
oft' Cape Flattery. Wash.. 3+5: 

Pacific Northwest, 1Q1. 

Hallo rati. P., Mt. Vernon. 
Wash.. 390. 

Halsev. Or. 191, 192. 

Halstead, Or., 260. 

Hamilton ISldg., Portland, 121. 

Hamilton, Mont., .".".1 . 

Hamilton & Palm, Mcdford.Or.. 
211. 

Hamilton, Wash., 391 , 88. 

Hammerton's Inlet, Puget 
Sound. 340. 

Hammond, Arthur, Pendleton, 
Or., 277. 

Hangman's Creek. Wash., +33. 

Hannaford Creek. Wash., 32+. 

Hanna, Tno. W.. Seattle. 373, 
374. 

Hanson, Chas., Taeoma, 61, 
3+1. 

Hanson, Henrv. Centralia, 
Wash., 321. 

Hanthorn, J. O., Astoria, Or., 
296, 297. 

Hanthorn, J. o. & Co.'s salmon 
cannerv. Astoria, 296, 297. 

Harney River Valley, Or.. 293. 

Harris, Dan., Fairhaven, Wash., 
3'.) 7. 

Harris. Flovd.Mine, Mont., 556. 

Harrisburg", Or., 192. 

Harrison, Mont., 5*). 

Harrison School, Portland, 1 +3. 

Hastie Lumber Co., Puvallup, 
Wash., 357 

Hattabaugh, I. C. Moscow, 
Idaho, +S9, +90. 

Hauser. June. Idaho, +9. 

Hauser, Samuel T., Mont., s;:. 

Hauser Mine. Mont.. 5+6. 

Hauswirth, T., North Yamhill, 
Or., 2++. 

Hawlev. J. H., Monmouth, Or., 
259. 

Hauiev. W. H.. Independence, 
"t., 21-9 

Hay i Raised in nearly all 
parts of the Pacific North- 
west, i Camas Prairie, Idaho, 
500; Chehalis Co.. Wash. 
327 ; Colville Valley, Wash., 
1,35 1,53 Ell e n sou rgh. 
Wash., +1 + ; Flathead Valley. 
Mont., 532 : Horse Plains, 
M o n t .. 526 ; I.aConner, 
Wash., 390 ; Lewis Co., 
Wash., 316 : Snohomish Val- 
ley. Wash., 388 : Walla Walla 
Co.. Wash.. +5S. i See Wil- 
lamette Valley, < )r. I 

Hecla Consolidated Mine, 
Mont., 8 I. 

Helena. Mont. Assay office, 

5 + 1 ; assessment. 539; audi- 
torium, 5+0 ; banks, 539, 
5+(l ; board of trade, 5++; 
business blocks, 5+0 ; church- 
es, 5+2, 5+3 ; city hall, 5 + 1 : 



clav, 5+i ; court house, 5+0 ; 
early history, 537, 538, 539 ; 
fire "department, 5+3, 5++ ; 
fires, 5 + 1 ; fust gold discov- 
ery, 537 ; general description, 

537 to 5+5; granite quarries, 
5+o ; hangman's tree, 538 : 
hospitals, 5+3 ; hot springs, 
5++ ; jail, 5+1 ; Last Chance 
gulch," 537 ; Lewis ^S: Clarke 
Co., 537 : libraries, 5+1 ; 
mines 5+5. I Also see Ri- 
mini, Wicks and Marysville I; 
mining, 5++ ; Montana club, 
5 1(i ; Mt. Helena, 537 ; nam- 
ing citv, 538 ; natatorium, 
5+1 , 5 + 2 ; N. P. R R., 539 ; 
orphan asylums. 5+3 ; placer 
mining, 537, 538 ; popula- 
tion, 539 ; police, 5++ ; pre- 
cipitation, 16 ; Prickly Pear 
Valley, 537 ; quartz mining, 

538 to 5+5 ; race track, 5+2 ; 
railroads, 539, 5+3 ; railroad 
depots, 5+0 ; residences, 5+0, 
5+1 ; sapphires, 5++ ; schools, 
542 ; sheep, 5 4+ ; silver ship- 
ments. 539 ; smelting 5+3 ; 
stock raising, 538, 5++ ; 
street cars, 5+1 ; tempera- 
ture, 16 ; theater, 5+2 : vigi- 
lantes, 538 ; warehouses, 
540 ; water works, 543. 

Helena P^lec. Ry, Co., 541. 
Helena Nat. Bank. 539. 
Helena Rapid Transit Co., 541. 
Helena Smelting & Refining 

Co., 543, 546. 
Helena, Boulder Valley iS: Butte 

R. R., 50, 
Helena & Jefferson Co. R. R., 

50. 
Helena Kl Northern branch U. 

P. R. R., 50. 
Helena & Red Mountain branch 

U. P. R. R., 50. 
Helix, or., 282. 
Hell Gate, Mont., 526. 
Hell Gate canyon, Mont , 526. 
Hell Gate River, Mont., 26. 

1,5 1. 526, 535, 584. 
Helm, Boone, Mont.. 567, 568, 
Hemlock tanbark, Wash., 60. 
Hendricks. R. J,, Salem, Or., 

171. 
Hendricks, T. G., Eugene, Or., 

197. 
Hendricks & Eakin, p;ugene, 

Or., 197. 
Hendry Mines. B. C. 580. 
Hense, Frank, Centralia, Wash , 

322. 
Heppner, Or., 41, 270 to 273 
Heppner branch U. P. Ry,. +1. 
Heppner Building& Loan Assn., 

Herring. 1()2. 

Hesperian, The, Portland, 151. 

Hibernian Saw Bank, Portland, 

135, 
Hibler, Shore & Holdredge, 

Scio, Or., 1 82. 
Hickey Mine, Mont., 5+7. 



Hides : — The Dalles, Or., 269 ; 
Union Co., Or., 288. ( Also 
see stock raising. ) 

Higgins, Capt. C. P.. Mont.. 
5 26. 

Highland, suburb Portland, 
1+6, 1+7. 

High Ore Mine, Mont., 556. 

Hildermann, Geo., Mont., 565. 

Hill, James J., +5. 224. 

Hill, Wm. C, Boise Citv, Idaho, 
516 

Hillsdale, suburb, Portland, 147. 

Hillsboro, or., 227, 228. 

Hillsboro(Or. I, Co-operative Co., 
2 2 7. 

Hillyanl, subui b, Spokane, 439, 
44(). 

Hirschberg, H., Independence. 
Or., 249. 

Hoff, H. H., Montpelier, Idaho, 
491. 

Hogan, F. J., Cottonwood, Ida- 
ho, 503. 

Hoge, Browntree it Co., Butte, 
Mont., 553. 

Hogs. ( Raised in all parts of 
Pacific Northwest ; also see 
stock raising); Southern Ore- 
gon, 210 ; Wasco Co., Or., 270. 

Hogue, Geo., Chehalis, Wash., 
313. 

Holbrook, M. L., Chehalis, 
Wash., 315. 

Holladav's Addition, Portland, 
147 to 14'.). 

Holladav, Ben, 230. 

Holladav School, Portland. 1+.'!. 

Holland', Eli D., Mont., 53+. 

Holland, Capt. J. J., 38 J- 

Holman, Nathaniel, Dallas, Or.. 
256. 

Holmes Lumber Co., Seattle, 
38+. 

Holmes, Marcus, Seattle, 380. 

Honey. Tillamook Co., Or.,2+0. 

Holton House, Portland, 1+9, 
150. 

Hood's Canal, Puget Sound, 33. 

Hood River, Or.. 267, 268; 

Hood River Valley, Or., 267, 
26S. 

Hope Hill, Mont., 533. 

Hope, Idaho, +77, +7s. 

Hope Mine. Mont., 84, 533. 

Hope Mining Co., Mont.. 83. 

Hop Louse Spraying, 360, 361. 

Hops and their Culture, de- 
scription, 357 to 361. 

Hops. ( Grown principally in 
Puget Sound valleys and 
Western Wash., on the irri- 
gated lands in Eastern Mash, 
and Or., and in the Willam- 
ette valley, Or.). Amity, Or., 
258 : Benton Co., Or., 262 ; 
Buckley. Wash.. +12; Che- 
halis Co., Wash., 327 ; Dallas, 
or.. 254, 255; Dayton, Or., 
253; Harrisburg. or.. 192; 
Independence, Or., 249 ; Jef- 
ferson, Or., 174 ; Junction 
Citv. Or., 194 ; Kent, Wash., 
363 ; La Conner, Wash. ,390 ; 
La Grande, Or., 284; Lane 



614 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Co., Or., 200, 201 ; Lewis Co., 
Wash., 316 ; Linn Co., Or., 
179 ; Newberg, Or,, 251 ; 
North Yakima. Wash., 425 ; 
North Yamhill, Or., 243 ; 
Orting.Wash., 411 ; Polk Co., 
Or.. 257; Prosser, Wash 
424 ; Puyallup vallev. Wash., 
341,357 to 361, 362; Puy- 
allup, Wash., 355, 356, 357 ; 
Skagit Co.. Wash., 389, 396; 
Snohomish valley, Wash. ,388; 
Sn o qua 1 mi e vallev, 388; 
Stuck valley, Wash., 362: 
Sumner, Wash., 362 ; Taco- 
ma, 344 ; Union Co., Or.. 288 : 
Whatcom Co., Wash., 396 ; 
White river vallev, Wash., 
363; Whitman Co., Wash., 
467 ; Willamette valley, Or., 
105 ; Yakima Co. .Wash. ,417 ; 
Yakima valley. Wash., 421, 
423. 

Hoquarton Prairie, Or., 235, 
240. 

Hoquarton Slough. Or., 235. 

Hoquiam River, Wash., 325, 
333, 334. 

Hoquiam, Wash., general de- 
scription, 333, 334. 

Hornet Valley, Idaho, 507. 

Horse Plains", Mont., 525, 526, 
532. 

Horses ( blooded.) : — Deer 
Lodge, Mont., 536; Hamilton, 
Mont., 531. 

Horses.:— Camas Prairie, Idaho, 
499. 500; Gilliam Co., Or., 
274; Heppner, Or., 271; Mon- 
tana, 562; The Dalles, Or., 
269; Union Co., Or.. 288. 
( Raised in all parts of the Pa- 
cific Northwest; also see stock 
raising.) 

Horticulture in Oregon, 588 to 
593. 

Horticulture (see fruit culture ) 

Horton, Dexter, Seattle, 382. 

Horton, E. M., Albany, Or., 176. 

Hotel Bellingham, New What- 
com, Wash., 406. 

Hotel Centralia, Centralia, 
Wash.. 322. 

Hotel Fairhaven, Fairhaveu, 
Wash., 400. 

Hotel Folev,LaGrande,Or.,286. 

Hotel Holman, Dallas, Or., 255, 
256. 

Hotel Hoquiam, Hoquiam, 
Wash., 334. 

Hotel Northern. Seattle, 393 

Hotel Olympiad >lympia,Wash., 
337. 

Hotel Oregon. Ashland, Or., 
214, 215. 

Hotel Portland. Portland, 124. 

Hotel St. Elmo, Kendrick, 
Idaho, t'.i i. 

Hotel Warshauer, Baker City, 
Or., 290. 

Hotel Willapa, South Bend, 
Wash.. 319. 

Hot Springs; — Ashland, Or., 
215 ; Ainswortb, B. C, 582 
Boise City, Idaho, 511 ; Deer 



Lodge, Mont,, 537, 544; 
Gregson, Mont., 537 ; Hailey 
Idaho, 520, 521 ; Helena, 
Mont., 544 ; Jefferson, Mont., 
544 ; Klamath Falls, Or., 
219 ; Lakeview, Or., 223 ; 
Meagher Co., Mont., 544 ; 
Montana, 537. 

Hot Springs Mines, B. C, 582. 

Hovey, A. G., Eugene. Or,, 197. 

Howard, W. M., Seattle. 366. 

Howell Prairie, Or.. 1 73. 

Hoyt, J. H.. Seattle, 383. 

Hovt, Phillips & Co., Olympia, 
Wash., 338. 

Hudson's Bav Co., 25, SS, <J7, 
157, 307, 345 393, 441, 
453. 568. 572. 574 580. 

Hughson, Walter & Co., Spo- 
kane, 446. 

Hume, P., Roseburg, Or., 205. 

Humphrey, H. C, Eugene, Or., 
197. 

Humphreys Mountain. Or., 11 6. 

Humptulips River, Wash., 325. 

Hunt, Hiler H., 56. 

Hunts, June. Wash., 47. 

Hunt Lines, Wash. I Wash, and 
Col. Riv. Ry. Co.), 47. 

Hunting: — Coeur d'Alene, 
Idaho, 481 ; Deer Lodge, 
Mont., 537 ; Flathead Lake, 
Mont., 532 ; Hailey, Idaho. 
520; Hope, Idaho, 477; 
Hoquiam, Wash., (near) 334; 
Klamath, Or., 218; Nelson, 
B. C, 588; Ocosta, Wash., 
(near) 334; Rathdrum, Idaho, 
477 ; Kosebursr, Or., (near) 
204; Wilson River country, 
Or., 235. 

Huntingdon, B. C, 51, 52. 

Huntington, Or , 27, 40, 48. 
(Also see 292, 293.) 

Hunter Gulch. Idaho, 486. 

Hunter, J. D., Mullan, Idaho, 
486. 

Hunter's Hot Springs, Mont., 
544. 

Hvde, Aaron J, Portland, 140. 

Hyde, Saml. C, Spokaue, 443. 

Idaho : — Area, 8; centers ot 
population, 475 to 524 ; cen- 
tral and southern water 
courses, 28 ; elevation, mean, 
maximum and minimum, 10 ; 
Indian troubles, 433 ; lead, 
77 to 80 ; mines, 77 to 80 ; 
population, 8 ; soil, 21, 23 ; 
State Capitol. Boise City, 510 ; 
State Insane Asylum, 523 ; 
State I iintLUti ir\ EriSJ ^it\ 
51 1 ; " The Panhandle," 
476 ; timber resources, 63, 
64. 

Idahoan Mine, Idaho, 519. 

Idaho Canal. Idaho, 51 7, 524. 

Idaho Co., Idaho. 78, 497, 504, 
521. 

Idaho Falls. Idaho. 523, 52 4.. 

Idaho Irrigation & Colonization 
Co., Caldwell. Idaho, 509. 

Idaho Mine, Idaho, 18 « 

Idaho State Odd Fellows' Home, 
Idaho Falls, Idaho, 533. 



Ilwaco ( steamer ), 301. 

Ilwaco Rv. & Nav. Co., 301, 
305, 319. 

Ilwaco, Wash., 300, 301, 302. 

Independence Mine, Idaho, 
486, 521. 

Independence. Or., 248 to 250. 

Independence, Or., Nat. Bank, 
249. 

Independent Gulch, Mont., out- 
put gold, 82. 

Indians : — Bannocks. 522 ; 
Blackfoot, 5 23 ; Cayuse war, 
109 ; Colville, Wash., reserva- 
tion, 453; C<eur d'Alene res- 
ervation, 433, 434, 47(>. 482; 
Coeur d'Alene tribe, 432; dis- 
turbances in Oregon, 157 ; 
disturbances at Seattle, 365 ; 
executions at Fort Steilacoom, 
Wash., 345 ; executions on 
Hangman's Creek, Wash, 433; 
Flatheads, 527 ; Flatheads, 
Mont., 530 ; Flathead reserv- 
ation, Mont., 531, 532, 533 ; 
Fort Hall reservation, Idaho. 
517, 522, 523 ; Klamath 
tribe, Or., 217 : Klickitat 
tribe. 417; Medical Lake, 
Wash.. 446 ; Mission School, 
Spokaue, 432 ; Nez Perces 
reservation. 493, 497, 500 : 
Old Mission Landing, Idaho, 

432 ; Palouse tribe. 432 ; Pen 
d'Oreille Tribe, 432 ; Saltice 
1 chief), 433, 434 ; Seattle 
(chief,) 364 ; Shoshoues, 522 ; 
Simcoe, Wash., reservation, 
417 ; Swiuamish reservation 
Wash., 390; trail through 
Davenport, Wash., 449; trou- 
bles, Hudson's Bay Co , 108 ; 
troubles, Mont., 527 ; Uma- 
tilla reservation. Or., 279 ; 
war, Eastern Wash., 432, 

433 ;Whitman massacre, 109; 
Yakima reservation, 422; Ya- 
kima tribe, 417. 

Indian Vallev. Idaho, 507. 

Indian Valley, Or., 286, 288. 

International Boundary, 108. 

Iris ( naptha launch ). 301. 

Iron: — Bellingham Bay, Wash., 
395 ; Douglas Co.. or., 208; 
Ellensburgh, Wash (near), 
415; Oregon, 70, 71 ; Port- 
land ( near ), 132 ; Skagit Co., 
Wash., 377 ; Tacoma, 344 ; 
Western, Wash., 344; Yaki- 
ma Co., Wash., 418. 

Irrigation : — Adams Co., Wash., 
426 : Baker Co., Or . 291 ; 
Big Bend country. Wash. ,447; 
Bingham Co., Idaho. 52 4- ; 
Blackfoot Idaho, 523 ; Boise 
City, Idaho. 512; Boise val- 
lev", Idaho, 509 ; Canyon Co., 
Idaho. 5<i'.i ; Deer Lodge val- 
lev, Mont., 536 ; Ellensburgh, 
Wash., 414 ; Idaho, 506, 516 
to 518 ; Idaho Palis, Idaho. 
524; North Yakima, Wash., 
417 ; Oregon, Wash, and Ida 
ho, 24 ; PasCO, Wash., 425 ; 
PrOSSer, Wash., 424, 425 ; 



Index. — Reading Matter. 



615 



Umatilla Co.. Or., 278 

Weiser valley. Idaho, 506 

507 : Yakima Co., Wash., 417 

Yakima valley. Wash., 24 

416, 419 to 4L'4. 
Irving ton school, Spokane, 

Wash'., 442. 
Irvington Park, suburb, Port- 
land, 147. 
Isinglass, IS.. C, 571. 
Ives, Geo., Mont., 564. 
Jackson Co., Or., 67,69,71,213. 
Jackson, C. S., Pendleton, Or., 

276. 
Jackson, G. M. & Co., Junction 

City, Or., 193. 
Jackson, G. M., Junction Citv, 

Or , 194. 
Jacksonville, Or., 212, 213, 43. 
Jacobs, Matthew, Kendrick, Ida- 
ho, 494. 
Jacobs, E. L., Bucklev, Wash., 

413. 
Jacobs, W. E., Ashland, Or.,216. 
Jaeger, J. M., Brownsville, or., 

185. 
Jamison Block, Spokane, 437. 
Japan Current. 12. 
Jefferson Co., Mont., 84, all'). 
Jefferson Co., Wash., 410. 
Jefferson, De Los, 141. 
Jefferson Hot Springs, Mont., 

r.44.. 
Jefferson, Mont., 50. 
Jefferson, Or., 173, 174. 
Jenkins University, Spokane, 

443. 
Jennings, Mont., 25. 
Jennings, Wash., 88, 391. 
Jersey Mine, Idaho, 4s<",. 
Jesuit Fathers : — 433i 453 ; 

Spokane, 443 ; Montana, 526, 

530. 
John Day River, Or., 28. 
John Day Valley, Or., coal, 71. 
Johns, C. A., Baker City, Or., 

289. 
Johns Creek, Idaho, 498. 
Johns River, Wash., 325. 
Johns 6c Rami, Baker City, or.. 

289, 
Johnson, A. J., Seio, or.. 182. 
Jones, Arthur D., Spokane,441. 
Jones Bros. .Tillamook, Or., 238. 
Jones, H. D., (stage), Forest 

Grove, Or., 232. 
Jordan Creek, Idaho. 78. 
Jordan Creek. Or., 208. 
Josephine Co., Or.. 209, 210; 

gold, 67, 69 ; copper, 71 
fosie Mine. B. C, 584, 585. 
Juliaetta, Idaho, 44. 49, 1,88 

491.', 49C. 
Jumbo Mine. Idaho. 519. 
Jumbo Mine, Wash., 74. 
Junction Citv. < >r., 193, 19 t. 
Jute Mills, Walla Walla, Wash.. 

I state i, 457. 
Kaintuck Mine. Idaho. 79. 

Kalama, Wash,. :\oc. ;n 7. 42. 

Kalama River, Wash., .".07. 
Kallispel. Mont., 532. 
Kamni, Jacob, Portland, 301. 
Kangley Coal Mines, Wash., 90. 
Kaslo, B. C: — General descrip- 



tion, 585, 586 ; also 52, 580; 

582, 587. 
Kaslo Creek, B. C, ,lso. 582, 

585. 
Katches River, Wash., 422. 
Keeley Institute, Seattle. ;;7.". 
Keene, J., Ballard, Wash.. 385. 
Kellogg, Frank, Heppner, Or., 

272 
Kelso, Wash.. 310 ; coal, 92. 
Kendrick, Idaho, 492 to 494 ; 

also, 49. 
Kendrick, J. W., 334. 
Kenawa Mine, Mont., 547. 
Kennedy Mines, Mont., 546. 
Kennewick, Wash., 421. 
Kcno Mine, Idaho, 1 si',. 
Keuo, 1 )regon, 21 7. 
Kent, Wash.. 363. 
Kerry, A. S., sawmill, Seattle, 

380. 
Ketchum, Idaho, 521, 521^, 4s, 
Kilches River, Or., 35. 
Killbuck Mine, Idaho, 485. 
Killion Junction, Wash., 47. 
King Co., Wash.: — See Seattle ; 

also, coal, 89, 90; Court House, 

Seattle. 371 ; mining'. 73, 74. 
King Co., (Wash.) Fair Associa- 
tion, 363. 
King's Station, Or.. 1 s 1 . 
King, W. C, Tillamook Countv, 

Or., 241. 
Kinnikinneck Mines, Idaho, 79. 
Kiona. Wash., 42<>. 
Kirkland I suburb |, Seattle, 369. 
Kirk. W. R., Brownsville, Or , 

184, 185. 
Kitsap Co., Wash., 33. 
Kittitas Basin, Wash., 422. 
Kittitas Co., Wash. : — Mines, 

73, 74 (also 413. 414, 415, 

416.) 
Kittitas River, Wash., 422. 
Klamath Basin, Or., 217. 
Klamath Co., Or., 216 to 220. 
Klamath Falls, Or. : — General 

description, 216 to 220, (also 

211.1 
Klamath Falls (water course 1, 

21 s. 
Klamath Indian Reservation. 

Or., 217. 
Klamath Lakes (upper and low- 

er), Or., 36. 217. 
Klamath River, Or., 217, 218. 
Klickitat Co., Wash., 309, .".Id. 
Klickitat Indians, 365, 41 7. 
Klickitat River. Wash , 309. 
Klickitat Yallev. Wash.. 309, 

310. 
Knickerbocker Mine, Idaho, 

485. 
Knoell. Wm., Tillamook. Or.. 

238. 
Knudson. Carl P.. Tillamook, 

Or., L'.'.s 
Koontz & Power, Halsev, Or., 

19 1. 
Kootenai Co., Idaho. 63, 1 76. 
Kootenav Lake. t>. C , 1',". 36, 

47, .">_', 9ti, 441. 586, 587, 

588 
Kootenav Lake, Reduc. Co., B. 

C, ."".8O". 



Kootenav Mine, B. C, 586. 
Kootenay Mines, B. C, 578 to 

587. 
Kootenav River, B. C, 25, 36, 

96, 579, 580, 582, 587. 
Kootenav River, 25- Geyser 

Falls, 579; Pillar Falls, 580; 

St. Agnes Falls, 579. 
Kremer, W. F., Portland, 156. 
Kuro Siwo (Japan current), 12. 
La Camas, Wash., 309. 
La Conner, Wash.. 390, 391. 
La Crosse, Wash., 46. 
La Creole Academy, Dallas, Or., 

255. 
La Creole River, Or., 254, 104. 
Lacv. F. C, Chehalis, Wash., 

316. 
Lacv, G. S., Chehalis, Wash., 

3i7. 
Ladd, C. E., Portland, 140. 
Ladd. W. M, Portland, 140, 389. 
Ladd. W. S., Portland, 70, 134, 

139, 382. 
Ladd, W. S. (hvdraulic dredge), 

129. 130. 
Ladd & Hush, Salem, Or , 172. 
Ladd &. Tilton, Portland. 139, 

140. 
La Fayette, Or., 252, 253. 
La Favette (Or.) Seminarv,252. 
La Grande, Or., 284 to 286. 
Lake Abert, Or., 221. 
Lake Chelan, Wash.: — Descrip- 
tion, 451 to 453 (also 35, 

36, 76, 96. 
Lake CleElum, Wash., 422. 
Lake Cceur d'Alene, 36, 482, 

96, 437, 440. 
Lake Co., Or.: — Description, 

220 to 227; timber, 54. 
Lake Katches, Wash., 422. 
Lake Kitchelas, Wash., 422. 
Lake Padden, Wash., 400. 
Lake Pend d'Oreille,36, 63, 96, 

477. 
Lake Sammaish, Wash., 379, 

380. 
Lakes, Klamath Co., Or., 217, 

218. 
Lakes. Lake Co.. Or., 221, 222. 
Lakes, Pacific Northwest, 35, 

36. 
Lakes. S. W . Oregon, 96. 
Lake Tannum. Wash., 422. 
Lake Union, Seattle, 34. 
Lakeview Mines. Idaho, 478. 
Lakeview, or.. 220 to 227. 
Lakeview (Or.) Bank, 223. 
Lakeview School, Spokane. 442. 
Lake Washington Ship Canal. 

.".7 t. 384. 
Lake Whatcom, Wash.. 88, 

394, 395, 403,404. 
Lambert, A. F., Davenport. 

Wash., 450. 
Lake Waha, Idaho. 497. 
Lake Washington, Seattle, 34, 

369. 370, 37.-.. 
I.ane Co. Bank, Eugene, 197. 
Lane Co., Or., 200, 201 . 69. 
Lane, Geo., Mont., 567. 
Lane, Gen. Jos., 110, 141. 
Langdon, E. W., Albany, Or., 

176. 



616 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Langdon, Geo., Moscow, Idaho, 

490. 
La Platte Mine, Mont,, 556. 
Larsen House, Tillamook, Or., 

239, 
Larsen, M. H., Tillamook, Or., 

239. 
Last Chance Gulch, Mont., 81, 

82, 537. 
Last Chance Mine, Idaho, 480, 

483. 
Latah Co., Idaho. 475, 489, 

492. 
Laths, (made in most large saw- 
mills of Oregon and Wash.) 
Latimer, NT. H., Seattle, 383. 
Latonia Mine, Mont., 535. 
Latonia School, Seattle, 372. 
Latonia, suburb, Seattle, 369. 
Lava Beds, 20. 
Lava Rocks. Or. 70, 71. 
Lawrence. J. G., N. Yakima, 

Wash., 419. 
Lead. ( Also see mining ) See 

Coeur d'Alene mines ; Idaho, 

77 to 80 ; see Kootenay mines, 

B. C; see Montana mines ; 

output Tacoma smelter, 344 ; 

Washington, 72 to 77. 
Leadbetter Ditch, Yakima Co., 

Wash., 419, 
Leadbetter system, canals, Yak- 
ima valley"Wash.,420to422. 
Leap-For-Life Mine, Or., 70. 
Leather made at Eugene, Or., 

195 196. 
Lebanon' (Jr., 179 to 180,49. 
Lebanon branch S. P. R. R., 39. 
Lebanon Junction, Or., 39. 
Ledgerwood Park, Spokane, 43'.) 
Lee, H. P.. Olympia, Wash ,338. 
Lee, W. S., Junction City, Or , 

193. 
Lee Mountain Mine, Mont., 

545. 
Leeper, C, Chehalis, Wash., 

317. 
Le Fevre, A., Medical Lake, 

Wash., 446. 
Le Fevre, H. B., Puyallup, 

Wash., 357. 
Leghorn, J. F., Spokane, 445. 
Leisburg, Idaho, 79. 
Lemhi Co., Idaho, mines, 79. 
Le Roy Mine, B. C, 584, 585. 
Lethbridge, B. C, 52. 
Leudinghaus Bros., Chehalis, 

Wash., 315. 
Levvt-lling, II.. Milwaukie, Or., 

588. 
Levis, H.C., Portland, 164. 
Lewis Co. Bank, Centralia, 

Wash., 322. 
Lewis Co., Wash., 92, 311 to 

316, 321. 
Lewiston Addition to Grange- 

ville, Idaho, 501. 
Lewiston, Idaho :— description, 

4U4 to 497 ; also see 27, 476, 

4SS. 117. 
Lewiston Land Co., Lewiston, 

Idaho, 501. 
Lewis iS; Clarke Co., Mont.; see 

Helena; Court House, 540; 

mining, 81, 84. 



Lewis & Clarke expedition, 107, 
294. 

Lexington Mining Co., Butte., 
557. 

Lexington Mine, Butte, Mont., 
550', 557. 

Lime, Bellingham Bav, Wash., 
395 ; Colville countrv, Wash., 
454 ; Douglas Co.," Wash., 
208 ; EHensburgh, Wash., 
415 ; Lakeview, Or., 223 ; 
Myer's Falls, Wash., 454 ; Or- 
egon, 93 ; Roche Harbor, 
Wash., 395 ; Washington, 92 
to 95; Yakima Co., Wash, 41 .s. 

Lincoln Co., Or., 263. 

Lincoln Co., Wash., 73, 426, 
427, 447, 448. 

Lincoln Co. Court House, 
Sprague, Wash., 428 

Lincoln School, Spokane, 442. 

Link River, < ir., 218. 

Linkville, Or.; see Klamath 
Falls. 

Linn Co., Or., description, 178, 
179 : gold output, 69. 

Linnton. suburb, Portland, 110. 

Litherland, F. L, Portland, 152, 
153. 

Little Bear Creek, Mont., 493. 

Little Chief Mine, Idaho, 486. 

Little Dalles, Wash, (towni, 
453, 586. 

Little Dalles, rapids, Columbia 
River, 453. 

Little Giant Mines, Idaho, 486. 

Little Pittsburg Mines, Or., 70, 
291. 

Logan Co., Idaho, 517, 518, 
519. 

Logan, Mont.. 4'.), 5<>, 551. 

Logging; — (Also see timber). 
Bucoda, Wash., 335 ; Cath- 
lamet.Wash., 306 ; Centralia, 
Wash., 323, 324 ; Chehalis 
Co., Wash.. 321 ; Clearwater, 
Idaho, 496 ; Lewis Co., Wash., 
321 ; Lewiston, Idaho, 496; 
Mason Co., Wash., 340; Mt. 
Vernon, Wash., 389 ; Palouse 
river, Wash., 466, 471 ; Pay 
ette, Idaho, 506 ; Shelby, 
Wash., 340; SkagitCo., Wash .. 
389 ; Tillamook, Or., 236. 

Lo Lo Canyon, Mont , 530. 

London Creek, B. C, 5S3. 

London & S. F. Bank, Portland, 
135. 

London & S. F. Bank, Tacoma. 
351. 

Long Beach. Wash., 303. 

Long Beach I Wash. I Hotel, 303. 

Long Block, Centralia, Wash.. 
322. 

Longfellow School, Spokane, 
442. 

Long Prairie, Or., 235, 240. 

Long Tom River, Or., 104. 

Long Valley, Idaho, 508. 

Loomis, L A., Ilwaco, Wash., 
301. 

Loomiston. Wash., 52, 76. 

Loon Lake, Wash., 453, 454. 

Lost River Mines, Idaho, 79. 

Lost River, Or., 218. 



Louvre, The, Portland, 156. 

Lovejoy, A. L., Portland, 110. 

Lownsdale, D H , Portland, 11 1. 

Lownsdale School, Portland, 
143. 

Lower, B. Byron, Boise City, 
Idaho, 516." 

Luckiamutte River, Or., 104, 
175. 

Lucretia Mine, Idaho, 486. 

Lumbering: — ( As a great in- 
dustry confined to Western 
Oregon. Western Washington 
and British Columbia. Also 
see Timber, i Industries of 
Oregon, 56 ; Industries of 
Washington, 61 t5 63 ; Aber- 
deen, Wash, 331 ,332; Astoria. 
Or., 296: Baker Citv, Or., 
288 ; Ballard. Wash." 369, 
384: Blaine , 407: Bonner, 
Mont., 329; Buckley, Wash , 
411, 412; Caldwell, Idaho, 
507; Castle Rock, Wash., 311; 
Cathlamet, Wash., 306 ; Cen- 
tralia, Wash., 323, 324; Che- 
halis, Wash., 315, 317; Che- 
halis Co., Wash , 327; Colfax, 
Wash., 466; Coos Bav, Or., 
266; Cosmopolis. Wash. ,329; 
Denver, Idaho, 503 ; Fair- 
haven, Wash., 401; Grant's 
Pass, Or., 209 ; Hamilton, 
Mont., 531; Hoquia in, Wash., 
334 ; Ilwaco, Wash , 302 : 
Kelso, Wash., 310; La Grande. 
Or., 284 ; Lewiston, Idaho, 
496; Missoula, Mont.. 529; 
Montesano. Wash., 327; Mt. 
Idaho, Idaho, 504; Mt. Ver- 
non, Wash., 389; New What- 
com, Wash., 405; North Yam 
hill, Or.. 244; output, Pacific 
Northwest, 7: output four larg- 
est mills, Washington, 405 ; 
Orting, Wash . 41 1 ; Palouse, 
Wash., 471; Portland, 131; 
Puyallup, Wash., 357; Rath- 
druil), Idaho, 476; Seattle, 
369, :'.7'.i 380, 383 ; Sedro, 
Wash., 301 ; Skagit C... 
Wash., 391 ; Snohomish, 
Wash., ::ss ; South Bend. 
Wash., 31 9 ; Tacoma. 340, 
341, 344; Thompson Falls, 
Mont., 525; Tillamook Co., 
Or., 240; Vancouver, B. C, 
,"77; Win lock. Wash.. 312 

Lummi Island, Puget Sound. 
392. 

Lurline (steamer) 3<>6. 

Lyman, Horace, Portland, 1 1-1 . 

Lyons. Ha/e, Mont., 5<",7. 568. 

Macintosh, C. M., Chehalis. 
Wa-li , 3 1 7. 

Maddock, John G., Goldeudale, 
Wash., arto. 

Madison Co., Mont., gold and 
silver output. 85. 

Madison St. Bridge, Portland, 
115. 

Madison St. Cable Kv. Co., Se- 
attle. 3fl9. 

Maguire, J. H., Moscow, Idaho, 
490. 



Index . — Rea ding Ala 1 1 er. 



i;i; 



Maher & Terwilliger, Portland, 
120, 127. 

Mahogany Mine, Idaho. 79. 

Malarkey & Co., fish dealers, 
Portland. 103. 

Malheur Co., Or., Mines, 7<>. 

Malheur Lake, Or., 36. 

Malheur River, Or.. 2*. 

Mann's Creek Valley, Idaho, 
507. 

Manufacturing at:— Aberdeen, 
Wash., 331, 332, 333; Al- 
bany, Or., 175, 176; Aua- 
eortes, Wash., 392; Ashland, 
Or., 214 to 216; Astoria, Or., 
296; Baker City, Or., 288; 
Ballard, Wash., 369, 38+ ; 
Blackfoot, Idaho, 523; Blaine. 
Wash., 407; Boise City, Ida., 
511 ; Bonner, Mont., 529 ; 
Brownsville.Or., 1 83; Buckley, 
Wash., 412; Bucoda, Wash., 
335 ; Castle Rock, Wash., 
311; Centralia, Wash., 323; 
Chehalis, Wash., 315, 317; 
Cheney, Wash., 430; Colfax, 
Wash., 466 ; Coos Bay, Or., 
266; Corvallis, Or.. 261; Cos- 
mopolis, Wash., 329; Cotton- 
wood, Idaho, 502; Dallas, Or.. 
254; Davenport, Wash., 449; 
Dayton, Wash., 461 ; Denver, 
Idaho, 503; Drain, Or., 202; 
East Cottage Grove, Or., 201; 
Ellensburgh, Wash., 415 ; 
Eugene, Or., 195, 196: Ev- 
erett, Wash., 385, 386; Fair- 
haven, Wash.. 399,400, 401; 
Farmingtou, Wash , 468 ; 
Forest Grove, Or., 230; Gar- 
field, Wash., 468; Goldendale, 
Wash., 3<J9; Grangeville.Ida., 
501; Grant's Pass, Or , 209; 
Harrisburg, Or., 192; Hamil- 
ton, Mont., 531; Heppner, 
Or., 271; Hillsboro, Or., 227; 
Hood River, Or., 267; Ho- 
quiam, Wash., 334; Idaho 
Fa lis, Idaho, 523 ; In- 
dependence, Or., 249: Junc- 
tion City, Or., 194 ; Ka- 
lama, Wash., 307; Kelso, 
Wash., 310; Kendrick, Idaho, 
493; LaCamas, Wash.. 309; 
LaConner, Wash., 390.391; 
Lafayette, Or., 252; La 
Grande, Or., 285; Lakeview, 
Or., 223; Lebanon, Or., 179; 
Lewiston, Idaho. 496; Marsh- 
field, Or., 266; McMinnville, 
or.. 245; Medford. Or., 210; 
Milton, Or.. 284; Missoula, 
Mont., 5 2 9 ; Montesano, 
Wash., 327; Mt. Idaho, Ida- 
ho, 504: Mt. Vernon, Wash., 
389; Mullau. Idaho, 486; 
Newberg, or., 25(); New 
Whatcom, Wash., 404, 405; 
Oakesdale, Wash.. 469; Oak- 
land, Or., 204; Ocosta, 
Wash., 334; Olvmpia, Wash., 
338; Oregon City, Or., 157 
to 165; Palouse, Wash. 471; 
Payette, Idaho, 506; Pendle- 
ton, Or., 275; Portland, 132, 



133; also 126, 130, 137,152 
and 153; Pomeroy, Wash., 
464; Port Townsend, Wash., 
410; Prosser, Wash.. 425; 
Puvallup, Wash., 357; Rath- 
drum, Idaho, 476; Rit/.ville, 
Wash., 426; Roseburg, Or., 
205; Roslyn, Wash., 413; 
Salem, Or., 168; Scio, Or., 
182; Seattle, Wash., 369, 
379, 380, 381; Sedro, Wash., 
391; Sheridan, Or., 258; Sil- 
verton, Or., 187; Snohomish, 
Wash., 388; South Bend, 
Wash., 319, 320; Sprague, 
Wash., 428; Spokane, Wash., 
437,438,439; Stayfon, Or.. 
1 si ; Tacoma, 340, 341, 343, 
344, 347, 349, 350; The 
Dalles. 268; Thompson Falls, 
Mont., 525; Union. Or., 287; 
Uniontown, Wash., 475; Van- 
couver, B. C, 577; Vancouver, 
Wash., 308; Waitsburg, 
Wash., 459; Walla Walla, 
Wash., 456 to 458; Weiser, 
Idaho, 505; Weston, Or., 283; 
Wilbur, Wash., 450; Win- 
lock, Wash., 312. 

Marble: — Colville country, 
455; Davenport, Wash., 
450 ; Douglas Co., Or., 208; 
Washington, 93 to 95; Yaki- 
ma Co., Wash., 418. 

Marcev, H. B., Montesano, 
Wash., 328. 

Marcus, Wash., 453. 

Marion Co., Or.: — Description, 
172, 173; population, 168. 

Markley, Hays & Roche, Port- 
land, 149. 

Marquam Grand Opera House, 
Portland, 124. 

Marquam School, Portland, 143. 

Marshall, Tunc. Wash., 44. 

Marshfielcl, Or., 42, 266, 267. 

Martin, H. H. & Son, Centralia, 
Wash., 323, 324. 

Martin, H. N., Sprague, Wash., 
42 s. 

Martin, Tallevraud, Hope, 
Idaho, 478. 

Marv's River, Or., 104, 175. 

Marysville, Mont., 50, 543. 

Marysville, Mont.:— General de- 
scription, 546 to 548. 

Marysville, Mont., Mines, 84. 

Mason Co., Wash., 340. 

Matlock, W. F.. Pendleton, Or., 
277. 

Matthiesen, John, Portland, 
152. 

May, Charles C, Davenport, 
Wash., 449, 450. 

Mayflower Mine, Idaho, 519. 

Mavnard, Everett & Co., Che- 
halis, Wash., 314. 

McCallan, A., Lakeview, Or., 

McCamman, Idaho. 48. 
McCarver, Genl. Matthew M., 

Tacoma, 341 . 
McClaine, Fielding, Silverton, 

Or., 187. 



McClelland, Thos.,Forest Grove, 
Or., 231, 

MeConnell, W. J., Boise City, 
Idaho, 513, 514. 

McCormick, Capt., Salmon Riv- 
er, B. C, 5S4. 

McCowan, Mrs. S. M., Oregon 
City, Or., 161. 

McCune, Or., 288. 

McDonald, W. E.. New What- 
com, Wash., 405. 

McFarland, Frank, Heppner, 
Or., 272. 

McFarland, Homer, Heppner, 
Or., 272. 

McFarland Mercantile Co., Hep- 
pner, Or., 272, 273. 

McGilvra, J. J., Seattle, 371. 

McGiven, Mrs. A.. C, Tacoma, 
354. 

McGrane, Frank, Graugeville, 
Idaho, 501. 

McGrath House, Cathlamet, 
Wash., 306. 

McGuire, C. A., Seaside, Clatsop 
Beach, Or., 300 

McGuire House, Seaside, Clat- 
soo Beach, Or., 300. 

McKenny Block, Olvmpia, 
Wash., 337. 

McKenny, T. I., Olyinpia, 
Wash., 337. 

McKenzie River, Or., 104, 200, 
201. 

McLean, Geo. D., Mt. Vernon, 
Wash., 390. 

McLoughlin, Dr. John, 108, 
157. 

McMinnville, Or., 244 to 247. 

McMinnville (Or.) College.246, 
247. 

McMinnville (Or.) Nat. Bank, 
246. 

McC. White, W. & Co., Butte, 
Mont., 558. 

Meadow Creek Pass, Idaho, 502. 

Meager Co., Mont., Aiming, 84. 

Mealy, A., Chehalis, Wash.. 
316. 

Mealv-Lacy Co. .Chehalis, Wash., 
315, 317. 

Medford (Or.) Hotel, 211. 

Medford, Or., 210 to 212, (also 
see 43.) 

Medical Lake, Wash., 446,447, 
45. 

Medical Springs, Or., 287. 

Meek, W. M., Milwaukie, Or., 
588. 

Meeker, Ezra. Puvallup, Wash.. 
356. 357. 

Meeker, Ezra & Co., Puyallup, 
Wash., 356. 

Meeker, Jacob R., Puvallup, 
Wash., 357, 358. 

Meekers June. Wash., 45, 361. 

Melnor Trail, Idaho, 5()4. 

Melons: — (Also see Fruit Cul- 
ture.) Ashland, Or.. 215; 
Josephine Co., Or., 209: Med- 
ford, Or., ( near) 210; Rogue 
River Valley, Or., 213; Snake 
River Valley, Idaho, 495 ; 
Wasco Co., Or., 270; Yakima 
Valley, Wash.. 424. 



618 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Mercer School, Seattle, 372. 

Merchants Nat. Bank, Helena, 
539. 

Merchants Nat. Bank, Portland, 
135. 

Merchants Nat. Bank, Seattle, 
382. 

Merchants Nat. Bank, Tacoma, 
351. 

Meriden Mill Co., New What- 
com, Wash., 405. 

Merrell, J. M., Mont., 534. 

Mesner, P. H., North Yamhill, 
Or., 24.4. 

Metalline Mines, Wash., 75, 
454. 

Metcalf, J. E., Montesano, 
Wash., 328. 

Methodist Mission, Early, Or., 
169. 

Methow River, Wash , 26. 

Met. Saw Bank, Tacoma, 351. 

Metzger, N. A., Winlock.Wash., 
312. 

Miami River, Or., 35, 239 

Michigan Lumber Co., Aber- 
deen, Wash., 332. 

Middle Salubria Valley, Idaho, 
507. 

Midway School, Portland, 143. 

Miles, B. C, Newberg, Or., 252. 

Miller, D. H., Medford, Or., 211. 

Miller & Bridenstine's Sawmill, 
New Whatcom, Wash., 405. 

Milner, E. A , Albany, Or., 178. 

Milo Gulch, Idaho, 482. 

Mills, D. R. and E. V., Ashland, 
Or., 214. 

Milton, Or., 284, 110. 

Milton Station. Or., 293. 

Milwaukie, Or., 110, 111, 146. 

Mining: (Gold, Silver, Copper 
and Lead.) Alaska, 85, 86; 
Anaconda, Mont., 558, 559; 
Baker Citv, Or., 289; Baker 
Co., Or., 291, 292; Bellvue, 
Idaho, 519; Boulder, Idaho, 
493; Boundary District, 
Wash., 454; British Columbia 
(output), 8, (also see 568 to 
588); Butte, Mont., 548 to 
558; Cedar District, Idaho, 
493; Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, 
478 to 488, (also see 434, 
435); Colville country, Wash., 
434, 435 ; Corbin, Mont., 
546; Deer Lodge Co., Mont., 
536; EHensburgh.Wasli.,415; 
Egypt District, Wash., 450; 
Granite, Mont., 533, 534 ; 
Grangeville, Idaho, 501 ; 
Green River, Wash., 312; 
Hailey, Idaho, 519, 520 ; 
Helena, Mont., 537 to 543, 
(also see Marysville, Rimini 
and Wicks); Hope, Idaho, 
47S; Idaho, 77 to SO, 517; 
Idaho Co., Idaho, 498, 499; 
Kalatna River, Wash., 307; 
Kaslo, B. C, 585, 586 ; 
Ketchum, Idaho, 521; Koot- 
enay, B. C, 436, 578 to 584, 
587; Lewis Co., Wash., 316; 
Little Dalles, Wash., 453 ; 
Marysville, Mont., 546 to 



548; Metalline District, Wash., 
454 ; Montana, 80 to 85, 
(also see Montana centers of 
population); Monte Cristo, 
Wash., 377, 378; Nelson, B. 
C, 586 to 588; Northport, 
Wash., 454; Okanogan coun- 
try. Wash., 435; Oregon, 67 
to 72; Pacific Northwest, 65 
to 85 ; Pechastin District, 
Wash., 415 ; Phillipsburg, 
Mont. ,533 to 535; Rathdrum, 
Idaho, 476; Rimini, Mont., 
545; Ruby, Idaho, 493; Sal- 
mon River, B. C, 584; Sho- 
shone Co., Idaho, 478 to 
488: Silver Creek, Wash., 
377, 388; Slocan District, B. 
C, 441; Snohomish, Wash., 
388 ; Swauk Creek District, 
Wash., 415; Thompson Falls, 
Mont., 525; Trail Creek, B. 
C, 584, 585; Union Co., Or., 
291, 292; Washington, 72 to 
77 ; Washington Co., Idaho, 
506, 507; Wicks, Mont., 545, 
546; Winlock, Wash., 312; 
Wood River Vallev, Idaho, 
518, 522; Yakima Co. .Wash., 
418. 

Mineral City, Idaho, 293. 

Mineral Point Mine, Idaho, 485. 

Minor, T. T., School, Seattle, 
372. 

Minnie Moore Mine, Idaho, 519. 

Mission, B. C, 51. 

Mission Landing, Idaho, 49, 
51, 479, 482. 

Missoula Co , Mont., 85, (also 
see Missoula.) 

Missoula Mine, Idaho, 486. 

Missoula, Mont., 526 to 530, 
(also see 49, 51.) 

Missoula River, Mont , 26, 454, 
526. 

Missouri River, 49, 432, 537. 

Mitchell Creek, Or., 208. 

Modoc Mine, Mont., 556. 

Mohawk River, Eugene, 200. 

Molalla River, Or., 104. 

Monarch, Mont., 51. 

Monarch Mine, Idaho, 4N4-. 

Mondovi, Wash.. 448. 

Mono Mine, Mont., 557. 

Monohan, suburb Seattle, Allen 
& Nelson Mill Co., 379, 380. 

Monmouth, Or,, 259, 260. 

Monroe Street Bridge, Spokane, 
439. 

Montana : — Area, 8 ; coal, 85 ; 
centers of population, 525 to 
568 ; early gold discoveries, 
66 ; early history ( see vigi- 
lantes ) ; elevation, mean, 
maximum and minimum, 10; 
first gold discovery, 535 ; 
first quartz mill, 83 ; first sil- 
ver mill, 533 ; first white set- 
tlement, 526 ; gold and silver 
output, 84 ; lead, 84 ; mines, 
mining, genl. description, 80 
to 85. (Also see 526 to 
559) ; population, 8; rail- 
roads, 49, 50, 51 ; soil, 23, 
24 ; State Penitentiary, Deer 



Lodge, 536 ; stock raising, 

genl. description, 559 to 562; 

timber resources, 64. 
Montana Bar, Mont., gold, 82. 
Montana Central Ry., 49, 51. 
Montana Club, Helena, Mont.. 

540. 
Montana Consolidated Mine, 

Mont., 555, 556. 
Montana Co., ( Id ) Milling, 

547. 
Montana Nat. Bank, Helena, 

539. 
Montana Savings Bank, 539. 
Montana State Library, Helena, 

541. 
Montana Universitv. Helena, 

542. 
Montana University, Missoula, 

528. 
Montana Union Ry., 48, 49, 50. 
Montana Union Ry. Shops, An- 
aconda, Mont., 559. 
Monte Cristo Mines, Wash., 74, 

377, 378, 388. 
Monte Cristo Mining Dist., 

W T ash., railroads, 47. 
Montesano, Wash., 326 to 329. 
Montezuma Mines, B. C, 582. 
Montrose Park, Spokane, 439. 
Moody, C. S., Mt. Vernon, 

Wash., 390. 
Moore & Martin,' Klamath 

Falls, Or., 219. 
Moose Creek Mines, Idaho, 79. 
Moose Mine, Mont., 556. 
Morey, P. F., 161, 164. 
Morgan, J. J., Hillsboro, Or., 

228. 
Mormons at Idaho Falls, Idaho, 

523. 
Morning Mine, Idaho, 480, 

486. 
Morning Star Mine, Idaho, 79. 
Morning Star Mine, Wash., 74. 
Morris, B." F., Camas Prairie, 

Idaho, 503. 
Morris, Right Rev. D. D., 144. 
Morrison House, Sealand, 

Wash., 305. 
Morrison Street Bridge, Port- 
land, 115. 
Morrow Co.. Or., 273. 
Morrow, J. H., Waitsburg, 

Wash., 460. 
Moscow, Idaho, 488 to 492. 
Moscow, Idaho, Nat. Bank, 490. 
Moscow, Idaho, railroads, 49. 
Moscow, Idaho, U. P. R. R. 

branch. 4(5. 
Moscow, Idaho, University of 

Idaho, 491, 492. 
Moser, J. H., Silvertou, Or., 

188 
Moss, S. W., 157. 
Mother Lode Mine, Idaho, 48 , . 
Moulton Mine, Mont., 84. 
Mountain View Mine, Mont., 

556. 
Mount Wallace, Sprague.Wash., 

429. 
Mt. Adams, 233; from Port- 
land, 1 16. 
Mt. Angel, Or., 189 to 191. 
Mt. Angel (Or.) Hotel, 189. 



Index. — Reading Mutter. 



619 



Mt. Angel (Or.) Seminary and 

College, 189. 
Mt. Baker, Wash., 405, 572; 
elevation, 9 ; from Seattle, 
370. 
Mt. Belmont, Mont., 54-7. 
Mt. Chapaca Mines, 75. 
Mt. Helena, Mont., 537. 
Mt. Hood, Or., 104, 233; ele- 
vation, 9; from Hood River, 
Or., 268; from Portland, 116. 
Mt. Idaho, Idaho, 504, 505. 
Mt. Jefferson, 116, 233. 
Mt. Olympus, elevation, 9. 
Mt. Pitt, 233; elevation, 9. 
Mt. Rainier, 233,411, 412; ele- 
vation, 9; from Portland, 116; 
from Seattle, 370; from Taco- 
ma (Mt. Tacoma I, 343. 
Mt. St. Helens, 233, 293; ele- 
vation, 9; from Portland, 116; 
gold, 312; mines, 316; min- 
ing, 74. 
Mt. Scott (suburb), Portland, 

146. 
Mt. Shasta, Cal., 40. 
Mt. Tabor (suburb), Portland, 

145, 146. 
Mt. Tacoma v Rainier), 341, 

343. 
Mt. Vernon, Wash., 388, 389, 

390. 
Mt. Ziou, Or., 116. 
Mover, J. M., Brownsville, Or., 

184. 
Moxee Valley, Wash., 423. 
Muck Valley. Wash., 411. 
Mullan, Idaho, 485, 486; rail- 
roads, 48, 49; U. P. R. R., 
46, (also see 482.) 
Mullan, John, 486. 
Mullan Road, 37, 49, 431, 47 S, 

479, 486, 526. 
Multnomah Box Co., Portland, 

153. 
Multnomah Co. Court House, 

Portland, 121. 
Multnomah Co., Or., assessed 

valuation, 140. 
Multnomah School, Portland, 

143. 
Munich Mine, Mont., 546. 
Munkers, I. J., Scio, Or., 182. 
Murphy. A. M. & Co., Bankers, 

Spokane, 441. 
Murray, Idaho, 486 to 488, 

(also' see 479. 482, 485.) 
Myer's Falls, Wash., 453. 
Myers, Geo. T.. Salmon Can- 
nery, Seattle (paek'i, 99. 
Myrtle Creek, Or., 208. 
Myrtle Point, Or., 267. 
Nail Factory, Everett, Wash., 

385. 
Nail Works, Port Townsend, 

Wash., 41 0. 
Nampa, Idaho, 48, 510, 513. 
Nanaimo, B. C. :— Description, 
573 to 576 ; railways, 52, 
5 70. 
Naples Creek mines, Idaho, 79. 
Nash, D. & Co., Halsey, Or., 

191. 
Nass River, B. C, 99, 102. 



Natatorium, Boise City, Idaho, 

511. 
Natatorium, Helena, Mont., 

541. 
Natchez River, Wash., 417, 

422. 423. 
Natchez Valley, Wash., 417. 
Nat. Bank of Commerce, Seat- 
tle, 382. 
Nat. Bank of Commerce, Taco- 
ma, 351. 
Nat. Bank of Heppner, Or., 272. 
Nat. Mine, Wash., 74. 
Natron, Or., 39, 186. 
Neah Bay, Wash., 410. 
Necaniciim River, Or., 299. 
Nectarines : — Whitman, Co., 
Wash., 467 ; Vakima Valley, 
Wash., 423. 
Nehalem, Or., 100, 242. 
Nehalem Bav, Or., 239. 
Nehalem River, Or., 239, 293. 
Nehalem Valley, Or., 71, 240, 

293. 
Neihart, Mont., 51. 
Nellie Grant Mine, Mont., 545. 
Nellie Mine, Idaho. 485. 
Nelson, Abraham, Independ- 
ence, Or., 249. 
Nelson, B. C. : — Description, 
586 to 588. (Also see 47, 52, 
441, 579, 580. 
Nelsou & Fort Shepherd Ry., B. 

C, 47, 441. 
Nestucca Bay Country, Or., 99, 

239, 240. 
Nestucca Rivers (Big and Little), 

Or., 239, 240. 
Netarts Bay, Or., 239, 242. 
Neuse River, B. C., salmon, 99. 
Neuskahl River, Wash., 325. 
Newaukum, Wash., 312. 
Newaukum River, Wash., 316. 
Newaukum Valley, Wash., 312. 
Newberg, Or., 250 to 252. 
Newberg, Or., Pressed Brick & 

Terra Cotta Co., 250. 
Newcastle Coal Mines, Wash., 

89, 90, 377. 
Newell, George, Seattle, 379. 
Newell Mill Co., Seattle, 379. 
New Gem Mine, Or., 291. 
New Pine Creek, Or., 223. 
Newport, Or., 265. 
New Silver Bell Mine, Or., 70. 
N. Vancouver, B. C, Coal Co., 

570. 
N. Vancouver, B. C, Coal, Mine 

& Land Co., 5 74. 
New Westminster, B. C. : — De- 
scription, 477; precipitation, 
16; temperature, 16. (Also 
see 51, 568, 569.) 
New Whatcom, Wash. : — De- 
scription, 401 to 406; ship- 
ments coal, 88. (Also see 
393.1 
New York Canal, Idaho, 517. 
Nez Perces Co., Idaho. (See 

Lewis ton.) 
Nez Perces Indians, 433. 
Nez Perces Indian Reservation, 

493. 497. 500. 
Niblocks, Wash., coal, 90. 



Nichols, John, Davenport, 
Wash., 449. 

Nickel, Douglas Co., Or., 208. 

Nickel, Oregon, 71. 

Nine Mile Canyon, Idaho, 4N4. 

Nine Mile Cree'k, Idaho, 483. 

Nisqually River, Wash., 34, 90, 
91, 92. 

Noble Five Hill Mine, B.C., 583 ; 

Nooksack River, Wash., 34. 

Normovle, M. C, Kendrick, 
Idaho, 494. 

North Beach, Wash., 301, 302. 

North Bend, Wash., 45. 

Norris, Mont., 50. 

North Central School, Portland, 
143. 

North Fnd Bank, Seattle, 382. 

Northern Pacific Railroad : — 
Description, 41, 42 ; lines in 
Idaho, 48, 49 ; lines in Mon- 
tana, 49. 50, 51 ; line in Ore- 
gon, 42 ; lines in Washing- 
ton 43 to 45 ; branches 
from Spokane, 440; Canadian 
Pacific connections, 51 ; car 
shops, p;ilensburgh, 415 ; car 
shops, Hope, Idaho, 477 ; car 
shops, Missoula, 527 ; car 
shops, Sprague, 427 ; car 
shops, Tacoma, 349 ; coal 
mines, Roslyn, 413 ; comple- 
tion, 342, 434 ; on Gray's 
Harbor 324, 325 ; at Seattle, 
376, 377 ; stampede tunnel, 
342, 411 ; steam ferry, Co- 
lumbia river, 307 ; at Taco- 
ma, 352. 

N. P. Mine, Mont., 545, 546. 

N. P. S. S. Co., Tacoma, 352. 

N. P. Yak. & Kit. Irrigation 
Co., Wash., 419, 420, 422, 
424. 

North Granite Mine,Mout.,535. 

Northport, Wash., 44, 47, 52, 
75, 441, 453, 529. 584. 

Northport Mines, Wash., 454. 

North Prairie, Or., 173. 

North Seattle Cable Ry. Co., 
369. 

North Star Mine, Idaho, 521. 

Northwestern Lum. Co., Ho- 
quiam, Wash., 333, 334. 

Northwestern Lum. Co., South 

Bend, Wash., 319. 
Northwest L. & Trust Co., Port- 
land, 135. 

Northwest Miu. Co., Mont. ,534, 

535. 
North Yakima, Wash., 416 to 

419. 
North Yamhill, Or., 242 to 244. 
North & South R. R., Boise 

City, Idaho, 508. 
Norway, Or., 266. 
Nurseries at Woodburn, Or., 

165. 
Oak Bay. B. C, 573. 
Oakesdale. Wash., 468, 469. 
Oakland, Or., 203, 204. 
Oats : — ( Grown in nearly all 
parts of Pacific Northwest. 
Also see wheat.) Big Bend 
country, Wash., 448; Camas 
Prairie, Idaho, 500; Cheha- 



620 



The Oregonian' s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



lis Co., Wash., 327; Flathead 
Vallev, Mont., 532 ; La Con- 
ner, Wash., 390 ; Pullman, 
Wash., 473 ; Skagit, Wash., 
389, 396 ; Tillamook, Or., 
241; Union Co., Or., 288; 
Walla Walla, Wash., 458 ; 
Whatcom Co., Wash., 396. 

Occidental Mine, Or., 69. 

Occident Mine, Idaho, 487. 

Ocean Park Wash., 305. 

Ocean Wave (steamer), 301. 

Ocosta, Wash. :— Description, 
334. 335. (Also see 45, 320.) 

Oil, Wash., 88. 

Okanogan Lake, B C, 26, 52. 

Okanogan Landing, B. C, 52. 

Okanogan Mining Country, B. 
C, 72, 73, 75, 76, 435, 440, 
451. 

Okanogan River, 26. 

O. K. Mine, B C, 584, 585. 

Old Dominion Mine, Wash., 
75, 454, 455. 

Old Mission Lauding, Idaho, 
432, 433. 

Old Nat. Bank, Spokane, 441. 

Olequa Creek, Wash., 311. 

Olympia Hranch Or. Im. Co.'s 
R. R., 47. 

Olympia (Wash.) Door & Lum. 
Co., 338. 

Olympia, Wash.: — Description, 
335 to 339 ; oysters, 102 ; 
precipitation, 16; road- from 
Port Townsend, 410; temper- 
ature, 16. 

Olympic Mountains. 405, 370. 

Olympic School, Seattle, 372. 

Onions : — Skagit Co., Wash., 
389. (Also grown in nearly 
all parts of Pacific North- 
west.) 

Opals: — Davenport, Wash., 450. 

Oregon: — ( See general articles, 
climate, mining, fishing, etc.; 
also pages 104 to 300 ) ; area, 
7 ; Cayuse Indian war, 109 ; 
centers of population, 104 to 
300 ; coal, 71 ; coast, har- 
bors, 35 ; coast points, 232 to 
242 and 263 to 267 ; copper, 
71 ; creation of territory, 
110 ; early history, 107 to 
110 ; early history, Astoria, 
294 ; early steamboating, 
117 ; eastern centers of pop- 
lution, 267 to 293 : elevation, 
mean, maximum, minimum, 
lO ; first railroad, 38 ; first 
sawmill, 56 ; fishing indus- 
try, 95 to K)4 ; gold output, 
114 ; hops, 357 to 361 ; In- 
dian disturbance, 109, 157 ; 
iron, 70, 71 ; irrigation, 24 ; 
lime, 93 ; lumbering indus- 
tries, 56 ; mining, 67 to 72 ; 
nickel, 71 ; organization of, 
7 ; population, 7 ; silver, 70 ; 
soil, 21 ; southeastern lakes, 
36; southern centers of pop- 
ulation, 202 to 227 : State 
Agricultural College, Corvallis, 
261 : State Board of Immi- 
gration, 121 ; State Capitol, 



Salem, 166 to 172 ; State In- 
sane Asylum, Salem, 170; 
State Normal School, Drain, 
203 ; State Normal School, 
Monmouth, 259, 260 ; State 
Normal School, Weston, 283 ; 
State Penitentiary, Salem, 170; 
State Reform School, Salem, 
170 ; State School for Blind, 
Salem, 170; State School for 
Deaf and Dumb, Salem, 170 ; 
Territory of, 108 ; Timber re- 
sources, general description, 
53 to 65 ; Willamette Valley, 
104 to 202; 227 to 232 ; 242 
to 263 ; Wool crop, 1892, 
130, 131 ; Woolen goods, 
manufactured, 131. 

Oregon City, Or.: — Descrip- 
tion, 157 to 165 ; canal and 
locks, 32 ; Indian executions, 
110 ; light for Portland, 118, 
119 ; as territorial capital, 
110 ; Willamette falls, 31, 
104, 158, 159, 160. 

Oregon City, Or., Woolen Mills, 
163. 

Oregonian, The, Portland, 111, 
122. 

Oregonian, The, Building, Port- 
land, 122. 

Oregon Blade, Baker City, Or., 
289. 

Oregon Improve. Co., 47, 391, 
410. 

Oregon Lumber Co., Baker City, 
Or., 288. 

Oregon Market, Portland, 156. 

Oregon Milling Co., Silverton, 
Or., 186. 

Oregon Nat. Bank, Portland, 
135. 

Oregon Pac. R. R., 42, 174, 
175, 260, 263, 264. 

Oregon Railway & Nav. Co., 
40, 41, 46, 117, 342. 

Oregon Real Estate Co., Port- 
land, 149. 

Oregon Short Line R. R., 40. 

Oregon State Graded School, 
Lakeview, Or., 223. 

Oregon Steam Nav. Co., 117. 

Oregon & Cal. R. R., Co., 37, 
39, 41. 

Oriental Tea Co., Halsey, Or., 
191. 

Oro Fino Creek, Idaho, 77. 

Oro Fino Mines, Idaho, 79, 494, 
499. 

Oro Fino Mine, Wash., 74. 

Oro Fino Mining Co., Idaho, 79. 

Ora, Wash., 52. 

Orting, Wash., 411. 

Osborne, Idaho: — Description, 
485. (Also see 48, 49, 482, 
486.) 

Ostrander, L. W., Olympia, 
Wash., 338. 

Oswald, B., Mt. Angel, Or., 
189. 

Oswego, Or., Iron & Steel Co., 
70, 132. 

Oswego, Or., 70, 132. 

Overton. W. M., Portland, 110. 

Owen, Maj., Montana, 530. 



Owyhee Co., Idaho, 77, 78, 
508, 517. 

Oyster beds, Shoalwater Bay, 
Wash., 35. 

Ovsters : — Blaine, Wash.. 407; 
Pacific Coast, 102, 103 ; Pu- 
get Sound, 96 ; Shoalwater 
Bay, Wash., 96, 305 ; Ya- 
quina Bay, Or., 96, 264 ; 
Oysterville, Wash., 305, 319. 

Pacific Northwest : — Area, 5 ; 
boundary lines, 5 ; boundary 
(international), 7; climate, 
9 to 20 ; elevation, general, 
9 ; fishing, 7 and 95 to 104 ; 
gold, discovery of, 6 ; history 
(early), 6 ; introduction, 5 to 
8 ; lakes, 35, 36 ; lumber 
output 7 ; mining, 65 to 86 ; 
mining output, 7 ; railroads, 
36 to 52 ; rivers and hatbors, 
25 to 36; rainfall, 18 ; re- 
sources, 5, 6, 7, 8 ; scenery, 
7 ; soils, 20 to 25 ; tempera- 
ture, 11, 16, 17, 18 ; timber, 
52 to 65 ; topography, 9 to 
20 ; wheat crop, 7. 

Pacific Coast Fishing Co., Port- 
land, 104. 

Pacific College, Newberg, Or., 
250. 

Pacific Co., Wash., seaside re- 
sorts, 300 to 306. 

Pacific Co., Wash., 317 to 320. 

Pacific Cranberry Co., Ilwaeo, 
Wash., 302. 

Pacific Hotel, Caldwell, Idaho, 
507. 

Pacific Junction, Mont., 51. 

Pacific Nat. Bank, Tacoma,351. 

Pacific Ocean, effects on climate, 
12. 

Pacific Park, Wash., 304. 

Pacific School, Seattle, 372. 

Pacific S. S. Co., Tacoma, 352. 

Pacific Steel Barge Co., Everett, 
Wash., 385. 

Pacific University, Oregon, 231, 
232. 

Padillo Bay, Puget Sound, 34. 

Padit River, Wash., 460. 

Painted Rocks, B. C, 579. 

Paisley, Or., 223. 

Palace Hotel, Heppuer, Or.. 
273. 

Palmer Mountain, Wash., 7(i. 

Palouse Branch N. P. R. R., 44. 

Palouse Country, Wash. : — 464 
to 475. ( Also see 23, 44, 46, 
94.) 

Palouse Indians, 432 

Palouse Wash., 470 to 472. 

Palouse River, Wash., 463, 
464. 

Pandora Mine, Mont., 84. 

Panhandle Mine, Idaho, 48 1 . 

Paper Mills, Everett. Wash., 
385. 

Paper Mills. LaCamas, Wash., 
309. 

Paper Mills, Lebanon Or., 179. 

Paper Mills, Oregon City, Or., 
i c.:;. 

Park Co., Mout., Dliniug, s.">. 



Index. — Reading Matter. 



621 



Park Hotel, Centralia, Wash., 
322. 

Parker A. F., Grangeville, Ida- 
ho, 501. 

Parker C. W. & Co., Seattle, 
384. 

Parker J. H., Baker City, Or., 
290. 

Parker Mine, Idaho, 521. 

Parkersburg, Or., 26(5. 

Park School. Portland. 143. 

Parish Frank, Mont., 567, 568. 

Payette Canal, Idaho, 517. 

Payette, Idaho, 506. 

Payette River, Idaho, 50, 509. 

Payette Valley, Idaho, 506. 

Paradise Valley, Idaho, 488. 

Parrot Copper & Silver Min. 
Co., Mont., 557. 

Parrot Mine, Mont., 84. 

Parsons, Geo. M., Boise City, 
Idaho, 514. 

Pasco, Wash., 425, 426. (Also 
see 27, 270.) 

Pass Creek, Or., 202. 

Pataha River, Wash., 464 

Pataha Valley, Wash.. 463,464. 

Patrons of Husbandry, Hills- 
boro, Or., 227. 

Patton's Creek, Or., 229. 

Patton Ledge Mine, Ashland, 
Or.. *J15. 

Payette River, Idaho, 28. 

Paymaster Mine, Idaho. 486. 

Payne, Benj , Seattle, 366. 

Peaches: — (Also see fruit cul- 
ture.) Ashland, Or., 215: Big 
Bend country. Wash., 449 ; 
Dallas, Or.. 254; Douglas Co., 
Or., 208; Grant's Pass, Or., 
209; Hood River, Or., 268; 
Medford, Or., 210; Newberg, 
Or., 251; Oakland. Or., 203; 
Oregon, 591; Polk Co., Or., 
257; Potlatch country, Ida., 
493; Rogue River, Or., 213; 
Snake River, Idaho, 495 ; 
Walla Walla, Wash., 458; 
Wasco Co., Or., 270; Whit- 
man Co., Wash., 467; Yaki- 
ma Co., Wash., 417; Yakima 
Valley, Wash. ,421, 423, 424. 

Peanuts:— Whitman Co., Wash., 
467. 

Pearce, Capt. Jas., 77. 

Pears:— (Grown in nearly all 
parts of Pacific Northwest. 
See fruit culture.^ Oregon, 
591 ; Walla Walla, Wash., 
458. 

Pechastin Mines, Wash., 415. 

Pederson, H. B., Ballard, Wash., 
385. 

Pen d'Oreille Indians, 432. 

Pen d'Oreille Lake. (See Lake 
Pen d'Oreille.) 

Pen d'Oreille River, 453, 454, 
477, 532, 584. 

Pen d'Oreille. Wash., 453. 

Peerless Jennv Mine, Mont., 
545. 

Pendleton, Or.: — Description, 
274 to 27JS; mines, 70. 

Pendleton Pav. P.ank. 277. 

Peninsula School, Portland,! 4.'!. 



Pennover, Sylvester, as school 

teacher, 141, 142. 
Penland, Win., Heppuer, Or., 

Peuobscott Mine, Mont., 547. 
Penticton, B. C, 51. 
Pen Yan Mine, Mont., 546. 
People's Sav. Bank, Seattle, 

382. 
Percival, D. F., Cheney, Wash., 

432. 
Perkins, Jas. A., Colfax, Wash., 

464. 
Perkins' Hotel, Portland, 149. 
Perkins' Restaurant, Portland, 

149. 
Perkins, R. S., Portland, 149. 
Peshastin Creek, Wash., 74. 
Peterson, Walter C, Lebanon, 

Or., 180, 181. 
Pettygrove, F.W. , Portland, 1 10. 
Pfeiffer, Chas., Albany, Or., 177, 

178. 
Phillips, A. A., Olvmpia, Wash., 

338. 
Phillipsburg, Mont.: — Descrip- 
tion. 533 to 535. (Also see 

50, 83, 84. ) 
Phillips, David, Seattle, 382. 
Phillips & Sullivan Mine, Ida., 

79. 
Phillis Canal, Idaho, 517. 
Pierce Co., Wash.:— Coal, 90, 

91, 92, 344; Court House, 

346, 347; timber, 344. (Also 

see Tacoma, Puyallup and 

Sumner.) 
Piedmont (suburb), Portland, 

147. 
Pierce, W. M., Pendleton, Or., 

277. 
Pietrzvcki, Dr. M., Davtou, 

Wash., 461. 
Pillar Falls, Kootenay River, B. 

C, 580. 
Pilot Bav Mines, B. C,, 580. 
Pine Vaflev, Or., 288. 
Pioneer Gulch, Mont.. 82. 
Pioneer Silver Mill, Mont., 83. 
Pittock, Henry L.,Portland,lll. 
Pittsburg Stone Co., Tacoma, 

346, 347. 
Pittsburg, Wash., 91. 
Placer Creek, Idaho, 483. 
Placer Mining. (See mining and 

gold.) 
Pleasant Valley, Or., 240. 
Pleasant View, Wash., 47. 
Plummer, Henry, Mont., 81. 

(Also see vigilantes.) 
P'lutns: — (See fruit culture; 

grown successfully in nearly 

all parts of Pacific North- 
west.) 
Pocatello, Idaho: — Description, 

522. (Also see 48.) 
Pocatello Co., Idaho, 517. 
Point Defiance, Tacoma, 343, 

344, 345. 
Point Defiance, Tacoma & Edi- 
son Ry., 345, 346. 
Point Roberts Canning Co., 

Blaine, Wash., 407 to 409. 
Polk Co. Bank. Monmouth, Or., 

259. 



Polk Co., Or., 256, 257. 

Pomeroy Branch, N. P. R. R., 
46. 

Pomeroy, Wash., 463, 464. 

Pony, Mont., 50. 

Poorman Mine, Idaho, 77, [480, 
484. 

Poorman Mines (group), Idaho, 
79. 

Poorman Mine, Mont., 557. 

Port Angeles, Wash., 410, 411. 

Port Blakely Mill, Wash, (out- 
put), 405. 

Porter Canal, Idaho, 524. 

Port Gardner, Wash., 3S5. 

Portland:— (106 to 157); Albina 
113; Albina car shops, 131; 
architecture, 121; Atkinson, 
Rev. Geo. B., 140, 141; Balti- 
more market, 104; banks, 
134, 135, 138, 139, 140; 
Barnes, W. StM., 155: Bishop 
Scott Academy, 143; Bissin- 
ger & Co., 154; bridges, 115; 
Bull Run Creek,Or.,133, 134; 
Burckhardt Bros., 156; busi- 
ness district, 119 ; Carter, 
Miss Julia, 140; Chamber of 
Commerce Bldg., 121; Chi- 
nese, 119 ; Chlopeck Bros., 
fish dealers, 103; churches, 
128; City Hall, 121, 122; 
Clark, Miss Abigail, 141 ; 
Colonial, The, 151; Columbia 
River. 129; Commerce, 115, 
130, 131; Combe, George E., 
151; Corbett, H W. 1 38 ; 
Cosmopolitan restaurant, 151 ; 
Court House. 121; Covach, G. 
& Co., fish dealers, 104; Cur- 
tis, The, 150; Curtis, Mrs. 
150; Davis, Anthony L., 141; 
Dekum block, 121; depth of 
water to sea, 129; Doaue, 
Rev. N., 141; East Portland, 
113; east side district, 127; 
Edwards, Weiner 6t Clark, 
150; electric power, 159 ; 
Ensor Institute & Hospital, 
155,156; exports, 115, 130, 
131: export trade, 113,114; 
Exposition building, 127 ; 
Failing, Henrv,138; finances, 
134, 135, 138, 139, 140; 
fire department, 144; first 
incorporation. 112: First Nat. 
Bank, 138, 139; first settle- 
ment, 110; fishing industry, 
131; fishing trade, 114; flour 
shipments, 130 ; Forbes & 
Breeden block, 121; Frank- 
lin market, 156: Fulton tan- 
nerv, 154; Geneva mineral 
water, 156, 157; gold min- 
ing, 114; Goodnough block, 
124; Gorlier, J. M., 151; 
Grand Central Hotel, 150 ; 
Hamilton block, 121 ; harbor, 
129; heights back of city, 
116; Hesperian, The. 151' : 
Holladav's addition, 147 to 
149; HoltOU House. 149,150; 
hop shipments, 131 ; Hotel 
Portland, 124; Hyde, Aaron 
J., 140; imports^ 131; itn- 



622 



The Oregonian" s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



provements to Willamette and 
Columbia Rivers, 31; iron 
mines tributary, 132; Jeffer- 
son, DeLos, 141 ; jobbing 
trade, 119; Kremer, Dr. W. 
F., 15(5; Ladd, Charles E., 
14-0; Ladd, Wm. M., 140; 
Ladd, W. S., 134, 139, 140; 
Ladd, W. S. I hydraulic 
dredge), 129, 130; Ladd & 
Tilton, bank, 139,140; Lane, 
Gen. Joseph, 141;Litherland, 
F. L., 152; lighting, 118,119; 
location, 115, 116; Louvre, 
The, 156; lumber shipments, 
131;Lyman Horace, 141 ; Ma- 
larkey & Co., fish dealers, 
103 ; manufacturing. 132, 
133. 126, 137, 152, 153 ; 
Markley, Hayes & Roche, 149; 
Marquam Grand Opera 
House, 124; Matthiesen, 
John, 152 ; Morris, Right 
Rev. D. D.. 144 ; mountains, 
snow peaks, 116 ; Multno- 
mah Box Co., 153 ; Multno- 
mah Co., Or., assessed valua- 
tion, 140: Oregonian, The, 
111 ; Oregonian, The Build- 
ing, 122; Oregon Market, 
156 ; Oregon Real Estate Co., 
149 ; Pacific Coast Fishing 
Co., 104 ; parks, 128; Pen- 
noyer. Sylvester, as a teacher, 
141 and 142: Perkins Ho- 
tel, 149; Perkins Restaurant, 
149 ; Perkins, R. S., 149 ; 
plaza, 121 ; police depart- 
ment, 144 and 145 ; popula- 
tion, 112 and 113 ; Portland 
Clay Co., 152 and 153 ; pre- 
cipitation, 16; public grounds, 
128; railroads, 131 and 132; 
Reed, Col. Cyrus A., 141 ; 
residences, 128 ; retail dis- 
trict, 119, 121 ; river traffic, 

117, 118 ; Riverview Ceme- 
terv, 146; Rheinpfalz Hotel, 
Zur. 152; Roche, M. D., 149; 
Rodney, Misses. 144; Rohse's 
Park, 157;salmon shipments, 
131; scenery, 116, 117: 
schools, 140 to 144; Seid 
Back, Chinese merchant 120; 
Sellwood, 113; Sellwood 
Brewery, 153; sewerage, 145; 
shipping, 129 to 131; Sim- 
mons, D. H., 149; Slatten, 
Mrs. I,. lv, 152; Smithson 
Block, 127; snow peaks, 116; 
steamboating, 117, 118; 
Steffen, J. F., 129, 130: St. 
Helens Hall, 144; streets, 

118, 119; street cars, 145 to 
147; suburban lines of trans- 
portation, 145 to 147; tem- 
perature. 10; Thiel'S Detec- 
tive Service, 155; Third street, 
tine buildings, 121; Tilton, 
C. E., 134, 139; timber tribu- 
tary, 114, 11 5;Toulon ibark), 
HO; transportation ( water ), 
117, 118; tributary country, 
113; Union depot. 124; Uni- 
versity of Oregon, 143; water 



supply, 133, 134; Weber 
Bros:, 154; wheat shipments, 
130: wholesale business, 
119; Wilcox, Dr. Ralph, 140; 
Wilhelm. John G., brewer, 
153; Willamette River, 129; 
Willamette River, depth at 
Portland, 117; Willamette 
Valley, relation to, 113; Wil- 
lamette University, 143; Wis- 
ner, Mrs., 151; Wolff & 
Zwicker Iron Works, 137; 
Wolff, Zwicker & Buehuer 
Pipe Works. 137; Wood, 
Walter A. Harvester Co., 154, 
155; wool shipments, 130, 
131; woolen goods manu- 
factured, 130; wool trade, 
114; Worcester Block, 121; 
Wrenn, S. E, 153. 

Portland Cable Ry. Co., 147. 

Portland Clay Co., 152, 153. 

Portland Con. Ry. Co.. 146. 

Portland Gen. Electric Co., de- 
velopment work at Oregon 
City, 32, 159. 160, 164, 165. 

Portland Heights, 14-7. 

Portland Hills, 70, 116. 

Portland Indus. Ex., 127. 

Portland Sav. Bank, 135. 

Portsmouth School, Portland, 
143. 

Portland Trust Co., 135. 

Portland & Yamhill & Oregon 
Div. S. P. R. R., 40. 

Portland & Vancouver Ry., 307. 

Port Ludlow. Wash., 411. 

Portneuf Valley, Idaho, 522. 

Port of Portland, 31. 

Port Orford Cedar, Or., 266. 

Port Orford, Or., 265. 

Port Orford Bay, Or., 265. 

Port Townsend Bav, Puget 
Sound, 409. 

Port Townsend, Wash., 409, 
410. 

Port Townsend & Southern R. 
R., 47, 410. 

Post, A. W., Rathdrum, Idaho, 
476. 

Post Falls, Idaho, 437. 

Potatoes : — ( Grown successful- 
ly in nearly all parts of Pacific 
Northwest.) Coos Bav, Or., 
266; Skagit Co.. Wash., 389; 
Whatcom Co., Wash., 396. 

Potlatch Country, Idaho. ( See 
Kendrick.) 

Potlatch Creek, Idaho, 492. 

Potter & Coutts, Kendrick, Ida- 
ho, 494. 

Poultry:— (Raised in all parts of 
Pacific Northwest.) Douglas 
Co., Or., 208; Oakland, Or., 
203. 

Powder River, Or., 28, 288, 
290, 291. 

Powell, Ira C, Monmouth, Or., 
259. 

Prebilof Islands. Alaska, 8. 

Pretty, A. ]•;., Ballard, Wash., 
385. 

Price, K.C., Kllensburgh, Wash., 
415. 

Price, J. R., Newberg, Or,, 252. 



Prickly Pear Creek, Mont., 81, 
537. 

Pricklv Pear Junction, Mont., 
50, 543. 

Prickly Pear Valley, Mont., 
537. 

Priest Rapids, Columbia River, 
26, 422. 

Princeton Mine, Mont., 535. 

Pritchard, A. J., Coeur d'Alene 
Mines, 479, 486. 

Pritchard Creek, Idaho, 479, 
480, 486, 4S7. 

Prosser Falls, Wash., 420. 

Prosser Falls & Priest Rapids 
Canal Co., Wash., 419. 422. 

Prosser, Wash., 424, 425. 

Protection Island, B. C, 574. 

Protestant Church, first on 
Coast, 158. 

Providence Hill Mine, Mont., 
545. 

Providence Miners' Union Hos- 
pital, Wallace, Idaho, 4S4. 

Prune Culture : — Ashland, Or., 
215; Benton Co., Or., 263; 
Clarke Co., Wash., 308, 309; 
Dallas, Or., 254; Douglas 
Co., Or., 208; Forest Grove, 
Or., 231; Hood River Valley, 
Or., 268; Lewis Co., Wash., 
316; Marion Co., Or., 173; 
Newberg, Or., 251, 252; N. 
Yamhill, Or., 243; Oakland, 
Or., 203 ; Oregon, 589 and 
590 ; Polk Co., Or., 257 ; 
Potlatch Country, Idaho, 493; 
Roseburg, Or., 206; Silvertou, 
Or., 188; Snake River. Idaho, 
495; Walla Walla Co., Wash., 
458; Wasco Co., Or., 270; 
Weiser, Idaho, 507; Willam- 
ette Vallev, Or., 105; Whit- 
man Co., Wash., 467; Yaki- 
ma Valley, Wash, 421, 423, 
424; Yaquina Bay, Or., 264. 

Pudding River, Or., 104, 173. 

Puget Sound: — Admiralty In- 
let, 409; Budd's Inlet. (See 
Olvmpia); centers of popula- 
tio"n, 335 to 413; Chuckanut 
Bay, 395; coal, 86 to 92, 378; 
Commencement Bav, 340, 
343 ; first settlement, 339; 
Drayton Harbor, 406; early 
settlement, 341; Elliot Bay, 
364. 370; exports, 352; first 
steam sawmill, 364, 365 ; 
fishing, 3S1 ;fishing industries, 
96 to 103; general descrip- 
tion, 33; Hale's Passage, 392; 
Hammerton's Inlet, 340; im- 
portance of, 6; lime, 93 to 95; 
oysters, 102, 103; Port An- 
geles Harbor, 410 ; Port 
Townsend Bay, 409; Roche 
Harbor, 395 ; Salmon Bay, 
384 ; salmon canning, 99 ; 
Saratoga Passage, 389, 390; 
Semiahmoo Bav, 4<M>; Skagit 
Bav, 390; soils," 22; Straits of 
Fuca, 391, 406, 409, 410, 
41 1 , 572; tributary rivers, 34. 

Puget Sound Fishing Co., Ta- 
coma, 103. 



Index. — Reading Matter. 



623 



Pug. Sound Nat. Bank, Seattle, 

382. 
Pug. Sound Pipe Co., Olympia, 

Wash., 338. 
Pug. Sound Pulp & Paper Co.. 

Everett. Wash., 385, 386. 
Puget Sound Reduction Co., 

Everett, Wash., 386. 
Pug. Sound Sav. Bank, Seattle, 

382. 
Pug Sound Sav. Bank, Tacoma, 

351. 
Pug. Sound Wire, Nail & Steel 

Co., Everett, Wash.. 385. 
Pullman Junction, Wash., 45, 

49. 
Pullman, Wash., 472 to 475. 
Pulp Mills, Everett, Wash., 385. 
Pulp Mills. Oregon City, Or., 

163. 
Pur din, M.,Medford, Or., 211. 
Puyallup River, Wash., 34, 

341, 343, 354, 361. 
Puyallup Vallev, Wash., 354, 

355. 
Puvallup Vallev, Wash., Hops, 

357 to 361. 
Puyallup, Wash., 354 to 357. 
Puyallup Hardware Co., 356. 
Quakers, Newberg, Or., 250 
Queen Ann School, Seattle,372. 
Queen of Angels Academy, Mt. 

Angel, Or., 189, 190. 
Queen of the Hills Mine, Ida., 

519. 
Queen's Park, New Westmin- 
ster, B. C, 578. 
Quicksilver Mines, Douglas Co., 

Or., 204 
Quillcene, Wash., 410. 
Quimper Peninsula, Wash. ,409. 
Quinces: — (Raised in nearly all 
parts of Pacific Northwest.) 
Oregon, 591. 
Racar, Henrv, Roslyn, Wash., 

413. 
Railroads in the Pacific North- 
west, 36 to 52. (Also indexed 
under different names of 
roads.) 
Raging Creek, Wash., 90. 
Railroad Creek, Wash., 452. 
Railroad Creek Falls, Wash., 

4r, LI. 
Rainbow Creek, Wash., 452. 
Rainbow Creek Falls, Wash.. 

45 2. 
Rainfall, Pacific Nortiiwest, 16, 

IS, 19. 
Rainier Ave. Elec. Ry. Co.. Se- 
attle, 369. 
Rainier Power & Elec. Rv. Co., 

Seattle, 369, 370. 
Rainier School, Seattle. ,">72. 
Ralph Mine, Idaho, 77. 
Ramsey, F. C, Boise Citv, Idaho, 

516." 
Ramsey W. H., Scio, Or., 182. 
Randall School, Seattle, 3 7 2. 
Randolph, Or., 266. 
Raspberries : — ( Also see fruit 
culture. t Walla Walla. Wash., 
45 s. 
Rathdrum, Ida.. 476. 477. 
Rattler Mine. Wash., 74. 



Rattlesnake Creek, Mont., 528. 
Ravalli Co.. Mont., 531. 
Ravalli, Mont., 531. 
Ravelstoke, B. C, 44, 47, 52, 

441, 5 29. 
Ray, J. H., Oakland, Or., 204. 
Ray and Stinson Execution, 

Mont., 566. 
Read. W. F., Albany, Or., 177 

178. 
Reardon, Wash.. 44s. 
Red Cloud Mine, Idaho, 519. 
Red Elephant Mine, Ida., 519. 
Red Mountain Mines, Mont., 

545. 
Reed, Cyrus A., Portland, 141. 
Reed, Fred. R., Prosser, Wash., 

425. 
Reuton. Wash., 47, 90. 
Revere House, Albany, Or., 

177, 178. 
Review, The, Spokane, Wash., 

457. 
Rhea, C. A., Heppner, Or., 272. 
Rheiupfalz Zur Hotel, Portland, 

152. 
Rhoads, J. S., Cottonwood, Ida., 

503. 
Rice, John D., Chehalis, Wash., 

314. 
Rice-l'rquhart Block, Chehalis, 

Wash., 314. 
Riddle, Or., Nickel, 71. 
Rimini, Mont., 545. (Also see 

10 and 543.) 
Riparia, Wash., 27, 495, 46. 
Ritzville, Wash., 426. 
Rivers and Harbors of the Pa- 
cific Northwest, 25 to 36. 
Riverview Cemetery, Portland, 

146. 
Robertson, L. W., Independ- 
ence, Or., 249. 
Robin, John, Castle Rock, Wash,, 

311. 
Robinson. Capt.. Centralia, 

Wash., 323. 
Robson, B. C, 286, 25, 52, 

287, 579. 
Roche Harbor (Wash.) Lime 

Works, 93 to 95. 
Roche Harbor, Puget Sound, 

395. 
Roche, M. D., Portland, 149. 
Rock Creek, Or., 229. 
Rock Islands Rapids, Columbia 

River, 26. 
Rock Island, Wash., 46. 
Rocky Canyon, Idaho, 498. 
Rocky Mountains. I See Mont.) 
Rodney, Misses, Portland, 144. 
Rogue"River, Or., 32, 208, 213, 

265; gold, 67; salmon pack, 

100. 
Rogue River, Vallev, Or., 213. 
Rogue River Valley Ry. Co., 43. 
Rohse's Park, Portland, 157. 
Rookery, The, Spokane, 437. 
Rose, Aaron, Roseburg, Or., 

•_'()C», 207. 
Roseburg, Or.: — Description, 

204 to 207 : precipitation, 

Hi: railroad to Coos Bay. 267; 

temperature, 16. (Also see 
12, 43.) 



Roseburg & Coos Bay R. R., 

206. 
Roslvn Branch, N. P. R. R.. 45. 
Roshn, Wash.. 413. 
Roslvn, Wash., Brewing Co.. 

413. 
Ross Park, Spokane, 439. 
Ross Park Elec. Line, Spokane, 

439, 440. 
Ross School District. Seattle, 

372. 
Rubies, Montana, 85. 
Ruby Mines, Idaho, 493. 
Ruby, Wash., 76. 
Rumley Mine, Mont., 546. 
Rumsev, Mont., 50, 534. 
Runyon, W. S., Tillamook, Or., 

232. 
Rye : — ( Grown in nearly every 
part of the Pacific Northwest. 
Also see wheat.) Chehalis 
Co., Wash., 327; Colfax, 
Wash., 465; Dayton. Wash., 
461; Walla Walla, Wash., 
458. 
Sagebrush : — ( Grows in East- 
ern Oregon, Eastern Wash- 
ington and Southern Idaho 
principally.) 
St. Agnes Falls. Kootenay Riv- 
er, B C, 579. 
St. Anthony Canal, Idaho, 517. 
St. Elmo, Idaho, 485. 
St. Helen's Hall, Portland, 144. 
St. Helen's, Or., 293, 294. 
St. John's Hospital, Helena, 

Mont., 543. 
St. John's, Or., 110; School, 

143. 
St. Joseph, Or., 253. 
St. Joseph's Academy, Pocatel- 

lo, Idaho, 522. 
St. Joseph's Hospital, Aber- 
deen, 333. 
St. Joseph River, Idaho, 36, 

478, 482. 
St. Lawrence Mine, Mont., 555, 

556. 
St. Leonard Hotel, Blaine, B. 

C, 407. 
St. Margaretta's School, Boise 

City, Idaho, 512. 
St. Mary's Mission, Mont. ,526. 
St. Mar'v's, Mont., 539. 
St. Paul's Mission, Colville, 

Wash., 453. 
St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Co. , 

Tacoma. 344; output, 405. 
St. Peter's Hospital, Helena, 

Mont., 543. 
St. Peter's Hospital, Olympia, 

Wash.. 338. 
Salem. Or., description, 166 to 

1 72. 
Salmon : — ( Also see fishing.) 
Astoria, Or., 294 to 297; also 
114; Blaine, Wash, 407 to 
4(19; Cathlamet, Wash., .",06; 
Coos Bay, Or., 267; Columbia 
River, 294 to 297; output, 
131 ; Fraser River, B. C. Can- 
neries. 578; Gold Beach, Or., 
267; hatchery, Clackamas 
River. '97; Kalama, Wash., 
306; Pacific Northwest. 95 to 



624 



The Oreeonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



104; Semiahmoo, Wash., 407 
to 4-09; The Dalles, Or., 268, 
269; Tillamook Bay, Or., 241 ; 
varieties caught, 98; Wilson 
River, Or. (silversides), 234; 
Yaquiua Bay, Or., 264. 

Salmon Bay, Puget Sound, 369, 
384. 

Salmon Bay School, Seattle, 
372. 

Salmon Falls Creek, Idaho, 
517. 

Salmon Meadow Valley, Idaho, 
507. 

Salmon River, B. C, 584. 

Salmon River, Idaho, 28, 497, 
498, 503. 

Salmon River Mines, Idaho, 77, 
79, 81. 

Salmon River Mountains, Ida- 
ho, 498. 

Salmon River, Wash., 76. 

Salzer Valley, Wash., 321. 

Samish River, Wash., 34. 

Sam's Creek, Or., 213. 

Sand Coulee, Mont., 51. 

Sanders, S. S., Chehalis, Wash., 
312. 

Sandersville, Wash., 313. 

Sand Lake, Or., 241. 

San Francisco Mine, Idaho, 485. 

San Francisco Mine, Mont., 
535. 

Sanger, Or., 70, 287, 291. 

San Juan Islands, Puget Sound, 
93 to 95; 102, 395. 

Santiam Academy, Albany, Or., 
180. 

Santiam Prairie, Or., 173. 

Santiam River, Or. : — Bridge at 
Jefferson, 174; river at Jeffer- 
son, 174; at Lebanon, 179, 
180; in Marion Co., 172; 
North and South Forks, 175; 
relation to Salem, 168; at 
Scio, 181, 182; at Stayton, 
181; water power at Albauv, 
17<>. 177. (Also see 104.) 

Sapphires, Mont., 85, 544. 

Sapphire & Ruby Co., (Id), 
Mont., 85. 

Sappington, Mont., 50. 

Saratoga Passage, Puget Sound, 
34, 389,390. 

Sardines, 102. 

Sargeant, L. S., Buckley, Wash., 
413. 

Sargeant, W. P., Buckley, Wash., 
413. 

Satas River, Wash., 417. 

Sash and doors (also see lum- 
bering), output, Oregon, 56. 

Sauk River, Wash., 73, 388, 

Saunders, Col. W. F. (See Vigi- 
lantes.) 

Sawmills. (See timber.) 

Sawtooth Mines and Mountains, 
Idaho. 519. 

Say, L. L., Brownsville, Or., 
184. 

Scandinavian- American Bank, 
Seattle, 382. 

Scandinavian Bank. Tacoma, 
:;.-, 1 , 



Scappoose Hills, Or., 70, 116, 
228. 

Schmadeka, Geo., Grangeville, 
Or., 501. 

Scio, Or., 181 to 183. 

Scoggins' Creek, Or., 229. 

Scott, C. S.. Moscow, Idaho, 
490. 

Scott, Harvey W., Portland, 
111. 

Sea Breeze Hotel, Pacific Park, 
Wash., 304. 

Sealand, Wash., 301, 305, 306, 
319. 

Sealing, Alaska, 8. 

Seal skins, B. C, 571. 

Seaside Opera House, Clatsop 
Beach, Or., 299. 

Seaside, Or., 299. 

Seatin Creek, B. C, 583 

Seattle: — 364 to 384; Admir- 
alty Inlet, 370; Alki Point, 
364; Allen & Nelson Mill Co., 
379, 380; assessment, 383; 
Ballard, 369; banks, 381 to 
383; Boren, C. D., 364; busi- 
ness blocks, 368; Cascade 
Mountains, 370; Chamber of 
Commerce, 383 ; Chinese 
riots, 366, 367; churches. 
373; clay (potter's), 381; 
clearing house report, 382; 
coal, 378: coal, opening of 
mines, 365, 366; coal mines 
tributary, 377; Court House, 
371; Decatur, U. S. warship, 
365: Denny, A. A., 364, 382; 
Dexter Horton & Co., 382, 
383; Dodge & Smith, 383; 
earlv history, 364, 365, 366; 
Elliot Bav, 370; exports, 378, 
381; finances, 381, 382, 383; 
fire department, 376; first 
plat, 364; first sawmill, 61. 
364, 365; first settlement, 
341; first shipping, 365; fish- 
ing, 381; Fremont. 369; Front 
street, 368; great fire, 368; 
Green Lake, 369: hanging of 
Sullivan, Howard and Pavne, 
366; Hanna, John W., 364, 
365; Holmes Lumber Co., 
380; Holmes, Marcus, 380; 
Horton, Dexter, 382; Hotel 
Northern, 383; Howard, W. 
M., 366; Hoyt, J. H., 383; 
imports, 378; Indian trou- 
bles, 365; jobbing, 377, 378, 
381; Keeley Institute, 373; 
Kerry, A. S., sawmill, 380; 
Kirkland, 369; Ladd, W. S., 
382; Lake Sammaish, 379, 
380; Lake Washington, 369, 
374, 375; Lake Washington 
Ship Canal, 34, 374; Latimer, 
N. H., 383; Latonia, 369; 
library, 373; lights, electric, 
376; location, 364, 370; lum- 
ber, earlv shipments, 365; 
lumbering, 369. 378, 379, 
380.381 ; manufacturing, 369, 
379, 380, 381; McGilvra, J. 
J., 371 ; mines, tributary, 378; 
Monohan, 379, 380; Monte 
Cristo mines, 378; Mt. Baker, 



370: Mt.Rainier, 370; Newell, 
George, 379; Newell Mill Co., 
379; Northern Pacific R. R., 
early history, 366; Olympic 
mountains, 370; Parker, C. 
W. & Co., 384; parks, 369, 
371; Payne, B. J., 366; 
Phillips, David, 382; popula- 
tion, 368; post office receipts, 
383; public buildings, 371; 
public schools, 372: railroads, 

376, 377; railroads, early 
history, 366; rapid growth, 
367, 368; residences, 370; 
Salmon Bay, 369; sawmills, 
379, 380, 381; schools, 372, 
373; Seattle (Indian chief), 
364; Seattle & Walla Walla 
R. R., 365, 366; Second 
street, 368; shingles, 369, 
379, 380. 381; shipping. 

377, 378, 381; Silver Creek 
mines, 378; Snoqualmie 
mines, 378; Smith's Cove, coal 
shipments, 89; Smith, H. A., 
365; streets, 375; street cars, 
369, 370; suburban towns, 
369; Sullivan, James, 366; 
Terry Bros., 364; theater, 
373, 374; tile, 381; timber, 
378; transportation. 3 76, 
377,378; University of Wash- 
ington, 372, 373; wagon 
roads to Eastern Washington, 
365; warehouses, 368; water 
front, 368; water works, 375; 
wharves, 368; wheat elevator, 
381; wholesale business, 381; 
wholesale trade, 377, 378; 
Yesler, Henry L., 364, 365; 
Yesler, Mrs. M. G., 371, 372. 

Seattle Cedar Lumber Co., 384. 

Seattle City Ry.Co. (cable), 3 70. 

Seattle Coal & Iron Co., 89. 

Seattle Con. Ry. Co. ( elec ), 
370. 

Seattle Dime Sav. Bank, 382. 

Seattle (Indian Chief), 364. 

Seattle Lake S. & E. Ry., East- 
ern Washington, 45 ; West- 
ern Washington, 45; at Seat- 
tle, 377. 

Seattle Nat. Bank, 382. 

Seattle Sav. Bank, 382. 

Seattle Transfer Co., 377. 

Seattle & Montana R. R, 46. 

Seattle & Northern R. R.. 47. 

Seattle & Walla Walla R. R., 
365, 366. 

Seaview, Or., 303. 

Second Nat. Bank, Helena, 
Mont., 539. 

Security Sav. Bank, Seattle, 382. 

Security Sav. & T. Co., Portland, 
135. 

S e d r o , Wash. : — Description, 
391. (Also see 45, 399 i 

Seed Farm, La Conner, Wash., 
391. 

Sehome Coal Mine, Wash., 394. 

Sehome, Wash., 393, 401, 402. 

Seid Back, Portland, 120. 

Selah Valley, Wash., 419. 

Srlkirk Mountains, B. C, 579. 
(Also see Kootenay.) 



Index. — Reading Mn 1 1 er. 



625 



Sellwood Brewery, Portland, 
153. 

Sellwood (suburb), Portland, 

113, 11, 146; school, 143. 
Selph, E. E., Tillamook, Or., 

239. 
Semiahmoo Bay, Puget Sound, 

406. 
Semiahmoo, Wash., 407 to 409. 
Settlemeier, Geo., Or., 588. 
Seven Devils Copper District, 

Idaho, 293. 
Seven Devils Mines and Moun- 
tains, Idaho, 498, 499. 
Seventh Day Adven. College, 

Walla Walla, Wash., 456. 
Seventy-Nine Mine, Idaho, 79. 
Severance, A. W., Tillamook, 

Or., 239. 
Seymour Shingle Mills, Cheha- 
lis. Wash., 315. 
Shaft", C. W., Lewistou, Idaho, 

491. 
Sharks, 101. 
Shawnigan, B.C., 574. 
Sheep:— (Also see stock raising 
and wool. i Baker Co., Or., 
291 ; Coos Bay, Or., 266 ; 
Eastern Oregon, 279 to 282; 
Gilliam Co., Or., 274: Helena, 
Mont., 544 ; Heppner, Or., 
271; Idaho Falls, Idaho, 52 1 ; 
Klamath Co., Or., 218; La 
Grande, Or., 284; Lake Co., 
Or., 222; McMinnville, Or., 
24.) ; Montana, 561, 562 ; 
The Dalles, Or., 269; Tilia- 
mook, Or., 242; Union Co., 
Or., 288; Wasco Co., Or., 270; 
Washington Co., Idaho, 507; 
Weiser, Idaho, 506 ; Whit- 
man Co., Wash., 467; Yaki- 
ma Valley, Wash., 420. 
Sheep Creek Mines, B. C, 585. 
Shelby Junction, Mont., 51. 
Shelton, R., Scio, Or., 183. 
Shelton, Wash.. 339, 340. 
Shelton 6c S. W. R. R., 340. 
Shepherd Fort, B. C, 441. 
Sheridan, Gen., 432. 
Sheridan Junction, Or., 40, 257. 
Sheridan, Or. : — Description, 

257.258. (Also see 40.) 
Sherman, Gen. 432, 434, 345. 
Sherwood, Wash., 453, 90. 
Shingles: — (Made from cedar 
timber ; also see lumbering 
and timber.) Aberdeen, Wash., 
332 ; Ballard, Wash., 369, 
.",84 ; Blaine, Wash., 407 ; 
Bucoda, Wash,, 335: Castle 
Rock, Wash., 311; Centralia, 
Wash., 323, 324; Chehalis, 
Wash., 3 15; Fairhaven, Wash.. 
4(11; Kelso. Wash.. 310; Mt. 
Vernon, Wash., 389 ; New 
Whatcom, Wash., 405; Oregon 
(output), ."">('>; Puyallup, Wash., 
357; Seattle, 369, 379, 380; 
Sedro. Wash., 391 ; Skagit 
Co., Wash.. 389, 393; Suoho- 
mish Co.. Wash.. 388; Taco- 
nia. Wash., 344, 349; Wash- 
ington, 62. 
Ship llu i ldi ug : —Aberdeen, 



Wash.. 332. 333 ; Ballard, 
Wash., 384; Everett, Wash., 
385, 3N0 ; Portland, 130; 
Vancouver, B. C. 577. 
Shivelv, John M., 294. 
Shoal water Bay:— (Willapa Har- 
bor), Wash., 34. 35, 301, 
305, 317 to 320; ovsters, 35, 
96, 102, 103; railroad, 45; 
timber, 60. 

Shoshone Co., Idaho, 63, 78, 
478, 4s.s. 

Shoshone Falls, Idaho, 27, 48. 

Shoshone, Idaho. : — Descrip- 
tion, 518. ( Also see 27, 48.) 

Shoshone Indians, 522. 

Shotts, R. W., Chehalis, Wash., 
317. 

Shoudv, John A., Flllensburgh, 
Wash., 414. 

Shuswap Lake, B. C, 570. ' 

Sicamous Junction, B. C, 52. 

Sierra Nevada Mine, Idaho, 
480, t83. 

Silver : — ( Also see mining.) 
See Butte, Mont., Baker and 
Union Cos., Or.. 291, 292; 
Coeur d'Alene mines; Colville, 
Wash., 455; Douglas Co., 
Wash., 208; Idaho, 77 to 80; 
Josephine Co., Or., 210; Kas- 
lo, B. C, 5S5: Kootenay, B. 
C, 436; see Kootenay Min- 
ing District; Lane Co., Or., 
200; Montana (output ), 84; 
see Montana; Nelson, B. C, 
586, 587; Oregon, 70; out- 
put Tacoma smelter, 344; 
Washington, 72 to 77; Wood 
River, Idaho, 519. 

Silver Bow Co., Mont.: — Court 
House, Butte, 553; output 
mines, 85. (Also see Butte.) 

Silverbow Creek, Mont., 549, 
551, 584. 26, 454. 

Silverbow Junction, Mont., 4s. 

Silver Bow Mine, Mont., 550. 

Silver Bow, Mont., 535. 

Silver Bow Nat. Bank, Butte, 
Mont , 553. 

Silver Bow Valley, Mont., 549, 
,-,,-, 1 . 

Silver City, Idaho, 78, 79. 

Silver Creek, Idaho, 486. 

Silver Creek Mines, Wash., 47, 
74, 377, 378, 388. 

Silver Creek, Mont., 546. 

Silver Creek, Or., 187. 

Silver Crown Mine, Wash., 454. 

Silver King Mine, B. C, 580, 
586. 

Silver Lake mine, Wash., 1. > i. 

Silver Lake, Or., 36, 221. 

Silver Lake, Wash., 311. 

Silverton, or., 185 to 189. 
Simcoe Indian Reservation, 

Wash., 417. 
Siniilkimeen Mine, li. C, 75. 
Similkimeen River, B. C, gold, 

Simmons, Capt., Puget Sound. 
61. 

Simmons, I). H., Portland, 149. 
Simmons Mine. ( >r.. 69. 
Siskiyou Mountains. 4U, 21 f. 



Sitka, Alaska. ( Reached by 
Steamship from Puget Sound 
ports.) 

Siuslaw River, Or., 32, 200. 

Six Mile Creek, B. C, 584. 

Skagit Bay, Puget Sound, 390; 
Skagit Co., Wash., 388, 389, 
391 . 393 to 3,96; mining, 73; 
timber. 5S. 

Skagit Delta, Wash., 390. 

Skagit River, Wash., 34, 88, 
388, 389, 390, 391, 398. 

Skagit : — Whatcom Coal Field, 
Wash., 87. 

Skamokawa Creek. Wash., 335. 

Skinner's Butte, Eugene, Or., 
198. 

Skookumchuck River, Wash., 
321, 324. 

Slade's Sawmill, Hoquiam, 
Wash., 334. 

Slatten, Mrs. L. E.. Portland, 
• 151. 

Sloane, Mrs. S. A. (hotel), Forest 
Grove, 230. 

Slocan Country, B. C, 582. 

Slocan Lake. B. C, 582. 

Slocan Mines, B. C, 441, 580, 
586, 587. 

Slocan River, B. C, 579, 582. 

Slocan Star Mine, B. C, 583. 

Smelt, Pacific Northwest, 102. 

Smelting : — Anaconda, 559 ; 
Bav Creek District, Idaho, 79 ; 
Butte, Mont., 548 to 559; 
Great Falls, Mont., 55 6; 
Hailey, Idaho, 520; Helena, 
Mont., 543; Ketchum, Idaho, 
521; Mineral City, Idaho, 243; 
Montana, 83 to 85. ( Also, 
533 to 559); Northport, 
Wash., 75, 453. 586; Pilot 
Bay, B. C, 580; Tacoma, 344; 
Wicks, Mont., 546. 

Smith, D. & H. A., Seattle, 365. 

Smith & Lovett, Ice Works, Ore- 
gon City, Or., 163. 

Smith, S. W. Co., Waitsburg, 
Wash, 460. 

Smith, T. J., Idaho Falls. Idaho, 
524. 

Smith's Cove, Seattle, Coal Ship- 
ments, 89. 

Smitbson Block, Portland, 127. 

Snake River, 27, 28, 298,494, 
495, 505, 509, 523; early 
transportation, 117; Govt. 
improvements, 27; navigation 
above Huntington, Or., 293; 
Shoshone Falls. 27,48.; Wash- 
ington, 425, 403. 
Snake River Valley, 293, 495, 

517, 5 22. 
Snell, Heitshu & Woodard. 

Portland, 124, 125. 
Snider, C. U., Lakeview, Or., 

223. 
Snohomish, Wash.: — Descrip- 
tion, 3S0. ;jS7, 388. (Also, 
15, 377 1. 
Snohomish (Wash.) Land Com- 
pany, 387. 
Snohomish (Wash.) Nat. Bank, 
387. 



626 



The Orcgonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



Snohomish County, Wash., 385, 
386,387, 388; mining-, 73.74. 

Snohomish River, Wash., 34, 
377, 3S5, 386. 

Snohomish Valley, Wash.. 386. 

Snow Shoe Gulch, Mont., 82. 

Snoqualmie Falls, Wash., 388. 

Snoqualmie Mines, Wash., 378. 

Snoqualmie River, Wash., 386, 
388. 

Snoqualmie Valley, Wash., 377. 

Snvder& Frost, Cliehalis, Wash , 
315. 

Soap Creek, Or., 175. 

Soda Creek, B. C.:— Precipita- 
tion, 16; temperature, 16. 

Soda Creek, Idaho, 517. 

Sodaville, dr.. 180. 

Sodaville (Or.) Mineral Springs, 
180. 

Soils : — Pacific Northwest, 20 
to 25; Big Beud country, 
Wash., 23. 4-4.7; Colville val- 
lev. Wash., 4-53; Eastern 
Washington, 23; Idaho, 21; 
Montana, 23, 24-; Northern 
Idaho, 23; Oregon, 21; Pal- 
ouse country, 23; Puget Sound 
countrv, 22"; Washington, 21; 
Willamette valley, Or., 21. 
(Also see Willamette valley 
centers of population); Yak- 
ima valley, Wash., 24. 

South Bay, Gray's Harbor, 
Wash, 334 

South Bend, Wash.: — Descrip- 
tion, 317 to 320; railroad con- 
nections, 45. (Also see 313). 

South Portland Park, Suburb, 
Portland, 147. 

South Prairie, Or., 173, 235, 
240. 

South Prairie, Wash., Coal, 90, 
91. 

South River Valley, Wash., 312. 

South River, Wash., 311. 

South Seattle Ry. Co. (electric), 
370. 

South Westminster, B.C. 385. 

Southern Pacific Railroad : — 
Coal from Wash., 91; ship- 
ments in Oregon, 1892, 40; 
system and branches in Ore- 
gon, 3'.), 40; (branches in- 
: under names of lines.) 

Sparta, Or., 70. 

Spenee's Bridge, B. C: — Precipi- 
tation. 16; temperature, 16. 

Spinning, Prank R., Puvallup, 
Wash., 356. 

Spokane Branch N. I'. R. R. Co. 
(Idaho Div,), i '■' 

Spokane Falls ,V. Northern Ry., 

44, 47. I l<>, 111. 153, 1.5 I-. 
Spokane: — Kioto in;, Arling- 
ton Heights Addition 1 |i', 
Arlington Heights Motor 
Line, i-i <">; assessment, i i.~: 
banks, 441; bonded debt. 
mi bridges, cost, i 1,5; 
Bro -. ne, j. j.. i ;; i . business 

blocks, 436; Cannon, A. M., 

134; Carritte .V Grinnell, 
I 39; churches, i i .". 

Addition. 1,39; Oowley, H. 



T.,432; Dillman, L. C, 441, 
442; Downing, Benj., 432; 
early history, 431, 432; Edi- 
son Electric Illuminating Co., 
438; Elmendorf, Frederick 
C, 445; falls, Spokane River, 
431,432; finances, 444,445; 
fire, 1889, 436; fire depart- 
ment, 444; flour mills, 438; 
Glover, J. N., 43,2, 434; 
Great Northern Ry. (comple- 
tion), 441; Great Northern 
Ry. Shops, 439, 440; Griffitts, 
Thos. C, 443, 444; growth, 
434; Hangman's Creek, 433; 
Hillyard, 439, 440; Hughson, 
Walter & Co.. 445; Hyde, 
Samuel C, 443; Indian Mis- 
sion School, 432; Indian 
troubles, 432, 433; jobbing 
trade, 441; Jones, Arthur D., 
444; Leghorn, J. F., 445; 
Ledgerwood Park, 439; man- 
ufacturing, 437, 438, 439; 
mines, 75, 434, 435, 436; 
mining, 72: Monroe Street 
Bridge, 439; Montrose Park, 
439; Northern Pacific R. R. 
(completion), 434 ; police 
department, 444; popula- 
tion, 434; precipitation, 16; 
railroads, 440, 441 ; railways, 
street and suburban, 439, 
440; Review, The, 437; resi- 
dences, 436, 439; Riverside 
ave., 436 ; Ross Park, 439; 
schools, 441, 442; Scranton, 
Wm., 432; Stone (building), 
435 ; streets, 436 ; temper- 
ature, 16; timber, 435; tribu- 
tary country, 434, 435, 436; 
tributary territory, 431 ; Union 
Pacific Rv. (completion), 441; 
water power, 431, 432. 43,7, 
438, 439; water works, 445; 
wheat. 435; wholesale busi- 
ness, 441. 

Spokane Cable St. Ry., 440. 

Spokane College, 44"3. 

Spokane Hydraulic Pipe Co., 
(daho, 1,88. 

Spokane Nat. Bank. 1,36. 

Spokane Railway, 439, 440. 

Spokane River, 26, 431, 434, 
437, 438, 439. 

Spokane River, Post Falls, 437. 

Spokane Savings Bank, 441. 

Spokane Street Railway, 439. 

Spokane Water Power, 437. 

Spokane Co., Wash. (See Spo- 
kane, Cheney and Medical 
Fake.) 

Spokane iS: Montrose Rv., 439. 

Sprague, Wash., 426 to 430. 

Sprague River Valley, Wash., 
217. 

Spring Creek, Or., 173.. 
'ale. Wash., 473. 

Squaw Creek Mines, Ida., 79. 

Stafford, Garret Co., Halsey, 
Or., 191. 

Stampede Tunnel, N. P. R. R., 
342, ill. 

Starbuck, Wash., if,. 

Starkey Prairie, Or., 288. 



Starve-out Creek, Or., 208. 

State Sav. Bank, Butte, Mont., 
553. 

State Sav. Bank, Tacoma, 351. 

Statesman, The (.newspaper), 
Salem, Or., 171. 

Stavton, Or., 181. 

Steflfen.J. F., Portland,129,130. 

Stehekin River, Wash., 452. 

Steilacoom, Wash., 345. 

Stemwinder Mine, Idaho, 129, 
130. 

Stenger, T. H.. New Whatcom, 
Wash., 406. 

Steptoe, Col.. 432. 

Sterling Mine, Mont., 546,547. 

Sterling Mining Co., Or., 212. 

Stetson's Sawmill, Montesano, 
Wash., 327. 

Stevens Co., Wash., 455; min- 
ing, 73. 

Stevens, Isaac, 432. 

Stevens School, Portland, 143. 

Stevensville, Mont., 530, 531. 

Stewart, Calvin M., Sumner, 
Wash , 362. 

Stewart, J. P. & Son., Puvallup, 
Wash., 356. 

Stilaguamish River, Wash., 34, 
388. 

Stinson Lumber Co., Ballard, 
Wash., 384. 

Stock Raising: — Baker County, 
Or., 291; B. C, 570; Big Bend 
country, Wash., 447; Camas 
Prairie", Idaho, 498, 499; Can- 
yon county, Idaho, 509; Deer 
Lodge, Mont., 536; Flathead 
Valley, Mont., 532; Franklin 
Co., Wash.. 426; Garfield Co., 
Wash.. 463; Genesee, Idaho, 
475;GilliamCo.,Or., 274; Hel- 
ena, Mont. ,544; Heppner, Or., 
271; Idaho Falls, 523, 524; 
Jackson Co., Or., 213; Klam- 
ath Co., Or., 218; Klickitat 
Co., Wash., 310; La Grande, 
Or., 284; Lake Co., Or., 221, 
222; Montana, 559 to 562; 
Morrow Co., Or., 273; Powder 
River Vallev, Or., 291 ; The 
Dalles, Or., 269; Tillamook 
Co., 241; Union Co. Or., 288; 
Wasco Co., Or., 270; Walla 
Walla, 458; Washington Co., 
Idaho, 506, 507; Weiser, I., 
506; (see Willamette Valley); 
Yakima Valley, Wash., 417. 

Stone:— ( Sandstone ) ; Ashland, 
Or., 215; Bellingham Bay, 
Wash., 393; (blue sandstone); 
Burnett, Wash., 346; Chuck- 
anut Bav, Wash., 395, ml: 
(Build.); Colville, 435, 455, 
(sandstone); Colville, Wash., 
455; (gray sandstone); Fair- 
haven, Wash. 395; (building); 
Helena. Mont., 545; (gran- 
ite); Helena, Mont.. 5 4 ; 
Lakeview, or., 223; (blue 
sandstone); Tenino, Wash., 
;;.-,:•., 354; I building ) ; Port 
Townsend, Wash., 41 0. 

Stout, Mrs. A. E., Pacific Park, 
Wash., 30 1-. 



Index. — Reading Matter. 



627 



Strahorn, K Co ., Hailey, Idaho. 
521. 

Straits ot Fuca, 33, t06, t09, 
410, 411, 472: Ediz Pt. 
Lighthouse, 41 1 . 

Straits of Georgia. (See GuH oi 
Georgia.) 

Strawberries : —I Alsi i s< < 
iruit culture); Big He nd 
country, Wash. ,449; Hood Riv- 
er, Or., 268; Milton, Or . 284; 
Oregon. 592; Puyallup.Wash., 
357; Puyallup Valley, Wash., 
362; Stuck Valley", Wash., 
362; Walla Walla Co., Wash., 
458; Yakima Co.. Wash., 424. 

Stuart, James and Granville, 
Mont.. 80 to 85. 

Stuart, Mont , 48, 235. 

Stuck function, Wash., 376. 

Stuck River. Wash,, 361. 

Stuck Valley. Wash., 361. 

Sturgeon : — ( Also see fishing, i 
B.C., 571; Columbia River, 
100, 101 : Kahuna. Wash., 
306; Shipped from Columbia 
River, 114. 

Stuigess, O. D., Goldendale, 
Wash., 310. 

Succotash Valley, Wash.. 411. 

Sugar Pine, Lake Co., Or., 222. 

Sugar Pine, Southern Oregon, 
211. 

Sullivan, James, Seattle, Wash., 
366. 

Sumas, B. C, 377. 

Summanish River, Wash., 34. 

Summer Group Mines, Idaho, 
7'.). 

Summer Lake (town), Or.. 223. 

Sumner Iron Works, Everett, 
Wash., 286. 

Sumner Lake. Or., 36. 221 . 

Sumner. Wash., 361, 362. 

Sumpter Valley R. R., from 
Baker City, Or., 288. 

Sunnyside Country, Wash. ,424. 

Sunnyside School, Portland, 
143. 

Suspension Bridge, Oregon City, 
Or., 161. 

Suter, Leo, Salmon River, B. C, 
584. 

Swallow, Dr. Geo. C, 83. 

Swauk Creek. Wash., 74. 

Swank Mines, Wash.. 415. 

Sweet, E. S. (sawmill), Cotton- 
wood, Idaho, 502. 

Sweet Home. or.. 180. 

Sweet. Willie, Moscow, Idaho, 
491 . 

swinomish Indian Reservation, 

Wash., 390. 
Swinomish Slough, Puget 

Sound, 3 I -. 

Table Rock, Idaho, 511. 

Tac< 'in. i 340 to 35 1 : Ameri- 
can Lake. 345; assessed val 
nation, .'',51. 352;banks, 350, 
351; Chamber of Commerce. 
346; churches, 350; City 
Hall. 346; Clover Creek, 353; 
coal bunkers, .".I 1; coal fields, 
344, 3 |..-> cok( , 3 1 1-; Com- 
mencement Bav. 340. 343: 



Court House, 340, 347; early 
history, 340, 341; Edison 
suburb, 345, 34'.); Eureka 
Sandstone Co.. 353, 35 I ; ex- 
ports, 347, 348, 349, 352; 
finances, 350, 351, 352; 
tire department, 353; first 
sawmill, 01, 341; first settle- 
ment, 341; fishing, 345; 
flour exported, 347, 348; 
Il'Uiiinn mills. 3 + 7; foreign 
trade. 352; Hanson's sawmill, 
341, 342; hops, 344; 
imports, 352; iron, 344; job- 
bing trade, 349 ; laths ex- 
1" its. 349; lumber ex- 
ports, 349; lumbering, 
349 ; manufacturing, 340, 
341,343, 344,349; McGiv- 
en, Airs. A. C, 354; Mt. Ta- 
coina i Rainier i, 343; North- 
ern Pacific R. R., 352; North- 
ern Pacific R. R. car shops, 
349, 350; Northern Pacific 
R. R. completion, 342: North- 
ern Pacific R. R. terminal 
yard, 344: parks, 345, 346; 
Pittsburg Stone Co., 346,347; 
Point Defiance 343, 344, 
345; population, 343; Puget 
Sound Fishing Co.. 103; Puy- 
allup River, 343; residence 
section, 343 ; schools, 350; 
selection by N. P. R. R., as 
terminus, 342; shipping,347, 
34S, 352; smelter, 344; Span- 
away Lake, 353 ; steamship 
route to Sitka, 33; St. Paul & 
Tacoma Lumber Co. (output), 
405; streets, 340; street rail- 
ways. 345; suburbs. 345; Tait, 
J. \V.. 354; timber, 344, 349; 
transportation. 352 ; water 
works plant, 353; wheat, 3.44, 
345 ; wheat elevator, 347 ; 
wheat shipments. 347, 348; 
wholesale trade, 349; Wright 
park, 34C>. 

Tacoma Bldg. & Sav. Ass., 351. 

Tacoma Bus. College, 354. 

Tacoma Mill Co. (output), 405. 

Tacoma Nat. Bank, 351. 

Tacoma, ohm. ,S: Chehalis V. 
R. R., 323. 

Tacoma, Orting & S. K. R. R., 
411. 

Tacoma Ry. & Mot. Co., 3 15 

Tacoma School of Shorthand, 
35 | 

Tait, I W\. Tacoma, 354. 

Talbot, Wash., 377. 

Tannery. Eugene, Or., 195, 

196. 
Tannery. Montesano, Wash., 

327. " 
Tannery, Portland, l 5 I 
Tannin Extract, Wash.. 60. 
Tannin Extract Works. South 

Bend, Wash.. 319. 
Tannum River. Wash., 422. 
Tanzler, A. ^V Co., Jefferson, 

or.. 174. 

Tekoa. Wash. : — Description, 

t69 I 7n i \1 ■ to. is. 

Telephone (steamer), 299, 306. 



Temperature, Pac. N. W., 1 1 to 

18. 
Tenderfoot Mine, Wash., 454. 
Tcnino. Wash., 45, 335, 338, 

353, .354. 
Ten Mile Creek. Mont., 5 15. 
Terry Bros., Seattle, 364 
Texas Ridge, Idaho, t93. 
Thayer, C. & K:. Tillamook, Or., 

236. 
The Dalles. Or., 268, 2G9. 
The Dalles of the Columbia 

River. 28, 117, lis 
The Dalles, Fort. .V As. Nav. 

Co., 209. 
Thiel's Detective Service, Port- 
laud, 1 55. 
Thomas Creek. Or., 181. 
Thompson Falls, Mont,, 524. 
Thompson River, B. C, 570. 
Thompson, R. N., Brownsville, 

Or., 184. 
Thornton, Richard, Portland, 

200. 
Three Mile Creek, Idaho, 498. 
Three Sisters (snow peaks), 

233. 
Thurston Co., Wash.. 335 to 

340; Court House, 330. 
Tieton River, Wash., 422. 
Tiger Mine, Idaho, 77, 479, 

480, 4X4. 
Tile Factories : — Halscv. Or., 

191; Newberg. Or., 25(i, N. 

Yamhill, Or.. 243; Seattle. 

381; Weston, Or., 283. Also 

large works at Portland and 

the other leading cities of this 

territory. 
Tillamook Bav, Or.. 35; also 

232 to 241 ; salmon canning. 

99, 100. 
Tillamook Country, Or., 235 to 

241. 
Tillamook Co. Toll Road, 234, 

235. 
Tillamook Dairy Assn.. 23, . 
Tillamook Head, Or., 298, 299. 
Tillamook Lumber Co.. 236. 
Tillamook, or . 235 to 239. 
Tillamook. Or., stage from For- 
est Grove. 232 to 235. 
Tillamook. Or.. Stage from N. 

Yamhill, 244. 
Tillamook River. Or.. 35, 236, 

239. 
Tillinghast, A. G., LaConner, 

Wash , 388. 
Tillinghast. Philip. Moscow, 

Idaho. 491. 
Tilton, C. I-:. Portland. L39, 

i to. 

Timber:— (Also see lumber- 
ing.) General description. 52 
to 65; Alaska. 64, 65; British 
Columbia. 65; Idaho. 63, 64; 
Montana. <">4; Oregon, •>.". to 
56; Washington, 56 to 63, 
318; liso see Astoria, Or., 
296; Baker City, Or.. 288, 
291; Bellingham Bay, Wash.. 
393, 3.94: Blue Mountains, 
Or., 288; Buckley, Wash., 
1 1 l 412; Cathlamet, Wash.. 

306; Chehalis Co., Wash.. 



628 



The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



321, 326, 32S; Cheney, 
Wash., 430; Clarke, Co., 
Wash.. 308, 309; Clearwater 
River, Idaho, 496; Columbia 
Co.. Or.. 293; Colyille, Wash., 
455; Coeur d'Alenes, 478; 
Coos Bay. Or., 266; Cotton 
wood, Idaho, 502; Cowlitz 
Co., Wash., 310, 311; Craig's 
Mountain. Idaho, 502: Doug- 
las Co., Or., 208; Eastern 
Washington, 435; Elgin, Or., 
286; Fir, 54, 55, 56; Forest 
Grove, Or, 231; Grav's Har- 
bor. 326, 328, 331, 332; Hai- 
lev, Idaho, 520; Hood River, 
Or., 268; Ilwaco, Wash., 302; 
Jackson Co., Or., 213: Jose- 
phine Co., Or., 209; Klamath 
Co., Or., 216, 221, 222; La 
Grande. Or.. 284; Lake What- 
com. Wash.. 394; Lewis Co., 
Wash., 315. 321; Lincoln 
and Benton Cos. Or., 264; 
Linn Co., Or.. 179; Long Val- 
lev. Idaho, 508; McMinnville, 
Or., 245; Marion Co., Or, 
172; Mason Co., Wash., 340; 
Missoula Co., Mont., 529; 
Morrow Co., Or., 273; Orting, 
Wash., 411; Palouse Country, 
Wash., 466, 471: Payette. 
Idaho, 506; Pierce Co., Wash., 
344; Polk Co., Or., 256, 257; 
Potlatch Country, Idaho, 493: 
Puyallup Valley, Wash., 357; 
Rathdrum, Idaho, 476; Sho- 
shone Co., Idaho, 47*; Skagit 
Co., Wash , 389, 391; Snoho- 
mish Co., Wash., 388; Sugar 
Pine, 211; Tacoma, Wash., 
344, 340; The Dalles. Or.. 
269; Thompson Falls. Mont., 
525; Thurston Co., Wash., 
335; Tillamook Bav.Or., 234, 
236, 240, 241, 242; Umatilla 
Co.. Or., 278; Union, Or., 
287, 288; Vancouver Island, 
B. C, 574: Washington Co., 
Idaho, 5(17: Washington Co., 
Or., 22S. 229; Whatcom Co., 
Wash , 393, 394: Willapa 
Harbor. Wash.. 320; Willam- 
ette Valley, i >r„ 106; Win- 
lock, Wash., 312; Yamhill 
Co , Or., 2 l-s. 

Timothy (also see hav), 458. 

Tinker, H. H. (hotel), Long 
Beach, Wash., 303. 

Tioga, Wash., 30 1. 

Toad Mountain. B. C, 580, 
586, 587. 

Tobacco, Prosser, Wash., 4-24 ; 
Whitman Co., Wash , 467; 

also raised in Moxee Valley, 
and other parts of Northwest. 
: aphy and climate Pac. 
N. W . 9 to 20. 
ToppeniSh River. Wash.. 417. 

Ton. hef Rivei Wash., t59, 

1,60, 101 - 
Touchet Valley, Wash . 1,59, 
Toulon [bark), at Portland,! 1 0. 

Tow l I. inn. & Mnfg. C( 
tralia. Wash , 32 I 



Townsend, W. M., Lakeview, 

Or., 226, 227. 
Townsend & Beach. Lakeview. 

Or., 223. 
Trade Dollar Mine, Idaho, 77. 
Traders Bank, Tacoma, 351. 
Traders Block, Spokane, 437. 
Traders Nat. Bank, Spokane, 

441. 
Trail Creek Mines. B. C, 584, 

585. 
Trask River, Or., 35, 236, 239. 

Treadwell Mine, Alaska, 86. 
Treasure Box Mine, Idaho. 487. 

Trout Fishing: — (Also see fish- 
ing, pleasure); Blackfoot River, 
Mont., 537; British Columbia, 
571; Coeur d'Alenes, Idaho, 
481; Dempsev Lakes, Mont., 
537; Hailey, Idaho, 520; Ho- 
quiam, Wash., 334; Klamath 
Co., Or., 218: Kootenay 
River. B. C, 587, 579; Lake 
Pend d'Oreille, 477; Lake 
Whatcom, Wash., 404; Neca- 
nicum River, Or., 299; Pacific 
Northwest, 95 to 103; Rath- 
drum, Idaho, 477; Rimini, 
Mont., 545; Thompson Falls, 
Mont , 525; Vancouver Island, 
B. C, 573; White River, 
Wash., 412: Wilson River, 
Or., 234; Winlock, Wash., 
312; Yamhill Co., Or., 248. 

Tualatin Academy and Pacific 
University, Forest Grove, Or., 
231, 232. 

Tualatin Plains, Or.. 116. 

Tualatin River, Or., 104, 229. 

Tualatin River junction with 
Willamette, 161. 

TuleLake. Or., 218. 

Tumwater Falls, Wash., 61, 
339, 340. 

Tumwater, Wash., 339, 340. 

Turner, Or., 173. 

Tuttle & Robeson, Tillamook, 
Or., 23S. 

Tvler Mine, Idaho, 483. 

Umatilla Co., 278, 279; Court 
House, Pendleton, Or., 275; 
mines, 70; silver, 67, 70. 

Umatilla Indian Reservation, 
Or., 279. 

Umatilla, Or., 41, 46. 

Umatilla River, Or., 28, 275, 

Umpqua River, Or.. 32, 208; 
salmon pack, 100; South 
Fork, 2D4, 205. 

Umpqua Valley, Or., 203, 204, 
208. 

Union, B. C, 570. 

Union Co.. Or.: — Description, 
287, 288; gold, (>7; mines, 
70. (Also see 291 , 292). 

Union County Court House, Un- 
ion, ( n ., 287. 

Union Depot, Portland, 124. 

Union Gap, Wash., -11 7. 

Union Pacific R. R.: -Along Co- 
lumbia River, 41; completion 
to Spokane, 441 ; Heppner 
branch, 270; in Idaho, is, 
49; in ( (regou, 4o, m ; in 



Wash., 40, 47; interests in 
Oregon and Wash., 117, 118; 
shops at Albina, Portland, 
131; shops at Glenn's Ferry, 
Idaho, 518; shops at Hunting- 
ton, Or., 292, 293; shops at 
La Grande, Or., 41; shops at 
Pocatello, Idaho, 522; shops 
at Portland, or., 41; shops at 
Shoshone, Idaho, 518; shops 
Tekoa, Wash., 469, -4-70; 
survey Puget Sound to Port- 
land, "320; water lines, 40. 
Union ( Or.,) Railway Co., 287. 

Union Savings Bank, Tacoma, 
351. 

Uniontown. Idaho, 495. 

Uniontowu, Wash., 475, 476. 

Union Trunk Line ( electricand 
cable ), Seattle, 370. 

Union Tunnel Co's Mines, Or., 
291. 

United railroads of Wash, 45. 

U. S. Assay Office, Boise City, 
Idaho, 511. 

U. S. Assa3' Office, Helena, 
Mont., 541. 

U.S. Bank, Portland. 135. 

U. S Land Offices in Pacific 
Northwest : — Idaho : Black- 
foot, Boise City, Coeur d'Aleue 
City, Hailey, Lewiston. Mon- 
tana : Bozemau. Helena, Miles 
City. Oregon: Burns, La 
Grande, Lakeview, Oregon 
City, Roseburg, The Dalles. 
Washington : North Yakima, 
Seattle, Spokane, Vancouver, 
Walla Walla. 

University of Idaho, Moscow, 
491, 492. 

University of Oregon : — De- 
scription. 198 to 200 ; School 
of Law, Portland, 1 98; School 
of Medicine, Portland, 200. 

University of Wash.. Seattle, 
372, 373. 

Urquhart, W. M., Chehalis, 
Wash., 314. 315, 

Utah & Northern branch U. P. 
R. R., 48. 

Utah Northern R. R., Mont. ,49. 

Van Scoy, W. T., A. B., Drain, 
Or., 203. 

Vancouver, B. C, 569. 

Vancouver. Capt. Geo., 307. 

Vancouver Ferry, Columbia 
River, 146. 

Vancouver, Island, B. C. : — 
Boundary line, 33 ; see Brit- 
ish Columbia and Victoria. 

Vancouver. Wash. ; — Descrip- 
tion, 307 to 309; Fort Van- 
couver. 108, 140 : Electric 
line from Portland. 1 40. 

Vandalia Mine, Wash., 74. 

Van Duyn Isaac, Independence, 
< ii , 249. 

Van Duyn, J. M., Independence, 
Or., 249. " 

Van Tuye, F. R., Mt. Vernon, 

Wash.; 390, 
VautOUr Mine, Mont., 545. 



Index. — Reading Matter. 



i;l'!i 



Vegetables : — ( Grown in near- 
ly all parts of Pacific North- 
west.) 

Veronia, Or.. 230. 

Victoria, B. C. : — Description, 
502 to 568 ; precipitation, 
16; temperature, 16; also 
see 568, 569. 

Vigilantes of Mont. : — Descrip- 
tion, 562 to 568. 

Villard, Henry, 41, 43, 198. 

Viola Group Mines, Idaho, 79. 

Virgin, W.J., Ashland, Or.. 216. 

Virginia City. Mont., si, 563. 

Virtue, James W., Portland, 292. 

Voegler Block, Spokane, 437. 

Vollmer & Scott, Grangeville, 
Idaho. 501. 

Von Cadow, Mrs. M., 273. 

Voruz, Emil, Heppner, Or.,272. 

Wahkiakum Co., Wash., 306. 

Waitsburg, Wash., 458, 45'.) 

Wake-Up-Jim Mine, Mont., 555, 

550. 
Waldo, Or., Copper, 71. 
Walkerville. Mont., 551, 552. 
Wallace, Idaho : — Description. 
483; railroads, 48, 49. (Also 
see 479, 482.) 
Walla Walla Co., Wash., '458, 

459. 
Walla Walla River in Or., 278, 

284; in Wash., 28. 
Walla Walla, Wash., 41; de- 
scription, 455 to 458; pre- 
cipitation, 16; railroads, 46, 
47; temperature, 16. 
Wallowa Co., Or., 2S7; mines, 

70. 
Wallula June, Wash. ,141, 39, 

47, 422. 
Walton, Joshua J;, Sec. Uni- 
versity of Or., Eugene, Or., 
201). 
Wanita, B. C, 5S4-. 
Wann. J. H., Cottonwood, Ida., 

503. 
Wardner, Idaho : — Description 
482. ( Also see 478, 479) ; 
railroads. 48, +9. 
War Kasjle Mine, B. C, 5s 1-. 
War Hagle Mine, Ida., 485. 
War Eagle Mountain, Ida., 79. 
Wanur Lake, Or.. 36,221,222. 
Warner Valley. Or, 222. 
Warrens, Idaho, 77. 
Warrens Mines, Idaho, 499. 
Warrens' Salmon Cannery. 

Cathlamct. Wash , 306. 
Wasco Co., i II.. 269. 
Washington: — Area, 7\ coal, 86 
to 92; coast harbors, 34; coast 
points, 300 to 306, 317 to 
320, 324 to 335; coki 88; 
centers of population, .".do to 
475; early history. 345, 364. 
365; elevation, 'mean, maxi- 
mum, minimum, 10 ; fust 
court, 345; first sawmill, 61; 
fishing industries. 95 to lot; 
ln>)>s. 357 to 361 ; Indian 
troubles. 433; irrigation, 24 ; 
lead, 72 to 77; lime industry, 
92 to 95 , I umbel ing indus- 
tries. 61, 62. (•,;•,; marble, 



93 to 95; mining, 72 to 
77; oil, 88 ; organization 
of, 7 ; population, 7 ; rail- 
roads, 43, 44, 45 ; 
shingle industry, 62; soil, 22, 
23; State Agricultural Col- 
lege, Pullman, 474 ; State. 
Capitol at Olympia, 339 : 
State Insane Asylum, Medical 
Lake, 447 ; State Normal 
School, Cheney, 430; State 
Normal School, F.llensburgh, 
4-14; State Penitentiary, Wal- 
la Walla, 457; State School 
for Defective Youth, Vancou- 
ver, 308; State School for 
Feeble Minded, Vancouver, 
308 ; State Soldiers Home, 
Orting, 411 ; timber. 378 ; 
timber resources, 56 to 63; 
wheat crop, 344, 345, 347, 
440. 
Washington & Columbia River 

Ry Co. (Hunt's lines), 47. 
Washington Co., Idaho, 505, 
517,506, 507; gold and sil- 
ver output, 78. 
Wash. Div. I". P. R. R., 46, 47, 

48. 
Washington, George, founder 

Centralia, Wash., 321. 
Washington Hotel, Olvmpia, 

Wash., 339. 
Washington Nat. Bank, Seattle, 

382. 
Washington Nat. Bank. Spo- 
kane, 441 . 
Washington Nat. Bank, Ta- 

coma, 351. 
Washington Savings Bank, 

Seattle, 382, 
Washington Savings Bank, 

Spokane, 441. 
Washington & Southern R. R. 

Co., 340. 
Washington Water Power Co., 

437, 438, 440. 
Washougal River, Wash., 309. 
Washougal, Wash., 309. 
Water Power.: — Albany, Or., 
176, 177; Ashland, Or., 214; 
Baker City, or.. 288; Browns- 
ville, Or., 183, 1S5; Caldwell, 
Idaho, 507; Chelan River, 
Wash.. 451 ; Clarke Co., Wash., 
309; Colfax. Wash.. 400; 
Colvil le Co., Wash., 454; 
Dayton, Wash.. 46i; Eugene, 
<u.', 190; Goldendale, Wash., 
309; Harrisburg, or.. 192; 
Heppner, Or., 271; Hood 
River, Or., 268; Idaho Palls, 
Idaho, 523; Jefferson. Or., 
1 7 1 ■; Josephine Co. Or., 210; 
Klamath Kails, Or., 218; 
La Grande, Or., 285; Lebau- 
non. Or., 179, ISO; Milton, 
or.. 284; Myers Palls. Wash., 
153; North Yamhill, Or., 
243; (See Oregon City article; 
Palouse, Wash.. I 71 ; Pendle- 
ton. Or., 275; Polk Co., Or.. 
257; Pomeroy, Wash.. 404; 
Portland fSeeOregonCity arti- 
cle i : I'rosser.Wash . L25;Kos< 



burg, or.. 205: Salem, Or., 
l 68; Scio, Or., 181; Silvertou, 
Or., 187; Spokane, Wash., 
431, 437, 438, 439; Stayton, 
or, 181; The Dalles, Or., 
269; Thompson Falls, Mont., 
525; Touchet River, Wash., 
1,59; Tualatin River, or.. 161 ; 
Tumwater, Wash., 339, :: to 
Turner, Or., 173; Union, or., 
286; Waitsburg, Wash., 459; 
Washington Co., Or., 22'.); 
Washougal, wash., 309; wii 
lamette Palls, Or. { See Oregon 
City article l ; Yamhill Co., Or., 
248. 

Waterville, Wash., 448, 451. 

Watkins, W. W., Moscow, 
Idaho. 490, 491. 

Walls. Dr. J. W., Lakeview, Or.. 
223. 

Wax. Henry, Grangeville, Idaho, 
501. 

Weatheiwax, The J. M. Lum- 
ber Co., Aberdeen, Wash., 
332. 

Weatherwax, The J. M. (schoon- 
erl, 332, 333. 

Webb, G. A., Silverton, Or., 
188. 

Weber Bros., Portland, 154. 

Webster Mine, Wash., 74. 

Weinhard's Brewery, Portland, 
125, 126. 

Weiser, Idaho, 505, 506. 

Weiser Mine, Mont., 546. 

Weiser River, Idaho, 28, 506, 
507, 505, 517. 

Weiser Valley. Idaho, 506, 
507. 

Wellington Coal Mines. B. C, 
5 2. 570. 

Wenas River, Wash., 417. 

Wenas Vallev. Wash., 417. 

Wenatchee River, Wash., 26. 

Wenatchee, Wash., 46, 451, 
453. 

W. Coast Mfg. & In. Co., Bal- 
lard, Wash., 384. 

West Colusa Mine, Mont., 55 6. 

Westcott Bay, Wash., 93. 

Western Mont. Bank, Missoula, 
5 29. 

West Granite Mine. Mont. 535. 

West Kootenav, B.C.. 436. 578 
to 58 1 . 

Westminster June. B. C, 51. 

Weston, i )r., 283, 284. 

West Portland Park, suburb 

Portland, 4 47. 

West Sawmill, Aberdeen, Wash., 
332. 

West Seio, Or.. 181. 

West Seattle Cable Rv. Co.. Se- 
attle. 370. 

West Side Mill Co., ' Olvmpia, 
Wash., 338. 

West Stayton, Or., 181. 

West Street & X. End Rv. Co. 
(elec), Seattle, 370. 

Whales, 102. 

Whatcom Co, Court House, New 
Whatcom, Wash.. 403. 

Whatcom Co., Wash.. 393 to 



630 



The Oregonian s Handbook of the Pacific Northwest. 



396,402; also see Fairhaven 
and x. Whatcom. 
Whatcom, Wash., 393, 401, 

402. 
Whaleback steamers, construc- 
tion, 385. 
Wheat crop Pacific Northwest,?, 
Wheat : — Adams Co., Wash., 
426; Ainitv, Or., 258; Athe- 
na, or., 282; Baker Co., Or., 
291 ; Big Bend Country, Wash., 
4-1:7. 448, 449: Benton Co.. 
Or., 262; Bitter Root Valley. 
Mont.. 526; Camas Prairie, 
Idaho, 49S. 500; Canyon Co., 
Idaho, 500; Chehalis. Wash., 
327, Colfax. Wash., 465; 
Colton, Wash., 4-75; Colum- 
bia Co., Wash,, 460; Colville 
Valley, Wash.. 453; Corvallis, 
Or., 261; Davenport, Wash., 
44-'.!; Deer Lodge, Mont., 536; 
Douglas Co., Or., 208; Elgin, 
or.. 286; Kugene (storage), 
195; Farmington, Wash., 
168; Flathead Valley, Mont., 
532; Forest Grove, Or., 231; 
Garfield Co., Wash., 463; 
Garfield, Wash., 467; Gene- 
see, Idaho, 476; Gilliam Co., 
Or., 274; Halsev, Or., 191, 
192; Harrisburg, Or., 192; 
Heppner, Or.. 271; Hillsboro, 
or.. 227: Horse Plains. Mont., 
526; Idaho Falls, Idaho, 524; 
'Inland Empire" (exported i, 
113; "Inland Empire " 
(shipped to Portland), 130; 
Independence, Or., 24!) ; Jef- 
ferson, Or., 174: Josephine 
Co., Or., 20'.), Junction City, 
Or., 194; Kendrick, Idaho, 
493; Klickitat Valley, Wash., 
310; Lane Co., Or., 200, 201; 
Linn Co., 179; Medford. Or., 
210; Morrow Co., Or., 27:'.; 
Moscow, Idaho. 489; Mt. An- 
gel, or., 189; X. Yamhill, or., 
243; Oakesdale, Wash., 469: 
Oregon City, or., 163; I'alouse 
and Big Bend Countries, 
Wash.. 435; falouss, Wash., 
172: Pendleton, Or., 276; 
Polk Co., Or., 257; Portland 
(shipments). 130; Potlatch 
Country, Idaho, 493;Pullman, 
Wash., 473; Rathdrum.Idaho, 
176; Rogue River Valley, Or., 
21 .".: Salem, Or., 168, 171 ; 
i n.. 182; Seattle, 381 : 
Southern lac. K. R. (ship- 
ments), 4-0; Sprague, Wash., 
127: Tacoma, 3 1 -I-, 345, 347, 
348; Tekoa, Wash., 470; 
Touchel Valley, Wash., 459; 
Turner, < h I 73; Umatilla 
Co., Or . 278, 279. Union Co., 
< ii . 288; Union Pacific R. R. 
(shipments), 41; Uniontown, 
Wash., 475; Walla Walla Co., 
Wash., 158; Wasco Co., Or., 
270; Washington 3 i t, 345, 
:;47. iin; Washington Co., 
Idaho, 507 Washington Co., 
i .. , 229 '•■' iti n ilh ,Oi i t8 



Weiser Valley. Idaho, 506; 
Weston, or.. 283; Whitman 
Co., Wash., 467; Willam- 
ette Valley, Or., 105, 130; 
Wood River Valley, Idaho, 
518; Yamhill Co., Or., 247. 

Whipperville Mine, Mont., 547. 

Whitcomb, Lot (steamer), 117. 

White Bird Plains, Idaho, 502. 

White. Geo. P., Castle Rock, 
Wash., 311. 

Whitehouse, Crimins &. Co., 
Aberdeen, Wash.. 332. 

White River, Or., 270. 

White River, Wash., 34. 412. 

White River Valley. Wash. ,363. 

White Sulphur Springs, Ash- 
land, Or., 215. 

White Sulphur Springs, Mont., 
544. 

White' Swan Mine, Or., 70, 292. 

Whitman College, Walla Walla, 
Wash., 456. 

Whitman Co. Court House, Col- 
fax, Wash., 463. 

Whitman Co., Wash., 440, 464, 
467. 

Whitman Massacre, 109. 

Whitney, Wash., 390. 

Whit worth College, Sumner, 
Wash., 362, 363. 

Wicks, Mont., 545 to 547. 
(Also 50.) 

Wilbur, Rev. J. H., 128. 

Wilbur, Wash., 450, 448. 

Wilcox, Dr. Ralph, Portland, 
140. 

Wild Horse Creek, Or., 278. 

Wilhelm, J. G. (brewery), Port- 
land, 153. 

Wilhoit Springs, Or. (coal), 71. 

Wilkeson, Wash. :— Coal, 91 ; 
coke, 90, .'',44. 

Willamette Falls (suburb), Ore- 
gon Citv, Or., 161. 

Willamette Falls Elec. Co., Ore- 
gon City, Or., 164. 

Willamette Falls, Oregon City, 
Or. :— Description, 31, 32. 
(Also see 104, 158, 159.160;) 
power for electric lighting. 
118. 119, 

Willamette Pulp & Paper Co., 
Oregon City, Or., 163. 

Willamette River, Or. : — De- 
scription, 31, 32. (Also see 
104, 158, 159, 160, 167, 
169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 
192, 194; commerce, 30; re- 
lation to Portland, 129; traf- 
fic from Portland. 117, 118. 

Willamette Ry. Co., Oregon 
City, Or., 161. 

Willamette School, Portland, 
143. 

Willamette Tannery, Eugene, 

Or.. 195, 196. 
Willamette Trans. & Locks Co., 

Oregon City. Or., 164. 
Willamette University, Port- 
land. 143. 
Willamette University, Salem, 

Or., 169. 
Willamette Valley, Or. ^De- 
scription, 104 to 106. (Also 



see centers of population, 106 

to 201 aud 227 to 2(53); first 
railroad, 109; first settlement, 
109, 157; relation to Port- 
laud, 113; soil 21; wheat. 22. 

Willamette Valley & Coast R. 
R.. 260. 

Willapa Harbor Tannin Extract 
Co., South Bend, Wash., 319. 

Willapa Harbor ( Shoalwater 
Bay), Wash., 34, 301, 305, 
317 to 320; hemlock bark, 
60; oysters, 96, 102, 103; R. 
R. connection, 45. 

Willapa River, Wash., 35. (Also 
317 to 320.) 

Willapa Valley, Wash., 320. 

Williams, A., Tillamook, Or., 
238. 

Williams Ave. School, Portland, 
143. 

Wilson, Jos. A., Ashland, Or., 
215. 

Wilson Mine, Idaho, 78. 

Wilson River, Or. ,35. 236,239. 

Wilson River (Or.) Toll Road, 
232, 233. 

Wilson River Boom, Toll Road 
& Ira. Co., Tillamook, Or., 
232. 

Wilson Sawmill, Aberdeen, 
Wash., 332. 

Willow Creek Canal, Idaho,517, 
524. 

Willow Creek, Or., 271. 

Willow Creek Valley, Or., 271, 
273. 

Willows Junction, Or., 270. 

Windsor Mine, Or.. 291. 

Wine, Rogue River Valley, Or., 
213. 

Winlock, Wash., 311, 312, 74. 

Winner Mine, Wash., ,4. 

Wise, Dr. W. A., Tillamook 
and Albina. Or., 239. 

Wishkah River, Wash., 325, 
330. 

Wisner, Mrs., Portland, 151. 

Wolf, Adolf iV Sou, Silverton, 
Or., 187. 

Wolff, Zwicker& Buehuer, Pipe 
works, Portland, 137. 

Wolff & /.wicker, Iron works. 
Portland, 137. 

Woodburn, Or., 165, 166. 

Woodburu-Springfield branch, 
S. P. R. R., 39. 

Woodin's Lumber Mills, Fair- 
haven, Wash., 1,01. 

Woodinville June, Wash., 45. 

Woodlawn, suburb. Portland, 
147. 

\\ 1 River. Idaho, 28, 517. 

Wood River Valley, Idaho: — 
Description, 518 to 522 ; rail- 
roads, 48. 

Wood River. Or., 217. 

Wood, Walter A., Harvester Co„ 
Portland 154, 155. 

Wool : — ( Produced in nearly all 
parts of the Pac. Northwest.) 
Albany, or.. 175. 176 ; Athe- 
na, Or., 282 ; Brownsville, 
or,, 185; Caldwell, Idaho, 
507 ; Coos Bay, Or., 266 : 



Index. — Reading Ma iter. 



631 



Douglas Co., Or., 206, 208; 
crop I , 1 1 4- ; 
i also see Chas. Cunningham, 
279 to 282 ) ; Giiliain Co.. Or., 
274 ; Heppner, Or.. 273 : 
Klickitat valley, Wash., 310 ; 
Klamath Co., Or., 218 : I. a 
Grande, Or., 284 ; Lane Co., 

Or., 201 ; Montana, 56] , 

562; Morrow Co., Or., 273 ; 
Oakland, Or., 204 ; i iregou 
Citv, or., 163 ; Oregon (crop), 
130, 131 ; Pendleton, (Jr., 
276; Polk Co., Or, 254; 
Portland ( shipments ) , 130; 
Salem, Or., 168; The Dalles, 
Or., 209: UmatillaCo.,Or.,278, 
279 ; Union Co., Or., 288 ; 
Weiser, Idaho, 506 ; Whit- 
man Co., Wash , 467. 

Woolen Mills : — Oregon ( out- 
put ). 133 ; Albany, Or., 175, 
1 76 ; Brownsville. Or., 183, 
185; Dallas, Or., 254; N. 
Whatcom, Wash., 4()5 ; Ore- 
gon Citv. Or., 163; Salem, 
Or., 168 ; Tacoma. 343. 

Wooley, Wash., 392. 

Worcester Bldg., Portland, 121. 

Worden, F. I.., Mont., 526. 



Wrenn, S. K., Portland, 153. 
Wright, Col. Geo., 432, 433. 
Wright, O. C, Newberg, Or., 

25 2, 

Wright, Wm. P., Dallas, Or., 

256. 

Wright's Park. Tacoma, 346. 

Writsmau, J. O., Albany, Or., 
l 78. 

Xavici . St. Frances Mission, 
Winlock, Wash., 312. 

Yakima Co., Wash. (See North 
Yakima). 

Yakima Indians (Wash.), 417. 

Yakima Indian Reservation, 
Wash., 422. 

Yakima, Wash., Impr. and Irri- 
gation Co., 41 '.). 

Yakima Prairie, Wash., 422. 

Yakima River, Wash., 26, 413, 
416, 417, 41<t, 420, 422, 
425; mining, 73, 74. 

Yakima Valley, Wash.: — De- 
cription, 419 to 424. (Also 
see 413, 414, 41(5; irriga- 
tion, 24; soil, 24. 

Yale, B. C, 569. 

Yamhill Co. Court House, Mc- 
Minnville, Or.. 246. 

Yamhill Co., Or., 247, 248. 



Yamhill Land Co., Newberg, 

or., 252. 
Yamhill River, Or., 104, 248, 

253,258; transportation, 1 18. 

Yankee Fork Mints, Idaho, 79. 

Yaquina Bay, Or. :— Description, 
263. 265; fishing industries, 
103; 0J Bters, 96; rock oysters, 

102, 103; salmon canneries, 
99; steamers to San Fran- 
cisco. 42. (Also see 35). 

Yaquina City, I >i.. 264. 

Yaquina River, Or., 264. 

Y'ellow Jacket Mine, Idaho, 79. 

Yesler, Henry L., 61, 364. 

Yesler, Mrs. M. ("...Seattle, 371, 
3 7 2. 

You Like Mine, Idaho, 486. 

Young America Mine, Colville 
Country, Wash., 454. 

Young's Bay, Or., 294. 

Young, K. T., Olympia, Wash., 
339. 

Young's Hotel, Olympia, Wash., 
339. 

Young, S, K., Albany, Or., 176, 
1 77, 

Yukon River, Alaska, 6 »•• 

Yukon River, Alaska, gold. 85, 
86. 







1 I III II I II III III 1 111 111! IM II 

017 1375022 # 






■ <; 



**<JB£ 



!Ei STW& 



Mi 



*v. 






<«K»»MCT<)iK»i» M W i ro w <« w < wm wii^»^«v-«>p>i» t ai ii WKaw wua w '^ Wn HH iOw,"' 



